Horizontal axis wind turbine

7/25/2019 Horizontal axis wind turbine

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Research & Analysis of Horizontal Axis Wind turbine

Project Report

Under the guidance of

Dr. Samuel Landsberger a.k.a Uncle Sam

Dr. Mauricio Castillo

Department of Mechanical Engineering

California State University Los Angeles

By

Team Quasar

Summer 15


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Aksharkumar Patel - 304397215 - ME-416, ME-503, TECH-454L - [email protected]

Neda Lasheydaee - 305110668 - ME-503, TECH-454L - [email protected]

Sarthak Dhekar - 304391131 - ME-503, TECH-454L - [email protected]

Kawser Hossain - 304396006 - ME-503 [email protected]

Tirth Ashokkumar Patel - 304389103 - ME-416, ME-503, Tech-454L - [email protected]

Kejalkumar Patel - 304384878 - ME-503, TECH-454L - [email protected]


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Abstract

It has been time to use renewable energy sources because fossil fuels are becoming intensively

hazardous to the atmospheric conditions. Gases like CO2, SO2are becoming reasons why ozone

depletion has started. We have choices like solar, wind, tidal, ocean, biomass and geothermal energy toavoid air pollution. Wind energy is the one that we are going with; Horizontal axis wind turbine will be

used as one of the applications of non-conventional energy sources. It will be used as an exhibition

model of science projects for inventor mobile to motivate students towards science as a part of their

higher education. It will help students to understand the principles and dynamics of wind turbine. The

working will be explained with the help of appliances such as DC motor, Heat resistor, etc. Mounting the

wind turbine on red truck for exhibition purpose has been done in such a way that wind turbine remains

stable when driven on truck. Furthermore, protective shield will be useful to keep the danger away, and

it will give more power output as it will get more concentrated wind.


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INDEX

Subject Page No.

Cover page

Abstract

Introduction

Chapter 1: Invention proposal

Chapter 2: Brainstorming

Chapter 3: Troubleshooting

Chapter 4: Designing & fabrication of supporting stand & shield

Chapter 5: Analysis & Research

Chapter 6: Conclusion

Chapter 7: Reference

1

3

5

6

7

9

10

11

19

20


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Introduction

The first electricity-generating wind turbine was invented in 1888 in Cleveland, Ohio by Charles

F. Brush. The turbine's diameter was 17 meters (50 feet), it had 144 rotor blades made of cedar wood,

and it generated about 12 kilowatts (kW) of power. Wind turbines, which rotate on axis parallel tohorizon are called Horizontal axis wind turbine. HAWT uses renewable energy sourcewind energy as

its power source. HAWT consists of blades, rotor, generator, DC controller/rectifier, protective shield,

and supporting stand. We have HAWT that claims to give power output of 400 Watt while facing wind

at 28 miles/hr. We have done research and analysis work on wind turbine at different speeds of wind,

and different loads. Troubleshoot has been done thoroughly for performance tweak-up. Protective

shield has been attached to make the HAWT working much safer. Protective shield has been chosen to

be truncated cone not only for safety reason, but also for higher efficiency of HAWT. HAWT would be

getting around 160% of power output than the regular power output after implementation of protective

shield designed by team quasar.


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Chapter: 1

Invention Proposal

21st

century has pollution as its biggest threat; it is even bigger threat than world war. Increasinguse of fossil fuels is increasing the pollutions such as air, water and land pollution. It can be solved only if

conservative approach will be taken by world. Using non-conventional energy sources can be the

answer. We have chosen to do study and analysis of application based on wind energy. What could be

better than a wind turbine? It has always been a debate, which wind turbine design is better, either

vertical axis wind turbine or horizontal. Horizontal axis wind turbines are noisy though they are being

accepted widely for industrial purposes. Although, HAWT requires more start-up speed than VAWT, it is

well-known for its higher potential of power generation, we have adopted that idea and as a conclusion

we chose HAWT prototype to work with. Two major objectives of working with HAWT were, to tweak

the performance of HAWT, and to equip protective shield for safety reason.


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Chapter 2

Brainstorming

Troubleshooting HAWT:

To tweak the performance of HAWT, we have different aspects to look after like:

- Electrical short-circuit

- Faulty wiring

-

Blades fitting

- Insufficient wind

- Hours of operation

-

Mechanical problemso Blades shape

o Bearing

o Generator/alternator

Mounting & shield designs:

- Mounting designs:

o Fastening the HAWT on red truck with help of Strings

o Mounting HAWT on red truck with help of wooden stand

- Aspects considered while choosing shield

o Material of shield

o Shape of shield

o Size of shield

o Weight of shield


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Weight Analysis

Shape Material Round

rod

(Length in

inches)

3/8 round

rod

Round

rod

mass/unit

length

(lbs/ft)

3/8

round rod

Mass/unit

length

(lbs/ft)

Total

weight

(lbs)

Rectangular Lens

Al

296 96 0.0578 0.1301 2.4665

Steel 296 96 0.167 0.3758 7.1254

Hot rolled

Iron

296 96 0.1521 0.3424 6.491

Truncated cone lens

Al

552 96 0.0578 0.1301 3.6996

Steel 552 96 0.167 0.3758 10.6884

Hot rolled

Iron

552 96 0.1521 0.3424 9.7358

Cost analysis for truncated cone lens

Material Round

rod ($/ft.)

3/8 round

rod ($/ft.)

Available

Length

Total

cost($)

Total

Weight(lbs.)

Cost/weight

($/lbs.)

Al $ 0.4/ft. $ 0.79/ft. 8 24.72 3.6996 6.682Steel $ 0.52/ft. $ 1.23/ft. 8 33.76 10.6884 3.1586

Hot rolled

iron

$ 0.36/ft. $ 0.85/ft. 20 23.36 9.7358 2.3994


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Chapter 3

Tweaking up the performance of HAWT

Troubleshooting steps:


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Chapter 4

Designing and fabrication of Supporting stand & Shield

Designing ofsupportingstand to mount HAWT on red truck:

Fig. showing Red trucks bed dimensons in inches.

Final Design of mounting stand which only requires two straps o n sides.

Mounting has hypotenuse as supporting frame, so securement has been

increased.

Fig.is showing mountingstand made initially, fits

on sides and needs to be

fa st en ed from fo ur

corners due to the

clearance between front

and rear. The initial

stand was made 48-1/2

X 30

Fig. shows supporting frame

fo r the mo un ti ng st an d (2 0 X

10) block.


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Designing of shield:

Two major design concepts:

Rectangular lens

Truncated Cone

Comparison between rectangular lens and truncated cone lens

Features Rectangular Lens Truncated Cone Lens

Swept Area 1.36944 m2 1.82322 m2

Construction Easy Hard

Weight 6.042 lbs 9.383 lbs

Protection Good Optimal

Performance increase % N/A 60%


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- After analyzing all the different aspects, we came to conclusion that, although weight of

truncated lens cone will be more and construction would be much difficult it is still

advisable to go with that shape, as the protection & efficiency of wind turbine are our

major concerns. The power output will be increased by 60% at higher wind speeds and the

protection against blades will be superior to rectangular shaped lens design.

How we designed truncated cone lens shield?

- We had a rectangular aluminum sheet to make a truncated cone out of it,

Design Template for Wrapping up the Shield rings

Striped area should be wrapped up with the help of aluminum sheet.

D = 60 inch R = 30 inch

d = 52 inch r = 26 inch

l = 7 inch

Rr = 4 inch

Now

sin =

=

= 0.5714

=sin 0.5714

=34.85


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= ( )+

7= (4)+

= 4916 = 33

h = 5.744 inch

sin =

=

L=

.8= 52.499

L = 52.5 inch

= +

52.5= + 30

=2756.25900 = 1856.25

H = 43.08 inch

Fig. explains, how to cut the sheet to make

truncated cone and how much angle we need to create cone.


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6=

= (

.) 360

= 205.7

We need to draw two circles of radius L=52.5 inches, and L-l = 45.5 inches covering

circumference for angle = 205.7. We obtain the as the width required to cover the two rings as

truncated cone lens.

Truncated shield HAWT flow simulation for air blowing at 28 miles/hrs. There is no significant

pressure increase, less thrust force has been exerted on shield but more concentrated air has been

added to the blades due to larger swept area.


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Chapter 5

Analysis & Research

5.1 Analysis & research without shield:

While riding the HAWT on red truck without using the protective shield, the power outputwe have received can be given as following:

Practical Result:

Theoretical Result:

Betzs Law: no turbine can capture more than 16/27 (59.3%) of the kinetic energy in

wind.

Wind power:

Power that can be obtained by generator:

Co-efficient of power: CP = 0.593; which is the maximum power coefficient for any wind

turbine, but optimum power coefficient for any wind turbine is as low as 0.35

What would be the power generation by HAWT at 28 miles per hour?

Here, we have Cp (power coefficient) = 0.35, (density of air) = 1.03 kg/m3, A(swept

area) = d2 /4 = 1.1304 m2V(velocity of air) = 28 miles/hr. = 12.5717 m/s

0

50

100

150

200

0 10 20 30

Power(W)

Speed (miles/hr.)

Power (watt)

Power (watt)

Practical Result (Power v/s speed)

Speed (miles/hr.) Voltage(V) Current(A) Power(wattage)

10.3 14 2.4 33.66

15.3 10 4.902 49.02

19.8 19 3.9 74.55

25.6 17 6.34 107.8

27.9 17 8.976 152.6


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Po = Cp * P

Po = Cp * AV^3

Po = 0.35 * 0.5 * 1.03 * 1.1304 * (12.5717^3)

Po = 399.5936 Watt

Manufacturers data:

Power generation would be at max. 400 watts if HAWT gets wind at speed of 28

miles/hr.

Efficiency of Actual model:

= Cp = Pout/Pin = Pout/ ( AV^3)

= 152.6/ (0.5 * 1.03 * 1.1304 * (12.5717^3))

= 152.6 / 1156.7017

= 0.1319

= 13.19 %

Usually, conventional wind turbines get efficiency/ power coefficient around 0.35 but,

we are getting power coefficient of 0.1319.

Analysis conclusion:

As per the practical results the power generated by HAWT would be nearly around 150

Watts for 28 miles per hour speed of wind turbine. The expected power generation by

Theoretical data is 400 watts same as manufacturers data. But, we suspect that the

HAWT hasnt been used for more than 80-100 hours. There is a big chance of

performance increase when generatorbearing joint will be roused enough. Plus, shield

implementation will bring performance increase by 60%.


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5.2 Analysis & research with shield & addition in tail:

Tail addition is useful for wind turbine to get the face of blades in the same direction as

the direction of wind.

Shield is covering more swept area as shown in the image above:

New swept area: Anew = d2 /4 = 1.82322 m2

Theoretical Result after equipping shield:

Po = Cp * P

Po = Cp * AV^3

Po = 0.35 * 0.5 * 1.03 * 1.82322 * (12.5717^3)

Po = 644.5037 Watt

Manufacturers Data:

Manufacturer has got specific generator which has power generation limit of 400 watt.

The power output even after shield implementation wont be as high as 644 watt.

Although, there will be some improvement in power generation.

Practical Data:

Practical Result (Power v/s speed)Speed (miles/hr.) Voltage(V) Current(A) Power(watt)

10.6 15 3.366 50.46

15.8 13 5.467 71.09

20.4 18 5.674 102.3

25 17 8.6828 147.608

28 45.2 5.3699 242.72


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Analysis conclusion:

Power increase at optimum speed of 28 miles per hour:

Power increase = 1(Power output with shield/ power output without shield)

= 1(242.72/152.6)

=0.59

% Power increase= 59 %

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

0 10 20 30

Power(W)

Speed (miles/hr.)

Power (W)

Power (W)

Approx. Speed

(miles/hr.)

Power(watt)

without shield

Power(watt) with

shield

Percentage

increase (%)

10 33.66 50.49 50

15 49.02 71.079 45

19 74.55 102.1335 37

25 107.8 147.608 36

28 152.6 242.72 59


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ConclusionThe wind turbine has been modified from what it was initially, changes are made after

inspecting all different aspects. Troubleshooting had been done thoroughly so that we could increase

the performance of wind turbine. Mounting stand has been built in such a manner that we dont need to

fasten more than two straps while riding the truck for exhibition, after implementation of supporting

stand the securement of HAWT has been superior. Shield design has been chosen as truncated cone lens

to provide enough safety and increase swept area. The material of truncated cone has been chosen to

keep the shield weight minimal. The truncated cone shield design turned out to be power efficient, it

increases power output as it gets more power input after increment of swept area. There is no efficiency

increase although. The Power input has tremendously increased because of the shield design, shield is

capturing more concentrated air, and more air carries more power. The input power has been increased

by 60% with help of more swept area. Although efficiency remains same due to more input power now

we can get more power output at the same speed of wind.


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References

2ndedition - Energy efficiency and renewable energy handbook by D. Yogi Goswami & Frank

Kreith

Energy self sufficiency newsletter - a magazine by A Rebel Wolf Energy Systems Publication

http://www.thirdplanetwind.com/energy/history.aspx

http://www.scrapmsc.com/our-pricing/

http://www.infomine.com/investment/metal-prices/

http://www.onlinemetals.com/calculator.cfm

http://www.bostoncenterless.com/resources-metal-weight-calculator.htm

http://www.raeng.org.uk/publications/other/23-wind-turbine

http://www.hindawi.com/journals/jwe/2014/527198/

http://www.dongrays.com/burningman2008/windbasics.html

Industrial pipes and Steel Co.rush street, South el Monte

Elias iron works rush street, South el Monte
http://www.thirdplanetwind.com/energy/history.aspxhttp://www.thirdplanetwind.com/energy/history.aspxhttp://www.scrapmsc.com/our-pricing/http://www.scrapmsc.com/our-pricing/http://www.infomine.com/investment/metal-prices/http://www.infomine.com/investment/metal-prices/http://www.onlinemetals.com/calculator.cfmhttp://www.onlinemetals.com/calculator.cfmhttp://www.bostoncenterless.com/resources-metal-weight-calculator.htmhttp://www.bostoncenterless.com/resources-metal-weight-calculator.htmhttp://www.raeng.org.uk/publications/other/23-wind-turbinehttp://www.hindawi.com/journals/jwe/2014/527198/http://www.dongrays.com/burningman2008/windbasics.htmlhttp://www.dongrays.com/burningman2008/windbasics.htmlhttp://www.hindawi.com/journals/jwe/2014/527198/http://www.raeng.org.uk/publications/other/23-wind-turbinehttp://www.bostoncenterless.com/resources-metal-weight-calculator.htmhttp://www.onlinemetals.com/calculator.cfmhttp://www.infomine.com/investment/metal-prices/http://www.scrapmsc.com/our-pricing/http://www.thirdplanetwind.com/energy/history.aspx

Horizontal axis wind turbine

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