Horizontal Alignment

Horizontal AlignmentHorizontal Alignment

TS4447 Highway Geometric DesignTS4447 Highway Geometric Design

Horizontal AlignmentHorizontal Alignment

Minimum Radii Horizontal Curve

• Full Circle (FC) Tugas 3• Spiral Circle Spiral (SCS) Tugas 4• Spiral Spiral (SS) Tugas 4

Sight Distance on Curve Tugas 5• Stopping Sight Distance (SSD)• Passing Sight Distance (PSD)

Widening on Curve Tugas 5 Superelevation Diagram Tugas 6 Stationing Tugas 6

R = V2/127(e+f)

Dij Ti + Tj

Design ClassificationDesign Type & Class

Design SpeedDesign VehiclesCross Section

B

FC / SCS / SS R’ << R

A

R’ << R

BA

Widening on Curve

Sight Distance on Curve

Superelevation Diagram

Stationing

Rmin = V2 / 127 ( e + f )

R minimum radii (m)

V design speed (kph)

e superelevation (%)

f side friction

Superelevation

Tiga Macam Lengkung HorisontalTiga Macam Lengkung Horisontal

1. Full Circle (FC)

2. Spiral-Circle-Spiral (SCS)

3. Spiral-Spiral (SS)

TC

CT

TSSC

CS

ST

TS ST

SS

PI

PI

PI

Geometric Design Geometric Design

… normally seeks to ensure uniformity of alignment and maximum levels of safety and comfort for drivers using the road, within given economic constraints. Compromise are inevitable to achieve an acceptable solution and not all objectives can be fully met. Often, however, it is possible to improve road safety implications of design features are considered at the design stage.

Potongan Melintang Rencana

Tipe Jalan : Kolektor Sekunder

Kecepatan Rencana : 40 Kph

Kendaraan Rencana : Single Unit (SU)

1,50 1,00 2 x 3,00

2,00

0,25 0,252 x 3,00 1,00 1,50

MEDIAN & JALURTEPIAN

JALUR LALULINTAS

BAHU JALAN

TROTOAR

2%2%

Minimum Radii Not Required Transition Section [RSNI T-14-2004 p.31].

Vr (kph)Vr (kph) Rmin (m)Rmin (m) Vr (kph)Vr (kph) Rmin (m)Rmin (m)

100 5.000 60 1.500

90 3.000 50 1.200

80 2.500 40 800

70 2.000 30 500

PI X Y Azimuth Angle Distance

Start 63.07 166.20

58.483 131.287

1 174.99 97.57 47.918

106.401 182.287

2 349.86 149.04 35.323

71.078 113.112

End 456.86 112.36

Azimuth, Intersection Angle, Azimuth, Intersection Angle, distance between PIdistance between PI

Panjang Bagian Lengkung MinimumPanjang Bagian Lengkung Minimum [RSNI p.27 table.11]

VR (kph) L (m)

100 170

90 155

80 135

70 120

60 105

50 85

40 70

30 55

V (kph) 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30Lc min (m) 170 155 135 120 105 85 70 55R min (m) 5,000 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,200 800 500D (degree)

0.5 19,481 17,762 15,470 13,751 12,032 9,740 8,021 6,3031.0 9,740 8,881 7,735 6,875 6,016 4,870 4,011 3,1511.5 6,494 5,921 5,157 4,584 4,011 3,247 2,674 2,1012.0 4,870 4,440 3,867 3,438 3,008 2,435 2,005 1,5762.5 3,896 3,552 3,094 2,750 2,406 1,948 1,604 1,2613.0 3,247 2,960 2,578 2,292 2,005 1,623 1,337 1,0503.5 2,783 2,537 2,210 1,964 1,719 1,391 1,146 9004.0 2,435 2,220 1,934 1,719 1,504 1,218 1,003 7884.5 2,165 1,974 1,719 1,528 1,337 1,082 891 7005.0 1,948 1,776 1,547 1,375 1,203 974 802 6305.5 1,771 1,615 1,406 1,250 1,094 885 729 5736.0 1,623 1,480 1,289 1,146 1,003 812 668 5256.5 1,499 1,366 1,190 1,058 926 749 617 485

RRFCFC Minimum Sesuai Syarat Minimum Sesuai Syarat [RSNI p.27 table.11]

Check dCheck dijij Ti + Tj Ti + Tj

PI X Y Azimuth Angle Distance

Start 63.07 166.20

58.483 131.287

1 174.99 97.57 47.918

106.401 182.287

2 349.86 149.04 35.323

71.078 113.112

End 456.86 112.36

Azimuth, Intersection Angle, Azimuth, Intersection Angle, distance between PIdistance between PI

LatihanLatihan

• Pilih 2-3 PI yang bersebelahan,

• Coba desain tikungan pada PI tersebut dengan jenis FC.

Tugas 3

1. Azimuth, D, distance between PI2. Minimum radius3. Curve type FC4. Stopping Sight Distance5. Widening on curve6. Stationing7. Superelevation diagram8. AutoCAD drawing

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1. Full Circle (FC)



TC

CT

TSSC

CS

ST

TS ST

SS

PI

PI

PI

TFC < TSCS

FC vs SCSFC vs SCS

CLOTHOID (Spiral) CURVECLOTHOID (Spiral) CURVE

TRANSITION (Spiral) CURVETRANSITION (Spiral) CURVE

To provide a natural, easy-to-follow path for drivers, where centrifugal force increase/decrease gradually.To provide a convenient desirable arrangement for superelevation run-off.To provide a flexible change in lane-width.To enhanced the appearance of the highway, to avoid the noticeable breaks at the beginning and ending of circular curves

Tangent RunoutTangent Runout is the general term denoting the length of highway needed to accomplish the change in cross slope from a normal section to a section with the adverse cross slope removed, or vice-versa.

2% 2% 2%0%

2% 2%2%0%

Superelevation RunoffSuperelevation Runoff, is the general term denoting length of highway needed to accomplish the change in cross slope from a section with adverse crown removed to a fully superelevation section, or vice-versa.

2%0%

2%

2%

2%

2%

2%0%

Tangent Runout

Superelevation RunoffTR

menambah jarak antar

TS !!!

Check dCheck dijij Ti Ti (+TR)(+TR) + Tj + Tj (+ TR)(+ TR)

Minimum Length of Transition SectionsMinimum Length of Transition Sections

• Minimum Maneuver Time for Traveling on Transition Curve [RSNI T-14-2004 p.30].

LLSS = (Vr/3,6) = (Vr/3,6) x tx t

Vr design speed (km/h)

t running time (2 sec)

Minimum Length of Transition SectionsMinimum Length of Transition Sections

• Minimum Length of Superelevation Runoff [RSNI T-14-2004 p.30].

LLSS = W 1/ = W 1/DD (e (edd + e + eNCNC))

LLSS = W 1/ = W 1/DD e ed d AASHTO AASHTO

D relative slopes ratio (m/m)

W road width (m)

eNC normal cross fall (%)

ed design superelevation (%)

Tangent Runout

Superelevation RunoffTR

menambah jarak antar

TS !!!

Full-Circle,

Normal Cross-Fall

Spiral-Circle-Spiral or Spiral-Spiral

Reverse Cross-Fall or Superelevation

2% 2%

2%

2%

FC min FC min

Spiral-Circle-Spiral (SCS)Spiral-Circle-Spiral (SCS)))(90( R

Lss sc 2D

mcRLc 20180 LsLcLtotal 2

)]3456

()40

(1[ 4

4

2

2

RLs

RLsLsXs

)]7040

()56

(1[6 4

4

2

22

RLs

RLs

RLsYs

sRXsK sin)cos1( sRYsP KPRTs D ]2tan)[(

RPREs D ]2sec)[(

SCS vs SSSCS vs SS


1. Full Circle (FC)



TC

CT

TSSC

CS

ST

TS ST

SS

PI

PI

PI

Spiral-Spiral (SS)Spiral-Spiral (SS)

2Ds

90sRLs LsLtotal 2

)]3456

()40

(1[ 4

4

2

2

RLs

RLsLsXs

)]7040

()56

(1[6 4

4

2

22

RLs

RLs

RLsYs

sRXsK sin)cos1( sRYsP KPRTs D ]2tan)[(

RPREs D ]2sec)[(

Ls maxLs max

Ls minLs min

Ls SSLs SS

LatihanLatihan

• Pilih 1-2 PI yang tidak memenuhi syarat desain FC,

• Coba desain tikungan pada PI tersebut dengan jenis SCS atau SS.

Tugas 4

1. Azimuth, D, distance between PI2. Minimum radius3. Curve type SCS & SS4. Stopping Sight Distance5. Widening on curve6. Stationing7. Superelevation diagram8. AutoCAD drawing

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BRAKING DISTANCEBRAKING DISTANCE

S = 15.9 d x f ±e x B%

100% Braking – Four Wheel Lock-up Skid or full ABS – Where f = 0.75 and S = 80km/hr

Front Brakes Only – 70% d = 48 meters

Rear Brakes Only – 30% d = 112 meters

One Front Brake – 35% d = 96 meters

One Back Brake – 15% d = 225 meters !!!

STOPPING SIGHT DISTANCESTOPPING SIGHT DISTANCE

aVTVDSSD2

039,0278,0 [RSNI T-14-2004 p.22]





1,50 1,00 2 x 3,00

2,00

0,25 0,252 x 3,00 1,00 1,50


JALUR LALULINTAS

BAHU JALAN

TROTOAR

2%2%

Minimum Stopping Sight DistanceMinimum Stopping Sight Distance[Table 10 p. 23 RSNI 2004]

Design Speed (kph)

SSD (m)Design Speed (kph)

SSD (m)

100 185 60 85

90 160 50 65

80 130 40 50

70 105 30 35

PASSING SIGHT DISTANCEPASSING SIGHT DISTANCE

4321 ddddDPSD 432min 32 dddDPSD

Sight Distance on Horizontal CurveSight Distance on Horizontal Curve


)]65,28cos(1[ RSsRM

[RSNI T-14-2004 p.23]





1,50 1,00 2 x 3,00

2,00

0,25 0,252 x 3,00 1,00 1,50


JALUR LALULINTAS

BAHU JALAN

TROTOAR

2%2%

A B

Widening on CurveWidening on Curve


A traffic lane on a curve must be widened because:

• The rear wheels do not track the front wheels

• Vehicle’s front overhang requires an additional lateral space

• Difficulty of driving on curves justifies wider lateral clearance


)/)(104,0(

)2(

)1()(

2

22

RVZ

RALARF

LRRuU

ZFNCUNw

www

A

Ac

nc

Widening on CurveWidening on CurveWn width of traveled way on tangent, m.

U track width of vehicle (out-to-out tires), m.

C lateral clearance per vehicle assumed 0,6/0,75/0,9 for Wn of 6,0/6,6/7,2 respectively

FA with of overhang, m.

Z extra width allowance for difficulty of driving on curves, m.

u track width on tangent (out-to-out) 2,6m.

R radius of centerline of 2-lane highway, m.

L wheelbase, m.

A front overhang, m.

V design speed of highway, km/h.





1,50 1,00 2 x 3,00

2,00

0,25 0,252 x 3,00 1,00 1,50


JALUR LALULINTAS

BAHU JALAN

TROTOAR

2%2%

LatihanLatihan

• Pilih 2-3 PI,

• Periksa syarat Stopping Sight Distance dan kebutuhan Widening on Curve.

Tugas 5

1. Azimuth, D, distance between PI2. Minimum radius3. Curve type4. Stopping Sight Distance5. Widening on curve6. Stationing7. Superelevation diagram8. AutoCAD drawing Dikumpulkan via Email,

Minggu 6 Sep 09 (pk. 12:00) dan CDRW, Senin 7 Sep 09 (pk. 12:00) di TU Sipil

SuperelevationSuperelevation

Superelevation DiagramSuperelevation Diagram

emax

en

emax

cl

TS SC CS ST

Ls Lc Ls

SCS - Right TurnSCS - Right Turn

LatihanLatihan

• Pilih 2-3 PI dengan jenis tikungan SCS/SS belok Kanan/Kiri

• Gambarlah (skets) Diagram Superelevasi pada PI tersebut.

StationingStationing

Stationing Stationing [cont’d][cont’d]

Tugas 6

1. Azimuth, D, distance between PI2. Minimum radius3. Curve type4. Stopping Sight Distance5. Widening on curve6. Stationing7. Superelevation diagram8. AutoCAD drawing

Dikumpulkan via Email, Minggu 13 Sep 09 (pk. 12:00) dan CDRW, Senin 14 Sep 09 (pk. 12:00) di TU Sipil

Horizontal Alignment

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