Hope & Hope & Optimism: A Optimism: A

SynthesisSynthesis

Kevin L. RandKevin L. Rand

Indiana University – Purdue University Indiana University – Purdue University

IndianapolisIndianapolis

Depressive SymptomsDepressive Symptoms xx xx Anxiety Symptoms Anxiety Symptoms xx xx Positive emotionsPositive emotions xx xx Positive appraisal of stressPositive appraisal of stress xx xx Adaptive copingAdaptive coping xx xx Academic performanceAcademic performance xx xx Athletic performanceAthletic performance xx Post-illness adjustmentPost-illness adjustment xx xx Pain tolerancePain tolerance xx

Hope Hope OptimismOptimism

Hope & Optimism are Hope & Optimism are GoodGood

Are Hope & Optimism the Are Hope & Optimism the Same?Same?

Hope & Optimism strongly associatedHope & Optimism strongly associated rr ~ .50 (Snyder et al., 1991) ~ .50 (Snyder et al., 1991) rr ~ .80 in latent space (Bryant & Cvengros, 2004) ~ .80 in latent space (Bryant & Cvengros, 2004)

Similar patterns of associationSimilar patterns of association Aspinwall & Leaf (2002)Aspinwall & Leaf (2002)

Frequently conflated in literatureFrequently conflated in literature Peterson & Seligman (2004)Peterson & Seligman (2004)

There is a need to clarify distinctionsThere is a need to clarify distinctions Tennen, Affleck, & Tennen (2002)Tennen, Affleck, & Tennen (2002)

Distinguishing Hope & Distinguishing Hope & OptimismOptimism

Magaletta & Oliver (1999)Magaletta & Oliver (1999) EFA: pathways, agency, optimism, & self-EFA: pathways, agency, optimism, & self-

efficacy are distinctefficacy are distinct Hope scores predicted general well-being Hope scores predicted general well-being

beyond optimism & self-efficacybeyond optimism & self-efficacy Bryant & Cvengros (2004)Bryant & Cvengros (2004)

CFA: hope & optimism are distinct, 2CFA: hope & optimism are distinct, 2ndnd--order constructsorder constructs

Hope = Hope = self-efficacy self-efficacy Optimism = Optimism = positive reappraisal positive reappraisal

AHS12AHS10AHS9AHS2AHS8AHS6AHS4AHS1

LOT10LOT1 LOT4 LOT3 LOT7 LOT9

Pathways Agency

Hope

Optimism

PositiveExp.

NegativeExp.

?

DistinguishDistinguishing Hope & ing Hope & OptimismOptimism

SynthesizinSynthesizing Hope & g Hope & OptimismOptimism

Study MethodStudy Method SampleSample

345 students in undergraduate psychology class345 students in undergraduate psychology class 59.4% female; 78.6% Caucasian59.4% female; 78.6% Caucasian Mean age = 19.77 years (Mean age = 19.77 years (SDSD = 2.29 years) = 2.29 years)

MeasuresMeasures Hope (AHS), Optimism (LOT-R)Hope (AHS), Optimism (LOT-R) High School GPAHigh School GPA Grade Expectancy (Grade Expectancy (e.g., “I predict my final grade = e.g., “I predict my final grade =

70%”)70%”) Final Class GradeFinal Class Grade

ProcedureProcedure Start of semester: Self-report questionnaireStart of semester: Self-report questionnaire End of semester: course grade from instructorEnd of semester: course grade from instructor

2(113, n=312) = 202.49;

RMSEA = .052;

SRMR=.050;

CFI=.97

.67

AHS12AHS10AHS9AHS2AHS8AHS6AHS4AHS1

LOT10LOT1 LOT4 LOT3 LOT7 LOT9

Pathways Agency

Hope

Optimism

PositiveExp.

NegativeExp.

.66 .45 .65 .27 .50

.57 .59 .74 .59 .85 .71

.04 .34

.98* -.81**

.24

.24

.72* .98*

.49 .04

.48 .44 .66 .58 .68 .49 .79 .70

.77 .81 .56 .66 .54 .76 .38 .51

GoalAttitude

.87

.87

.22

.31

.25

.19.22

1.0*

.82*

.77*

1.0*

HSGPA

GradeExp.

ClassGrade

.25

Synthesized Model of Hope Synthesized Model of Hope & Optimism& Optimism

Goal AttitudeGoal Attitude: Global belief that the act of : Global belief that the act of pursuing goals is worth the effort required to do pursuing goals is worth the effort required to do soso

Goal Attitude has two facets:Goal Attitude has two facets: Hope = Beliefs about the selfHope = Beliefs about the self

Pathways = Appraisal of one’s abilitiesPathways = Appraisal of one’s abilities Agency = Appraisal of one’s available Agency = Appraisal of one’s available

energy/motivationenergy/motivation Optimism = Beliefs about the worldOptimism = Beliefs about the world

Positive Expectancy = There are good things in the world to Positive Expectancy = There are good things in the world to approachapproach

Negative Expectancy = There are bad things in the world to Negative Expectancy = There are bad things in the world to avoidavoid

Future QuestionsFuture Questions Does optimism uniquely influence expectancies for Does optimism uniquely influence expectancies for

events perceived to be outside of one’s control?events perceived to be outside of one’s control? Are hope and optimism influenced by attachment?Are hope and optimism influenced by attachment?

Avoidance vs. AnxietyAvoidance vs. Anxiety Do hope and optimism have separate mechanisms Do hope and optimism have separate mechanisms

for influencing well-being?for influencing well-being? AppraisalsAppraisals

Optimism → Primary AppraisalOptimism → Primary Appraisal Hope → Secondary AppraisalHope → Secondary Appraisal

CopingCoping Optimism → Mental AccommodationOptimism → Mental Accommodation Hope → Problem SolvingHope → Problem Solving

Extra SlidesExtra Slides

___ 1. I can think of many way to get out of a jam. P___ 2. There are lots of ways around any problem. P___ 3. I can think of many ways to get the things in life that

are important to me. P___ 4. Even when others get discouraged, I know I can find

a way to solve the problem. P

___ 5. I energetically pursue my goals. A___ 6. My past experiences have prepared me well for my

future. A___ 7. I’ve been pretty successful in life. A___ 8. I meet the goals that I set for myself. A

Adult Hope ScaleAdult Hope ScaleHOW TRUE IS EACH STATEMENT OF YOU1= Definitely False 4= Slightly False 5= Slightly True 8= Definitely True

___ 1. In uncertain times, I usually expect the best. O___ 2. I’m always optimistic about my future. O___ 3. Overall I expect more good things to happen to me than

bad. O___ 4. If something can go wrong for me it will. P

___ 5. I hardly ever expect things to go my way. P___ 6. I rarely count on good things happening to me. P

Life Orientation Test-Life Orientation Test-RevisedRevised

To what extent is each item generally true for you1= Not True……………………………………………………5= Very True

Cognitively-based traitCognitively-based trait xx xx Future orientedFuture oriented xx xx Expectancy-value modelExpectancy-value model xx xx Explicit internal influence Explicit internal influence xx xx Explicit external influenceExplicit external influence xx Explicit emotional etiologyExplicit emotional etiology xx Influence appraisalsInfluence appraisals xx xx Influence coping responsesInfluence coping responses xx xx Influence well-beingInfluence well-being xx xx

Hope Hope OptimismOptimism

Theoretical OverlapTheoretical Overlap

2(77, n=360) = 505.10;

RMSEA = .12; GFI = .83;

NNFI = .86; CFI=.88

LOT1

FutureOrientation

1.0*

LOT4 LOT10 LOT3 LOT7 LOT9

.65 .62 .57 .68 .60 .51

.59 .62 .66 -.57 -.63 -.70

AHS12AHS10AHS9AHS2AHS8AHS6AHS4AHS1

.86 .83 .60 .77 .68 .81 .59 .69

.37 .41 .63 .48 .57 .43 .64 .56

2(71, n=360) = 180.74;

RMSEA = .07;

GFI = .93;

NNFI = .95; CFI=.96

LOT1

1.0*

LOT4 LOT10 LOT3 LOT7 LOT9

.60 .58 .48 .54 .35 .31

.64 .65 .72 .68 .81 .83

AHS12AHS10AHS9AHS2AHS8AHS6AHS4AHS1

.69 .63 .47 .56 .57 .70 .46 .49

.55 .61 .73 .66 .66 .55 .73 .71

Optimism Pessimism

Pathways Agency1.0*

1.0*

1.0*

-.44.68

-.80

.65 -.56.68

2(72, n=360) = 188.93;

RMSEA = .067;

GFI = .98;

NNFI = .96;

CFI=.97

.58

AHS12AHS10AHS9AHS2AHS8AHS6AHS4AHS1

LOT10LOT1 LOT4 LOT3 LOT7 LOT9

Pathways Agency

Hope

GeneralOptimism

Optimism Pessimism

.58 .47 .54 .35 .32

.65 .65 .73 .68 .81 .82

.16 .34

.92* -.81**

.82

1.0*

1.0*

.77* .84*

.41 .29

.54 .61 .73 .65 .66 .54 .73 .71

.70 .63 .47 .57 .57 .70 .46 .50

2(73, n=360) = 219.02;

RMSEA = .075;

GFI = .97;

NNFI = .94;

CFI=.95;

2(1, n=360) = 30.09, p

< .001

.57

AHS12AHS10AHS9AHS2AHS8AHS6AHS4AHS1

LOT10LOT1 LOT4 LOT3 LOT7 LOT9

Pathways Agency

Hope

GeneralOptimism

Optimism Pessimism

.57 .49 .54 .35 .32

.65 .66 .71 .68 .81 .82

.16 .40

.92* -.77**

1.0*

1.0*

1.0*

.70* .75*

.51 .44

.57 .62 .71 .65 .65 .54 .74 .71

.68 .61 .49 .57 .58 .71 .45 .49