Former secretary of state George P.Shultz, the Thomas W. and Susan B.Ford Distinguished Fellow at the

Hoover Institution, was honored in a cere-mony renaming the training center of theForeign Service Institute on May 29.

Before coming to Hoover in 1989,Shultz served as U.S. secretary of statefrom 1982 to 1989 under President RonaldReagan, a Hoover Institution honoraryfellow.

Secretary of State Colin Powell con-ferred the honor on Shultz at the dedica-tion of the George P. Shultz NationalForeign Affairs Training Center in Arling-ton, Virginia. The ceremony, attended byVice President Richard Cheney, was broad-cast live to diplomatic posts throughoutthe world.

“The Foreign Service is the custodian ofour country’s diplomatic experience in theworld: not theories or abstractions but

On Thursday, May 9, PresidentGeorge W. Bush honored HooverInstitution senior research fellow

Milton Friedman at the White House forachievements over his lifetime. Friedmancelebrates his 90th birthday on July 31.

Bush said:“Milton Friedman has shownus that when government attempts to sub-

stitute its own judgments for the judg-ments of free people, the results are usuallydisastrous. In contrast to the free market’sinvisible hand, which improves the lives ofpeople, the government’s invisible foottramples on people’s hopes and destroystheir dreams.”

• I N S I D E •POLISH STATE ARCHIVES

JOINS HOOVER IN RADIO FREE

EUROPE PROJECT . . . . . . . . . . . 2

EDWARD P. LAZEAR NAMED

COX SENIOR FELLOW . . . . . . . . 4

Q&A: DINESH D'SOUZA ON

TEN GREAT THINGS ABOUT

AMERICA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

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RENAMED IN HONOR

OF GEORGE P. SHULTZ

PRESIDENT BUSH HONORS MILTON FRIEDMAN

FOR LIFETIME ACHIEVEMENTS

Deputy Defense Secretary Paul Wolfowitz said a prime hope fordefusing Muslim terrorism may lie

in building and maintaining good relation-ships with Muslim countries that have atradition of religious tolerance.

Citing countries such as Turkey and In-donesia, Wolfowitz said he thought theWest would gain much by working with

countries where there is, in fact, somedegree of religious pluralism and a youngbut growing move toward democracy.

He made his remarks on June 5 duringthe Hoover Institution conference “OurBrave New World: The Impact of Septem-ber 11” in Washington.Wolfowitz, who hadjust returned from an Asian security

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WASHINGTON, D.C. SEMINARS—U.S. DEPUTY DEFENSE

SECRETARY PUTS STOCK IN U.S. TIES TO MODERATE

MUSLIM COUNTRIES

HOOVER INSTITUTION

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ONLINEONLINE News by and about Hoover fellows and the Institution updated daily. Visit us at www.hoover.org

MiltonFriedmanspeaks at theWhite Houseceremonyrecognizinghis lifetimeachievements.At left,background,PresidentGeorge W.Bush and Rose Friedman

Courtesy ofThe WhiteHouse

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HOOVER INSTITUTIONS U M M E R 2 0 0 2 NEWSLETTERNEWSLETTER

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actual experience,” Shultz said in hisspeech at the dedication ceremony. He alsocommented on the role of the ForeignService in the war on terrorism.

“We have a war to win,” Shultz said.“Every tool available must be used aggres-sively. The message of the Great Seal of ourrepublic is front and center once more. Theeagle faces the olive branches to show thatthe United States always seeks peace butholds onto the arrows to show that theUnited States understands that, if we are tobe effective in seeking peace, we must bestrong. The message comes from the earli-est days of our republic: strength anddiplomacy go together.”

The Foreign Service Institute is thefederal government’s primary training in-stitution for officers and support person-

nel of the U.S. foreign affairs community.The National Foreign Affairs TrainingCenter prepares more than 30,000 en-rollees a year from the state department,other government agencies, and the mili-tary for work overseas and in Washington.

Also on May 29, the Hudson Institutepresented Shultz with the James H. Doolit-tle Award. The award, named in honor ofthe World War II hero, paid tribute toShultz for his extraordinary contributionsto the defense and security of the UnitedStates.

On May 28, Shultz was awarded the firstElliot Richardson Prize for Excellence andIntegrity in Public Service. The prize, pre-sented by the Council for Excellence inGovernment, was jointly awarded toShultz, Secretary of State Colin Powell, andAlice Rivlin, former director of the Officeof Management and Budget.

“Colin Powell, Alice Rivlin, and GeorgeShultz were chosen for this award becausethey embody the qualities that distin-guished Elliot Richardson’s many years of

In a joint statement, the Hoover Institu-tion and the Polish State Archives an-nounced an agreement to undertake a

project to index and make accessible toscholars the Polish broadcasts of RadioFree Europe (RFE). The RFE Polish pro-grams, broadcast between 1952 and 1994,consist of more than 17,000 audio record-ings and 1.5 million pages of transcripts.

Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty(RFE/RL) donated its corporate recordsand its entire broadcast archives, includingthe Polish broadcasts, to the Hoover Insti-tution. At the same time, RFE/RL permit-ted the Polish State Archives to makecopies of the Polish broadcasts for its hold-ings. To avoid a duplication of effort, theHoover Institution and the Polish StateArchives have joined together to produce acomputer-based index to the two collec-tions. The Hoover Institution will providefunds totaling $120,000 over five years.

The Polish State Archives will contributeworking facilities, support staff, computerhardware and software, utilities, and over-head.

This joint project represents the latestdevelopment in a continuing, cooperativerelationship between the Hoover Institu-tion and the Polish State Archives. Lastyear, the Hoover Institution completed alarge-scale preservation project of itsPolish archival collections, made possibleby grants from the Taube Family Founda-tion and the National Endowment for theHumanities. As part of this effort, theHoover Institution donated to the PolishState Archives microfilms of eighteen col-lections (about one and half million pagesof documents) representing the bulk of theHoover Institution’s archival holdings onPoland. The two institutions have also es-tablished an exchange agreement, whichresulted in the exchange of additional ma-

terials, including microfilm copies ofrecords of the Polish Communist PartyCentral Committee presented to theHoover Institution by the Polish StateArchives.

“I continue to be impressed by the ded-ication of the Polish people to documentthe communist period in their history,”said Hoover Institution director JohnRaisian. “We are delighted to continue ourassociation with the Polish State Archivesto collaborate on this venture.”

The government of Poland recognizedthe Hoover Institution’s contribution tothe Polish archival preservation by honor-ing Tad Taube with a special presentationat the Foreign Ministry in 1999 and Asso-ciate Director and Archivist Elena Daniel-son and Curator Maciej Siekierski withLaurel Awards in 2001. Taube is a memberof the Board of Overseers of the HooverInstitution; the Polish RFE broadcasts atthe Hoover Institution constitute theTaube Family Collection on Poland.

POLISH STATE ARCHIVES AND HOOVER

TO UNDERTAKE JOINT PROJECT

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RENAMED FOR SHULTZcontinued from page 1

From left toright: Secretaryof State ColinPowell, formerOMB directorAlice Rivlin,PresidentGeorge W. Bush,and formersecretary ofstate George P.Shultz

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Martin Anderson, the Keith andJan Hurlbut Senior Fellow, re-ceived an honorary doctor of

laws degree from Pepperdine Universityon April 19 and delivered the commence-ment address to graduating students of theuniversity’s school of public policy.

In his commencement address, Ander-son discussed his experience as an adviserand scholar on the national and state levelsand urged graduates to carefully use theirtalents in crafting good public policy.

Anderson is a well-respected adviser oneconomic and social policy, nationaldefense, and the U.S. presidency. He servesas chairman of the Congressional PolicyAdvisory Board, which advises Republicanleadership in the U.S. House of Represen-tatives. In 1997, he served on the NationalCommission on the Cost of Higher Educa-tion, and he was a member of Californiagovernor Pete Wilson’s Council of Eco-nomic Advisers.

Earlier, he was domestic and economic

adviser to President Ronald Reagan in1981 and was a special assistant to Presi-dent Richard Nixon from 1969 to 1971.Between 1987 and 1993, he was a memberof the President’s Foreign Intelligence Ad-visory Board, the President’s EconomicPolicy Advisory Board, and the President’sGeneral Advisory Committee on ArmsControl.

He is a regular commentator on PBS’sNightly Business Report and most recentlycollaborated on Reagan, In His Own Hand,which was on both the New York Times andthe Washington Post best-seller lists.

Hoover Institution senior fellowRobert J. Barro delivered the in-augural Thomas Sowell Profes-

sorship of Economics lecture, titled “Eco-nomics and Religion,” on May 2 at BatesCollege in Lewiston, Maine.

Barro’s lecture celebrated the inaugura-tion of the endowed professorship madepossible by Bates College trustee Joseph T.Willett, Bates College class of 1973, and hiswife, Janice.

The Willetts’ contribution to Bates in2001 established the professorship inhonor of Thomas Sowell, the Milton andRose Friedman Senior Fellow at Hoover,who has been called America’s “most valu-

able public intellectual” for his challenge toorthodox thought across the spectrum ofsociety.

“For us, Thomas Sowell symbolizes theideal features of an institution of higherlearning: a commitment to rigorous schol-arship and an open exchange of ideas,” JoeWillett said. “We hope our gift adds to thecrucial diversity of thought at Bates, for thegreater good of the whole institution.”

Willett is a member of the college’sBoard of Fellows and most recently servedas chief operating officer for Merrill Lynchin London.

Janice Willett added: “Thomas Sowellhas influenced our thinking in areas as

diverse as economics, politics, educationand child rearing. It is an honor to be ableto establish a chair in his name and asource of pride to be able to contribute inthis way to the intellectual tradition atBates.”

Barro, the Robert C. Waggoner Profes-sor of Economics at Harvard University, isa columnist for Business Week and a fre-quent contributor to the Wall StreetJournal. His recent books include Determi-nants of Economic Growth and Getting ItRight: Markets and Choices in a FreeSociety, both from MIT Press.

Thomas Sowell is the Rose and MiltonFriedman Senior Fellow on Public Policy.

ROBERT BARRO DELIVERS INAUGURAL THOMAS SOWELL PROFESSORSHIP

OF ECONOMICS LECTURE AT BATES COLLEGE

MARTIN ANDERSON RECEIVES HONORARY DEGREE

FROM PEPPERDINE UNIVERSITY

Igor Ivanov, minister of foreignaffairs of the Russian Federa-tion, visited the Hoover Insti-

tution on May 6.Ivanov was welcomed by

Hoover distinguished fellow andformer U.S. secretary of stateGeorge P. Shultz in the Nicolas deBasily room of the Hoover Tower,where Elena Danielson, Hoover as-

sociate director of library andarchives, had prepared a display ofRussian documents from theHoover Archives in honor ofIvanov’s visit. The display includeddiaries, letters, and diplomatic cor-respondence from collectionsbegun by Herbert Hoover, as wellas unpublished resources from theRomanov era.

RUSSIAN FOREIGN AFFAIRS MINISTER VISITS

HOOVER INSTITUTION

Hoover distinguished fellow George P. Shultz (farright) and Russian minister of foreign affairs IgorIvanov (second from right) exchange gifts offriendship

4

Edward P. Lazear has been named theMorris Arnold Cox Senior Fellow atthe Hoover Institution.

The appointment was announced at theannual Washington, D.C., meeting of theHoover Institution Board of Overseers inlate February.

“We are delighted to name EdwardLazear as the first holder of the Cox chair,”said Hoover Institution director JohnRaisian. “Edward is one of Hoover’s bestscholars, an eminent economist with an ex-quisite understanding of the workings ofmarkets and the important role of incen-tives. Knowing of Mr. Cox’s interests in freemarket economic principles, I am confidentthat he would be pleased with the unfoldingof this gesture to him.”

The Morris Arnold Cox Chair is fundedby Cox’s widow, Mrs. Nona Jean Cox ofPortola Valley, California, and Duncan andShirley Cox Matteson of Menlo Park, Cali-fornia, Morris Cox’s daughter and son-in-law.

“Our family is proud to join the HooverInstitution in honoring the memory ofMorris Arnold Cox by establishing anendowed chair in his name. The values re-flected in his life, in his business career, andin his philanthropic endeavors mirror thoseof the Hoover Institution,” said Duncan andShirley Cox Matteson.

Mr. Cox, who died in 1986 at the age of77, worked in various roles at WilliamVolker & Company, a wholesale householdfurnishings company originally based in

Kansas City, Missouri, and later inBurlingame, California. He retired as chair-man of the board in 1975, after 37 years ofservice.

Mrs. Cox graduated from StephensCollege in Columbia, Missouri; Duncanand Shirley Cox Matteson graduated fromthe University of Missouri. After college,Shirley and Duncan lived in Menlo Park,now their home for more than 40 years,where they raised their two children,Duncan “Matt” Matteson Jr., and MelissaMatteson Badger. Shirley and Duncan haveestablished distinguished records as busi-ness, community, and charitable leaders onthe Peninsula, as have their children, follow-ing the example set by Mr. and Mrs. Cox.

Duncan is cochair of the Greater BayBank. Together, Duncan and Shirley ac-quired and managed extensive real estateholdings in California through the familyfirm, the Matteson Companies. Shirley andDuncan each have served in many leader-ship capacities at Stanford University, in-cluding Shirley’s service on the StanfordUniversity Hospital Board of Directors andas a founding member of the HealthLibrary. Both have served on numerouscommunity boards and continue to devotesubstantial time and resources to commu-nity and charitable causes.

Lazear is also the Jack Steele Parker Pro-fessor of Human Resources, Managementand Economics at Stanford University’sGraduate School of Business, where he hastaught since 1992. He taught previously at

the University of Chicago’s Graduate Schoolof Business.

Founding editor of the Journal of LaborEconomics, he is also an elected fellow of theAmerican Academy of Arts and Sciences,the Econometric Society and a research as-sociate of the National Bureau of EconomicResearch. Lazear was the first vice presidentand president of the Society of Labor Econ-omists.

His book Personnel Economics (MITPress, 1995) expands on his 1993 WicksellLectures. He edited Economic Transition inEastern Europe and Russia: Realities ofReform (Hoover Institution Press, 1995).Coauthor or coeditor of four other books,Lazear’s newest edited volume is Educationin the Twenty-first Century (Hoover Institu-tion Press, 2002).

Lazear received his A.B. and A.M.degrees from the University of California,Los Angeles and his Ph.D. in economicsfrom Harvard University.

EDWARD PAUL LAZEAR NAMED

MORRIS ARNOLD COX SENIOR FELLOW

Edward Paul Lazear

He also commented: “Milton Friedmanhas done more than defend freedom as anabstract ideal. He has creatively applied thepower of freedom to the problems of ourown country, and in the process, he has

become an influential social reformer.”Also attending the ceremony were

Friedman’s wife, Rose, Hoover seniorfellow Gary S. Becker, Hoover researchfellow Guity Nashat, and DistinguishedVisiting Fellow Edwin Meese III.

Friedman was awarded the 1976 NobelMemorial Prize for economic sciences. Hehas been a Hoover senior research fellowsince 1977. In 1988, he was awarded the

Presidential Medal of Freedom, and he re-ceived the National Medal of Science thesame year.

Among his many well-known books areTwo Lucky People (University of ChicagoPress, 1998), Free to Choose (HarcourtBrace Jovanovich, 1980), and Capitalismand Freedom (University of Chicago Press,1962), all written with Rose Friedman.

MILTON FRIEDMAN

HONORED

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service to the public—absolute integrityand courageous, imaginative leadership

with lasting impact,” said Patricia McGin-nis, president and CEO of the council.“Theidea of this award is to recognize outstand-ing public leaders who will join not only incalling, but also in inspiring, talentedyoung people to public service.”

On May 30, Princeton University’s

James Madison Program in AmericanIdeals and Institutions presented Shultzwith its inaugural John WitherspoonMedal for Distinguished Statesmanship.Former secretary of state Henry Kissingergave a tribute to Shultz at the award dinner.

Two opposing views of human lifeare at the root of the terrorist activ-ity that rocks the world today, ac-

cording to noted author and social com-mentator Dinesh D’Souza, the Robert andKaren Rishwain Research Fellow at theHoover Institution.

“Virtue is the primary end of society inthe Islamic world. In the West, our mainprinciple is freedom,” said D’Souza, whospoke at the opening dinner of the HooverInstitution’s Director’s Seminar on Sunday,June 2.

“Islam makes much of what it views asits moral superiority. And I suppose thatone could say that virtue is higher thanliberty.

“However, freedom is a necessary pre-requisite for virtue, and freedom is neces-sary to make virtue be virtue. Coercedvirtue, as we have seen it practiced in theIslam world, is not virtue at all.”

D’Souza, the author of the best-sellingvolume What’s So Great about America,noted that Western ideals of individualityand freedom, on their face, are not neces-sarily attractive to the Muslim world.

“These are not ideas that are basic to theway people live in that world. And yet, thegerm of freedom and individuality can beseen and, perhaps, encouraged by address-ing the premise, which is held by bothChristians and Muslims, that salvationcomes through the work done by the indi-vidual soul. This concept could give us thefoundation on which to build somecommon ground.”

On Monday, June 3, guests attending theseminar were treated to presentations fromand small-group discussions with Hoover

fellows on topics including the crisis in theMiddle East, school reform, the interna-tional criminal court, the California gover-nor’s race, and Social Security reform.

On the political front, Martin Ander-son, the Keith and Jan Hurlbut SeniorFellow at the Hoover Institution, spoke onthe California governor’s race; Hooverfellow David Brady looked at the 2002 con-gressional elections; and John Cogan, theLeonard and Shirley Ely Senior Fellow,presented an insider’s view of the work ofthe president’s commission on Social Se-curity reform.

Handling education issues were Hooverfellow Williamson Evers, who has beenworking on school reform in California,and Edward Lazear, the Morris ArnoldCox Senior Fellow and editor of Educationin the Twenty-first Century (Hoover Press,2002), who offered his perspective on themost pressing issues in education reform.

Tackling foreign policy issues, Hooverfellow David Davenport spoke on the newinternational criminal court and fellowLyman Miller discussed China’s upcomingleadership transition.

Other conversations featured Hooverfellow Barry Weingast discussing “Federal-ism, Freedom, and Economic Perfor-mance”; fellow Morris Fiorina discussingcommon misperceptions on abortion andthe gender gap; and fellow Milton Fried-man, recently honored by PresidentGeorge W. Bush for his lifetime achieve-ments, offering his insight on economicissues.

Guests were also treated to a presenta-tion by Elena Danielson, associate directorof library and archives, and Assistant

Archivist Myriam LeFloch on the work ofunderground dissident artist WolfgangJanish. Hoover fellow Bertrand Patenaude,who has done extensive work in theHoover Archives, spoke on the “Nurem-berg Trial” of the Soviet Communist Partyin Moscow in 1922.

The Director’s Seminar concluded witha panel discussion on the crisis in theMiddle East. Chaired by Abraham Sofaer,the George P. Shultz Senior Fellow, thepanel offered the insights of Arnold Eisen,who holds an endowed professorship inStanford’s Department of ReligiousStudies, and Ariel Levite, a visiting fellowat the Stanford Center for International Se-curity and Cooperation.

The Director’s Seminar is a one-dayevent that offers Hoover donors andprospective donors the opportunity to in-teract with Hoover fellows in small and in-timate groups. It also provides an opportu-nity for the director to update donors onthe state of the Institution.

DIRECTOR’S SEMINAR SHOWCASES HOOVER SCHOLARS

Hoover director John Raisian

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DINESH D’SOUZA: TEN GREAT THINGS ABOUT AMERICA

Q: In the aftermath of last September’s ter-rorist attack, there’s been a great deal of newsabout “why they hate us” and about whyAmerica is so bad. There have been lengthylectures about America’s history of slavery,about the defects of American foreignpolicy, about the materialism of Americanlife, and about the excesses of Americanculture. Many critics, domestic and interna-tional, all but say that America can do noright. What is your view on this?A: This indictment, which undermines thepatriotism of Americans, is based on anarrow and distorted understanding ofAmerica. It exaggerates America’s faults, andit ignores what is good and even great aboutAmerica. As an immigrant who has chosento become a U.S. citizen, I feel especiallyqualified to say what is special about thiscountry.Q: Why are you especially qualified?A: Having grown up in a different society—in my case, Mumbai, India—I am not onlyable to identify aspects of America that areinvisible to people who have always lived

here, but also acutely conscious of the dailyblessings that I enjoy in America.Q: What are some of those aspects andblessings?A: I can easily come up with ten. For in-stance, America provides an amazingly goodlife for the ordinary guy: Rich people live welleverywhere. But what distinguishes Americais that it provides an incomparably highstandard of living for the “common man.”We now live in a country where construc-tion workers regularly pay $4 for a nonfatlatté, where maids drive nice cars, and whereplumbers take their families on vacation toEurope.

Indeed, newcomers to the United Statesare struck by the amenities enjoyed by“poor” people in the United States. This factwas dramatized in the 1980s when CBS tele-vision broadcast a documentary, “PeopleLike Us,” which was intended to show themiseries of the poor during an ongoing re-cession. The Soviet Union also broadcast thedocumentary, with a view to embarrassingthe Reagan administration. But by the testi-

mony of former Soviet leaders, it had the op-posite effect. Ordinary people across theSoviet Union saw that the poorest Ameri-cans have TV sets, microwave ovens, andcars. They arrived at the same perceptionthat I witnessed in an acquaintance of minefrom Bombay who has been unsuccessfullytrying to move to the United States. I askedhim, “Why are you so eager to come toAmerica?”He replied,“I really want to live ina country where the poor people are fat.”Q: Another aspect?A: America offers more opportunity andsocial mobility than any other country, in-cluding the countries of Europe: America isthe only country that has created a popula-tion of “self-made tycoons.”Only in Americacould Pierre Omidyar, whose parents areIranian and who grew up in Paris, havestarted a company like eBay. Only inAmerica could Vinod Khosla, the son of anIndian army officer, become a leadingventure capitalist, the shaper of the technol-ogy industry, and a billionaire to boot. Ad-mittedly tycoons are not typical, but no

Dinesh D’Souza

Robert and Karen Rishwain Research Fellow

The economy and society, civil rights and affirmative action, cul-tural issues and politics, and higher education.

From 1987 to 1988, senior domestic policy analyst in the ReaganWhite House. From 1985 to 1986, managing editor of Policy Review.

What’s So Great about America (Regnery, 2002); The Virtue of Pros-perity: Finding Values in an Age of Techno Affluence (Free Press,2000); Ronald Reagan: How an Ordinary Man Became an Extraordi-nary Leader (1997); Illiberal Education (Free Press, 1991) and TheEnd of Racism (Free Press,1995). Also regular publication in theWall Street Journal, the New York Times, the Washington Post, VanityFair, Forbes, Harper’s, and the Atlantic Monthly.

Regular guest on numerous programs, including ABC’s This Week,Nightline, CNN’s Crossfire, the NewsHour with Jim Lehrer, FiringLine, ABC News, and Good Morning America. He has spoken at topuniversities around the nation including Harvard University, Stan-ford University, the University of California, Berkeley, and DukeUniversity. He has also been a guest lecturer at the World Econom-ic Forum.

B.A., Dartmouth College, 1983.

F E L L OW

T I T L E

R E S E A R C H

A F F I L I AT I O N S

P U B L I C AT I O N S

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Q & A

country has created a better ladder thanAmerica for people to ascend from modestcircumstances to success.Q: So the ladder, a better ladder is impor-tant?A: Absolutely. And work and trade are re-spectable in America, which is not true else-where: Historically most cultures have de-spised the merchant and the laborer, regard-ing the former as vile and corrupt and thelatter as degraded and vulgar. Some cultures,such as that of ancient Greece and medievalIslam, even held that it is better to acquirethings through plunder than through tradeor contract labor. But the Americanfounders altered this moral hierarchy. Theyestablished a society in which the life of thebusinessman, and of the people who workedfor him, would be a noble calling. In theAmerican view, there is nothing vile or de-graded about serving your customers eitheras a CEO or as a waiter. The ordinary life ofproduction and supporting a family is morehighly valued in the United States than inany other country. Indeed America is theonly country in the world where we call thewaiter “sir,” as if he were a knight.Q: So you resonate to the concept of equali-ty and believe it does have great value?A: I do and it does. I do believe that Americahas achieved greater social equality than anyother society: True, there are large inequali-ties of income and wealth in America. Inpurely economic terms, Europe is moreegalitarian. But Americans are socially moreequal than any other people, and this is un-affected by economic disparities. Toc-queville noticed this egalitarianism acentury and a half ago, but it is if anythingmore prevalent today. For all his riches, BillGates could not approach the typical Amer-ican and say,“Here’s a $100 bill. I’ll give it to

you if you kiss my feet.” Most likely theperson would tell Gates to go to hell! TheAmerican view is that the rich guy may havemore money, but he isn’t in any fundamentalsense better than anyone else.Q: You have addressed money and opportu-nity. What about other qualities or values?A: People live longer, fuller lives in America:Although protesters rail against the Ameri-can version of technological capitalism attrade meetings around the world, in realitythe American system has given citizensmany more years of life, and the means tolive more intensely and actively. In 1900, thelife expectancy in America was around 50years; today, it is more than 75 years. Ad-vances in medicine and agriculture aremainly responsible for the change. This ex-tension of the life span means more years toenjoy life, more free time to devote to a goodcause, and more occasions to do things withthe grandchildren.Q: And your view of the young in America?A: In America the destiny of the young is notgiven to them but created by them: Not longago, I asked myself, “What would my lifehave been like if I had never come to theUnited States?” If I had remained in India, Iwould probably have lived my whole lifewithin a five-mile radius of where I wasborn. I would undoubtedly have married awoman of my identical religious and socioe-conomic background. I would almost cer-tainly have become a medical doctor or anengineer or a computer programmer. Iwould have socialized entirely within myethic community. I would have a whole set ofopinions that could be predicted in advance;indeed, they would not be very differentfrom what my father believed, or his fatherbefore him. In sum, my destiny would to alarge degree have been given to me.Q: What happened when you came toAmerica?A: In America, I have seen my life take a rad-ically different course. In college I becameinterested in literature and politics, and I re-solved to make a career as a writer. I marrieda woman whose ancestry is English, French,Scotch Irish, German, and American Indian.In my twenties I found myself working as apolicy analyst in the White House, eventhough I was not an American citizen. No

other country, I am sure, would have permit-ted a foreigner to work in its inner citadel ofgovernment.

In most countries in the world, your fateand your identity are handed to you; inAmerica, you determine them for yourself.America is a country where you get to writethe script of your own life. Your life is like ablank sheet of paper, and you are the artist.Q: Is there a political framework that allowsthis to happen?A: Yes, America has gone further than anyother society in establishing equality ofrights: There is nothing distinctively Ameri-can about slavery or bigotry. Slavery hasexisted in virtually every culture, and xeno-phobia, prejudice, and discrimination areworldwide phenomena. Western civilizationis the only civilization to mount a principledcampaign against slavery; no country ex-pended more treasure and blood to get ridof slavery than the United States. Whileracism remains a problem in America, thiscountry has made strenuous efforts to erad-icate discrimination, even to the extent ofenacting policies that give legal preference inuniversity admissions, jobs, and governmentcontracts to members of minority groups.Such policies remain controversial, but thepoint is that it is extremely unlikely that aracist society would have permitted suchpolicies in the first place. And surely AfricanAmericans like Jesse Jackson are vastlybetter off living in America than they wouldbe if they were to live in, say, Ethiopia orSomalia.Q: What can other countries learn fromAmerica?A: America has found a solution to theproblem of religious and ethnic conflict thatcontinues to divide and terrorize much of theworld: Visitors to places like New York areamazed to see the way in which Serbs andCroatians, Sikhs and Hindus, Irish Catholicsand Irish Protestants, Jews and Palestinians,all seem to work and live together inharmony. How is this possible when thesesame groups are spearing each other andburning each other’s homes in so manyplaces in the world?

The American answer is twofold. First,separate the spheres of religion and

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Q & A

Abraham Sofaer, the George P. ShultzSenior Fellow, was featured on KGO TV(ABC, San Francisco) on May 20 and 21and on KNTV (NBC, San Jose) on May 21and 22 discussing developments in the U.S.war on terrorism.

Senior Fellow Bruce Bueno de Mesquitaalso was interviewed about terrorists byKNTV (NBC, San Jose) on May 20.

On May 29, Research Fellow Joseph Mc-Namara was interviewed on KCBS radio(CBS, San Francisco) about pending oper-

ational changes in the Federal Bureau ofInvestigation.

Tensions on the India-Pakistan borderwere addressed by Visiting Fellow Donald

Abenheim on KCBS radio (CBS, San Fran-cisco) on May 30.

Research Fellow James Noyes discussedMiddle East peace negotiations on May 6and 7 on KGO radio (ABC, San Francisco).

Distinguished Visiting Fellow Newt Gin-grich was interviewed on the programTech Now! (KNTV, PBS, San Jose) on May15 and June 15 about coming break-throughs in biology, technology, andairport security.

government so that no religion is given offi-cial preference but all are free to practicetheir faith as they wish. Second, do notextend rights to racial or ethnic groups butonly to individuals; in this way, all are equalin the eyes of the law, opportunity is open toanyone who can take advantage of it, andeverybody who embraces the American wayof life can “become American.”

Of course there are exceptions to thesecore principles, even in America. Racialpreferences are one such exception, whichexplains why they are controversial. But ingeneral America is the only country in theworld that extends full membership to out-siders.Q: And what of foreign policy?A: America has the kindest, gentlest foreignpolicy of any great power in world history:Critics of the U.S. are likely to react to thistruth with sputtering outrage. They willpoint to long-standing American supportfor a Latin or Middle Eastern despot or theunjust internment of the Japanese duringWorld War II or America’s reluctance toimpose sanctions on South Africa’sapartheid regime. However one feels aboutthese particular cases, let us concede to thecritics the point that America is not alwaysin the right.

What the critics leave out is the other sideof the ledger. Twice in the twentieth century,the United States saved the world: first fromthe Nazi threat, then from Soviet totalitari-

anism. What would have been the world’sfate if America had not existed? After de-stroying Germany and Japan in World WarII, the U.S. proceeded to rebuild both coun-tries, and today they are American allies.Now we are doing the same thing withAfghanistan. Consider, too, how magnani-mous the U.S. has been to the former SovietUnion after its victory in the cold war.

For the most part America is an abstain-ing superpower: It shows no real interest inconquering and subjugating the rest of theworld. (Imagine how the Soviets would haveacted if they had won the cold war.) On oc-casion, America intervenes to overthrow atyrannical regime or to halt massive humanrights abuses in another country, but it neverstays to rule that country. In Grenada, Haiti,and Bosnia, the U.S. got in and then it gotout.

Moreover, when America does get into awar, it is supremely careful to avoid targetingcivilians and to minimize collateral damage.Even as America bombed the Taliban infra-structure and hideouts, its planes droppedrations of food to avert hardship and starva-tion of Afghan civilians.What other countrydoes these things?Q: That makes America seem to be, well,rather kind, if not actually virtuous.A: I think that perhaps America, the freestnation on earth, really is also the most virtu-ous nation on earth! This point seems coun-terintuitive, given the amount of conspicu-ous vulgarity, vice, and immorality inAmerica. Indeed some Islamic fundamen-talists argue that their regimes are morallysuperior to the United States because they

seek to foster virtue among the citizens.Virtue, these fundamentalists argue, is ahigher principle than liberty.

Indeed it is.And let us admit that in a freesociety, freedom will frequently be usedbadly. Freedom, by definition, includes thefreedom to do good or evil, to act nobly orbasely. But if freedom brings out the worst inpeople, it also brings out the best. The mil-lions of Americans who live decent, praise-worthy lives deserve our highest admirationbecause they have opted for the good whenthe good is not the only available option.Even amid the temptations of a rich and freesociety, they have remained on the straightpath. Their virtue has special luster becauseit is freely chosen.

By contrast, the societies that manyIslamic fundamentalists seek would elimi-nate the possibility of virtue. If the supply ofvirtue is insufficient in a free society likeAmerica, it is almost nonexistent in anunfree society like Iran. The reason is thatcoerced virtues are not virtues at all.

“To make us love our country,” EdmundBurke once said, “our country ought to belovely.” Burke’s point is that we should loveour country not just because it is ours, butalso because it is good. America is far fromperfect, and there is lots of room for im-provement. In spite of its flaws, however, theAmerican life as it is lived today is the bestlife that our world has to offer. UltimatelyAmerica is worthy of our love and sacrificebecause, more than any other society, itmakes possible the good life and the life thatis good.

Q & A CONTINUED

continued from page 7

8

H O O V E R O N T H E A I R

Hoover Institution director JohnRaisian has announced the recipi-ents of the annual postdoctoral W.

Glenn Campbell and Rita Ricardo-Camp-bell National Fellows Program for the2002–3 academic year.

Recognized as one of the preeminent fel-lowships in the United States, the program,now completing its 30th year, providesscholars an opportunity to spend one year atthe Hoover Institution conducting inde-pendent research on current or historicalpublic policy issues.

The national fellows use the release timefrom teaching to advance their professionalcareers by completing an original and sig-nificant research project at Hoover. The Na-tional Fellows Program has awarded nearly400 fellowships to outstanding scholarsfrom universities across the United Statesand Canada.

“The National Fellows Program func-tions as a significant part of the academicvisitor component of the Hoover Institu-tion.We are delighted to welcome to Hooveranother talented group of scholars whoshare our interest in research and policy,”said Hoover director John Raisian.

The program is administered by Hooverassociate director Thomas H. Henriksen,serving as the program’s executive secretary,assisted by Joy Taylor. The 2002–3 fellows,their academic affiliations, and their topicsfollow:

Michael BaileyDepartment of Government, George-

town University“Money and Democracy: Enduring

Questions of Contemporary Relevance”

G. Marcus ColeStanford Law School, Stanford University“Private Dissolution and Restructuring

of Failed Technology Firms in SiliconValley”

Lisa CookCenter for International Development,

Harvard University“An Investigation into Russian Financial

Markets, International Trade, and Firm In-novation”

Sven FeldmannGraduate School of Public Policy Studies,

University of Chicago“Lobbying the Bureaucracy”

Francine HirschDepartment of History, University of

Wisconsin-Madison“Empire of Nations: Ethnographic

Knowledge and the Making of the SovietUnion, 1910–1941”

Dirk KruegerDepartment of Economics, University of

Pennsylvania“The Distribution of Consumer Durables

and Financial Wealth over the BusinessCycle: Empirical Findings, a Theoretical Ex-planation, and Policy Implications”

Chappell LawsonDepartment of Political Science, MIT“Campaigns, Elections, and Democrati-

zation”

Jonathan LevinDepartment of Economics, Stanford Uni-

versity“The Economics of Professional Partner-

ships”

Alan LevineDepartment of Government, American

University“The Idea of America in European Politi-

cal Thought: 1492–1992”

Hao LiDepartment of Economics, University of

Toronto“Unraveling of Matching Markets with

Endogenous Search”

Alan T. SorensenDepartment of Economics, University of

California, San Diego“Empirical Studies of Social Interactions

in Consumer Behavior”

Strom ThackerDepartment of International Relations,

Boston University“The Politics of Governance”

Romain WacziargGraduate School of Business, Stanford

University“Trade Openness and Structural Change”

NATIONAL FELLOWS

FOR 2002–3 ANNOUNCED

9

The Hoover Institution Newsletter is published quarterly and distributed by the HooverInstitution, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-6010, 650/723-0603, fax, 650/725-8611. ©2002 by the Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University. Sendcomments and requests for information to Newsletter Editor Michele M. Horaney, APR,Manager of Public Affairs. Staff: Public Affairs Writer: Caleb Offley, Newsletter Design:Akiko Arakawa, Newsletter Production: Wm Freeman, Stanford Design Group. TheHoover Institution Home Page is on the World Wide Web at www.hoover.org.

The Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, Stanford University, founded in1919 by Herbert Hoover, is one of the leading centers in the world devoted to interdis-ciplinary scholarship in domestic and international affairs.

H O OV E R I N S T I T U T I O N W E B S I T E S

www.hoover.org

www.hooverdigest.org

www. campaignfinancesite.org

www.imfsite.org

www.russiaeconomy.org

Comprehensive information about the Institution, its fellows, work,scholarly output, and outreach

Quarterly Hoover Digest available online

Topical web sites, which are constantly updated

Campaign finance reform history, regulations and legislation, courtcases, and reform proposals

Information on the International Monetary Fund

Analyzes Russia’s turbulent economic situation today

H O OV E R I N S T I T U T I O N N E W S L E T T E R

conference in Singapore and atour of the Philippines—thescene of recent Muslim terror-ist activity—spoke to about100 members of the press,academe, and government.

Covering his talk and theconference were journalistsrepresenting a host of mediaoutlets including Time maga-zine, the Washington Post, theLos Angeles Times, the WallStreet Journal, Fox NewsChannel, NBC TV, WTOPradio, NHK Japan TV,Bloomberg News, NewhouseNews Service, Voice ofAmerica, and Asahi Shimbun.

Wolfowitz said he was pleased to assure Asian leaders of strongbipartisan congressional support for that region.

“Messages coming out of the visit were how important the regionis, how important we are to the region, how welcome we are there,and how many problems are still there,” he said. “I am, however,much more optimistic about the future of the region. The supportwe offer in Asia is significant and it is recognized.”

Earlier in the day the conference opened with remarks fromHoover director John Raisian and Wladyslaw Pleszczynski, Hooverdistinguished visiting fellow, who edited the just-released volumeOur Brave New World, published by Hoover Institution Press.

In the first talk of the day, Daniel Pipes, director of the MiddleEast Forum, noted that he believes that, since September 11, theissue and concept of terrorism has rapidly moved into abstractionin both the West and the Muslim world. Furthermore, action againstterrorism has quickly moved to the periphery in both sectors.

“To get a grip on thisthreat, we must empowermoderate Muslims and usethis as leverage,” he said.“Thisis a war of ideas. Unfortunate-ly, we have let the tools weused to fight the war of ideasin World War II and duringthe cold war simply atrophy.”

Two panels also providedadditional insight into the sit-uation. Speaking on the polit-ical impact of September 11 inWashington and across thecountry were Media FellowAnne Applebaum, freelancejournalist; John Corry, formerNew York Times reporter; andTerry Eastland, Hoovermedia fellow and publisher ofthe Weekly Standard.

The cultural impact andthe marks made on the publicby way of leaders and themedia were addressed byJames Bowman, Americaneditor of the Times LiterarySupplement; Roger Kimball,managing editor of the NewCriterion; and Media FellowJohn Podhoretz of the NewYork Post.

NEW VIEWS OFFERED AT CONFERENCE

ON RACE AND ETHNICITY

“New realities require new thinking and old civil rightsideas won’t solve the problems we face now. However,the sobering experience of facing real threats, begin-

ning with September 11, will, I think, bring us together to grow as apeople,” said author and commentator Linda Chavez on June 6during the conference “Beyond the Color Line: New Perspectives onRace and Ethnicity in America.”

Chavez spoke at the luncheon that concluded a gathering of 100representatives of government, academe, and the media sponsoredby the Hoover Institution and the Manhattan Institute.

The conference highlighted the release of the new Hoover Pressbook with the same title, edited by Abigail Thernstrom and StephanThernstrom and produced in conjunction with the Manhattan In-stitute.

Covering the conference were representatives of the media in-cluding CSPAN, which will broadcast the conference during June,

H O O V E R I N W A S H I N G T O N

Hoover distinguished visiting fellow Wladyslaw Pleszczynski,editor of Our Brave New World

WASHINGTON, D.C. SEMINARScontinued from page 1

Hoover Institution director JohnRaisian

Paul Wolfowitz, deputysecretary of the U.S.Department of Defense

Daniel Pipes, director of theMiddle East Forum

10

ABC News, the Washington Post,the Washington Times, and theChristian Science Monitor.

Chavez noted that efforts inthe 1960s to compensate legiti-mate victims of discriminationhave transmuted into institution-alized diversity programs. Theseprograms have been widely ac-cepted but do not necessarilyreach and assist those most inneed, she said.

In the opening panel discus-sion titled “The New AmericanLandscape,” Media FellowMichael Barone, of the U.S. News& World Report, addressed poli-tics and the new patriotism.

“One hundred years ago, we talked of immigrants and hyphenat-ed Americans,” he said.“Today we see something a lot like that situ-ation again.”

Tamar Jacoby, of the Manhattan Institute, discussed assimilationof immigrants and admitted that it is hard to determine if assimila-tion is working.

“I think it’s just too early to judge. The immigration wave of the1960s was, if you will, the traditional ‘first generation.’And it’s in thesecond generation that we do see assimilation. I do think you couldargue that that second generation is, indeed, assimilating, as they areEnglish speakers, fluent, and integrating into America. On the otherhand, 60 percent of those arriving today already do speak English,and that is one good indicator of assimilation right from the begin-ning.”

Speaking on interracial marriage was Douglas Besharov, of theAmerican Enterprise Institute. He said that cross-race marriageshave slowly begun increasing, an indication that racial discrimina-tion is slowly eroding.

Robert Zelnick, a Hoover fellow and Boston University journal-ism professor, told the group that he expects the Supreme Court totake up the controversial Bakke decision of 1978, which has gov-erned university admissions since that time.

In the second panel discussion, the subject of “Moving beyondRace and Ethnicity” was broached by David Armor of the Instituteof Public Policy; Brian Jones, general counsel with the U.S. Depart-ment of Education; Peter Kirsanow, an attorney with Beresch,Friedlander, Coplan and Aronoff; and Sally Satel, M.D., of theAmerican Enterprise Institute.

Armor described his research and work, in which he has foundsome benefit from the voluntary busing of students. He said,however, he has come to believe that neither racial nor economic di-versity among students has much of an effect on educationaloutcome.

Jones, of the U.S. Education Department, pointed to efforts torequire accountability in schools, including the publication of “statereport cards” that list testscores, in order to give thepublic more and better infor-mation on education.

“The states must show theyare making progress if theyaccept federal funds,” he said.

Kirsanow attacked what hecalled “grievance legislation,”which has been used as amodel for civil rights enforce-ment over the last 30 years.

“This kind of action sug-gests that civil rights struggleshaven’t been successful andthat the 1960s are perpetual,and this is just not true,” hesaid.

Dr. Satel discussed the very real differences in medical needs andconditions between races and ethnicities, which, she said, shouldnot be misconstrued as “discrimination.”

“Take, for example, Tay-Sachs or sickle-cell anemia,” she said.“These are diseases that just simply are found in certain ethnicgroups. It would be wonderful if medicine were truly color blind,but that isn’t reality. Doctors can’t deny the reality of significant dif-ferences in patients.”

During a question-and-answer period, the issue of reparationsfor African Americans was addressed, with Jones and Kirsano (whoare both black) noting that they believe it is more productive tofocus on the present, the opportunities that are open to them andtheir families now, and the rich family traditions that encouragedachievement for them.

They also noted that the experience and abilities of so-called mi-norities and immigrants are so broad and differentiated that it is nothelpful at all to paint everyone in an ethnic group as a “victim” andto keep treating everyone in that group as underprivileged.

From left, Stephan Thernstrom of the Manhattan Institute,Tamar Jacoby of the Manhattan Institute, Douglas Besharovof the American Enterprise Institute, Robert Zelnick of theHoover Institution, and Michael Barone of U.S. News &World Report. Photos by Goodman/Van Riper Photography.

Linda Chavez, president of theCenter for Equal Opportunity

Stephan Thernstrom,coeditor of Beyond the ColorLine and a senior fellow atthe Manhattan Institute

H O O V E R I N W A S H I N G T O N

11

The United Nations Development Reportsshould base their assessments of worldpoverty and inequality on a better under-standing of the facts. It is incorrect to arguethat world poverty and inequality have beenrising over the past 30 years and then attrib-ute this fictional development to uncheckedglobalization and market expansion. Thesepoorly grounded observations from an ap-parently respectable source feed into thefalse arguments of the world’s “globa-phones,” who are generally opposed to eco-nomic development. Globaphobia willneither help reduce world poverty nor spureconomic growth in Africa.�Robert J. Barro, senior fellow,

BusinessWeek, May 6

Alleged war crimes by international leadersare inherently political matters and need tobe overseen by the United Nations and itsSecurity Council, not by unboundedBelgian or even International CriminalCourt prosecutors. If a criminal court for aspecific situation needs to be created, the Se-curity Council should do so. Otherwise thisbusiness of universal jurisdiction will leadinevitably to universal injustice.�David Davenport, research fellow, San Jose

Mercury News, May 16

The academy needs to shed its irrationalprejudice against colonialism. By providinga more balanced perspective, scholars canhelp to show the foolishness of policies likereparations as well as justifications of terror-ism that are based on anticolonial myths.None of this is to say that colonialism byitself was a good thing, only that bad institu-tions sometimes produce good results.�Dinesh D’Souza, Robert and Karen Rish-

wain Research Fellow, Chronicle of HigherEducation, May 10

For those of us still concerned with the orig-inal human rights agenda embodied in theJackson-Vanik legislation, it is painful togive up one of the most effective weaponsfor promoting human rights for the coldwar. It seems especially wrong to rewardPutin, whose record regarding human rightsand democracy is troubling. Russia todaybears little resemblance to the Soviet Union

of 1974. To reinforce the positive changesthere over the past 30 years, while still ad-dressing lingering problems of humanrights and democracy, Congress needs tomodernize its tools of influence.�Michael McFaul, Peter and Helen Bing Re-

search Fellow, Washington Post, May 10

Progressives and conservatives alike shouldwelcome further experiments in schoolchoice. Such experiments certainly do notpose a discernible threat to public school ed-ucation. Nearly 90 percent of American chil-dren continue to be educated at convention-al public schools, and the proportions areunlikely to change significantly anytimesoon. Indeed, part of the experiment inschool choice should involve new forms ofpublic schools, prominent among thencharter schools that have already openedtheir doors. Meanwhile, for those in greatestneed—children of low-income parents whoseek an alternative to chronically decrepitinner-city public school education—thepreliminary results strongly indicate thatchoice programs do no harm and appear todo some good.�Peter Berkowitz, research fellow, Weekly

Standard, May 20

The most common mistake in thinkingabout growth is to search for the “silverbullet,” a single policy that is everywhere andalways the key to faster growth. In fact, it is awhole range of policies and institutions thatmust work together to sustain a high rate ofgrowth. Each is more valuable when it isadopted in conjunction with all the others.�Paul Romer, Dean Witter Senior Fellow,

Stanford Business, May

We and our allies should be taking everypossible action to help make the tons ofnuclear materials and elsewhere secure fromterrorist theft or purchase. But we’re not. Thebudget for these efforts remains essentiallyflat—even though, at the current rate, it will

take years to secure the remaining 60percent of nuclear material in Russia that isnot adequately protected. The administra-tion needs to put forward new ideas, comeup with new funding, and recruit new part-ners to secure the raw materials of nuclearterrorism in Russia and elsewhere.�William Perry, senior fellow, with former

U.S. senator Sam Nunn and retired U.S.Air Force general Eugene Habiger, Wash-ington Post, May 21

America has come to understand the imper-atives of evenhanded treatment for its citi-zens. Until India does so, the people of theworld’s second-largest democracy will beunable to accord the world’s largest democ-racy a respect that many of us would like tosee it deserve.�Henry Rowen, senior fellow, with Kanwal

Rekhi, global chairman of the Indus En-trepreneurs, Wall Street Journal, May 22

Terrorism is terrorism regardless of whodoes it, and suicide bombers are the moralequivalent of the hijackers who flew theplanes on September 11. But if we allow thewar on global terrorism to degenerate into adebate over Israel and Palestine, we will befighting on Saddam’s terms and most as-suredly will lose.�Peter Schweizer, research fellow, USA

Today, May 1

Development, testing, and FDA marketingapproval of the average new drug takes 12 to15 years and costs upward of $800 million.Reclassifying botanicals as drugs would ef-fectively spell the demise of the goose that islaying multibillion-dollar eggs, and the endof consumers’ access to a wide array of non-traditional medicines.

A better option would be voluntary over-sight by an independent, nongovernmentalregulator modeled on nationally recognizedtesting laboratories. The prototype of thesefacilities is Underwriters Laboratories: anonprofit group that, for a fee, uses hun-dreds of standards to certify a wide spec-trum of products, many with inherent po-tential hazards.�Henry I. Miller, research fellow, USA

Today, June 18

12

H O O V E R I N P R I N T

13

The Hoover Institution welcomedthree new scholars this spring. PeterBerkowitz, an associate professor of

law at George Mason University LawSchool, A. Ross Johnson, senior adviser tothe president of Radio Free Europe/RadioLiberty (RFE/RL) and a member of theBoard of Directors of the RFE/RL Fund,and Stanley Kurtz, a contributing editor atNational Review Online, were appointed re-search fellows, bringing their expertise inpolitics, law, media, and cultural issues tothe Institution.

Before becoming an associate professorof law at George Mason University LawSchool, Berkowitz taught government atHarvard University. His scholarshipfocuses on the interplay of law, ethics, andpolitics in modern society. He will con-tribute to the Institution’s Initiative onAmerican Individualism and Values.

Berkowitz is the author of two books:Virtue and the Making of Modern Liberal-ism (1999) and Nietzsche: The Ethics of anImmoralist (1995), for which he wasawarded the Thomas J. Wilson Prize byHarvard University Press for the best bookby a new author. His newest book, GivingLiberalism Its Due, is forthcoming from thePrinceton University Press.

He has published numerous essays inthe New Republic, where he is a contribut-ing editor, and has written for a widevariety of other publications including theAtlantic Monthly, Commentary, the London

Review of Books, National Review, theTimes Literary Supplement, the Wall StreetJournal, the Weekly Standard, and the YaleLaw Journal.

Berkowitz currently works for the advi-sory committee of the Center for JewishPolitical Thought at the Shalom HartmanInstitute in Jerusalem.

Johnson, who has served as director ofthe RFE/RL Research Institute and asacting president and counselor of RFE/RL,will be an adviser to the Hoover Institu-tion’s RFE/RL archives project.

The Hoover Institution Archives is therepository for the records of RFE/RL underan agreement concluded between theHoover Institution, RFE/RL, and theBroadcasting Board of Governors in 1999.The broadcast archives consists of some61,000 reels of broadcast tapes, 7.5 millionpages of broadcast transcripts, and thou-sands of additional documents generatedby the various broadcast services of RFEand RL.

Johnson’s work focuses on the role ofRFE/RL in American national securitystrategy, the impact of media on interna-tional security, and Balkan security issues.He is a contributor to the Parallel HistoryProject, sponsored by the Woodrow WilsonCenter and the National Security Archive,and the Scholars’ Dialogue on Yugoslavia.

In recognition of his contribution inpreserving the archives of the RFE/RLPolish service, Johnson received the LaurelAward from the prime minister of Polandin 2001 and a citation for MeritoriousService to Polish Culture from the Polishminister of culture in 1996. He has been amember of the International Institute ofStrategic Studies since 1988 and a memberof the American Political Science Associa-tion since 1970. He is also a member of theAmerican Association for the Advance-ment of Slavic Studies.

As a contributing editor to NationalReview Online, Kurtz has written on someof the most controversial issues of the

day—campus free speech, affirmativeaction, grade inflation, feminism, gay mar-riage, and the role of religion in public life.

With a doctorate in social anthropologyfrom Harvard University, he has written atlength on the social roots of Middle Eastterrorism and the role of women in theMuslim world. He has been published inthe Wall Street Journal, the Weekly Stan-dard, Policy Review, Commentary, and theChronicle of Higher Education.

After conducting field research in India,Kurtz published extensively on religion,family life, and psychology in non-Westerncultures.

Before taking his doctorate in social an-thropology, Kurtz studied comparative re-ligion at Harvard Divinity School. Sinceleaving the academy for the world of policythink tanks, Kurtz has gained a reputationas an outspoken combatant in America’sculture wars and an innovative commenta-tor on the social foundations of the war onterror.

THREE NEW RESEARCH FELLOWS JOIN HOOVER

PeterBerkowitz

Stanley Kurtz

A. RossJohnson

R E C E N T R E L E A S E S

School AccountabilityEdited by Williamson M. Evers andHerbert J. Walberg

Although educators and school boardssometimes resist the idea, accountabili-ty is sorely needed in America’s schools.In School Accountability (Hoover Insti-tution Press, 2002), Hoover fellows andmembers of the Koret Task Force onK–12 Education explore this crucialand controversial issue.

America’s students are falling behindthose in other countries, yet comparedto their foreign counterparts, ourschools remain subject to little account-ability. The U.S. school system lacks themarketplace accountability of schoolscompeting with one another and thefurther accountability of large-scale ex-amination systems, both of which areassociated with high achievement. It isclear that after a quarter-century ofpoor progress in educational produc-tivity, the time has come for high aca-demic standards and accountability.

This book brings together a group ofexpert authors from a wide range ofperspectives—history, economics, po-litical science, and psychology—toreveal what is known about accounta-bility, what still needs to be learned,what should be done right now, andwhat should be avoided in devising ac-countability systems. The authorsdispel common myths about accounta-bility and show that it indeed offers thebest hope for improving our publicschools.

Bringing in a New Era in Character EducationEdited by William Damon

Bringing in a New Era in Character Educa-tion (Hoover Institution Press, 2002),edited by Hoover fellow William Damon,provides a unique perspective on what isneeded to make character education alasting part of our educational agenda.

Schools from K–12 to college campusesare increasingly paying attention to stu-dents’ values and accepting responsibilityfor students’ character. But how can webring in this new era in character educationin a way that makes the right kind of differ-ence to young people? What are the ap-proaches that will provide character educa-tion the solid foundation necessary tosustain it now and into the future? Whatobstacles in our current educational systemmust we overcome, and what new opportu-nities can we create?

Bringing in a New Era in Character Edu-cation answers these questions, pointingout the directions that character educationmust take today and offering strategies es-sential for making progress in the field. Theexpert contributors explain how we canpass core values down to memories of theyounger generation in ways that will elevatetheir conduct and their life goals. Theyreveal why relativism has threatened themoral development of young people in ourtime—and what we can do to turn thisaround. And they show the critical impor-tance of reestablishing student moralityand character as targets of higher educa-tion’s central mission.

Choice with EquityEdited by Paul T. Hill

In Choice With Equity (Hoover InstitutionPress, 2002), Hoover’s renowned Koret TaskForce on K–12 Education reviews the furiousnational debate over school choice, examin-ing the benefits of choice for children, fami-lies, and schools and showing how properlydesigned choice programs can prevent theharmful outcomes choice opponents fear.

School choice can mean many things—from allowing parents to choose among alimited group of existing public schools togiving parents public vouchers that they canredeem for tuition in any private school. Thedifferent forms of choice inspire hope andfear in different degrees, keeping the contro-versy going and the real problems unre-solved.

The contributors—although easily identi-fied as members of the pro-choice side—move the debate ahead by focusing on therisks of choice and how they can be con-trolled. They present powerful evidence onwhy choice must be judged in comparison tothe real-world performance of the publicschool system, not against idealized stan-dards. They review the facts on segregationby race and social class in actual voucherprograms in Milwaukee, Cleveland, NewYork, Dayton, and Washington, D. C. andlook at the claim that schools and familiesare harmed when left behind by those whotake advantage of new options. They alsosummarize the possible harmful conse-quences of choice and explain how furtherresearch can reduce remaining uncertaintiesabout its effects.

14

R E C E N T R E L E A S E S

Liberty and Hard CasesEdited by Tibor R. Machan

Our free society rests on the fact thathuman beings are first and foremost sov-ereign individuals with the capacity forself-rule and self-directedness. But whatdo we do when disaster strikes? Naturalcalamities—earthquakes, floods, torna-does, and the like—seem to warrant anexpansion of governmental authoritybeyond what a free society would sanc-tion. But principles, explains Hooverfellow Tibor R. Machan in Liberty andHard Cases (Hoover Institution Press,2002), are tested by such hard cases.Despite the temptation to abandon theprinciple of limited government in theface of calamities, we might do well to en-courage the development of institutionsthat handle these problems without the in-volvement of government.

Liberty and Hard Cases exploreswhether government action is in fact in-dispensable under such circumstancesand what might be done to restrain the ex-pansion of the scope of governmentalpower if indeed emergency circumstanceswarrant governmental intervention. Thecontributors, experts in the fields of ethicsand public policy, examine the role of gov-ernment in responding to national catas-trophes as well as the role of the freemarket in dealing with natural disaster.They offer ways to reduce—but not en-tirely eliminate—the scope of governmentin disaster relief. And they present a casefor fully privatizing catastrophe insur-ance—and explain how to make it work.

Our Brave New World: Essays on the Impact of September 11 Edited by Wladyslaw Pleszczynski

Every American remembers exactly how itunfolded and where they were and whatthey were doing on that terrible morningof September 11. And like any other un-precedented historic jolt, September 11continues to agitate our collective mind.We still ponder the questions it raised:What changed that day? What remains ofthe old? What is truly new? In Our BraveNew World: Essays on the Impact of Sep-tember 11 (Hoover Institution Press,2002), editor Wladyslaw Pleszczynski anda collection of distinguished contributorsexamine these and other questions, takinga sometimes sobering, sometimes uplift-ing look at a historic turning point in ourlives.

The contributors examine the chal-lenges and dangers of our new foreignpolicy and the sense that we have only seenthe opening stages of a long-term realign-ment. They also examine our domesticpolitics, revealing that, with the exceptionof national security matters, partisan con-siderations remain as strong as before.

Two essays seize the opportunity Sep-tember 11 offers to reflect in the most pro-found sense on what we are fighting for—and why we are fighting despite having lostour ability to speak the language of honor.The collection concludes with an inspiringreport on the response of Mayor RudolfGiuliani and the people of New York—re-minders of where America’s real strengthslie.

Crony Capitalism and Economic Growth in Latin America Edited by Stephen Haber

Systems of crony capitalismin whichthose close to political policymakers receivefavors allowing them to earn returns farabove those that could be obtained in a com-petitive markethave become a fundamen-tal feature of economies around the world.In his new book Crony Capitalism and Eco-nomic Growth in Latin America (Hoover In-stitution Press, 2002), editor Stephen Haber,a senior fellow at the Hoover Institution, ex-amines the causes and consequences ofcronyism in this crucial emerging region.

“Since the Asian economic collapse of1997 scholars and policymakers have grownincreasingly interested in the phenomenonof crony capitalism,” Haber writes. “Indeed,much of the surprisingly rapid meltdown ofthe East Asian economies is often attributedto widespread cronyism. Yet although cronycapitalism is frequently offered as a descrip-tion or explanation of the inefficient eco-nomic systems of much of the developingworld, the phenomenon remains poorly un-derstood.”

Drawing from case studies in Mexico,Brazil, and other countries around theworld, Haber and his fellow contributors tothe volume answer key questions about thispervasive phenomenon. They examine whycrony economic systems come into being,how they get re-created over time even in theface of dramatic regime changes, why theysurvive despite being detrimental to growth,and, ultimately, how crony capitalism can bereformed.

15

HOOVER INSTITUTIONSTANFORD UNIVERSITY

STANFORD, CA 94305-6010

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Johannes Linn, the World Bank’s re-gional vice president for EasternEurope and Central Asia, met with

Hoover Institution fellows on Thursday,May 16, during a visit to the Stanfordcampus.

Linn discussed the Russian economywith Alvin Rabushka, the David andJoan Traitel Senior Fellow, ResearchFellow Michael Bernstam, and MichaelMcFaul, the Peter and Helen Bing Re-search Fellow.

Rabushka and Bernstam are the coau-thors of Fixing Russia’s Banks (HooverInstitution Press, 1998). They oversee thelong-term project From Predation toProsperity: Breaking Up EnterpriseNetwork Socialism in Russia, which can

be viewed as it develops at www.rus-sianeconomy.org.

Rabushka has studied transitioneconomies in Central and EasternEurope, concentrating on Russia, since1995. He is also the coauthor, withRobert Hall, the Robert and CaroleMcNeil Senior Fellow, of the landmarkvolume The Flat Tax (Hoover InstitutionPress, 1985 and 1995).

Bernstam studies the causes of eco-nomic growth and contraction in post-communist economies, with special em-phasis on Russia. During 1991–1995, heserved as an economic adviser to theRussian parliament, the Central Bank ofRussia, and the Russian government. Aspart of this work, he coauthored several

studies for the World Bank and the U.S.Agency for International Developmenton Russian energy, banking, and housingdevelopment.

McFaul, who specializes in the studyof Russian politics, is the author ofRussia’s Unfinished Revolution: PoliticalChange from Gorbachev to Putin(Cornell University Press, 2001) andRussia’s 1996 Presidential Election: TheEnd of Polarized Politics (Hoover Institu-tion Press, 1997).

Johannes Linn oversees operations atthe World Bank for 27 borrowing coun-tries. After joining the World Bank in1973, he served as a researcher, staff di-rector, and senior economic adviser. Hestudied law at Free University in Berlin,Germany, and received his training as aneconomist at Oxford University (B.A.,1968) and Cornell University (Ph.D.,1972).

WORLD BANK VICE PRESIDENT JOHANNES LINN

MEETS WITH HOOVER FELLOWS

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