HONORS WORLD HISTORY Spring Finals 2016 Study Guide By Jenna DoQui

WWI,WWII, and the Cold War

Ch.8. WWI - The Great War

A. WWI Started because:

1. Crisis in the Balkans, the “powder keg” of Europe

a. Balkan peninsula in SE Europe has history of nationalist

uprisings & ethnic rivalries

b. With the decline of the Ottoman Empire, several new

nations were created: Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro,

Romania, Serbia

c. Rivalry b/w A-H & Russia for control of these new

States

d. Serbia, allied w/ Russia, wanted to create large,

independent Slavic state

2. Assassination of Archduke of A-H: By the BlackHand

a. Results: Austria declared war on Serbia 1 month later & its ally, Russia,

mobilizes its troops toward Austrian border.

b. A-H declaration of war on Serbia sets off chain reaction:

i. Russia mobilizes on

Germany & A-H borders “as

a precaution”

ii. Germany sees it as declaration of war & Aug. 1 declares war on

Russia Expecting France to aid Russia, Germany also declares war

on France, Aug. 3

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B. War Tactics

1. German military strategy in the event of 2-front war The Schlieffen Plan

a. Attack France in West, quickly defeat, then move east to fight Russia.

b. Dependent upon 6-week mobilization of Russia, but only took 10

days (oops!)

c. French troops already stationed along German borders.

2. So in response to this hilarious mistake…

a. Germany asked Belgium to allow its troops to pass through to attack

N. France, but, as a neutral nation, refused: Germany invaded!

b. Britain declared war on Germany Aug. 4 for violating Belgian

neutrality & also for concerns if allies lost.

C. New Weapons/ Militarism

1. Arms race: a competition to be the most armed with weapons, armies, and

military technology

2. By 1914 all Great Powers had large standing armies able to quickly mobilize

3. Glorified military power & kept armies prepared for war

4. Rivalries led to the creation of military alliances, which were designed to

keep peace, but ended up leading to war

5. Otto von Bismarck, German Chancellor, unified Germany in 1871 via “blood

& iron”

D. What brought the U.S into the War?

1. Sinking of the Lusitania

a. German policy of “unrestricted submarine warfare”. By 1917,

Germany suffered due to crop failures

(potatoes 1916) & GB blockade. Germany established its own

blockade: German subs (u-boats) sank any ship in British waters w/o

warning

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b. Re-instatement of earlier policy was abandoned after the 1915

sinking of the British passenger ship, the Lusitania (128 US citizens

killed; 1198 total dead)

c. Germans hoped the strategy would lead to British

defeat before US could mobilize after sinking of 3

U.S. ships. In 1917, Germany sank 3,000 ships w/ Allied

Supplies

2. The Zimmerman Telegraph

a. The British intercepted & decoded a telegram from the German

foreign secretary to the German ambassador in Mexico.

b. Germany offered to help Mexico “reconquer” land lost to the U.S. if

Mexico would align w/ Germany (TX, AZ, NM) British turned over

telegram to U.S

c. President Wilson asked Congress to declare war on April 6, 1917

E. Treaty of Versailles, Article 231

1. The Big 4: Delegates from France, Britain, Italy, and the U.S. were

present for the treaty negotiations at Versailles in 1919

2. None of the Central Powers were invited, nor was Russia, who

withdrew early from the war.

3. U.S. President Wilson and Clemenceau of France did not get along at

the peace talks.

a. Wilson was trying to establish a lasting peace in contrast to

France and Britain, who wanted revenge against Germany.

Italy wants land promised out of the A-H Empire.

4. Germany's Consequences:

a. Germany was assigned sole responsibility for the war, the War

Guilt Clause - Article 231 – required Germany pay $33 billion

in reparations to the Allies over 30 years.

b. Germany lost land in Europe as well as its colonies. The size

of the German military was restricted & not allowed to have

an Air Force.

5. Feelings of Everybody Else:

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a. Russia felt betrayed because they were excluded.

b. Italy and Japan felt cheated because they did not get land

promised to them.

F. League of Nations, and Wilson’s 14 points

1. Wilson comes up with League of Nations (FAILED) at Treaty of

Versailles.

2. However, Without several great powers, including the US, Germany,

and Russia, the League of Nations was powerless. It also lacked the

authority of a peacekeeping force.

a. So, in conclusion Wilson creates a club and doesn't join it.

(LOL) On top of that they have no way of enforcing any rules.

3. U.S. President Wilson proposed a plan for a lasting peace that

incorporated 14 points.

a. Points 1 – 5: goals for the postwar world: ending secret

treaties, freedom of seas, free trade.

b. Points 6 – 13: specifics for changing national borders &

creating new nations under self-determination

G. Wilson's Rejection (Just an fyi)

1. Despite Wilson’s pressure, the U.S. Senate refused to approve

of the Treaty of Versailles.

2. Congress opposed to the League of Nations because they

believed it undermined their authority to declare war. So ultimately

useless.

3. The U.S. policy of isolationism persisted over the next 20 years

until WWII broke out; until WWII Pearl Harbor

VOCAB WARNING!!!

1. Total War: a war that is unrestricted in terms of the weapons used, the territory or

combatants involved, or the objectives pursued, especially one in which the laws

of war are disregarded.

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a. All resources were devoted to the war effort: factories shifted production

from consumer goods to war materials; goods/food was rationed

b. Women went to work to fill in during the war & got the vote by the end of

the war in Germany, Austria, the US & GB

H. Central Powers v.s Allied Powers

1. Central Powers: Germany, A-H, joined by the Ottoman Empire &

Bulgaria

2. Allies: France, Russia, GB, joined by Japan & Italy

I. The Western Front

1. Allied victory at 1st Battle of the Marne( yay!) (Sept. 6-12,1914) &

Belgian resistance breaks Schlieffen Plan

2. Considered most important battle of WWI

a. Caused collapse of S. Plan & w/ Russia’s invasion in east,

forced German army to send troops to eastern front & into a

2-Front war.

3. Stalemate on Western Front

J. Trench Warfare (pretty bad stuff..)

1. By 1915, 500 mi. Of parallel trenches separated by barbed wire

entanglements & strips of territory called “no man’s land” were dug

from the N. Sea to Switzerland

2. Small land gains, large casualties Soldiers slept, ate, lived in mud w/

rats, disease, no fresh food.

3. Soldiers in the trenches suffered from trench foot, being buried alive

in mud, eaten by rats, and dysentery (ew diarrhea), in addition to the

constant threat of gunfire, grenades, poison gas and flamethrowers.

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a. Some soldiers committed suicide rather than deal with trench

life.

K. The Eastern Front

1. The war on eastern front was more mobile than the west.

2. Russia & Serbia vs. Germany, A-H, Ottomans

3. Russia initially successful, but driven back by Germans

4. By 1916, Russia’s army was in desperate need of supplies and was in

danger of withdrawing: unable to get supplies from Allies: German

naval blockade in N. & Ottomans blocked S.

L. The Gallipoli Campaign

1. The Allies launched the Gallipoli campaign in 1915 in an attempt to

defeat the Ottomans and thereby open up a supply-line to Russia, as

well as a route to attack A-H via the Danube.

a. It failed, but Russia stayed in war until 1917 & tied up German

army for 3 years

Ch 5.1 , 8.3, 9.2: Russian Revolution

A. Economic Background

1. Russia in 1800s lagged far behind W. Europe in industrial development Its

economy was mainly agricultural.

2. Russia ruled by a czar: Romanov Dynasty Czars were autocratic: Alexander

III

B. Nicholas II

1. Launched plan for industrial growth:

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a. Raised taxes, encouraged foreign investment

b. Factories double, growth of heavy industry, steel (by 1900 4th largest

steel prod.)

c. Completion of Trans-Siberian Railway (1891 – 1904)

2. Industrial progress led to social unrest

3. Workers influenced by teaching of Karl Marx

C. Three Revolutions of in Russia

1. Mini-Rev. of 1905 CAUSES:

a. Russo-Japanese War, 1904

i. Russia & Japan competing for control of Korea & Manchuria

ii. Russia broke agreement w/ Japan over territories & was

attacked

iii. Nicholas II hoping a victory in war would shift attention away

from domestic problems Backfired: Russia lost the War

2. Bloody Sunday 1905

a. 200,000 workers & families petitioning czar for better working

conditions, more freedom & an elected national legislature.

b. Soldiers open fire on unarmed crowd

c. Provoked a wave of strikes & violence across Russia

i. EFFECTS: Nicholas II forced to accept Russia’s 1st Parliament:

the DUMA; wanted a constitutional monarchy, but never had

real power

3. MARCH 1917 Revolution: CAUSES:

a. WWI Unprepared for military & economic costs. And got slayed by

Germans

b. Czarina Alexandra & Rasputin (creepiest looking dude ever)

i. 1915, Nicholas moved HQ to front lines to boost morale, left

Czarina to run gov. Bad idea….

ii. She fell under influence of Rasputin, who made political

decisions & placed friends in powerful positions: corruption

spread.

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iii. 1916, Rasputin murdered by nobles Rumors spread

Alexandra

was a German spy.

4. November 1917 Revolution

a. April Crisis: Lenin returns

b. “Peace, Land & Bread” appealed to the masses.

D. Effects From November 1917 Rev. : New Socialist Order

1. Lenin orders land redistribution among peasants

2. Took over control of major industries to be run by soviets

3. Signed truce w/ Germany: Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

4. Civil War (1918 – 1921)

a. “White Army” (opponents of Bolsheviks) vs. “Red Army”

i. White Army received aid from Western (Allied) nations

ii. Bolsheviks “red”, under command of Leon Trotsky,

won

E. The Rise of Stalin and a Totalitarian State.... (Uh oh)

1. Rise of Stalin.

a. After Lenin’s death (1924), a power struggle began b/w Leon

Trotsky & Joseph Stalin

i. Trotsky: dedicated to the idea of world rev. modeled

after USSR

ii. Stalin: only concerned w/ USSR “socialism in one

country”

● Blended ideas of Marxism & Nationalism

2. In 1929, he forced Trotsky into exile (killed in 1940) & began

eliminating Bolsheviks to create a dictatorship.

F. DIY Build a Totalitarian State by Joseph Stalin

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1. The government controls every aspect of public & private life:

a. Dictatorship/one-party rule

b. Dynamic leader

c. Singular ideology

d. State control of: business, family life, religion, education, arts,

media, housing, youth

e. Use of technology: propaganda & military

f. Terroristic security force/secret police to crush opposition

g. Other examples: Hitler’s Germany, Mussolini’s Italy, Mao’s

China, Kim Jong Il’s North Korea, Castro’s Cuba.

G. Agricultural Rev, Collectivization, and 5-year Plans

1. Industrial Revolution

a. 1928: 1st 5-year Plan gov. seized 25mn. private farms & combined

them into state-owned collective farms, operated by hundreds of

families producing food for state.

i. Rapid ind. growth & strengthen national defense

ii. Set high quotas to increase output of military & heavy

industry: steel, coal, iron, electricity

iii. Meant lack of consumer goods: shortages of housing, food,

clothing

iv. Gov. officials chose workers, assigned jobs & set wages; could

not move w/o police permission

2. 1933: 2nd 5-year plan launched & by 1938, USSR transitioned from an

agricultural society to industrial.

a. 1933: Plan resulted in 1st man-made famine as gov. exported

crops/grain to workers in cities while peasants starved (5.5

million)

Ch. 7.2, 10.3, 16.1: Collapse of the Chinese Imperialist Rule

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A. What Societal group most Supported the Chinese Communist?

1. Stronghold in NW China supported by peasants

B. China under Mao

1. Elimination of the Four Olds: old ideas, old culture, old customs, old habits

a. Mao believed an atmosphere of constant struggle & revolutionary

fervor would bring China to final stage of communism

b. Millions of high school & college students formed militia units:

Red Guard

c. Goal: to establish a society of peasants & workers in which all were

equal

d. Heroes of the Cultural Rev were the peasants, who worked w/ their

hands, whereas the intellectuals and artists – those who used their

minds, were considered dangerous.

i. Schools were closed, teachers attacked, former landlords

targeted, parents, any symbols of authority & tradition

(basically poor old people being attacked for being old)

e. Young people were sent to live and work with the peasants in

rural villages

2. October 1, 1949: Mao proclaims control of The People’s Republic of China

a. Fuels anti-communist feelings in US

3. The Great Leap Forward (another great idea stolen from Russian, because

that turned out so well)

a. A more ambitious program: The Great Leap Forward

i. “Hard work for a few years, happiness for a thousand”

(sounds pretty promising… spoiler alert, IT'S A REALLY BAD

IDEA)

b. Existing collectives were combined into communes w/ 30,000 people

c. Led to crop failures & famine, which killed 20mn.

d. “backyard” steel industry led to poor quality manufactures. (seems

legit)

VOCAB WARNING!!!

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1. Communes: People that are cramped into tiny places and literally do everything

together: worked, ate, lived together, and owned nothing. It probably sucked.

C. Four Modernizations, China after Mao

1. By 1976, the Red Army was called in & disbanded the Red Guards (the crazy

high school students attacking old people)

2. Deng Xiaoping & Zhou Enlai took over & restored order

3. Deng promoted new policies in industry, agriculture, technology, and

national defense.

D. Chinese Civil War

1. KMT advantages: US involvement: sent an additional $2bn. in aid to KMT as

part of “containment” policy

2. KMT outnumbered CCP 3-1 & were better equipped

a. Probably wondering, “Why did they lose?!”

i. Did not have popular Support Weak economy led to mass

desertions of KMT soldiers to the Red Army and Famine

Just a Refresher!

CCP under Mao Zedong

Stronghold in NW China; supported by peasants Taught them guerilla tactics for use

against Japan (and later, KMT) Taught literacy skills & to improve food production. Set up

political villages throughout N. China

KMT under Chiang Kai-shek

Controlled SW China, where mountains provided protection from Japanese 2.5mn man

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army aided by US – supplies & $1.5bn. (1942 – 1945) Most supplies & money went to

corrupt officers or saved to fight Mao’s Red Army Refused to arm peasants & thus did not

gain their support.

E. Chiang Kai-shek’s gov

1. Chiang Kai-shek & KMT fled to island of Taiwan and establish The Republic

of China under the Nationalist Party rule.

F. Mao gets Rejected

1. The US refused to recognize Mao’s gov the People’s Republic of China, and

instead Chiang Kai-shek’s The Republic of China officially represented China

in the UN until 1972.

2. Soviets gave financial, military & technical aid to the PRC (people’s republic

of china) & signed a treaty of friendship in 1950, bffs.

G. Tiananmen Square

1. Major exception to Four Modernizations:

a. Democracy: No direct criticism of the gov.

b. Tiananmen Square: mass student demonstrations calling for Party

leaders to resign, better living conditions, more freedom.

c. Deng ordered tanks & troops to the square to remove the

protesters;

500-2000 killed NOTE* The reason there is a large difference in

estimate deaths, is because the people report different amount of

deaths than the government does.

Ch.9: The Years Between the Wars

A. Japanese invasion of Manchuria and Mukden Incident

1. Japanese militants, fearing Chiang Kai-shek’s Nationalist drive to unify

China, staged an explosion along Japanese governed railroad in Mukden,

Manchuria.

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2. League of Nations issued a condemnation causing Japan to withdraw its

Membership.

3. The US refused to recognize Japanese occupation, & Japan proclaimed the

“independence” of Manchukuo under the puppet government of Henry Pu

Yi.

B. War with China

1. An incident in which Japan claimed Chinese soldiers fired upon its soldiers

from the Marco Polo bridge in Beijing sets off a full-scale invasion of China

in 1937

2. The weak & unorganized KMT army is defeated by Japan, which takes

control of Beijing, Shanghai & the KMT capital, Nanking, by Dec. 1937

C. Munich Conference

1. March, the Anchluss: Hitler annexes Austria, forming a union b/w countries

2. Sets his sights on Czechoslovakia, the only democracy in E. Europe w/ a

strong army & defensive treaty w/ France.

3. Munich Conference: GB, France, Germany & Italy met to discuss crisis &

Western allies agreed to Hitler’s demands in exchange for promise of peace

& cease of territorial claims.

4. British PM Chamberlain used policy of appeasement hoping to avoid war,

but policy convinced Hitler that the West was weak & would not fight.

D. Great Depression

1. The U.S produced majority of the military equipment for Allies

2. New factories built for war production creating jobs, particularly in the

North

3. By 1944, 18mn US workers, including women worked in war industries

(Rosie the Riveter)

4. Helped US recover from Depression.

E. Hitler and The Nazi Party

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1. Why were the nazis able to rise to power?

a. People in Germany where suffering from the consequences of WWI

and their full responsibility for the war so when dictatorship came

into play, people though it was a good idea and would save

germany.

2. Soviet Non-Aggression Pact

a. March: Hitler seizes all of Czechoslovakia & demanded Polish port of

Danzig.

b. GB & France seek aid from Stalin to halt Nazi aggression, but USSR

still bitter w/ West over its absence at Munich Conf., Treaty of V., &

in LON

c. August: Hitler, fearing a West-Soviet alliance, made an agreement w/

enemy Stalin: Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact

d. 2 nations promised not to attack each other, in exchange, Hitler

promised Stalin control of east Poland & Baltic States

i. But Stalin’s number one mistake was trusting the

psychopathic fascist dictator HItler.

ii. September 1, 1939 Germany invades Poland: WWII begins.

Ch.11. : WWII & The Holocaust

A. The Axis Powers:

1. Germany, Italy, Japan

B. Blitzkrieg

1. Sept. 1, 1939 Hitler used panzer divisions, air support & infantry to seize Poland

drawing France & GB into war; by Sept. 28 Germany & the USSR divided the

country

2. “Phony war” ended as Hitler resumed his advance in the Spring on N. Europe

where intended to build air bases from which to attack GB.

a. April 1940: blitzkrieg on Denmark & Norway

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b. May 1940: he swept through the Netherlands, Belgium & Luxembourg

(Benelux countries) as a strategy to attack France.

C. Lend-Lease Act

1. Amended in 1939 with the “cash & carry” program: any ship that could make it to

US ports could exchange cash for war materials.

2. By early 1941 became the Lend-Lease Act, wherein the US transported materials

on loan to Allies.

D. Battle of Stalingrad

1. German invasion at Leningrad & Moscow unsuccessful

a. Operation Barbarossa Fails

2. Summer ’42, Germans plan to seize oil fields in Caucasus Mtn & Stalingrad on the

Volga River for its industry.

3. Soviet counterattack & winter set in, stopping German troops, surrounding them

& cutting off supply lines.

4. Defying Hitler’s orders,remaining 90,000 troops (of 330,000) surrender; Soviets

lost 1mn men & city destroyed – Stalin will never forget…

E. Pearl Harbor 1941

1. Japanese Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto wanted to destroy US fleet before US could

enter War.

2. Dec. 7 Japan sunk 18 ships, including 8 battleships – 2400 dead, 1000+ wounded,

but aircraft carriers not in port. (oops!)

3. Dec. 8 FDR w/ Congress declare war & US Lt. Cnl. Doolittle commands a retaliatory

bombing raid on Tokyo – little damage, but boosted morale & showed Japan was

not invincible.

F. Allied Commander in N. Africa and Europe

1. Axis attack N. Africa, 1940

2. Italy looking at Suez Canal as key to reach Saudi oil fields, but pushed back by GB

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3. 1941, Hitler sends Erwin Rommel-the “Desert Fox” &

his Afrika Korps After months of stalemate, Rommel captures Tobruk (’42) &

advances to El Alamein in Egypt.

a. By Fall ’42, GB Gen. Montgomery defeat Rommel’s forces, which begin

retreat across N. Africa

b. Operation Torch: Allied forces led by US Gen. Eisenhower land in Morocco

& Algeria in West & British forces from east defeat Rommel’s forces by May

‘43

G. Battle of Midway

1. June 1942: Battle of Midway

a. US & Australia fought in Pacific

b. US Admiral Nimitz learned of Japanese plans to attack Midway w/ 150 ships

outnumbering US 4:1, but were ambushed

c. As Japanese planes flew over island, US planes attacked aircraft carriers,

many w/ planes on board – US destroyed 322 planes & all 4 aircraft carriers

d. Stopped Japanese S. expansion & invasion of Australia

e. Turned tide of war against Japanese

H. “Island Hopper” idea…

1. Japan dug into hundreds of islands in Pacific

2. US Gen. Douglas MacArthur, commander of Allied land forces in Pacific

used “island- hopping” strategy: go past well-defended islands & take less

fortified islands closer to Japan to cut off supply lines & starve out enemy.

I. D-Day

1. On June 6, 1944, more than 160,000 Allied troops landed along a 50-mile

stretch of heavily-fortified French coastline, to fight Nazi Germany on the

beaches of Normandy, France.

a. Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower called the operation a crusade in which,

i. “we will accept nothing less than full victory.”

2. 3.5mn Allied forces, under command of Gen. Eisenhower & Montgomery

open 2nd front to liberate France: Operation Overlord

3. Allies set up dummy HQ & fake plans to attack at Calais

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4. Allied forces of US, GB, French & Canadians landed at dawn at Utah,

Omaha, Gold, Juno & Sword Beaches

5. Largest amphibious invasion in history

6. Aided by 10,000 paratroopers dropped the night before behind

enemy lines.

J. The Atomic Bombs

1. The Manhattan Project: top secret project to develop A-bomb under

direction of Scientist Robert J. Oppenheimer & Gen. Leslie Groves

2. Truman warned Japanese & dropped the 1st bomb on Aug. 6 at Hiroshima,

and a 2nd bomb on Aug. 9 at Nagasaki.

3. Japanese surrender Aug. 10

K. Interned Japanese-Americans and Racist Americans

1. Feb. 19, 1942 FDR issued Executive Order 9066, which established

relocation centers for those considered a threat to US; over 100,000

Japanese on the West Coast were sent to camps.

2. 2/3 of those sent were US citizens, native born Nisei.

3. Segregation in the Service:

a. 442nd “Go for Broke” All Japanese division & the most decorated

unit in military history (1943)

i. Just an fyi: Tuskegee Airmen; US 1st black military airmen

w/ outstanding record – said they never lost a fighter.

L. The Nuremberg Trials, Paying for What They’ve Done

1. International Military Tribunals were held throughout Europe; the most

famous were the Nuremberg Trials for Nazi Party Officials judged by

each of the 4 Allies.

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2. The IMT tried 22 "major" German war criminals on charges of conspiracy,

crimes against peace, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. The IMT

defined crimes against humanity as "murder, extermination, enslavement,

deportation...or persecutions on political, racial, or religious grounds."

M. Death Camps, (This is About to get Really Sad)

1. The biggest death camp was Auschwitz.

a. It was essentially three camps in one.

b. 1st for Polish political prisoners, 2nd built for Final Solution, 3rd (BUNA) for

slave labor. The only camp that tattooed. Most prisoners survived only a

few weeks or maybe months at Auschwitz.

i. Died of gas chambers, dehydration, starvation, labor, disease,

medical experiments, and some by suicide. It was the deadliest

camp.

N. All the Conferences,(Tehran, Yalta, Potsdam)

1. Tehran Conference Nov. 1943:

a. First meeting of “The Big Three” to discuss final Allied invasion plans,

including opening up a Western front; Soviet assistance in fighting Japan in

the Pacific & plans for post-war world, including a UN.

2. Yalta Conference Feb. 1945:

a. Big Three met again: Germany would be divided into 4 occupation zones,

governed by each of four Allies: France, US, GB, USSR.

b. Stalin wanted a “buffer zone” in eastern Europe to protect the USSR from

future Western aggression & wanted to establish pro-Soviet gov along

its border.

c. FDR wanted free elections & self-determination, but he

needed Stalin’s help against Japan.

d. The UN was to hold its first meeting in April 1945.

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3. Potsdam Conference July 1945:

a. Stalin, Churchill & Truman met after German surrender

b. Truman demanded free elections in Eastern Europe, but Stalin

Refused.

c. Nazi leaders to be tried as war criminals at Nuremberg

d. Korea to be divided.

O. Dunkirk

1. German army went around the Maginot Line to invade N. France & occupied N.

coast within 10 days

2. Allies pushed back to Dunkirk

3. British navy & civilian boats rescued army under heavy fire.

4. Mussolini, sensing victory, declared war on GB & France & attacked S.

P. Kristallnacht “Night of the Broken Glass”

1. 1938: Nazi campaign of terror against German Jews; shops & synagogues

destroyed; Jews killed & injured; 30,000 Jewish males sent to concentration camps.

Q. Einsatzgruppen Mobile Killing Squads

1. Prior to building of death camps, Nazis used mobile killing squads: Einsatzgruppen

a. Between June 1941 – Dec. 1941 they killed 1mn. Jews, but Himmler, head

of SS, was concerned about how long it was taking & the toll on the

shooters; led to the Death Camps.

R. Nuremberg Laws

1. 1935: Took away Jewish citizenship & civil rights; intermarriage prohibited; all Jews

forced to wear yellow Star of David for identification.

a. Eventually led to Kristallnacht.

The Post War World- Cold War & the Middle East

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Ch. 12- 13: Cold War

A.The Creation of the UN

1. At the Yalta Conference the UN is created

a. International organization of 50 countries to protect members against

aggression

b. The UN Charter created the General Assembly Security Council:

i. 11-member (today 15) body to investigate disputes, decide on

peacekeeping & emergency action

ii. 5 permanent members: US, GB,France, USSR, China plus 6 rotating

members (today 10) Each permanent member has

the veto power.

c. SO much better than the failed League of Nations because:

i. Peacekeeping force & no major power refused to join

d. Declaration of Human Rights (1948): preserves basic freedoms & rights of

all individuals.

B. The Division of Germany

1. Divided into 4 occupation zones

a. West Germany controlled by: Great Britain

b. East Germany controlled by: Soviet Union

c. Other 2 parts of germany controlled by: U.S and France

2. Germany pay USSR for loss of life & property.

C. Berlin Wall

1. Stalin opposed the creation of a West German state & tried to prevent it by

blockading the capital, Berlin (also divided)

a. Cut off access in the W. zone of Berlin to transportation, food, water

2. US & GB flew food & supplies for 11 mos, every 3 min., brought in 2.3 mn tons.

D. NATO & Warsaw Pact

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1. (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) formed in 1949

a. 10 W. European nations+ US + Canada formed a defensive military alliance

i. Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the

Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, the United Kingdom and the United

States.

2. Warsaw Pact (1955)

a. Soviet Union + 7 E. European nations formed their own military alliance.

i. Soviet Union, Albania, Poland, Romania, Hungary, East Germany,

Czechoslovakia, and Bulgaria.

E. Iron Curtain and Satellite Nations

1. “Iron Curtain” ~ Winston Churchill describing Eastern Europe

2. Stalin ignored promises of free elections made at Yalta, and set up pro-Soviet

satellite countries in Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Romania,

Poland & Yugoslavia.

3. “Communism and capitalism cannot coexist; war b/w the US and the USSR is

certain” - Stalin (isn't he a cheery one)

F. Truman Doctrine and The Marshall Plan

1. Truman Doctrine 1947: use of max economic & military aid to keep countries from

falling under Soviet control

a. Used to persuade Congress to give $400mn in aid to Turkey & Greece to

help prevent communist revolutions.

2. The Marshall Plan 1947: Aid to any European country for agriculture, industry, and

trade ($12.5 bn) to help Europe rebuild & recover

a. Helped 16 nations, including Yugoslavia over 5 years

b. Nations agreed to spend money on US goods; increased output by 64% in

W. Europe

c. Stalin refused to allow any satellite states to accept money & set up

COMECON (Council for Mutual Economic Assistance), which ultimately failed

G. The Space Race

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1. 1957 Soviets developed ICBMs (inter-continental ballistic missiles) to launch the

1st satellite into space: Sputnik I, beating the US

2. Affected funding for science & math education

a. 1958 US launched Apollo I

3. 1960 U-2 incident (not the band U2!) :CIA conducted secret high-altitude spy

flights over the USSR.

a. Gary Powers was shot down, arrested & sentenced to 10-years in prison

H. Cuban Revolution

1. 1959: Fidel Castro & Che Guevara led a revolution, seizing Havana.

2. Land reform: nationalized all land, US banks, businesses, sugar mills/refineries

3. 1960: USSR agrees to buy Cuban sugar, causing Eisenhower to declare a trade

embargo against Cuba

I.Bay of Pigs Invasion 1961

1. JFK broke off diplomatic ties w/ Cuba & supported a coup (overthrowing Castro's

government) attempt: The Bay of Pigs

2. Led to USSR placing missiles in Cuba, discovered in 1962 by US spy plane

J. Cuban Missile Crisis (13 Days) October 1962

1. Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara announced a blockade of Soviet ships &

put US forces in Florida, ready to invade.

2. Soviet Premier, Nikita Khrushchev, agreed to missile removal w/ condition that US

removed missile sites in Turkey

K. Brezhnev Doctrine

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1. Policy that the USSR had a right to prevent its satellite countries from rejecting

communism.

2. Used to justify Soviet actions in Czech, when they invaded (1968) and in

Afghanistan (1979)

L. Nixon’s Detente

1. SALT I Treaty, 1969-1972: Strategic Arms Limitation Talks signed by Nixon &

Brezhnev to keep at existing levels the number of ICBMs & submarine-launched

missiles (5 year treaty)

2. SALT II: signed by Brezhnev & Pres. Carter, but Soviet invasion of Afghanistan

halted its ratification

M. Iranian Hostage Crisis

1. US President Carter (elected 1976) allowed the Shah to enter the US for cancer

treatment, though he feared reprisals

2. Students stormed the US Embassy in Tehran in protest, taking 60 Americans

hostage

3. Khomeini vowed to hold the hostages until the US released the Shah to stand trial

& to repay billions of dollars he ”stole” from Iran.

4. Women & minority hostages were released, but 53 remained for 444 days

5. Carter’s failure to end the hostage crisis led to Reagan’s election in 1980

N. Mikhail Gorbachev

1. Implements reform policies:

2. Perestroika: economic restructuring to make communism more efficient &

Productive

3. Glasnost: openness, social reforms, free flow of ideas, religion, information

O. U.S Iraq invasion 2003

1. The 2003 invasion of Iraq lasted from 20 March to 1 May 2003 and signaled the

start of the Iraq War, which was dubbed Operation Iraqi Freedom by the United

States.

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Ch 16.1 Korean War

A.Korea is divided at the 38th parallel.

1. North Korea: Communist

2. South Korea: Anti-Communist

B. How did China Get involved in the Korean War?

1. Nov. Chinese entered the war in the hopes of maintaining communist NK as a

buffer zone to protect its borders.

2. NK & Chinese forces pushed UN troops south & captured Seoul, the capital.

3. By 1952, UN forces recaptured Seoul & the fighting resulted in a stalemate.

4. An armistice was signed in July 1953 & the current border remains at the 38th

Parallel

Ch. 16.2 Vietnam War

A.Why did the U.S send troops to Vietnam?

1. Beginning in 1950, US sent economic aid & arms:

a. Needed France as ally against USSR

b. After “fall” of China in 1949, new fears about the rest of Asia: Eisenhower’s

Domino Theory.

c. By 1963, US feared a Vietcong (National Liberation Front) takeover.

d. Basically it comes down to the fear of the spread of communism

B. Vietnamization

1. Nixon elected in 1968 w/ promise to end war through “Vietnamization”

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a. secretly bombing Cambodia & Laos to take out the Ho Chi Minh Trail

2. Secret bombings discovered in 1970, leading to public protests: Kent State

massacre

a. Last troops left in 1973

Ch. 15.2: Modern Middle East

A.Balfour Declaration 1917

1. The Balfour Declaration was a letter dated 2 November 1917 from the United

Kingdom's Foreign Secretary Arthur James Balfour to Walter Rothschild.

B. Intifada

1. Means “uprising”

2. An important part of the modern Arab-Israeli conflict, it refers to the Palestinian

(PLO) uprising against Israel’s occupation in the form of armed protests

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3. The first intifada took place in the 1980s and the second began in September

2000, lasting over a year

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