Honors Biology - Macromolecules (Slide Builds)
Transcript of Honors Biology - Macromolecules (Slide Builds)
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The Chemistry of Life
What are living creatures made of?
Why do we have to eat?
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Elements of Life
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§ 96% of living organisms is made of:
Elements of Life
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§ 96% of living organisms is made of: n carbon (C)
Elements of Life
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§ 96% of living organisms is made of: n carbon (C)n oxygen (O)
Elements of Life
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§ 96% of living organisms is made of: n carbon (C)n oxygen (O)n hydrogen (H)
Elements of Life
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§ 96% of living organisms is made of: n carbon (C)n oxygen (O)n hydrogen (H)n nitrogen (N)
Elements of Life
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Molecules of Life
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Molecules of Life§ Put C, H, O, N together in different
ways to build living organisms
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Molecules of Life§ Put C, H, O, N together in different
ways to build living organisms§ What are bodies made of?
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Molecules of Life§ Put C, H, O, N together in different
ways to build living organisms§ What are bodies made of?
u carbohydrates
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Molecules of Life§ Put C, H, O, N together in different
ways to build living organisms§ What are bodies made of?
u carbohydrates § sugars & starches
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Molecules of Life§ Put C, H, O, N together in different
ways to build living organisms§ What are bodies made of?
u carbohydrates § sugars & starches
u proteins
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Molecules of Life§ Put C, H, O, N together in different
ways to build living organisms§ What are bodies made of?
u carbohydrates § sugars & starches
u proteinsu fats (lipids)
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Molecules of Life§ Put C, H, O, N together in different
ways to build living organisms§ What are bodies made of?
u carbohydrates § sugars & starches
u proteinsu fats (lipids)u nucleic acids
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Molecules of Life§ Put C, H, O, N together in different
ways to build living organisms§ What are bodies made of?
u carbohydrates § sugars & starches
u proteinsu fats (lipids)u nucleic acids
§ DNA, RNA
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Why do we eat?
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Why do we eat?§ We eat to take in more of these chemicals
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Why do we eat?§ We eat to take in more of these chemicals
u Food for building materials
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Why do we eat?§ We eat to take in more of these chemicals
u Food for building materials§ to make more of us (cells)
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Why do we eat?§ We eat to take in more of these chemicals
u Food for building materials§ to make more of us (cells)§ for growth
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Why do we eat?§ We eat to take in more of these chemicals
u Food for building materials§ to make more of us (cells)§ for growth§ for repair
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Why do we eat?§ We eat to take in more of these chemicals
u Food for building materials§ to make more of us (cells)§ for growth§ for repair
u Food to make energy
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Why do we eat?§ We eat to take in more of these chemicals
u Food for building materials§ to make more of us (cells)§ for growth§ for repair
u Food to make energy§ calories
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Why do we eat?§ We eat to take in more of these chemicals
u Food for building materials§ to make more of us (cells)§ for growth§ for repair
u Food to make energy§ calories§ to make ATP
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Why do we eat?§ We eat to take in more of these chemicals
u Food for building materials§ to make more of us (cells)§ for growth§ for repair
u Food to make energy§ calories§ to make ATP
ATP
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Why do we eat?§ We eat to take in more of these chemicals
u Food for building materials§ to make more of us (cells)§ for growth§ for repair
u Food to make energy§ calories§ to make ATP
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What do we need to eat?
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What do we need to eat?§ Foods to give you more building blocks
& more energy
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What do we need to eat?§ Foods to give you more building blocks
& more energy§ for building & running bodies
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What do we need to eat?§ Foods to give you more building blocks
& more energy§ for building & running bodies
u carbohydratesu proteins
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What do we need to eat?§ Foods to give you more building blocks
& more energy§ for building & running bodies
u carbohydratesu proteinsu fats
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What do we need to eat?§ Foods to give you more building blocks
& more energy§ for building & running bodies
u carbohydratesu proteinsu fatsu nucleic acids
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What do we need to eat?§ Foods to give you more building blocks
& more energy§ for building & running bodies
u carbohydratesu proteinsu fatsu nucleic acidsu vitamins
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What do we need to eat?§ Foods to give you more building blocks
& more energy§ for building & running bodies
u carbohydratesu proteinsu fatsu nucleic acidsu vitaminsu minerals, salts
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What do we need to eat?§ Foods to give you more building blocks
& more energy§ for building & running bodies
u carbohydratesu proteinsu fatsu nucleic acidsu vitaminsu minerals, saltsu water
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Don’t forget water
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§ Wateru 65% of your body is H2O
Don’t forget water
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§ Wateru 65% of your body is H2Ou water is inorganic
§ doesn’t contain carbon
Don’t forget water
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§ Wateru 65% of your body is H2Ou water is inorganic
§ doesn’t contain carbon§ Rest of you is made of carbon molecules
Don’t forget water
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§ Wateru 65% of your body is H2Ou water is inorganic
§ doesn’t contain carbon§ Rest of you is made of carbon molecules
u organic molecules
Don’t forget water
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§ Wateru 65% of your body is H2Ou water is inorganic
§ doesn’t contain carbon§ Rest of you is made of carbon molecules
u organic molecules§ carbohydrates
Don’t forget water
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§ Wateru 65% of your body is H2Ou water is inorganic
§ doesn’t contain carbon§ Rest of you is made of carbon molecules
u organic molecules§ carbohydrates§ proteins
Don’t forget water
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§ Wateru 65% of your body is H2Ou water is inorganic
§ doesn’t contain carbon§ Rest of you is made of carbon molecules
u organic molecules§ carbohydrates§ proteins§ fats
Don’t forget water
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§ Wateru 65% of your body is H2Ou water is inorganic
§ doesn’t contain carbon§ Rest of you is made of carbon molecules
u organic molecules§ carbohydrates§ proteins§ fats§ nucleic acids
Don’t forget water
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2006-2007
How do we make these molecules?
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2006-2007
How do we make these molecules?
We build them!
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Building large molecules of life
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Building large molecules of life§ Chain together smaller molecules
u building block molecules = monomers
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Building large molecules of life§ Chain together smaller molecules
u building block molecules = monomers
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Building large molecules of life§ Chain together smaller molecules
u building block molecules = monomers
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Building large molecules of life§ Chain together smaller molecules
u building block molecules = monomers
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Building large molecules of life§ Chain together smaller molecules
u building block molecules = monomers
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Building large molecules of life§ Chain together smaller molecules
u building block molecules = monomers
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Building large molecules of life§ Chain together smaller molecules
u building block molecules = monomers
8
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Building large molecules of life§ Chain together smaller molecules
u building block molecules = monomers
8
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Building large molecules of life§ Chain together smaller molecules
u building block molecules = monomers
8
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Building large molecules of life§ Chain together smaller molecules
u building block molecules = monomers
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Building large molecules of life§ Chain together smaller molecules
u building block molecules = monomers
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Building large molecules of life§ Chain together smaller molecules
u building block molecules = monomers
§ Big molecules built from little molecules
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Building large molecules of life§ Chain together smaller molecules
u building block molecules = monomers
§ Big molecules built from little moleculesu polymers
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§ Small molecules = building blocks
§ Bond them together = polymers
Building large organic molecules
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§ Small molecules = building blocks
§ Bond them together = polymers
Building large organic molecules
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§ Small molecules = building blocks
§ Bond them together = polymers
Building large organic molecules
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§ Small molecules = building blocks
§ Bond them together = polymers
Building large organic molecules
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Building important polymers
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Building important polymersCarbohydrates = built from sugars
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Building important polymers
sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar Carbohydrates = built from sugars
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Building important polymers
sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar Carbohydrates = built from sugars
Proteins = built from amino acids
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Building important polymers
sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar Carbohydrates = built from sugars
Proteins = built from amino acidsaminoacid
aminoacid– amino
acid– aminoacid– amino
acid– aminoacid–
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Building important polymers
sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar Carbohydrates = built from sugars
Proteins = built from amino acids
Nucleic acids (DNA) = built from nucleotides
aminoacid
aminoacid– amino
acid– aminoacid– amino
acid– aminoacid–
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Building important polymers
sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar
nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide
Carbohydrates = built from sugars
Proteins = built from amino acids
Nucleic acids (DNA) = built from nucleotides
aminoacid
aminoacid– amino
acid– aminoacid– amino
acid– aminoacid–
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How to build large molecules
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How to build large molecules§ Synthesis
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How to build large molecules§ Synthesis
u building bigger molecules from smaller molecules
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How to build large molecules§ Synthesis
u building bigger molecules from smaller molecules
+
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How to build large molecules§ Synthesis
u building bigger molecules from smaller molecules
+
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How to build large molecules§ Synthesis
u building bigger molecules from smaller molecules
+
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How to build large molecules§ Synthesis
u building bigger molecules from smaller molecules
u building cells & bodies§ repair§ growth§ reproduction
+
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How to build large molecules§ Synthesis
u building bigger molecules from smaller molecules
u building cells & bodies§ repair§ growth§ reproduction
+
ATP11
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How to build large molecules§ Synthesis
u building bigger molecules from smaller molecules
u building cells & bodies§ repair§ growth§ reproduction
+
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H2O
HO
HO H
H HHO
How to build a polymer
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H2O
HO
HO H
H HHO
How to build a polymer§ Synthesis
u joins monomers by “taking” H2O out§ one monomer donates OH–
§ other monomer donates H+ § together these form H2O
u requires energy & enzymes
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H2O
HO
HO H
H HHO
How to build a polymer§ Synthesis
u joins monomers by “taking” H2O out§ one monomer donates OH–
§ other monomer donates H+ § together these form H2O
u requires energy & enzymes
Dehydration synthesis
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H2O
HO
HO H
H HHO
How to build a polymer§ Synthesis
u joins monomers by “taking” H2O out§ one monomer donates OH–
§ other monomer donates H+ § together these form H2O
u requires energy & enzymes
Dehydration synthesisCondensation reaction
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H2O
HO
HO H
H HHO
How to build a polymer§ Synthesis
u joins monomers by “taking” H2O out§ one monomer donates OH–
§ other monomer donates H+ § together these form H2O
u requires energy & enzymes
enzymeDehydration synthesisCondensation reaction
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How to take large molecules apart
13
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How to take large molecules apart§ Digestion
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How to take large molecules apart§ Digestion
u taking big molecules apart
13
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How to take large molecules apart§ Digestion
u taking big molecules apart
13
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How to take large molecules apart§ Digestion
u taking big molecules apart
13
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How to take large molecules apart§ Digestion
u taking big molecules apart
+
13
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How to take large molecules apart§ Digestion
u taking big molecules apart
+
13
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How to take large molecules apart§ Digestion
u taking big molecules apartu getting raw materials
§ for synthesis & growth
+
13
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How to take large molecules apart§ Digestion
u taking big molecules apartu getting raw materials
§ for synthesis & growthu making energy (ATP)
§ for synthesis, growth & everyday functions
+
13
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How to take large molecules apart§ Digestion
u taking big molecules apartu getting raw materials
§ for synthesis & growthu making energy (ATP)
§ for synthesis, growth & everyday functions
+
ATP13
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H2O
HO H
HO H HO H
How to break down a polymer
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H2O
HO H
HO H HO H
How to break down a polymer§ Digestion
u use H2O to breakdown polymers § reverse of dehydration synthesis§ break off one monomer at a time§ H2O is split into H+ and OH–
w H+ & OH– attach to ends
u requires enzymesu releases energy
14
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H2O
HO H
HO H HO H
How to break down a polymer§ Digestion
u use H2O to breakdown polymers § reverse of dehydration synthesis§ break off one monomer at a time§ H2O is split into H+ and OH–
w H+ & OH– attach to ends
u requires enzymesu releases energy
Hydrolysis
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H2O
HO H
HO H HO H
How to break down a polymer§ Digestion
u use H2O to breakdown polymers § reverse of dehydration synthesis§ break off one monomer at a time§ H2O is split into H+ and OH–
w H+ & OH– attach to ends
u requires enzymesu releases energy
HydrolysisDigestion
14
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H2O
HO H
HO H HO H
How to break down a polymer§ Digestion
u use H2O to breakdown polymers § reverse of dehydration synthesis§ break off one monomer at a time§ H2O is split into H+ and OH–
w H+ & OH– attach to ends
u requires enzymesu releases energy
HydrolysisDigestion
enzyme
14
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Example of digestion
15
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Example of digestion
15
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Example of digestion
15
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Example of digestion
starch
15
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Example of digestion
starch
15
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Example of digestion
starch
15
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Example of digestion
starch
15
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Example of digestion
starch
15
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Example of digestion
starch
15
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Example of digestion
starch
15
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Example of digestion
starch glucose
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Example of digestion
starch glucose
ATP
15
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Example of digestion
starch glucose
ATP
ATP
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Example of digestion
starch glucose
ATP
ATP
ATP
ATP
ATPATP
15
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Example of digestion
starch glucoseATP
ATP
ATP
ATP
ATP
ATPATP
15
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Example of digestion
starch glucose
15
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Example of digestion
starch glucose
§ Starch is digested to glucose
15
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Example of synthesis
16
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Example of synthesis
amino acids
16
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Example of synthesis
amino acids
16
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Example of synthesis
amino acids
16
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Example of synthesis
amino acids
16
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Example of synthesis
amino acids
16
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Example of synthesis
amino acids
16
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Example of synthesis
amino acids
16
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Example of synthesis
amino acids
16
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Example of synthesis
amino acids
16
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Example of synthesis
amino acids protein
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Example of synthesis
amino acids protein
16
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Example of synthesis
amino acids protein
amino acids = building block
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Example of synthesis
amino acids protein
amino acids = building blockprotein = polymer
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Example of synthesis
amino acids protein
amino acids = building blockprotein = polymer
§ Proteins are synthesized by bonding amino acids
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Carbohydrates
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OH
OH
H
H
HO
CH2OH
HH
H
OH
O
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Carbohydrates:OH
OH
H
H
HO
CH2OH
HH
H
OH
O
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Carbohydrates:OH
OH
H
H
HO
CH2OH
HH
H
OH
O
Energy molecules
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Carbohydrates
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Carbohydrates
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Carbohydrates
§ Building block molecules =
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Carbohydrates
§ Building block molecules = sugars
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Carbohydrates
§ Building block molecules =
sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar
sugars
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Carbohydrates
§ Building block molecules =
sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugarsugar
sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar
sugars
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sucrose
Carbohydrates
glucoseC6H12O6
starch20
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sucrose
Carbohydrates§ Function:
glucoseC6H12O6
starch20
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sucrose
Carbohydrates§ Function:
u quick energyglucoseC6H12O6
starch20
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sucrose
Carbohydrates§ Function:
u quick energyu energy storage glucose
C6H12O6
starch20
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sucrose
Carbohydrates§ Function:
u quick energyu energy storageu structure
glucoseC6H12O6
starch20
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sucrose
Carbohydrates§ Function:
u quick energyu energy storageu structure
§ cell wall in plants
glucoseC6H12O6
starch20
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sucrose
Carbohydrates§ Function:
u quick energyu energy storageu structure
§ cell wall in plants
§ Examples
glucoseC6H12O6
starch20
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sucrose
Carbohydrates§ Function:
u quick energyu energy storageu structure
§ cell wall in plants
§ Examplesu sugars
glucoseC6H12O6
starch20
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sucrose
Carbohydrates§ Function:
u quick energyu energy storageu structure
§ cell wall in plants
§ Examplesu sugars u starches
glucoseC6H12O6
starch20
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sucrose
Carbohydrates§ Function:
u quick energyu energy storageu structure
§ cell wall in plants
§ Examplesu sugars u starches u cellulose (cell wall)
glucoseC6H12O6
starch20
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Sugars = building blocks
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Sugars = building blocks -ose
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Sugars = building blocks § Names for sugars usually end in -ose
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Sugars = building blocks § Names for sugars usually end in
OH
OH
H
H
HO
CH2OH
HH
H
OH
O
glucoseC6H12O6
-ose
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Sugars = building blocks § Names for sugars usually end in
u glucose
OH
OH
H
H
HO
CH2OH
HH
H
OH
O
glucoseC6H12O6
-ose
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Sugars = building blocks § Names for sugars usually end in
u glucose
OH
OH
H
H
HO
CH2OH
HH
H
OH
O
glucoseC6H12O6 fructose
-ose
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Sugars = building blocks § Names for sugars usually end in
u glucoseu fructose
OH
OH
H
H
HO
CH2OH
HH
H
OH
O
glucoseC6H12O6 fructose
-ose
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Sugars = building blocks § Names for sugars usually end in
u glucoseu fructose
OH
OH
H
H
HO
CH2OH
HH
H
OH
O
glucoseC6H12O6
sucrose
fructose
-ose
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Sugars = building blocks § Names for sugars usually end in
u glucoseu fructoseu sucrose
OH
OH
H
H
HO
CH2OH
HH
H
OH
O
glucoseC6H12O6
sucrose
fructose
-ose
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Sugars = building blocks § Names for sugars usually end in
u glucoseu fructoseu sucroseu maltose OH
OH
H
H
HO
CH2OH
HH
H
OH
O
glucoseC6H12O6
sucrose
fructose
-ose
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Sugars = building blocks § Names for sugars usually end in
u glucoseu fructoseu sucroseu maltose OH
OH
H
H
HO
CH2OH
HH
H
OH
O
glucoseC6H12O6
sucrose
fructose
maltose
-ose
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Building carbohydrates§ Synthesis
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Building carbohydrates§ Synthesis
|glucose
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Building carbohydrates§ Synthesis
|glucose
|glucose
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Building carbohydrates§ Synthesis
|glucose
|glucose
1 sugar = monosaccharide
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Building carbohydrates§ Synthesis
|glucose
|glucose
1 sugar = monosaccharide
|maltose
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Building carbohydrates§ Synthesis
|glucose
|glucose
1 sugar = monosaccharide
2 sugars = disaccharide
|maltose
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Building carbohydrates§ Synthesis
|glucose
|glucose
1 sugar = monosaccharide
2 sugars = disaccharide
|maltose
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Building carbohydrates§ Synthesis
|glucose
|glucose
1 sugar = monosaccharide
2 sugars = disaccharide
|maltose
mono = onesaccharide = sugar
di = two
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Building carbohydrates§ Synthesis
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Building carbohydrates§ Synthesis
|glucose
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Building carbohydrates§ Synthesis
|fructose
|glucose
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Building carbohydrates§ Synthesis
|fructose
|glucose
1 sugar = monosaccharide
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Building carbohydrates§ Synthesis
|fructose
|glucose
1 sugar = monosaccharide
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Building carbohydrates§ Synthesis
|fructose
|glucose
1 sugar = monosaccharide
|sucrose
(table sugar)
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Building carbohydrates§ Synthesis
|fructose
|glucose
1 sugar = monosaccharide
|sucrose
(table sugar)
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Building carbohydrates§ Synthesis
|fructose
|glucose
1 sugar = monosaccharide
|sucrose
(table sugar)
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Building carbohydrates§ Synthesis
|fructose
|glucose
1 sugar = monosaccharide
|sucrose
(table sugar)
2 sugars = disaccharide
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Building carbohydrates§ Synthesis
|fructose
|glucose
1 sugar = monosaccharide
|sucrose
(table sugar)
2 sugars = disaccharide
How sweetit is!
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BIG carbohydrates
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BIG carbohydrates§ Polysaccharides
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BIG carbohydrates§ Polysaccharides
u large carbohydrates
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BIG carbohydrates§ Polysaccharides
u large carbohydrates
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BIG carbohydrates§ Polysaccharides
u large carbohydrates§ starch
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BIG carbohydrates§ Polysaccharides
u large carbohydrates§ starch
w energy storage in plants
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BIG carbohydrates§ Polysaccharides
u large carbohydrates§ starch
w energy storage in plantsn potatoes
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BIG carbohydrates§ Polysaccharides
u large carbohydrates§ starch
w energy storage in plantsn potatoes
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BIG carbohydrates§ Polysaccharides
u large carbohydrates§ starch
w energy storage in plantsn potatoes
§ glycogen
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BIG carbohydrates§ Polysaccharides
u large carbohydrates§ starch
w energy storage in plantsn potatoes
§ glycogenw energy storage in animals
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BIG carbohydrates§ Polysaccharides
u large carbohydrates§ starch
w energy storage in plantsn potatoes
§ glycogenw energy storage in animals
n in liver & muscles
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BIG carbohydrates§ Polysaccharides
u large carbohydrates§ starch
w energy storage in plantsn potatoes
§ glycogenw energy storage in animals
n in liver & muscles§ cellulose
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BIG carbohydrates§ Polysaccharides
u large carbohydrates§ starch
w energy storage in plantsn potatoes
§ glycogenw energy storage in animals
n in liver & muscles§ cellulose
w structure in plants
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BIG carbohydrates§ Polysaccharides
u large carbohydrates§ starch
w energy storage in plantsn potatoes
§ glycogenw energy storage in animals
n in liver & muscles§ cellulose
w structure in plantsn cell walls
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BIG carbohydrates§ Polysaccharides
u large carbohydrates§ starch
w energy storage in plantsn potatoes
§ glycogenw energy storage in animals
n in liver & muscles§ cellulose
w structure in plantsn cell walls
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BIG carbohydrates§ Polysaccharides
u large carbohydrates§ starch
w energy storage in plantsn potatoes
§ glycogenw energy storage in animals
n in liver & muscles§ cellulose
w structure in plantsn cell walls
§ chitin
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BIG carbohydrates§ Polysaccharides
u large carbohydrates§ starch
w energy storage in plantsn potatoes
§ glycogenw energy storage in animals
n in liver & muscles§ cellulose
w structure in plantsn cell walls
§ chitin w structure in arthropods & fungi
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BIG carbohydrates§ Polysaccharides
u large carbohydrates§ starch
w energy storage in plantsn potatoes
§ glycogenw energy storage in animals
n in liver & muscles§ cellulose
w structure in plantsn cell walls
§ chitin w structure in arthropods & fungi
n exoskeleton
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BIG carbohydrates§ Polysaccharides
u large carbohydrates§ starch
w energy storage in plantsn potatoes
§ glycogenw energy storage in animals
n in liver & muscles§ cellulose
w structure in plantsn cell walls
§ chitin w structure in arthropods & fungi
n exoskeleton
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BIG carbohydrates§ Polysaccharides
u large carbohydrates§ starch
w energy storage in plantsn potatoes
§ glycogenw energy storage in animals
n in liver & muscles§ cellulose
w structure in plantsn cell walls
§ chitin w structure in arthropods & fungi
n exoskeleton
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BIG carbohydrates§ Polysaccharides
u large carbohydrates§ starch
w energy storage in plantsn potatoes
§ glycogenw energy storage in animals
n in liver & muscles§ cellulose
w structure in plantsn cell walls
§ chitin w structure in arthropods & fungi
n exoskeleton
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BIG carbohydrates§ Polysaccharides
u large carbohydrates§ starch
w energy storage in plantsn potatoes
§ glycogenw energy storage in animals
n in liver & muscles§ cellulose
w structure in plantsn cell walls
§ chitin w structure in arthropods & fungi
n exoskeleton
poly = many
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Building BIG carbohydratesglucose + glucose + glucose… =
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Building BIG carbohydratesglucose + glucose + glucose… = polysaccharide
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Building BIG carbohydratesglucose + glucose + glucose… =
energystorage
polysaccharide
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Building BIG carbohydratesglucose + glucose + glucose… =
starch
energystorage
polysaccharide
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Building BIG carbohydratesglucose + glucose + glucose… =
starch(plant)
energystorage
polysaccharide
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Building BIG carbohydratesglucose + glucose + glucose… =
starch(plant)
glycogen
energystorage
polysaccharide
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Building BIG carbohydratesglucose + glucose + glucose… =
starch(plant)
glycogen(animal)
energystorage
polysaccharide
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Digesting starch vs. cellulose
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Digesting starch vs. cellulose
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Digesting starch vs. cellulose
starcheasy todigest
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Digesting starch vs. cellulose
starcheasy todigest
enzyme
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Digesting starch vs. cellulose
starcheasy todigest
enzyme
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Digesting starch vs. cellulose
starcheasy todigest
enzyme
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Digesting starch vs. cellulose
starcheasy todigest
enzyme
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Digesting starch vs. cellulose
starcheasy todigest
cellulosehard todigest
enzyme
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Digesting starch vs. cellulose
starcheasy todigest
cellulosehard todigest
enzyme
enzyme
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Digesting starch vs. cellulose
starcheasy todigest
cellulosehard todigest
enzyme
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Digesting starch vs. cellulose
starcheasy todigest
cellulosehard todigest
enzyme
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Cellulose
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Cellulose § Cell walls in plants
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Cellulose § Cell walls in plants
u herbivores can digest cellulose well
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Cellulose § Cell walls in plants
u herbivores can digest cellulose wellu most carnivores cannot digest cellulose
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Cellulose § Cell walls in plants
u herbivores can digest cellulose wellu most carnivores cannot digest cellulose
§ that’s why they eat meat to get their energy & nutrients
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Cellulose § Cell walls in plants
u herbivores can digest cellulose wellu most carnivores cannot digest cellulose
§ that’s why they eat meat to get their energy & nutrients
§ cellulose = roughage
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Cellulose § Cell walls in plants
u herbivores can digest cellulose wellu most carnivores cannot digest cellulose
§ that’s why they eat meat to get their energy & nutrients
§ cellulose = roughagew stays undigested
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Cellulose § Cell walls in plants
u herbivores can digest cellulose wellu most carnivores cannot digest cellulose
§ that’s why they eat meat to get their energy & nutrients
§ cellulose = roughagew stays undigestedw keeps material
moving in your intestines
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Proteins
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Proteins:
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Proteins:Multipurpose molecules
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Proteins
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Proteins Examples
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Proteins Examples
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Proteins Examples
u muscle
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Proteins Examples
u muscle u skin, hair, fingernails, claws
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collagen (skin)
Proteins Examples
u muscle u skin, hair, fingernails, claws
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collagen (skin)
Proteins Examples
u muscle u skin, hair, fingernails, claws
§ collagen, keratin
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collagen (skin)
Proteins Examples
u muscle u skin, hair, fingernails, claws
§ collagen, keratin pepsin
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collagen (skin)
Proteins Examples
u muscle u skin, hair, fingernails, claws
§ collagen, keratin u pepsin
pepsin
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collagen (skin)
Proteins Examples
u muscle u skin, hair, fingernails, claws
§ collagen, keratin u pepsin
§ digestive enzyme in stomach
pepsin
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collagen (skin)
Proteins
insulin
Examplesu muscle u skin, hair, fingernails, claws
§ collagen, keratin u pepsin
§ digestive enzyme in stomach
pepsin
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collagen (skin)
Proteins
insulin
Examplesu muscle u skin, hair, fingernails, claws
§ collagen, keratin u pepsin
§ digestive enzyme in stomach
u insulin
pepsin
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collagen (skin)
Proteins
insulin
Examplesu muscle u skin, hair, fingernails, claws
§ collagen, keratin u pepsin
§ digestive enzyme in stomach
u insulin§ hormone that controls blood
sugar levels
pepsin
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Proteins
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Proteins§ Function:
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Proteins§ Function:
umany, many functions
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Proteins§ Function:
umany, many functions§ hormones
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Proteins§ Function:
umany, many functions§ hormones
wsignals from one body system to another
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Proteins§ Function:
umany, many functions§ hormones
wsignals from one body system to anotherw insulin
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Proteins§ Function:
umany, many functions§ hormones
wsignals from one body system to anotherw insulin
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Proteins§ Function:
umany, many functions§ hormones
wsignals from one body system to anotherw insulin
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Proteins§ Function:
umany, many functions§ hormones
wsignals from one body system to anotherw insulin
§ movement
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Proteins§ Function:
umany, many functions§ hormones
wsignals from one body system to anotherw insulin
§ movementwmuscle
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Proteins§ Function:
umany, many functions§ hormones
wsignals from one body system to anotherw insulin
§ movementwmuscle
§ immune system
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Proteins§ Function:
umany, many functions§ hormones
wsignals from one body system to anotherw insulin
§ movementwmuscle
§ immune systemwprotect against germs
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Proteins§ Function:
umany, many functions§ hormones
wsignals from one body system to anotherw insulin
§ movementwmuscle
§ immune systemwprotect against germs
§ enzymes
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Proteins§ Function:
umany, many functions§ hormones
wsignals from one body system to anotherw insulin
§ movementwmuscle
§ immune systemwprotect against germs
§ enzymeswhelp chemical reactions
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Proteins
§ Building block =
—N—H
H
H|
—C—|
C—OH||O
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Proteins
§ Building block =
—N—H
H
H|
—C—|
C—OH||O
amino acids
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Proteins
§ Building block =
aminoacid
aminoacid– amino
acid– aminoacid– amino
acid–
—N—H
H
H|
—C—|
C—OH||O
amino acids
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Proteins
§ Building block =
aminoacid
aminoacid– amino
acid– aminoacid– amino
acid–
—N—H
H
H|
—C—|
C—OH||O
amino acids
u 20 different amino acids
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Proteins
§ Building block =
aminoacid
aminoacid– amino
acid– aminoacid– amino
acid–
—N—H
H
H|
—C—|
C—OH||O
variable group
amino acids
u 20 different amino acids
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Proteins
§ Building block =
aminoacid
aminoacid– amino
acid– aminoacid– amino
acid–
—N—H
H
H|
—C—|
C—OH||O
variable group
amino acids
u 20 different amino acidsThere’s
20 of us…like 20 different
letters in analphabet!
Can make lots of differentwords
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Amino acid chains§ Proteins
u amino acids chained into a polymer (or polypeptide)
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Amino acid chains§ Proteins
u amino acids chained into a polymer (or polypeptide)
amino acid amino acid amino acid amino acid amino acid
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Amino acid chains§ Proteins
u amino acids chained into a polymer (or polypeptide)
§ Each amino acid is different
amino acid amino acid amino acid amino acid amino acid
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Amino acid chains§ Proteins
u amino acids chained into a polymer (or polypeptide)
§ Each amino acid is different u some “like” water & dissolve in it
amino acid amino acid amino acid amino acid amino acid
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Amino acid chains§ Proteins
u amino acids chained into a polymer (or polypeptide)
§ Each amino acid is different u some “like” water & dissolve in itu some “fear” water & separate from it
amino acid amino acid amino acid amino acid amino acid
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pepsin
For proteins: SHAPE matters!
collagen
hemoglobingrowth
hormone
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pepsin
For proteins: SHAPE matters!
collagen
§ Proteins fold & twist into 3-D shape
hemoglobingrowth
hormone
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pepsin
For proteins: SHAPE matters!
collagen
§ Proteins fold & twist into 3-D shapeu that’s what happens in the cell!
hemoglobingrowth
hormone
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pepsin
For proteins: SHAPE matters!
collagen
§ Proteins fold & twist into 3-D shapeu that’s what happens in the cell!
§ Different shapes = different jobs
hemoglobingrowth
hormone
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Primary (1°) structure
lysozyme: enzyme in tears & mucus that kills bacteria
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Primary (1°) structure§ Order of amino acids in chain
lysozyme: enzyme in tears & mucus that kills bacteria
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Primary (1°) structure§ Order of amino acids in chain
u slight change in amino acid sequence can affect protein’s structure & its function
lysozyme: enzyme in tears & mucus that kills bacteria
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Primary (1°) structure§ Order of amino acids in chain
u slight change in amino acid sequence can affect protein’s structure & its function
lysozyme: enzyme in tears & mucus that kills bacteria
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Primary (1°) structure§ Order of amino acids in chain
u slight change in amino acid sequence can affect protein’s structure & its function§ even just one amino acid change
can make all the difference!
lysozyme: enzyme in tears & mucus that kills bacteria
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Secondary (2°) structure
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Secondary (2°) structure§ “Local folding”
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Secondary (2°) structure§ “Local folding”
u folding along short sections of polypeptide
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Secondary (2°) structure§ “Local folding”
u folding along short sections of polypeptideu interactions between
adjacent amino acids
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Secondary (2°) structure§ “Local folding”
u folding along short sections of polypeptideu interactions between
adjacent amino acidsu forms sections of
3-D structure
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Tertiary (3°) structure
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Tertiary (3°) structure§ “Whole molecule folding”
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Tertiary (3°) structure§ “Whole molecule folding”
u interactions between distant amino acids
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Quaternary (4°) structure
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Quaternary (4°) structure§ More than one polypeptide chain bonded
together
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Quaternary (4°) structure§ More than one polypeptide chain bonded
together u only then does polypeptide become
functional protein
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Quaternary (4°) structure§ More than one polypeptide chain bonded
together u only then does polypeptide become
functional protein
collagen = skin & tendons38
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Quaternary (4°) structure§ More than one polypeptide chain bonded
together u only then does polypeptide become
functional protein
collagen = skin & tendons hemoglobin38
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Protein structure (review)
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Protein structure (review)
1°
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Protein structure (review)
amino acid sequence
peptide bonds
1°
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Protein structure (review)
amino acid sequence
peptide bonds
1°
determinedby DNA
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Protein structure (review)
amino acid sequence
peptide bonds
1°
determinedby DNA
2°
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Protein structure (review)
amino acid sequence
peptide bonds
1°
determinedby DNA R groups
short 3D segments
2°
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Protein structure (review)
amino acid sequence
peptide bonds
1°
determinedby DNA R groups
short 3D segments
3°
2°
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Protein structure (review)
amino acid sequence
peptide bonds
1°
determinedby DNA R groups
short 3D segments
R groupswhole molecule folding3°
2°
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Protein structure (review)
amino acid sequence
peptide bonds
1°
determinedby DNA R groups
short 3D segments
R groupswhole molecule folding3°
4°
2°
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Protein structure (review)
amino acid sequence
peptide bonds
1°
determinedby DNA R groups
short 3D segments
R groupswhole molecule folding3°
multiple polypeptides
4°
2°
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It’s SHAPE that matters!
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It’s SHAPE that matters!§ Proteins do their jobs, because
of their shape
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It’s SHAPE that matters!§ Proteins do their jobs, because
of their shape§ Unfolding a protein destroys its shape
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It’s SHAPE that matters!§ Proteins do their jobs, because
of their shape§ Unfolding a protein destroys its shape
u wrong shape = can’t do its job
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It’s SHAPE that matters!§ Proteins do their jobs, because
of their shape§ Unfolding a protein destroys its shape
u wrong shape = can’t do its jobu unfolding proteins = “denature”
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It’s SHAPE that matters!§ Proteins do their jobs, because
of their shape§ Unfolding a protein destroys its shape
u wrong shape = can’t do its jobu unfolding proteins = “denature”
§ temperature
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It’s SHAPE that matters!§ Proteins do their jobs, because
of their shape§ Unfolding a protein destroys its shape
u wrong shape = can’t do its jobu unfolding proteins = “denature”
§ temperature§ pH (acidity)
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It’s SHAPE that matters!§ Proteins do their jobs, because
of their shape§ Unfolding a protein destroys its shape
u wrong shape = can’t do its jobu unfolding proteins = “denature”
§ temperature§ pH (acidity)
folded40
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It’s SHAPE that matters!§ Proteins do their jobs, because
of their shape§ Unfolding a protein destroys its shape
u wrong shape = can’t do its jobu unfolding proteins = “denature”
§ temperature§ pH (acidity)
folded
unfolded“denatured”
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It’s SHAPE that matters!§ Proteins do their jobs, because
of their shape§ Unfolding a protein destroys its shape
u wrong shape = can’t do its jobu unfolding proteins = “denature”
§ temperature§ pH (acidity)
folded
unfolded“denatured”
In Biology,it’s not the size,it’s the SHAPEthat matters!
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Lipids: Fats & Oils
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Lipids
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LipidsConcentrated energy molecules
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Lipids
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Lipids § Examples
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Lipids § Examples
u fats
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Lipids § Examples
u fatsuoils
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Lipids § Examples
u fatsuoilsuwaxes
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Lipids § Examples
u fatsuoilsuwaxesuhormones
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Lipids § Examples
u fatsuoilsuwaxesuhormones
§ sex hormones
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Lipids § Examples
u fatsuoilsuwaxesuhormones
§ sex hormonesw testosterone (male)
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Lipids § Examples
u fatsuoilsuwaxesuhormones
§ sex hormonesw testosterone (male)westrogen (female)
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Lipids § Examples
u fatsuoilsuwaxesuhormones
§ sex hormonesw testosterone (male)westrogen (female)
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Lipids
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Lipids
§ Function:
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Lipids
§ Function:u energy storage
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Lipids
§ Function:u energy storage
§ very concentrated
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Lipids
§ Function:u energy storage
§ very concentrated§ twice the energy as carbohydrates!
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Lipids
§ Function:u energy storage
§ very concentrated§ twice the energy as carbohydrates!
u cell membrane
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Lipids
§ Function:u energy storage
§ very concentrated§ twice the energy as carbohydrates!
u cell membraneu cushions organsu insulates body
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Lipids
§ Function:u energy storage
§ very concentrated§ twice the energy as carbohydrates!
u cell membraneu cushions organsu insulates body
§ think whale blubber!
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Structure of Fat
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Structure of Fatnot a chain (polymer) = just a “big fat molecule”
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Saturated fats
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Saturated fats§ Most animal fats
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Saturated fats§ Most animal fats
u solid at room temperature
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Saturated fats§ Most animal fats
u solid at room temperature
§ Limit the amount in your diet
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Saturated fats§ Most animal fats
u solid at room temperature
§ Limit the amount in your dietu contributes to
heart disease
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Saturated fats§ Most animal fats
u solid at room temperature
§ Limit the amount in your dietu contributes to
heart disease u deposits in
arteries
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Unsaturated fats
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Unsaturated fats§ Plant, vegetable & fish fats
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Unsaturated fats§ Plant, vegetable & fish fats
u liquid at room temperature
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Unsaturated fats§ Plant, vegetable & fish fats
u liquid at room temperature§ the fat molecules
don’t stack tightlytogether
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Unsaturated fats§ Plant, vegetable & fish fats
u liquid at room temperature§ the fat molecules
don’t stack tightlytogether
§ Better choice in your diet
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Saturated vs. unsaturated
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Saturated vs. unsaturatedsaturated
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Saturated vs. unsaturatedsaturated unsaturated
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Saturated vs. unsaturatedsaturated unsaturated
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Saturated vs. unsaturatedsaturated unsaturated
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Other lipids in biology
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Other lipids in biology§ Cholesterol
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Other lipids in biology§ Cholesterol
u good molecule in cell membranes
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Other lipids in biology§ Cholesterol
u good molecule in cell membranesu make hormones from it
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Other lipids in biology§ Cholesterol
u good molecule in cell membranesu make hormones from it
§ including sex hormones
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Other lipids in biology§ Cholesterol
u good molecule in cell membranesu make hormones from it
§ including sex hormonesu but too much cholesterol in blood may
lead to heart disease
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Other lipids in biology
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Other lipids in biology§ Cell membranes are made out of lipids
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Other lipids in biology§ Cell membranes are made out of lipids
u phospholipids
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Other lipids in biology§ Cell membranes are made out of lipids
u phospholipidsu heads are on the outside touching water
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Other lipids in biology§ Cell membranes are made out of lipids
u phospholipidsu heads are on the outside touching water
§ “like” water
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Other lipids in biology§ Cell membranes are made out of lipids
u phospholipidsu heads are on the outside touching water
§ “like” wateru tails are on inside away from water
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Other lipids in biology§ Cell membranes are made out of lipids
u phospholipidsu heads are on the outside touching water
§ “like” wateru tails are on inside away from water
§ “scared” of water
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Other lipids in biology§ Cell membranes are made out of lipids
u phospholipidsu heads are on the outside touching water
§ “like” wateru tails are on inside away from water
§ “scared” of wateru forms a barrier
between the cell & the outside
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Nucleic Acids:
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Nucleic Acids:Information molecules
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Nucleic Acids
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Nucleic Acids Examples
u DNA
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Nucleic Acids Examples
u DNA
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Nucleic Acids Examples
u DNA
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Nucleic Acids Examples
u DNA§ DeoxyriboNucleic
Acidu RNA
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Nucleic Acids Examples
u DNA§ DeoxyriboNucleic
Acidu RNA
§ RiboNucleic Acid
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Nucleic Acids Examples
u DNA§ DeoxyriboNucleic
Acidu RNA
§ RiboNucleic Acid
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Nucleic Acids
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Nucleic Acids§ Function:
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Nucleic Acids§ Function:
ugenetic material
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Nucleic Acids§ Function:
ugenetic material
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Nucleic Acids§ Function:
ugenetic material§ stores information
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Nucleic Acids§ Function:
ugenetic material§ stores information
wgenes
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Nucleic Acids§ Function:
ugenetic material§ stores information
wgeneswblueprint for building proteins
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Nucleic Acids§ Function:
ugenetic material§ stores information
wgeneswblueprint for building proteins
n DNA → RNA → proteins
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Nucleic Acids§ Function:
ugenetic material§ stores information
wgeneswblueprint for building proteins
n DNA → RNA → proteins§ transfers information
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Nucleic Acids§ Function:
ugenetic material§ stores information
wgeneswblueprint for building proteins
n DNA → RNA → proteins§ transfers information
wblueprint for new cells
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Nucleic Acids§ Function:
ugenetic material§ stores information
wgeneswblueprint for building proteins
n DNA → RNA → proteins§ transfers information
wblueprint for new cellswblueprint for next generation
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Nucleic Acids§ Function:
ugenetic material§ stores information
wgeneswblueprint for building proteins
n DNA → RNA → proteins§ transfers information
wblueprint for new cellswblueprint for next generation
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Nucleic Acids§ Function:
ugenetic material§ stores information
wgeneswblueprint for building proteins
n DNA → RNA → proteins§ transfers information
wblueprint for new cellswblueprint for next generation
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DNA
Nucleic Acids§ Function:
ugenetic material§ stores information
wgeneswblueprint for building proteins
n DNA → RNA → proteins§ transfers information
wblueprint for new cellswblueprint for next generation
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DNA
Nucleic Acids§ Function:
ugenetic material§ stores information
wgeneswblueprint for building proteins
n DNA → RNA → proteins§ transfers information
wblueprint for new cellswblueprint for next generation
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DNA
Nucleic Acids§ Function:
ugenetic material§ stores information
wgeneswblueprint for building proteins
n DNA → RNA → proteins§ transfers information
wblueprint for new cellswblueprint for next generation
proteins
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Nucleic acids
§ Building block =
phosphate
sugar N base
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Nucleic acids
§ Building block = nucleotides
phosphate
sugar N base
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Nucleic acids
§ Building block = nucleotides
phosphate
sugar N base
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Nucleic acids
§ Building block = nucleotidesnucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide
phosphate
sugar N base
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Nucleic acids
§ Building block = nucleotides
u 5 different nucleotides
nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide
phosphate
sugar N base
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Nucleic acids
§ Building block = nucleotides
u 5 different nucleotidesu different nitrogen bases
nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide
phosphate
sugar N base
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Nucleic acids
§ Building block = nucleotides
u 5 different nucleotidesu different nitrogen basesu A, T, C, G, U
nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide
phosphate
sugar N base
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Nucleic acids
§ Building block = nucleotides
u 5 different nucleotidesu different nitrogen basesu A, T, C, G, U
nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide
phosphate
sugar N base
Nitrogen basesI’m the
A,T,C,G or Upart!
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Nucleotide chains
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Nucleotide chains§ Nucleic acids
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Nucleotide chains§ Nucleic acids phosphate
sugar N base
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Nucleotide chains§ Nucleic acids phosphate
sugar N base
phosphate
sugar N base
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Nucleotide chains§ Nucleic acids phosphate
sugar N base
phosphate
sugar N base
phosphate
sugar N base
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Nucleotide chains§ Nucleic acids phosphate
sugar N base
phosphate
sugar N base
phosphate
sugar N base
phosphate
sugar N base
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Nucleotide chains§ Nucleic acids phosphate
sugar N base
phosphate
sugar N base
phosphate
sugar N base
phosphate
sugar N base
strong bonds
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Nucleotide chains§ Nucleic acids
u nucleotides chained into a polymer
phosphate
sugar N base
phosphate
sugar N base
phosphate
sugar N base
phosphate
sugar N base
strong bonds
55
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Nucleotide chains§ Nucleic acids
u nucleotides chained into a polymer§ DNA
phosphate
sugar N base
phosphate
sugar N base
phosphate
sugar N base
phosphate
sugar N base
strong bonds
55
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Nucleotide chains§ Nucleic acids
u nucleotides chained into a polymer§ DNA
wdouble-sided
phosphate
sugar N base
phosphate
sugar N base
phosphate
sugar N base
phosphate
sugar N base
strong bonds
55
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Nucleotide chains§ Nucleic acids
u nucleotides chained into a polymer§ DNA
wdouble-sided
phosphate
sugar N base
phosphate
sugar N base
phosphate
sugar N base
phosphate
sugar N base
strong bonds
55
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Nucleotide chains§ Nucleic acids
u nucleotides chained into a polymer§ DNA
wdouble-sidedwdouble helix
phosphate
sugar N base
phosphate
sugar N base
phosphate
sugar N base
phosphate
sugar N base
strong bonds
55
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Nucleotide chains§ Nucleic acids
u nucleotides chained into a polymer§ DNA
wdouble-sidedwdouble helixwA, C, G, T
phosphate
sugar N base
phosphate
sugar N base
phosphate
sugar N base
phosphate
sugar N base
strong bonds
55
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Nucleotide chains§ Nucleic acids
u nucleotides chained into a polymer§ DNA
wdouble-sidedwdouble helixwA, C, G, T
§ RNA
phosphate
sugar N base
phosphate
sugar N base
phosphate
sugar N base
phosphate
sugar N base
strong bonds
55
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Nucleotide chains§ Nucleic acids
u nucleotides chained into a polymer§ DNA
wdouble-sidedwdouble helixwA, C, G, T
§ RNA
phosphate
sugar N base
phosphate
sugar N base
phosphate
sugar N base
phosphate
sugar N base
strong bonds
RNA55
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Nucleotide chains§ Nucleic acids
u nucleotides chained into a polymer§ DNA
wdouble-sidedwdouble helixwA, C, G, T
§ RNAwsingle-sided
phosphate
sugar N base
phosphate
sugar N base
phosphate
sugar N base
phosphate
sugar N base
strong bonds
RNA55
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Nucleotide chains§ Nucleic acids
u nucleotides chained into a polymer§ DNA
wdouble-sidedwdouble helixwA, C, G, T
§ RNAwsingle-sidedwA, C, G, U
phosphate
sugar N base
phosphate
sugar N base
phosphate
sugar N base
phosphate
sugar N base
strong bonds
RNA55
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DNA
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DNA§ Double strand twists into a double helix
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DNA§ Double strand twists into a double helix
u weak bonds between nitrogen bases join the 2 strands
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DNA§ Double strand twists into a double helix
u weak bonds between nitrogen bases join the 2 strands
weak bonds
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DNA§ Double strand twists into a double helix
u weak bonds between nitrogen bases join the 2 strands§ A pairs with T
weak bonds
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DNA§ Double strand twists into a double helix
u weak bonds between nitrogen bases join the 2 strands§ A pairs with T wA :: T
weak bonds
56
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DNA§ Double strand twists into a double helix
u weak bonds between nitrogen bases join the 2 strands§ A pairs with T wA :: T
§ C pairs with G weak bonds
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DNA§ Double strand twists into a double helix
u weak bonds between nitrogen bases join the 2 strands§ A pairs with T wA :: T
§ C pairs with GwC :: G
weak bonds
56
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DNA§ Double strand twists into a double helix
u weak bonds between nitrogen bases join the 2 strands§ A pairs with T wA :: T
§ C pairs with GwC :: G
u the two strands can separate when our cells need to make copies of it
weak bonds
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Copying DNA
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Copying DNA§ Replication
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Copying DNA§ Replication
u copy DNA
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Copying DNA§ Replication
u copy DNAu 2 strands of DNA helix are
complementary
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Copying DNA§ Replication
u copy DNAu 2 strands of DNA helix are
complementary§ they are matching
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Copying DNA§ Replication
u copy DNAu 2 strands of DNA helix are
complementary§ they are matching§ have one, can build other
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Copying DNA§ Replication
u copy DNAu 2 strands of DNA helix are
complementary§ they are matching§ have one, can build other§ have one, can rebuild the whole
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Copying DNA§ Replication
u copy DNAu 2 strands of DNA helix are
complementary§ they are matching§ have one, can build other§ have one, can rebuild the whole
57
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Newly copied strands of DNA
DNA replication
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§ Copying DNA
Newly copied strands of DNA
DNA replication
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§ Copying DNAu pairing of the bases
allows each strand to serve as a pattern for a new strand
Newly copied strands of DNA
DNA replication
58