LOGBOOK

Student Name: Hongshuai ZhangStudent Number: 688502

Knowledge Map (Week 01)

Force

Tension Compression

RepresentationStatic Load

Dynamic Load

Dead loads

Live loads

Settlement load

Occupancy load

Ground pressure

Thermal stresses

Water pressure

Impact loads

Snow loads

Rain loads Wind load Earthquake load

Collinear forces: occuralong a straight line.

Concurrent forces: linesof action intersecting ata common point.

Nonconcurrent: lines ofaction that do notintersect at a commonpoint.

Material Behaviour - isotropic or anisotropicSometimes materials have the strongcharacteristics of compression and tensionlike pulling apart and push together bypressure. Other materials behaviourdifferently under the forces so theyanisotropicEconomy & SustainabilityWe should know the price of the material. Thesituation of transportation and if it wouldbring the impact to the environment. Howdoes the efficiency of the material to theconstructing system such as timber can beused all over the Australia.(Information from: W01 m1 Introduction toMaterials)

The features of materials that we should know and think about:Strength - strong or weakSteal is much stronger than timber and steal is quite strong in both compression and tension. The othermaterials are strong in compression such as brick and cement.Stiffness - Stiff, flexible, stretchy or floppySome materials are flexible such as rubber. Although rope is flexible it is not stiff and concrete is a kind ofvery stiff material.Shape - mono-dimensional(linear), bi-dimensional(planar) or tridimensional(volumetric)Some bi-dimensional(planar) material such as ship shelf and tridimensional(volumetric) shape like bricks.

In enclosing space for habitation, the structural system of a building must be able to support two types of loads--static

and dynamic.

Static loads are assumed to be applied slowly to a structure until it reaches its peak value without fluctuating rapidly in

magnitude or position. Under a static load, a structure respond slowly and its deformation reaches a peak when the

static force is maximum.

Dynamic loads are applied suddenly to a structure, often with rapid changes in magnitude and point of application.

Under a dynamic load, a structure develops inertial forces in relation to its mass and its maximum deformation does not

necessarily correspond to the maximum magnitude of the applied force. The two major types of dynamic loads are

wind loads and earthquake loads.

Static load - Dead loads & Live loads

Live loads comprise any moving or movable loads on a structure

resulting from occupancy, collected snow and water, or moving

equipment. A live load typically acts vertically downward but may

horizontally as well to reflect the dynamic nature of a moving load.

Dead loads are static loads acting vertically downward on a structure,

comprising the self-weight of building elements, fixtures, and

equipment permanently attached to it.

Masonry TerminologyWythe is a continuous vertical section of a masonry wall oe unit un thickness.Course is a continuous horizontal range of masonry units.Collar joint is the vertical joint between two wythes of masonry.Bed joint is the horizontal joint between two masonry courses. The term bed may refer to theunderside of a masonry unit, or to the layer of mortar in which a masonry unit is laid.Head joint is the vertical joint between two masonry units, perpendicular to the face of a wall.Stretcher is a masonry unit laid horizontally with the longer edge exposed or parallel to the surface.

Header is a masonry unit laid horizontally with theshorter end exposed or parallel to the surface.Rowlock is a brick laid horizontally on the longeredge with the shorter end exposed.Soldier id a brick laid vertically with the longer edgeface exposed.Running bond, commonly used for cavity and veneerwalls, is composed of overlapping stretchers.Common bond has a course of headers between everyfive or six courses of stretchers; also known asAmerican bond.

Long-and-short work is an arrangement ofrectangular quoins or jambstones set alternatelyhorizontally and vertically.

A force is any influence that produces a change in the shape or movement of a body.It is considered to be a vector quantity possessing both magnitude and direction, representedby an arrow whose length is proportional to the magnitude and whose orientation in spacerepresents the direction.Collinear forces occur along a straight line, the vector sum of which is the algebraic sum of themagnitudes of the forces, acting along the same line of action.

TENSION FORCESWhen an external load pulls on a structural member,the particles composing the material move apart andundergo tension.Tension forces stretch and elongate the material.The amount of elongation depends on the stiffness ofthe material, cross sectional area, and the magnitude ofthe load.COMPRESSION FORCESA compression force produces the opposite effect of atension force.When an external load pushes on a structural member,the particles of the material compact together.Compression forces result in the shortening of thematerial.

X Skeletal Knowledge Map (Week 02)

Week 02

Hybrid structure-Air integral-Particular membrane called ETFE

Local materials, material efficiency, thermal mass, night air purging,solar energy, wind energy, cross ventilation, smart and design, insulation,water harvesting

Structural SystemStructural Joints

Solid structure-Early buildings-Egypt, Great Wall-Stone, bricks

Membranes structureSports stadiums withlarge area but cheap

Surface structureSydney opera house

Skeletal structure-Common, frame systems-Very efficient way to transfer loads downthrough the ground

Roller joint

Fixed joint

Allows horizontal movementRestrict vertical, rotation

Pin joint

Allows rotationRestrict horizontal, vertical

Restricts horizontal, vertical, rotation

ESD Strategies

Structural SystemThe structural system of a building is designed and constructed to support and transmit gravity and lateralload safely to the ground without exceeding the allowable stresses in its members.(Columns, beams, andloading walls support floor and roof structures.)Enclose SystemThe enclose system is the shell or envelop of a building, consisting of the roof,exterior walls, windows, anddoors.(Exterior walls and roofs also dampen noise and provide security and privacy for the occupants of abuilding. Doors provide physical access. Windows provide access yo light, air, and views.)Mechanical SystemsThe mechanical systems of a building provide essential services to a building.(The electrical systemcontrols, meters, and distributes it in a safe manner for power, lighting, security, and communicationsystems.)

The manner in which we select, assemble, andintegrate the various building systems inconstruction should take into account the followingfactors:Performance Requirements-Structural compatibility, integration, and safetyAesthetic Qualities-Desired relationship of building to its site, adjacentproperties, and neighborhoodRegulatory Constraints-Compliance with zoning ordinances and buildingcodesEconomic Considerations-Initial cost comprising material, transportation,equipment,and labor costsEnvironmental Impact-Conversation of energy and resources throughsitting and building designConstruction Practices-Safety requirementts

Structural SystemsSolar systems they have particular kinds of structural sections sociate with them. Thisstructure might be found early buildings from Athens, Egypt, the Great Wall of China wherepeople were working with stones, bricks or mud systems. Compression is the main action inthe structures.Shell are thin, cured plate structures typically constructed of reinforced concrete. They areshaped to transmit applied forces by membrane stresses-the compressive, tensile, and shearstresses acting in the plane of their surface.

Arches are curved structures for spanning an opening, designedto support a vertical load primarily by axial compression. Theytransform the vertical forces of a supported load into inclinedcomponents and transmit them to abutments on either side of thearchway.Cable structures utilize the cable as the principle means ofsupport. Because cables have high tensile strength but offer noresistance to compression or bending, they must be used purelyin tension. When subject to concentrated loads, the shape of acable consists of straight-line segments. Under a uniformlydistributed load, it will take on the shape of an inverted arch.Suspension structures utilize a network of cables suspended andpresented between compression members to directly supportapplied loads.

Shell and thin, curved plate structure typically constructed of reinforced concrete. They areshaped to transmit applied forces by membrane stresses-the compressive, tensile, and shearstresses acting in the plane of their surfaces. A shell can sustain relatively large forces if uniformlyapplied. Because of its thinness, however, a shell has little bending resistance and is unsuitable forconcentrated loads.Plate structures are rigid, planar, usually monolithic structures that disperse applied loads in amultidirectional pattern, with the loads generally following the shortest and stiffest routes to thesupports. A common example of a structure is a reinforced concrete slab.Membranes are thin, flexible surfaces that carry loads primarily through the development oftensile stresses. They may be suspended or stretched between posts, or be supported by pressure.

The manner in which forces are transferred from onestructural element to the next and how a structural systemperforms as a whole depend to a great extent on the typesof joints and connections used. Structural elements can bejoined to each other in three ways. Butt joints allow one ofthe elements to be continuous and usually require a thirdmediating element to make the connection. Overlappingjoints allows all of the connected elements to bypass eachother and be continuous across the joint. The joiningelements can also be molded or shaped to form a structuralconnection.The connectors used to join the structural elements may bein the form of a point, a line or a surface. While linear andsurface types of connector resist rotation, point connectorsdo not unless a series of them is distributed across a largesurface area.

A beam simply supported by two columns is not capable of resisting lateral force unless itis braced. If the joints connecting the columns and beams are capable of resisting bothforces and moments, then the assembly becomes a grid frame. Applied loads produceaxial, bending, and shear forces in all members of the frame because the rigid jointsrestrain the ends of the members from rotating freely. In addition, vertical loads cause arigid frame to develop horizontal thrusts as its base. A grid frame is staticallyindeterminate and rigid only in its plane.

Column are rigid, relatively slender structural members designedprimarily to support axial compressive loads applied to the ends ofthe members. Relatively short, thick columns are subject to failureby crushing rather than by buckling. Failure occurs when the directstress from an axial load exceeds the compressive strength of thematerial available in the cross section. An eccentric load, however,can produce bending and result in an uneven stress distribution inthe section.Beams are rigid structural members designed to carry and transfertransverse loads across space to supporting elements. Thenonconcurrent pattern of forces subjects a beam to bending anddeflection, which must be resisted by the internal strength of thematerial.A truss is a structural frame based on the geometric rigidity of thetriangle and composed of linear members subject only to axialtension or compression.