Hong Kong and the PRD -...

Hong Kong &

the PRD Challenges and opportunities

Hendrik Tieben, Department of Architecture, CUHK, IFoU International Summer School Delft, 14.7.2009

HONG KONG FANTASIES 20 October 2008 – 31 October 2008

Joint Master Class

Hong Kong &

the PRD Challenges and opportunities


6 Zhaoqing

8 Foshan

9 Guangzhou

10 Dongguan

11 Huizhou

18 Jiangmen

19 Zhongshan

20 Zhuhai

21 Shenzhen

Hong Kong SARMacau SAR

PRD 50.2 Million

Guangdong Province

China

Hong Kong & the PRD

• Hong Kong as competitive global city

• Hong Kong SAR “2030” regional plan

• Integration of Hong Kong SAR in the Pearl River Delta

• Pan Pearl River Delta Planning in time of the global financial crisis


Global Cities/World Cities: Definition

Functional:

• Role in global urban networks

• Hub of economic command and control

• Location of international institutions

• Meeting place

Cultural: International character

Not size: Global cities vs. Megacities

Hong Kong as global city

• Regional headquarters• Financial hub• International producer services• Role of the airport• International meetings and conventions• Tourism• International immigration pattern• Multicultural character

Restructuring HK as "Global city“ (since the late 1990s)

Restructuring HK as "Global city“ (since the late 1990s)

Saskia Sassen, The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 1991.

International Commerce Centre (ICC) HK, 2001-2010

International Finance Centre (IFC) HK, 1997-2003

Restructuring HK as „global city“ (since the late 1990s)

Restructuring HK as „global city“ (since the late 1990s)

ICC HK, 2001-2010

IFC HK, 1997-2003

CyberportHK, 1999-2008

Kowloon West Cultural District, HKOriginal design N. Foster, 2001

Restructuring HK as „global city“

Hong Kong: Challenges of the global city (Werner Breitung 2008)

• The competitiveness challenge

• The socio-cultural challenge

• The socio-economic challenge

• The land-use challenge

• The regional challenge

Hong Kong: The competitiveness challenge (Werner Breitung 2008)

• High competition between global cities e.g. Hong Kong vs. Singapore e.g. Hong Kong vs. Shanghai

• Governments see need for subsidies and especially infrastructure investment - airport - congress and exhibition venues - cultural facilities,…

• Burden on local financial resources

Hong Kong: The socio-cultural challenge (Werner Breitung 2008)

• Immigration - Expatriates - Returnees - Domestic helpers - Mainland immigrants

• Spatial segregation of sub-cultures

• Linguistic gap between global city and local work force

mainly spoken at home can be spoken

1991 1996 2001 1991 1996 2001Cantonese 88.7% 88.7% 89.2% 95.8% 95.2% 96.1%English 2.2% 3.1% 3.2% 31.6% 38.1% 43.0%Putonghua 1.1% 1.1% 0.9% 18.1% 25.3% 34.1%other Chinese 7.0% 5.8% 5.5% - - -Japanese 0.2% 0.3% 0.2% 1.0% 1.2% 1.4%Filipino/Tagalog 0.1% 0.2% 0.2% 1.1% 1.8% 1.9%Indonesian 0.1% 0.2% 0.2% 0.7% 0.9% 1.3%other languages 0.5% 0.5% 0.6% - - -

Source: Census and Statistics Department 2001; - cannot be calculated from data

Hong Kong: The socio-cultural challenge (Werner Breitung 2008)

Hong Kong: The socio-economic challenge

• Growing income and wealth gap(Gini coefficient: 1971: 0.43 2001: 0.53)

• Concentration of wealthy global city immigrants

Hong Kong: The regional challenge (Werner Breitung 2008)

• Global city region

• Importance of regional back-up - Work force - Back offices - Production - Logistics, port

• Hong Kong’s regional integration is still incomplete


Hong Kong & the PRD






The vision for Hong Kong to strengthen its position as Asia’s world city was spelt out by the Commission on Strategic Development. It says in a report published in 2000:

“Hong Kong should not only be a major Chinese city, but could become the most cosmopolitan city in Asia, enjoying a status comparable to that of New York in North America and London in Europe.”

HK 2030 (2001-2007)

Source: HK 2030 Planning www.pland.gov.hk/p_study/comp_s/hk2030/

“The HK2030 Study should adhere to the principles of sustainable development to balance social, economic and environmental needs to achieve better quality of life for present and future generations.”

HK 2030 - Goals


1. Providing a good quality living environment by ensuring our development is undertaken with due regard to the environmental carrying capacity; enhancing the townscape; and regenerating the old urban areas.

2. Conserving the natural landscape which is of ecological, geological, scientific and other significance and preserving our cultural heritage.

HK 2030 - Planning Objectives


3. Enhancing Hong Kong’s hub functions by setting aside sufficient land reserves to meet the changing needs of commerce and industry; strengthening our role as a global and regional financial and business centre; strengthening our role as the international and regional trading, transportation and logistics centre; and developing further as an innovation and technology centre for Southern China.

4. Meeting housing and community needs by ensuring timely provision of adequate land and infrastructure for the development of housing and community facilities.

5. Providing a framework to develop a safe, efficient, economically viable and environmentally friendly transport system.

6. Promoting arts, culture and tourism to ensure Hong Kong will continue to be a world-class destination with unique cultural experience for visitors.

7. Strengthening links with the Mainland to cope with the rapid growth of crossboundary interaction.


Estimated Population Growth until 2030

HK 2030 - Two general options of development

Consolidation or decentralization


HK 2030 - Distribution of “New” Population

Base Year 2010 Up to 2020 Up to 2030

Metro Area 192,000 (49%) 321,000 (32%) 573,000 (36%)

New Towns 163,000 (42%) 491,000 (49%) 509,000 (32%)

NDAs1 - 42,000 (4%) 353,000 (22%)

Others 33,000 (9%) 153,000 (15%) 167,000 (10%)

Total 388,000 (100%) 1,007,000 (100%) 1,602,000 (100%)


HK 2030 - Proposed Port Locations www.pland.gov.hk/p_study/comp_s/hk2030/

HK 2030 - Grade A office space:

• 11.0 million m2 in GFA up to 2030

• CBD Grade A offices will account for 2.7 million m2 GFA.

• No further harbor reclamation.


HK 2030 - Proposed strategy for CBD Grade A offices www.pland.gov.hk/p_study/comp_s/hk2030/

HK 2030: Two szenarios

• Low population growth & lower economic growth

• High population growth & higher economic growth


HK 2030: Housing Requirements

Cumulative Housing Requirement

2010 2020 2030

RS 248,000 553,000 924,000HPGS 248,000 626,000 1,129,000

Difference +73,000 +205,000


HK 2030 - Recommended Development Pattern www.pland.gov.hk/p_study/comp_s/hk2030/

1. Providing a good quality living environment by ensuring our development is undertaken with due regard to the environmental carrying capacity; enhancing the townscape; and regenerating the old urban areas.

2. Conserving the natural landscape which is of ecological, geological, scientific and other significance and preserving our cultural heritage.

HK 2030 - Planning Objectives


Hong Kong: Urban Renewal Authority

Strategy of the "4R" :

• Redevelopment

• Rehabilitation

• Revitalisation

• pReservation

ura.org.hk

ura.org.hk

Sai Ying Pun, 2006


“Artist Impression” of URA project

in Sai Ying Pun, HK

ura.org.hk



in Sai Ying Pun, HK

Developer rendering of the approved

URA project for the same site

ura.org.hk Kerry Property



in Sai Ying Pun, HK

Model of the URA project

ura.org.hk

Hong Kong & the PRD






Hong Kong Policy Changes and Initiaties

1960s From industrial city to service economy

1980s “Front Shop Back Factory” model since 1980s

1997 Handover of HK to China

1998 HK-GD Cooperation Joint Conference

2003 CEPA (Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement)

2004 HK-SZ Cooperation Conference

2006 GPRD Study

2007 Joint Task Force on Boundary District

SZ Western Corridor

Lok Ma Chau Spur Line

2008 CEPA V

Hong Kong Policy Changes and Initiaties

1960s From industrial city to service economy

1980s “Front Shop Back Factory” model since 1980s

1997 Handover of HK to China

1998 HK-GD Cooperation Joint Conference

2003 CEPA (Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement)

2004 HK-SZ Cooperation Conference

2006 GPRD Study

2007 Joint Task Force on Boundary District

SZ Western Corridor

Lok Ma Chau Spur Line

2008 CEPA V

China

Open Door Policy & Economic Reform 1978

SZ & Zhuhai Special Economic Zones 1980

PRD Costal Economic Zone 1985

“Plan for the PRD cities” 1995

“Co-ordinated dev. of the PRD Townships” 2004

Plan for the Reform and Development of the PRD

(2008-2020)

2008

Guangdong Province Population 79 Million

Guangdong Province Pearl River Delta

6 Zhaoqing

8 Foshan

9 Guangzhou

10 Dongguan

11 Huizhou

18 Jiangmen

19 Zhongshan

20 Zhuhai

21 Shenzhen

6 Zhaoqing

8 Foshan

9 Guangzhou

10 Dongguan

11 Huizhou

18 Jiangmen

19 Zhongshan

20 Zhuhai

21 Shenzhen


PRD 50.2 Million

Guangdong Province Pearl River Delta

Guangdong+HK & M102,93

PRD50.20

GZ +FS15.60

Guangzhou 10.00

HK/SZ15,57

Hong Kong6.95 Million

Netherlands16.40

Central Netherlands11.6

Randstad7.10

Amsterdam 0.71

Randstad7.10

Amsterdam 0.71

South-EastEngland17.00

London CommuterBelt14.00

GreaterLondon7.50

London 7.50

GreaterLondon7.50

London 7.50

NRW(Germany)18.00

Rhine-RuhrArea11.00

RuhrgebietRVR5.70

Dortmund 0.58

RuhrgebietRVR5.70

Dortmund 0.58

NorthCalifornia14.00

NC Mega- Region11.60

SF Bay Area7.10

San Jose 0.93

SF Bay Area7.10

San Jose 0.93

Belgium10.00

Belgium excl. Wallonia7.10

FlemishDiamond5.70

Brussels 1.10

FlemishDiamond5.70

Brussels 1.10

MEGA-REGIONS by POPULATION


6 Zhaoqing

8 Foshan

9 Guangzhou

10 Dongguan

11 Huizhou

18 Jiangmen

19 Zhongshan

20 Zhuhai

21 ShenzhenSF Bay Area 7.1 Million

Greater London 7.5 Million

Administrative Borders

PRD 50.2 Million

Guangdong Province

187.800 km²

Evens, D. & de Vries, J. „Metropolitan government and governance in the Dutch Randstad: new perspectives and lessons from abroad“, 2008.


Randstad 7.1 MillionNetherlands 16 Million41,526 km2

Administrative Borders

6 Zhaoqing

8 Foshan

9 Guangzhou

10 Dongguan

11 Huizhou

18 Jiangmen

19 Zhongshan

20 Zhuhai

21 Shenzhen

PRD 50.2 Million

Evens, D. & de Vries, J. „Metropolitan government and governance in the Dutch Randstad: new perspectives and lessons from abroad“, 2008.

Guangdong Province

187.800 km²

• Historical development

• Political condition

• Geographical situation

Shenzhen/Hong Kong

Zhuhai/Macau

Foshan/Guangzhou

PRD POLY-CENTRIC DEVELOPMENT

Permamence of territorial borders (according to “One Country two Systems“ policy)

Hong Kong Shenzhen

Guangzhou

HK/SZ

M/ZH

PRD POLY-CENTRIC DEVELOPMENT

PRD – Regional SPECIALIZATION

PRD - Integration by Infrastructure

Daily Cross-boundary Public Transport Demand

Expressway Network in GPRD Region

Railway Network in GPRD Region

Express Rail Link Guangzhou-Hong Kong

Express Rail Link HK Section

Express Rail Link Guangzhou (Shibi) Station

Express Rail Link Kowloon (HK) Terminus

Application of HK’s “rail + property” model for the PRD

Application of HK’s “rail + property” model for the PRD

International Commerce Centre (ICC) HK, 2001-2010

ETH Studio Basel Students: Manuel Guth, Chasper Schmidlin

with CUHK Students: Shuk Fun Sophie Chan, Kai Yan Cye Wong

Preserved land by public country parks

ohas Park Development

Hong Kong & the PRD






PRD Challenges after the global financial crisis:

- overall industrial level is low,

- value added to the products is not much

- trade structure is unreasonable

- innovative capability is insufficient

- overall competitiveness is not strong

- land has been excessively developed

- ability to guarantee energy and resources supply is inadequate

- problem of environmental pollution becomes prominent

-constraints of resources and environment are outstanding and the traditional pattern of

development is insustainable

- the imbalance of development still exists between the urban and rural areas and among different

regions, the distribution of production forces is not rational, and the use of space is not efficient;

- social undertakings remain relatively backward, and the levels of human resources development

- public services and the cultural soft strength need to be further improved

- reform of the government and social administration systems are still strenuous, and the pre-

breakthrough reforms face ever more challenging difficulties.

The National Development and Reform Commission December 2008, PRC

http://en.ndrc.gov.cn/policyrelease/P020090120342179907030.doc

The Outline of the Plan for the Reform and Development of the Pearl River Delta (2008-2020)

PRD- Challenges after the global financial crisis:

- overall industrial level is low,

- value added to the products is not much

- trade structure is unreasonable

- innovative capability is insufficient

- overall competitiveness is not strong

- land has been excessively developed

- ability to guarantee energy and resources supply is inadequate

- problem of environmental pollution becomes prominent

- constraints of resources and environment are outstanding and the traditional pattern of

development is insustainable

- the imbalance of development still exists between the urban and rural areas and among different

regions, the distribution of production forces is not rational, and the use of space is not efficient;

- social undertakings remain relatively backward, and the levels of human resources development

- public services and the cultural soft strength need to be further improved

- reform of the government and social administration systems are still strenuous, and the pre-

breakthrough reforms face ever more challenging difficulties.




PRD -Opportunities

- The trend of international industries transfer to the Asian-Pacific region will not

change.

- regional economic cooperation and exchange in Asia is on the upswing

- formation of the China-ASEAN free trade zone is picking up its speed

- Process of industrialization, informatization, urbanization, marketization, and

internationalization is developing further, the economic integration among

Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao is accelerating

- strong potentials for economic development; and especially, thanks to its

development in the past 30 years, a solid material foundation has been forged in

the Pearl River Delta with remarkably enhanced economic strength and

competitiveness in regional economy.







PRD Strategic positioning

- Pilot region for further reforms.

- Important international gateway for expanding the opening-up program.

- World-class base for advanced manufacturing and modern service industries.

- Important national economic center.

[…] foster a batch of internationally competitive world-class enterprises and brands, develop a system of service industries to match Hong Kong as an international financial center, and develop into an international center for shipping, logistics, trade, conferences and exhibition, tourism, and innovation that has a different positioning from Hong Kong and Macao.


[…] strengthening our role as a global and regional financial and business centre; strengthening our role as the international and regional trading, transportation and logistics centre; and developing further as an innovation and technology centre for Southern China.

Hong Kong

Guangzhou

Hong Kong, 2030 Plan

Future goals of Guangzhou and Hong Kong:

TV Tower GuangzhouIBA and Arup2004-2010

Guangzhou Opera HouseZaha Hadid2002-2010

Challenges of the GPRD Mega-City Region

• Co-operation and competition within the GPRD• Inter-regional co-operation and competition Challenges identified by the HK Planning Department 11.2008

Shanghai Guangzhou

HK/PRD - Randstad

• Differences in scale, land ownership and policies• Differences in development pressure• Differences of boundaries (PRD – cross border region)

• Both delta regions• Both poly centric• Both strong public housing policy

• Lessons from HK: Highly efficient public transport system High density developments above traffic nodesIntegration of living and working Control of suburbanization by government land policyCountry park system to protect natural environment

• Rethinking the role „competing cities“

Thank you


Hong Kong and the PRD -...

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