HOMEWORK: READ ch.5 146-173 and answer reading

guide

DEFINE: Highlighted words pages 150-173

ALL Due Friday 4/20

MODERN MODERN AFRICANAFRICAN

CIVILIZATIONSCIVILIZATIONSWEST AFRICAWEST AFRICA

I. WEST AFRICAN CULTURE I. WEST AFRICAN CULTURE AND DAILY LIFE (300AD-1600AD)AND DAILY LIFE (300AD-1600AD)

A. Village Life in West Africa

1. Families were the foundation for all social, economic, and government activity in West Africa.

2. Powerful empires controlled much of West Africa, but the rulers did not greatly affect the lives of their people.

B. The Importance of Family

1. Kinship groups formed the government of many African societies.

2. In Kinship groups decisions were often made by a council of the eldest members.

C. Work

1. In West African villages, life for most people centered on farming.

2. Women prepared food, cared for children, made pottery, worked in fields, and brought water to the village.

3. Men looked after cattle or camels, cleared land for farming, and built houses and fences.

4. Children were responsible to gather firewood, help their fathers tend the flocks, and help their mothers clean the home.

5. Some people focused on specific types of work like metal working, iron technology and trading. This is called labor specialization.

II. TRADE AND REGIONAL II. TRADE AND REGIONAL COMMERCECOMMERCE

A. Cities and States Develop 1. West African kingdoms began to grow through trade.

2. Gold mining and trade in slaves led to more contact in North Africa.

3. As regional and international trade increased, the expanding cities became even more important centers of trade, politics, religion, and education.

4. West Africa traded gold, slaves, ivory, and cattle hides, to North Africa.

5. In return, North Africa traded salt, cloth and metal wares to West Africa

B. Rise of Kings

1. As West African societies developed complex trade systems, some powerful individuals called kings gained control of the trade system.

2. Many people were loyal to the king because he kept trade running smoothly, and kings played an important role in the religious life of the people.

III. THE ORAL TRADITION IN III. THE ORAL TRADITION IN WEST AFRICAWEST AFRICA

A. Storyteller

1. For centuries, West Africa had no written language, so they passed on their history and cultural values through oral history; a rich collection of stories about people and spiritual forces of the natural world.

2. Storytellers, or GRIOTS, often used music in their stories

B. Stories and Community

1. Griots sang for kings and common people.

2. Griots are still an important part of West African culture.

IV. THE EMPIRE OF GHANAIV. THE EMPIRE OF GHANA

A. West Africa’s Geography Fuels Empires

1. West Africa’s geography supported a strong trade system that led to an empire.

2. The three vegetation zones in West Africa are dessert, grass lands, and forest.

B. Geography of West Africa

1. The Northern part of West Africa is part of the Sahara dessert.

2. The middle/central part of West Africa is a savannah; a grassland in a tropical region.

3. The Southern region of West Africa is a rain forest.

4. The Niger River runs across West Africa, and is a key route for transportation, communication, and trade.

5. The Niger River formed part of the Southern border of Ghana’s Empire.

6. South of Ghana there were major gold deposits.6. South of Ghana there were major gold deposits.

C. Trade Across the Sahara

1. The Sahara Dessert, in Northern West Africa, has rich deposits of salt.

2. On the Savanna, in central West Africa crops such as millet grew well.

3. The forest in Southern West Africa hold large amounts of gold.

4. Trans-Saharan camel caravans increased trans-Saharan trade.

V. THE GROWTH OF GHANA’S V. THE GROWTH OF GHANA’S EMPIREEMPIRE

Many people farmed the region (Central Many people farmed the region (Central West Africa) between the Sahara and the West Africa) between the Sahara and the forest of Southern West Africa. forest of Southern West Africa.

MAP PAGE 158 MAP PAGE 158

They called their king ‘Ghana’ and They called their king ‘Ghana’ and eventually the region itself became known eventually the region itself became known as Ghanaas Ghana

A. The Foundation of the Empire

1. The Northern part of Ghana bordered the Sahara.

2. As Ghana was located in middle/central West Africa, salt and other trade goods arrived in Ghana from the North. Gold, enslaved people, and food for trade, reached Ghana from the South.

3. The people of Ghana supervised the trading between Northern, Central, and Southern West Africa, and they kept the source of the gold a secret. The king of Ghana gained wealth by taxing trade.

4. The King of Ghana used the wealth gained from this taxation to expand Ghana into an empire.

5. He conquered surrounding lands and forced the people lining there to pay tribute to him.

6. Cities in Ghana became thriving trade centers, including the city of Koumbi Saleh, the capitol of Ghana. It was also the center of the empire and the greatest city in West Africa before the 1200’.

B. Religious and Cultural Changes

1. Most of the people who traded salt and other goods across the Sahara were a group called the Berbers

2. Berbers came from North Africa, practiced Islam, and spoke Arabic.

3. The Berber traders established the trade routes to West Africa and introduced written language (Arabic) and Islam to West Africa.

VI. ISLAM AND GHANAVI. ISLAM AND GHANA

Some of the kings of Ghana converted to Some of the kings of Ghana converted to Islam, but they continued to practice some Islam, but they continued to practice some aspects of their traditional religion to aspects of their traditional religion to maintain their claim to the throne. Most of maintain their claim to the throne. Most of the common people kept their traditional the common people kept their traditional beliefs.beliefs.

A. Influence of Islamic BeliefsA. Influence of Islamic Beliefs 1. If a king in Ghana rejected his original 1. If a king in Ghana rejected his original

religion, he would lose his claim to the throne.religion, he would lose his claim to the throne.

2. Muslims use of written language helped them 2. Muslims use of written language helped them gain positions of power in Ghana’s government.gain positions of power in Ghana’s government.

3. Islamic ethics, or beliefs, on what is right or 3. Islamic ethics, or beliefs, on what is right or wrong, also influenced Ghana.wrong, also influenced Ghana.

B. Ghana Under AttackB. Ghana Under Attack 1. A Muslim group called the Almoravids came to power 1. A Muslim group called the Almoravids came to power

in North Africa. in North Africa.

2. In the 112. In the 11thth century the Almoravids wanted other century the Almoravids wanted other Muslims to follow their interpretation of Islam.Muslims to follow their interpretation of Islam.

3. The Almoravids were camel herders who envied the great 3. The Almoravids were camel herders who envied the great wealth of Ghana.wealth of Ghana.

4. The Almoravids declared war on Ghana, and the war 4. The Almoravids declared war on Ghana, and the war weakened Ghana’s trade network.weakened Ghana’s trade network.

5. In 1076, the Almoravids seized the capital city of 5. In 1076, the Almoravids seized the capital city of Koumbi Saleh.Koumbi Saleh.

VII. The Empire of MaliVII. The Empire of Mali A. Mali builds on Ghana’s foundation. A. Mali builds on Ghana’s foundation.

1. In about 1240, Mali formed in the 1. In about 1240, Mali formed in the Southern area of what had been Ghana’s Southern area of what had been Ghana’s empire.empire.

2. Mali was founded by the Malinke people, 2. Mali was founded by the Malinke people, led by a great chief named Sundiata.led by a great chief named Sundiata.

B. Sundiata Comes To PowerB. Sundiata Comes To Power 1. Sundiata formed a powerful army and captured the former 1. Sundiata formed a powerful army and captured the former

capitol of Ghana.capitol of Ghana.

2. Sundiata expanded his empire beyond Ghana’s old 2. Sundiata expanded his empire beyond Ghana’s old borders. He re-established the gold- salt trade and borders. He re-established the gold- salt trade and expanded trade routes.expanded trade routes.

3. Sundiata developed the city of Timbuktu as a city of 3. Sundiata developed the city of Timbuktu as a city of trade and culture.trade and culture.

4. Timbuktu was on the Niger River where the desert 4. Timbuktu was on the Niger River where the desert and Savanna vegetation zones met. It later became a and Savanna vegetation zones met. It later became a famous center of Islamic scholarship.famous center of Islamic scholarship.

5. Sundiata supported the development of food crops, 5. Sundiata supported the development of food crops, cotton farming, and cotton weaving. Sundiata was very cotton farming, and cotton weaving. Sundiata was very popular with his people and is still considered a hero by popular with his people and is still considered a hero by the Malinke people of West Africa. the Malinke people of West Africa.

C. Mansa Musa Expands the EmpireC. Mansa Musa Expands the Empire

1. In 1307, Mali’s most famous king, Mansa 1. In 1307, Mali’s most famous king, Mansa Musa a devoted Muslim, came to power.Musa a devoted Muslim, came to power.

2. Mansa means ‘King’ in the Malinke 2. Mansa means ‘King’ in the Malinke language and Musa is Arabic for Moses.language and Musa is Arabic for Moses.

3. Manda Musa expanded the borders of the 3. Manda Musa expanded the borders of the empires of Mali till 1332.empires of Mali till 1332.

VIII. Decline of MaliVIII. Decline of Mali A. Internal ProblemsA. Internal Problems

1. After Mansa Musa expired, his descendents 1. After Mansa Musa expired, his descendents argued over who should be the next ruler of Mali.argued over who should be the next ruler of Mali.

2. The internal fighting greatly weakened the empire, 2. The internal fighting greatly weakened the empire, and eventually Timbuktu was raided and burned. and eventually Timbuktu was raided and burned.

3. Newly conquered regions of Mali’s empire began to 3. Newly conquered regions of Mali’s empire began to rebel. rebel.

4. The Songhai people, in the East, gained 4. The Songhai people, in the East, gained strength around their homeland near the great strength around their homeland near the great bend of the Niger River.bend of the Niger River.

5. The main Songhai city in the region, Gao , was 5. The main Songhai city in the region, Gao , was captured by Mali in 1325, and was led to captured by Mali in 1325, and was led to independence about 40 years later from Mali.independence about 40 years later from Mali.

B. EXTERNAL PROBLEMSB. EXTERNAL PROBLEMS 1. In the North, Berber nomads seized much of Mali’s 1. In the North, Berber nomads seized much of Mali’s

territory and captured Timbuktu in 1433.territory and captured Timbuktu in 1433.

2. In the South, bandits began to raid trading 2. In the South, bandits began to raid trading caravans and military outposts.caravans and military outposts.

3. By 1500 rebels and invaders had reduced Mali’s 3. By 1500 rebels and invaders had reduced Mali’s territory to the original area occupied by the territory to the original area occupied by the Malinke people and Mali was no longer a strong Malinke people and Mali was no longer a strong empire. empire.

IX. THE EMPIRE OF SONGHAIIX. THE EMPIRE OF SONGHAI

A. Songhai ExpandsA. Songhai Expands 1. Since 1433 the Berbers had controlled Timbuktu1. Since 1433 the Berbers had controlled Timbuktu

2. In 1468, Muslim leaders of the city asked the 2. In 1468, Muslim leaders of the city asked the Songhai king Sunni Ali, to help overthrow the Berbers. Songhai king Sunni Ali, to help overthrow the Berbers.

3. Sunni Ali captured Timbuktu, drove out the 3. Sunni Ali captured Timbuktu, drove out the Berbers and gained a reputation as a powerful Berbers and gained a reputation as a powerful harsh leader and he went on to conquer harsh leader and he went on to conquer neighboring lands.neighboring lands.

B. Askia MohammedB. Askia Mohammed 1. The Songhai empire expanded greatly 1. The Songhai empire expanded greatly

under Sunni Ali’s rule.under Sunni Ali’s rule.

2. In 1492 Sunni Ali’s son was declared 2. In 1492 Sunni Ali’s son was declared ruler of Songhai.ruler of Songhai.

3. A leader named Askia Mohammed, 3. A leader named Askia Mohammed, defeated Sunni Ali’s son and he became defeated Sunni Ali’s son and he became the ruler of the Songhai empire. the ruler of the Songhai empire.

C. Askia’s OrganizationC. Askia’s Organization 1. Askia Mohammad’s greatest achievment was 1. Askia Mohammad’s greatest achievment was

organizing the government of the Songhai empire.organizing the government of the Songhai empire.

2. He divided Songhai into provinces and 2. He divided Songhai into provinces and appointed governors, directors of finance and appointed governors, directors of finance and agriculture, army and navy, and set up an agriculture, army and navy, and set up an organized tax system. organized tax system.

3. The rule of Askia Muhammed spread Islam 3. The rule of Askia Muhammed spread Islam throughout the empire, but in rural areas Islamic throughout the empire, but in rural areas Islamic beliefs continued to blend with traditional beliefs continued to blend with traditional religious beliefs.religious beliefs.

D. Songhai FailsD. Songhai Fails 1. Askia Muhammed’s son removed his father from 1. Askia Muhammed’s son removed his father from

the throne.the throne.

2. The rulers of Songhai after Askia were weak.2. The rulers of Songhai after Askia were weak.

3. In the 1580’s the army of Moracco raided the 3. In the 1580’s the army of Moracco raided the Songhai salt lines. Songhai salt lines.

4. Moroccan forces captured Timbuktu and Gao.4. Moroccan forces captured Timbuktu and Gao.

5. Soon after that the Songhai empire collapsed, 5. Soon after that the Songhai empire collapsed, but most West Africans, living in kinship groups but most West Africans, living in kinship groups in agricultural villages continued their lives as in agricultural villages continued their lives as much as before. much as before.

CENTRAL CENTRAL AND AND

SOUTHERN SOUTHERN AFRICAAFRICA

A. The Growth of Coastal Trading CitiesA. The Growth of Coastal Trading Cities 1. East Africans exported ivory, gold, iron, timber 1. East Africans exported ivory, gold, iron, timber

and slaves in the Indian Ocean Trade. and slaves in the Indian Ocean Trade.

2. The language of Swahili developed from a 2. The language of Swahili developed from a Bantu language that incorporated Arabic words.Bantu language that incorporated Arabic words.

B. Empires Built on Gold and TradeB. Empires Built on Gold and Trade 1. Both Great Zimbabwe and Mutapa became 1. Both Great Zimbabwe and Mutapa became

wealthy and powerful as a result of the taxes wealthy and powerful as a result of the taxes they levied on the gold that passed through they levied on the gold that passed through their territory.their territory.

2. According to oral tradition the Mutota 2. According to oral tradition the Mutota Empire was founded by a traveler named Empire was founded by a traveler named Mutota who found it while searching for new Mutota who found it while searching for new sources of salt. sources of salt.

C. The Kongo KingdomC. The Kongo Kingdom 1. The positions of dukes and counts were 1. The positions of dukes and counts were

created to replace the former hierarchy of the created to replace the former hierarchy of the Kongo government.Kongo government.

2. Relations between Portugal and Kongo 2. Relations between Portugal and Kongo became strained when Portugal’s desire for became strained when Portugal’s desire for enslaved Africans grew.enslaved Africans grew.

Interaction between Africans and Arabs Interaction between Africans and Arabs led to the development of Swahili and the led to the development of Swahili and the adoption of Islam by middle class towns adoption of Islam by middle class towns people, wealthy merchants, and people, wealthy merchants, and government officials. In addition, Islamic government officials. In addition, Islamic ideas influenced governments. ideas influenced governments.

Great Zimbabwe demanded tribute in gold Great Zimbabwe demanded tribute in gold from weaker rulers surrounding it.from weaker rulers surrounding it.