Homeostasis of the body -...
Transcript of Homeostasis of the body -...
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HomeostasisHomeostasis
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GlossaryGlossary
�� Maintain Maintain –– keep up.keep up.
�� Constant Constant –– the same.the same.
�� Internal Internal –– inside the body.inside the body.
Environment Environment –– surroundings of the body.surroundings of the body.�� Environment Environment –– surroundings of the body.surroundings of the body.
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What is Homeostasis?What is Homeostasis?
�� Body cells work best if they have the correctBody cells work best if they have the correct
�� TemperatureTemperature
�� Water levelsWater levels
�� Glucose concentrationGlucose concentration�� Glucose concentrationGlucose concentration
�� Your body has mechanisms to keep the cells in a Your body has mechanisms to keep the cells in a
constant environment.constant environment.
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What is Homeostasis?What is Homeostasis?
The maintenance of a The maintenance of a
constant environment constant environment constant environment constant environment
in the body is called in the body is called
HomeostasisHomeostasis
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Controlling body temperatureControlling body temperature
�� All mammals maintain a constant body All mammals maintain a constant body
temperature.temperature.
�� Human beings have a body temperature of Human beings have a body temperature of
about 37about 37ººC.C.about 37about 37ººC.C.
�� E.g. If your body is in a hot environment your body E.g. If your body is in a hot environment your body
temperature is 37temperature is 37ººCC
�� If your body is in a cold environment your body If your body is in a cold environment your body
temperature is still 37temperature is still 37ººCC
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Controlling body temperatureControlling body temperature
�� Animals with a large surface area compared to Animals with a large surface area compared to
their volume will lose heat faster than animals their volume will lose heat faster than animals
with a small surface area.with a small surface area.
Volume = _______
Surface area = ______
Volume : Surface area
ratio = ___________
Volume = _______
Surface area = ______
Volume : Surface area
ratio = ___________
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Controlling body temperatureControlling body temperature
Volume : Surface
area ratio = 1:6
Volume : Surface
area ratio = 1:5area ratio = 1:6 area ratio = 1:5
For every 1 unit
of heat made,
heat is lost out
of 6 sides
For every 1 unit
of heat made,
heat is lost out
of 5 sides
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Controlling body temperatureControlling body temperature
Volume : Surface
area ratio = 1:6
Volume : Surface
area ratio = 1:5area ratio = 1:6 area ratio = 1:5
The bigger the
Volume : Surface Area ratio
is, the faster heat will be lost.
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Penguins huddling to keep warmPenguins huddling to keep warm
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What mechanisms are there to cool What mechanisms are there to cool
the body down?the body down?
1.1. SweatingSweating
�� When your body is hot, sweat glands are When your body is hot, sweat glands are
stimulated to release sweat.stimulated to release sweat.
�� The liquid sweat turns into a gas (it evaporates)The liquid sweat turns into a gas (it evaporates)
�� To do this, it needs heat.To do this, it needs heat.
�� It gets that heat from your skin.It gets that heat from your skin.
�� As your skin loses heat, it cools down.As your skin loses heat, it cools down.
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Sweating
The
skin
The
skin
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What mechanisms are there to What mechanisms are there to coolcool
the body down?the body down?
2.2. VasodilationVasodilation
�� Your blood carries most of the heat energy Your blood carries most of the heat energy
around your body.around your body.
�� There are capillaries underneath your skin that There are capillaries underneath your skin that
can be filled with blood if you get too hot.can be filled with blood if you get too hot.
�� This brings the blood closer to the surface of This brings the blood closer to the surface of
the skin so more heat can be lost.the skin so more heat can be lost.
�� This is why you look red when you are hot!This is why you look red when you are hot!
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If the temperature
This means more heat is lost from the surface of the skin
If the temperature
rises, the blood
vessel dilates (gets
bigger).
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What mechanisms are there to What mechanisms are there to warmwarm the the
body up?body up?
1.1. VasoconstrictionVasoconstriction
�� This is the opposite of vasodilationThis is the opposite of vasodilation
�� The capillaries underneath your skin get The capillaries underneath your skin get �� The capillaries underneath your skin get The capillaries underneath your skin get
constricted (shut off).constricted (shut off).
�� This takes the blood away from the surface of This takes the blood away from the surface of
the skin so less heat can be lost.the skin so less heat can be lost.
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If the temperature
This means less heat is lost from the surface of the skin
If the temperature
falls, the blood
vessel constricts
(gets shut off).
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What mechanisms are there to warm the What mechanisms are there to warm the
body up?body up?
2.2. PiloerectionPiloerection
�� This is when the hairs on your skin “stand This is when the hairs on your skin “stand
up” .up” .
�� It is sometimes called “goose bumps” or It is sometimes called “goose bumps” or
“chicken skin”!“chicken skin”!
�� The hairs trap a layer of air next to the skin The hairs trap a layer of air next to the skin
which is then warmed by the body heatwhich is then warmed by the body heat
�� The air becomes an insulating layer.The air becomes an insulating layer.
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Controlling Glucose levelsControlling Glucose levels
�� Your cells also need an exact level of glucose in Your cells also need an exact level of glucose in the blood. the blood.
�� Excess glucose gets turned into glycogen in the Excess glucose gets turned into glycogen in the liverliverliverliver
�� This is regulated by 2 hormones (chemicals) This is regulated by 2 hormones (chemicals) from the from the pancreaspancreas called:called:
InsulinInsulin
GlucagonGlucagon
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If there is too
much glucose in
the blood,
Insulin converts
some of it to
Glycogen
some of it to
glycogen
Glucose in the blood
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If there is not
enough glucose
in the blood,
Glucagon
converts some
Glycogen
converts some
glycogen into
glucose.
Glucose in the blood
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DiabetesDiabetes
�� Some people do not produce enough insulin.Some people do not produce enough insulin.
�� When they eat food, the glucose levels in their When they eat food, the glucose levels in their
blood cannot be reduced.blood cannot be reduced.
�� This condition is known as DIABETES.This condition is known as DIABETES.�� This condition is known as DIABETES.This condition is known as DIABETES.
�� Diabetics sometimes have to inject insulin into Diabetics sometimes have to inject insulin into
their blood. They have to be careful of their their blood. They have to be careful of their
diet.diet.
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Glucose
Concentration
Insulin is produced
and glucose levels
fall to normal
again.
Glucose levels rise
after a meal.
Normal
TimeMeal eaten
Normal
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Glucose
Concentration
Insulin is not
produced so
Glucose levels rise
after a meal.
Diabetic
Time
Meal eaten
produced so
glucose levels stay
high
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Glycogen
But there is no
insulin to convert
it into glycogen.
Glucose
concentration rises
to dangerous
levels.
The glucose in the
blood increases.
Glucose in the blood
it into glycogen.
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Controlling water levelsControlling water levels
�� The control of water levels is carried out by the The control of water levels is carried out by the
KIDNEYS.KIDNEYS.
�� It is closely linked to the excretion of urea.It is closely linked to the excretion of urea.
�� Urea is a waste product that is made when the Urea is a waste product that is made when the �� Urea is a waste product that is made when the Urea is a waste product that is made when the
LIVER breaks down proteins that are not LIVER breaks down proteins that are not
needed by the body.needed by the body.
�� Urea contains the element Nitrogen.Urea contains the element Nitrogen.
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The kidneysThe kidneys
The kidneys “clean” the blood of waste products and control how much water is kept in the body. The waste products and water make up urine which is excreted via the ureter.which is excreted via the ureter.
“Dirty” blood enters the kidney through the renal artery. Then, several things happen to clean the blood...
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Blood enters the tubule area in a capillary.
The capillary forms a small “knot” near the kidney tubule.
The blood is filtered so all the
1. Filtration
The blood is filtered so all the small particles go into the tubule.
The capillary then carries on to run next to the tubule.
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The kidney tubule now contains lots of blood components including:
Glucose:Ions:Ions:Water:Urea:
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2. Reabsorb sugar
The body needs to have sugar in the blood for cells to use in respiration. So all the sugar is reabsorbed back into the capillary.
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2. Reabsorb sugar
The body needs to have sugar in the blood for cells to use in respiration. So all the sugar is reabsorbed back into the capillary.
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3. Reabsorb water
Water and ions are the next to be absorbed. It depends on how much is needed by the body.
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3. Reabsorb water
Water and ions are the next to be absorbed. It depends on how much is needed by the body.
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Reabsorbing water
If you have too little water in your blood, you will
If you have too much water in your blood, you will blood, you will
produce very concentrated urine.
(very little water in it)
blood, you will produce very dilute urine.
(lots of water in it)
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5. Excrete the waste
Everything that is left in the kidney tubule is waste:
•All the urea•Excess water
This waste is called urine. It is excreted via the ureter and is stored in the bladder.
The “clean” blood leaves the kidney in the renal vein.
Renal vein
Ureter
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Summary of urine productionSummary of urine production
�� Urea is a waste product made in the Urea is a waste product made in the LIVERLIVER
�� Water content of the body is controlled in the Water content of the body is controlled in the
KIDNEYSKIDNEYS
�� Urea, water and other waste makes up Urea, water and other waste makes up URINEURINE..�� Urea, water and other waste makes up Urea, water and other waste makes up URINEURINE..
�� Urine travels down the Urine travels down the URETERURETER and is stored and is stored
in the in the BLADDERBLADDER
�� Urine is excreted through the Urine is excreted through the URETHRAURETHRA..
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