Home sweet home? – dusty surprises under the bed

7/31/2019 Home sweet home? dusty surprises under the bed

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Report

Home sweet home?

dusty surprises under the bed


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2

Pac 3

Sa 4

Ic 5

M a aal 8

Rl 11

Dc 13

T S Sc Na Cva

ca a a 16

Fac x 18

Rc 20

Ax I 24

Ax II 30

Ax III 33

Ax IV 35

Ax V 39

Ax VI 43Ax VII 45

Content

Text:Ylva Grudd, David Gunnarsson och Andreas PrevodnikLayout: Ingela Espmark

ISBN: 978-91-558-0069-7Tryckeritta 45, Stockholm 2011

Procuced with economic support from Sida. Sida has not participated in the production of thepublication and has not evaluated the facts or opinions that are expressed.


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Home sweet home? dusty surprises under the bed

3

Preace

In the supposed saety o the home, there are toxic surprises.

Ordinary household dust, namely, acts as a reservoir or

many environmental pollutants. Chemical compounds may

be long lived in the indoor environment, where the air is dry,

and UV light, and large amounts o degrading microbes are

missing. Metals cannot be degraded, just like in the outdoor

v. Ivga c ccal

dust, have demonstrated the diversity o chemicals

occurring in our homes. Involuntari ly, we live in a complex

cckal ccal, cqc c a

be seen. Many o the chemicals in the cocktail are also likely

to interact with one another. Eects may be added, or

g a c (.. gc c).

In this study, just as in earlier ones, we ound a large

number o endocrine (hormone) disrupting chemicals. Te

dust samples were rom 12 countries all over the globe.

H gla vg g. Tare crucial to metabolism, the nervous system, and

reproduction. Hormones are usually active at very low

cca a g a a. T a

goes or hormone disrupting chemicals (so called endocrine

disruptors) that mimic hormones, or inhibit hormone

production. Because o this, even low concentrations o

endocrine disruptors in the external environment, may have

av c a a ga.

Aa llag v ccal

( l ), a ac a

many o the chemicals are endocrine disruptors, with

known combination eects, the Swedish Society or Nature

Cva (SSNC) a glg ag

current risk assessment methodology applied by authorities

worldwide. Te shortages are particularly remarkable when

it comes to endocrine disrupters, and chemicals with

combination eects. Te present standardized test

methodology with high exposure concentrations and short

x a g c

disruption, which may occur at very low concentrations,

a a l a a cll ag l

ccl ga.

F a cal v a ak alzal

to test many dierent chemicals in a short time, other

methodologies than animal tests are required. Highest

priority should be given to research aiming to improve cell-

based methods, and computer simulation models. SSNC

also shows that there is already a simple mathematic model

available or taking combination eects rom chemicals

cg ac ca

the dose addition model a model that could immediately

a k a.

F, REACH

ak acc vala

ccal. SSNC a gg al a.

T ag lc c

a cl v val. Allrisk assessments need to be based on a child perspective.

Known or suspected hormone disruptors should be banned

a c, accac caa cl.

SSNC is o the opinion that Sweden, with this as a starting

, a a ccal lc

EU a aall. T ll ca

c, a ll l aqa c

in Sweden earlier. Endocrine disruptors in notorious groups

o chemicals such as brominated ame retardants,

phthalates and organouorine chemicals need to be

gla qckl. T a

bed they can potentially harm your children, and their

ability o getting children in the uture. Tis is unacceptable.

Mkal Kal

P S Sc Na Cva


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4

Summary

H all T

a a a l lkg

beds. Ordinary balls o dust contain a cocktail o chemicals.

Several o them are known environmental toxicants that

can aect our endocrine system, as individual chemicals or

ca a.

Te Swedish Society or Nature Conservation has shown

in this study that a large number o chemicals are present in

ordinary household dust around the world. Te dust

al ca 12 c: S Aca, azaa,

Kenya, Uganda, the Philippines, Malaysia, Sweden,

Belgium, Germany, the Czech Republic, Hungary and Italy.

Household dust has a chemical content that varies between

dierent sites, and also over time at the same site. However,

our study is limited to providing a snapshot o the situation

a alg .

On the basis o the results, we discuss deciencies o-a k a a al

k a l a x. W al a

a v a c ccal

problem. Te model is based on what is known as the

concentration addition method, which takes greater account

o combination eects o chemicals, known as cocktail

eects. Using this methodology, we show that there is an

v al k aca c x

to phthalates both in the EU (the Czech Republic) and in the

Global South1 (the Philippines). Furthermore, the results

show that the level o bisphenol A (BPA) was very high in the

al Pl. I av ak

acc v val all cl.

Te report concludes with a number o recommendations

a a a call al EU ccal

regulation REACH and how it needs to be modied to

provide better protection against endocrine disruptors and

aza ccal.

It is alarming that chemicals with negative eects on the

environment and health that have long been known are

l a a

l. I a, lvl a ccalexceeded those previously measured in household dust. Te

majority o these chemicals are potential endocrine

disruptors and are produced by humans. Tey do not belong

in the environment and should not be in the dust in

!

1 Global South is a term used in the world o development assistance and relates to developingcountries and transition economies.


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5

Few o us reect on the act that our homes are ull o

chemicals not just household chemicals, cosmetics and

medicines, but also in building materials, paints and

varnishes, carpets, wallpapers, urniture, electronic

equipment, oods and much more besides. Some chemicals

are deliberately added, or example ame retardants in

urniture upholstery and electronics, or preservatives in

oods and chemical household products and cosmetics.

Other pollutants which people throughout the world

all a x a av al ,

all k a lla a lla a av l

a, cl a v

and that enter the home with these. Te diversity o

chemicals and the complexity o the mixtures are increasing

exponentially. Global production o chemicals increased

a ll 1930

million tonnes in 2001 (European Commission, 2001).Many o the chemicals that are in circulation in society have

l vga, av vga a

all. c c v a al.

We know even less about how chemicals interact in

la a al x.

Te breakdown o organic chemicals is very limited

indoors, because o oen dry air and the absence o UV light

and larger quantities o degrading microorganisms. Air

turnover in present-day well insulated buildings in cool

climates is also limited, which contributes to a long

turnaround time or chemicals in the indoor environment.

Exposure to certain chemicals indoors may thereore be

thousands o times greater than outdoors (Smith, 1988).

Ca ccal a l a,

or example PCBs2 , are now declining in the external

v a , a ll

v, c ak ala ll

indoor air and polluted dust an increasingly important

x (V, 2001; Haa al., 2006).

Te dust we have analysed comes rom home

environments and is ,in the remainder o this report,

reerred to as household dust. It is a heterogeneousmaterial made up o various size ractions, or example hair

and akes o skin (rom humans and pets), viruses, bacteria,

ll, l, , , a, l acl, xl ,

abraded material rom urniture and other household items

a (Paac al., 1997). T ac

a a v ccal v

a c ccal c l a all

exposed in the home (Abb et al., 2009). Polluted dust can be

inhaled, ingested as it is deposited on oods, and when

cl jc ,

k, g c a-ll ccal

a a.

Ex ccal c

time we spend indoors. In industrial ised and rich countries,

l 90% (B al.,

1994; Mlav al., 1997). I cla a a

is like in developing countries and transition economies.

Age is another actor that dictates how much time we spend

indoors. Young children spend more time in the home than

adults (Geens et al., 2009). Other inuencing actors are

linked to physiology and behaviour. Children spend a lot o cl a cac ac

2 Polychlorinated biphenyl ethers (there are many variants).

Introduction

Facts box:

Where do the chemicals end up indoors?

A number o chemicals, or example most heavy metals, end up inthe dust with particulates. Volatile organic compounds may leavethe objects in which they were originally present and createequilibria between the indoor air, the objects, and dust particles.Equilibrium in this context means that the chemical reaches abalance in the rate at which it leaves the object and changes intogaseous orm and is then dissolved in dust, and the rate odissolving back rom dust to air and back to the object. Thisequilibrium is dynamic, and over time can result in varyingconcentrations o the chemical in the object, the air and dust,depending on temperature, air humidity and other actors in thehome. Flame retardants, PCBs, phthalates, triclosan and severalother preservatives, bisphenol A, PFOS and other perluorinatedsubstances and alkylphenols (e.g. nonylphenol), and manypesticides belong to the group o semi-volatile organic chemicals

(Wechsler and Nazaro, 2008). The semi-volatile organiccompounds have a tendency to change into gaseous orm, but thenreadily orm equilibria with dust.


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6

l, a g cl ql

have hand-to-mouth contact, which means that they

commonly ingest more dust than adults (Lorber, 2008,

J-R a Kaa, 2009; R al., 2009).

Cl k al a ac aa

in relation to volume is larger than that o adults (http://

www.dotpharmacy.co.uk/ upkids.html). Te potential skin

ak ccal cql ga a al

(Plankett et al., 1999), or example rom dust. Another

l ac cg ccal x

is household economics. A correlation between income and

exposure to brominated ame retardants was ound in a

Cala (Q- Alcal al., 2011). Pl

rom households with a low income were most exposed. Te

ga xla l a g

g l-c l al g

older and worn, or consisting o cheaper products o poorerquality. Te urnishings would consequently disperse more

ame retardants. Te possibility o household articles in

poor countries being o poorer quality and consequently

becoming worn more quickly cannot be ruled out. Te

acl a aac c lavl

ak ccal lgla a cl, a a

ca aza ccal.

Tere is a relatively large number o studies o the

ccal c l . T

dust collection, analysed dust ractions, and analytical

a, v, va a fcl ak

c ca l . T

, vl, gv a a ccal a

l a ag

concentrations. Comparative studies have sometimes been

made between dierent countries in a region (see or

example Santil lo et al., 2003), but to our knowledge no study

has been carried out with wider global coverage in which all

al av cllc a aal a

method. Te purpose o this study was to illustrate the

situation in countries in Arica, Asia and Europe. Asindividual households are included in the study, it is not

possible to decide whether they are representative o the

participating country or region concerned, but they can

provide a snapshot o what chemicals we can be expected to

x g l va a

the world. At the same time, we wish to draw attention, with

, v cckal ccal l

a x al a c cl ak

acc ca c a a ccka l.

Studied chemicals

A selection o chemicals hazardous to the environment and

health was analysed. Tese chemicals are capable, or are

suspected o being capable, o aecting the bodys endocrine

system, have known cocktail eects, or may occur in

household dust according to previously published dust

studies.Te chemicals can be broadly classied as described

al 1.

A al l aal l a c

provided in Annex I. Te act boxes contain urtherinormation about the chemicals that occurred at high levels

a a a c ga al

c c.

Cocktail eect

A combination eect, popularly known as a cocktail eect,

means that all chemicals in a mixture contribute to the

properties o the mixture, such as toxicity. Tis may appear

obvious, but to date it has almost always been the toxicity o

val ac cl x a a

lk a a a a a a

the aggregate eect. Several o the chemicals that have been

aal av k cckal c g

ccal. Ra a S

Society or Nature Conservations report Save the Men

(Nakg, 2011).


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7

Group o

chemicals

Properties

Brominated lame

retardants (PBDEs)

Very persistent in nature. Accumulate in organisms,

and many o them are capable, or are suspected obeing capable, o disrupting the body's endocrinesystem, and consequently, among other things,aecting ertility and causing cancer.

Polychlorinatedbiphenyl ethers(PCBs)

Very persistent in nature and several o them arecapable, or are suspected o being capable, odisrupting the body's endocrine system and, amongother things, aecting ertility and causing cancer.PCBs are also classiied as very toxic to aquaticorganisms.

Phthalates Break down easily in nature, but at least some othem can disrupt the bodys endocrine system andconsequently aect ertility. Some are classiied astoxic to reproduction, and are suspected o being

carcinogenic.Bisphenol A Accumulate in organisms due to chronic exposure

and disrupt the bodys endocrine system.Impairments o ertility and cancer are eects thathave been seen in animal studies.

Alkylphenols Persistent in nature and accumulate in organisms.Are to varying degrees endocrine disruptors andare capable, among other things, o aect ingertility.

Parabens Preservatives that are rapidly broken down in thebody, but which to varying degrees are endocrinedisruptors and consequently, among other things,can aect ertility. The most potent endocrinedisruptor parabens propyl- and butylparabens are

included in this study.Perluorinatedsubstances

Very persistent in nature and accumulate inorganisms. Animal studies have shown thatperluorinated substances can aect the immunesystem, the bodys endocrine system, birth weightand lead to deormities.

Pesticides Methoxychlor, Prochloraz and Vinclozolin candisrupt the body's endocrine system, with eectssuch as ertility impairments and cancer.

Heavy metals,includingmethylatedmercury

Metals are elements (cannot be broken down) andaccumulate in the environment, and in organisms.Heavy metals are highly toxic, and lead andcadmium, or example, are carcinogenic. Mercuryand methyl mercury damage the nervous system.

Table 1: Grouping o studied chemicals and

generalised properties


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8

B a , a v a a aa

published, or otherwise made public, on household dust

cca ccal a aal

. T cca a ala

Ax II. T aa a ca

l.

Data collection and descriptions o locations

All al aal cllc

, a a l

g 24- , glal a

a lavl qval a a glal cv. D

has been analysed rom bedrooms in six European countries

(all EU M Sa), c Aca a

countries in south-east Asia. Outside the EU, dust was

collected with the assistance o the Swedish Society or

Nature Conservations partners CAP3, EcoWaste Coallition4,Envirocare5, groundWork6, iLima7 and NAPE8. Te Swedish

Society or Nature Conservation has collaborated with

ChemSec9 and its networks to carry out the collection o

E. Pacag Ea gaza a:

AMICA10 in Italy, Bund11 in Germany, HEAL12 (Health

Environmental Alliance) and EPHA13 (European Public

3 CAP is a Malaysian organisation that works on consumer issues (http://consumer.org.my/index.php/homepage/about-us).4 EcoWaste Coallition is a Philippine network o organisations that work on chemical issues andwaste management (www.ecowastecoalition.org).5 Envirocare is a Tanzanian environmental organisation that works on chemical issues, linked amongother things to textile production (www.envirocaretz.org).6 groundWork is a South Arican environmental organisation that works on issues concerningchemical saety and implementation o international chemical conventions nationally and regionallyin Arica (www.www.groundwork.org.za)7 iLima is a Kenyan environmental organisation that works on implementation o internationalchemical conventions in the country and to eliminate heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants,or instance in cosmetics (www.ilimakenya.org).8 NAPE is a Ugandan environmental organisation that works or the implementation o internationalchemical conventions in the country and oers capacity support to many other environmentalorganisations in Uganda (ww w.nape.or.ug).9 ChemSec is a subsidiary organisation o the Swedish Society or Nature Conservation, with the EUas its principal platorm. ChemSec works on political lobbying with regard to chemicals and assistingcompanies to anticipate legislation in the phasing-out o chemically harmul to the environment andhealth (www.chemsec.org).10 AMICA, Association or Chronic Diseases o intoxication and / or Environmental, unded in 2003with the aim o promoting knowledge and awareness about health problems caused by exposureto electromagnetic elds, environmental chemicals and products in common use. (http://www.inoamica.it).11 BUND (Friends o the Earth Germany) is a non-prot, non-partisan, and non-conessional ederal

grassroots NGO (http://www.bund.net).12 HEAL Health environmental alliance is a not-or-prot organisation addressing how theenvironment aects health in the European Union (http://www.env-health.org/).13 EPHA, is a member-led organisation, made up o public health NGOs, patient groups, healthproessionals, and disease groups working together to improve health and strengthen the voice opublic health in Europe (http://www.epha.org/).

Health Alliance) in Belgium, Levego14 (Clean Air Action

Group) in Hungary and SSL15 (Society or Sustainable

lvg) Czc Rlc.

T al Ax III ca a c

alg a Ax IV ga .

Te bedrooms had not been vacuum-cleaned or a week,

a a cllc a a , a ll

as on beds, using identical handheld vacuum cleaners and

identical lter bags at all sites. Te lters containing the

cllc lac a al

oil at all the sampling sites to prevent inuence o UV light,

and in identical plastic bags, and were sent to the laboratory.

Tree samples per bedroom were taken in each country and

were then pooled to produce one sample per country, as this

reduces the risk o sample loss in transport and provides

more true results or the bedroom concerned. In Kenya, the

collection o dust was in part carried out dierently, asal ak

Na. T al al l.

Analytical methods

All aal ca E Ev

Lidkping, Sweden. Eurons analysed ame retardants,

BPA, the metals and the PCBs; the SOFIA laboratory in

Bl ala, l, aa a c.

A ll a ackagg aal c

dust was transported and the lters with which the dust

samples were collected, were analysed. Tese samples served

as blank samples, used to establish whether the analysed

chemicals might have been added to the dust rom the lters

a ackagg aal, a c.

A list o the extraction methods and standardised

aalcal laa ll l

( al 2).

14 Clean air action gr oup Hungary is one o the be st-known environmental NGOs in Hungary. Foun-ded in 1988 by three local green groups, it is now a national ederation o 120 NGOs (http://www.levego.hu/en/about_us).15 The Society or Sustainable Living (SSL) was established in September 1992 on the initiative oJose Vavrouek (the rst Environment Minister Czechoslovakia) as a voluntary, non-governmental,non-prot organization (http://www.stuz.cz/).

Methods and materials


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9

Estimation o exposure161718192021

T a l a la al

qa a cl a al ak g

al g a ala .

Table 3: Type o exposure, daily intake o dust and

reerences

Type o exposure Unit [mg dust/day] Reerence

Unintentionalingestion, children

20-200 See reerences inOomen et al., 2008

Unintentionalingestion, adults

0.56-100 See reerences inOomen et al., 2008

Inhalation, children 0.15- 0.34 Maertens et al., 2004

Inhalation, adults 0.81 Maertens et al., 2004

As can be seen rom able 3, unintentional ingestion

acc al ak . T S

Society or Nature Conservation thereore disregards

ala aal aa. Ia al

16 Gas chromatograph linked to a mass spectrometer17 Gas chromatograph with fame ionisation detector18 Gas chromatograph with fuorescence detector19 Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry20 Atomic fuorescence spectrophotometry21 By what is known is triple quadrupole mass spectrometry

lacking on how much dust is deposited dai ly on the skin, but

this exposure route is probably o less signicance than

g a ala.

Te exposure estimates in this report are, thereore,

a vlal g (a 200 g/a).

W c calcla a cl a a

high daily intake o dust, in order to take account o the most

v val (a a acv l calg

a cl a ). A a ga

a vl, a a a cal l

sensitive to exposure to chemicals. We assume that 100% o

ccal g ak ,

c a lca al, a a a

a ac ca lcla.

Daily exposure (daily intake (DI)) or the chemicals

v a calcla g

llg la:

Daily exposure/Daily intake = (involuntarily ingested dust x

measured concentration in dust sample)/body weight

We have chosen 7 kg as the weight o children in the

calculations o daily exposure, which is equivalent to a baby

around 7 months old. At this age active toddlers are starting

Table 2: Chemical, standardised test, extraction method and analytical method.

Chemical(number o varieties) Standard test Extraction method Analytical method

Phthalates (12) SF09B ethyl acetate & acetone GC-MS10

Bisphenol (BPA) GF059 methylbenzene ollowed by derivatisation GC-MS

Flame retardants (PBDEs) (24) CYR22 Soxhlet extraction with methylbenzene GC-MS

Pesticides (3) PSF03 ethyl acetate GC-MS

PCBs (7) PCB7_F n-Hexane & acetone GC-MS11

Alkylphenols SF0VK distillation ollowed by derivitisation GC-MS

Methyl mercury Me-Hg distillation ollowed by aqueous GC-MS

phase ethylation GC12

Parabens (2) PSF01 ethyl acetate GC-MS

Pb (Lead) & Cd (Cadmium) - Micro wave assisted extraction with nitric acid& hydrogen peroxide

ICP-MS13

Metallic mercury (Hg) - nitric acid AFS14

Perluorinated substances (14) PFC_M methanol LC-MS-MS15


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10

to shufe orwards or crawl, and are at risk o taking in large

a ac.

Tolerable daily intake (TDI)

olerable daily intake (DI) indicates the quantity o a

chemical, usually in mg/kg body weight and day, that a

a caal akg g v

day throughout lie, without contracting adverse health

eects. Known DI values or the studied chemicals are

listed in Annex II. In cases where authorities have stipulated

DI values, these were primarily used or comparisons with

l . Daa lca

fcal DI avalal. T S Sc

or Nature Conservation is dubious about how the DI

val a , v a a a ag k

according to accepted methodology in toxicological

cx. Rk x calcla g llgla:

Risk index = (daily exposure + background exposure) / TDI

Accg DI, xc a

evident risk to human health, when the risk index is lessthan

1 (O al., 2008). A k ackg

x g ccal a

val lv al

were taken, it is likely that risk index underestimate the real

situation. As a precaution, we thereore choose to highlight

all samples and chemicals that have a risk index greater than

0.8 (a O al., 2008, ).

Cumulative risk assessment o phthalates

F ccal a ac a a, Kc al. (2001)

have proposed a new risk assessment model based on DIs.

Te risk index is calculated or each chemical with the same

ac a x. T k x

c a clav DI val accg la

l22:

TDIcumulatively summed

= ( (DI/TDI))*100

I this exceeds 100%, the tolerable daily intake o the

ccal x a xc.

In this report we have made such a calculation or the

ala BBP, DBP, DEHP a DINP. A DI, a

value above 100% means that the exposure is associated with

aal al k accg DI.

22 The Greek letter sigma is used in mathematical contexts to designate sum. DI is daily intake.


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11

T a l glg

S Sc Na Cva c

aaga. A al a l ca

Ax V (g x a al a

concentrations in the samples). Te table in Annex VI

contains an estimated daily exposure or a 7-month-old

a.

T cca aal ccal va

the dierent samples (see Annex V). Te individual sample

that diers most rom the others by consistently having high

lvl ccal Pl.

Te table in Annex VII lists the samples and sample

results that deviate rom the concentration ranges measured

in other studies. Te chemicals that exceed the levels in

previous studies are brominated diphenyl ethers (ame

retardants) and phthalates (plasticisers o plastics,

principally PVC), and the greatest deviations are in dustal Glal S, aclal al

Pl, al al Ugaa.

DINP was ound at a high level in the sample rom Hungary.

T a cca a aa

al x c S

a 349.4 g/kg, a 60.2 g/kg al

x EU M Sa.. T a cca

studied phthalates in the dust samples rom the six countries

Glal S a 684.8 g/kg, a 934.8 g/kg

al x EU M Sa.

Summed concentrations (reerred to below as cumulative

concentrations) or the studied brominated ame retardants

a ala calcla ac al a a

presented in Graphs 1A and 1B as relative values, normalised

against the samples with the lowest cumulative

concentrations (the sample rom Malaysia or the ame

aa; Ka ala). T clav

concentration o brominated ame retardant in the sample

Pl a a 10 000 ga

a al Malaa.

Results

Graph 1: A) Summed concentrations o studiedbrominated fame retardants.

1 = South Arica, 2 = Tanzania, 3 = Kenya, 4 = Uganda, 5 = Philippines,6 = Malaysia, 7 = Sweden, 8 = Germany, 9 = Belgium, 10 = Czech Republic,

11 = Hungary, 12 = Italy

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

12000

10000

8000

6000

4000

2000

0

Gra 1: B) Summed concentrations o studiedphthalates.


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12

Table 4 a: Daily exposure (intake) o phthalates rom dust, in relation to TDI values

and cumulatively summed TDI. Relates to the Philippine sample.

Phthalate Daily intake (DI) (g/kg/day) ,

Philippines, 7-month-old baby

Tolerable daily intake

(TDI) (g/kg/day)

% o TDI

BBP 0.77 500 0,15

DEHP 47.7 50 95.4

DINP 15.7 150 10,5

DBP 0.49 10 4.9


110.95

Table 4 b: Daily exposure (intake) o phthalates rom dust, in relation to TDI values

and cumulatively summed TDI. Relates to the Czech sample.

Phthalate Daily intake (DI) (g /kg/day) ,

Czech Republic, 7-month-oldbaby

Tolerable daily intake

(TDI) (g/kg/day)

% o TDI

BBP 13.7*10-3 500 0.0027

DEHP 13.4 50 26.8

DINP 0 150 0

DBP 8.29 10 83


109.8


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13

With this study, the Swedish Society or Nature

Conservation has shown that a series o hazardous

chemicals are to be ound in ordinary household dust

a l. I val ca cca

higher than reported previously (see the table in Annex VII).

Te majority o the chemicals are potential hormone

disruptors, and are produced by humans. Many have

documented combination eects. Tey do not belong in the

environment and should not to be present in the dust in our

bedrooms. Tis shows how unsustainable our chemical-

v c a.

T al clx ccal

cckal a x al. W av l a a

small number o chemicals in dust. Te dust samples

probably contain ar more. It is known that combination

eects may exist or some o the groups o chemicals ound,

or example phthalates, and it can be guessed that manymore chemicals in the dust might have combination eects,

including eects that are not solely additive. Te results

provide a snapshot o the situation at the sampling sites, and

have, urthermore, been used to shed light on the deciencies

-a k a.

In the report Save the Men (Naturskyddsreningen,

2011), c S Sc Na Cva

g 2011, c k l

the endocrine system or a number o unctions in the body.

Tis applies to everything rom reproduction (physiology

and behaviour), the development o the nervous system (see

or example Ahmed et al., 2008); Nunez et al., 2008) to

metabolism (see or example Moller et al., 2009; Vijajyakumar

et al., 2010). In addition, we gave examples o endocrine

disrupting chemicals, particularly those that have an

oestrogenic23 or anti-androgenic24 action. Studying the

c ccal l

a l a a a a .

Central to toxicological risk assessment since the late

1950 cc DI, qval cc c a

ADI (Accal Dal Iak) a RD (Rc D).T cc a acal l Ccl

23 Oestrogen is a sex hormone with a eminising action24 Anti-androgenic means that the eect o the male sex hormone testosterone is counteracted

Europe, and later by the UN Joint Expert Committee on

Food Additives (JECFA), the US Food and Drug

Aa (FDA), US Eval Pc

Agency (US EPA), the European Food Saety Authority

(EFSA), as well as several other authorities around the world

(Vazz, 1987; Gall al., 2008). lal al ak

(DI) ca qa a ccal, all g/

kg g a a, c a a caal

akg g v a g l

without it acquiring any adverse health eects.

Unortunately there are no ofcial DI values or a large

number o important chemical compounds, including

brominated ame retardants which are commonly

occurring environmental pollutants globally (see, or

example, de Wit, 2003; de Wit et al., 2006; de Wit et al.,

2010). I 2005 a FAO/WHO x c ccl

that the inormation on brominated ame retardants is tooca v DI val (F al., 2009). T

akal, call a g ccal c

ll c al c a a aa. T

Swedish Society or Nature Conservation is, in general, very

sceptical about how DI values are set (see discussion

below), but in the absence o other reerence values, they

have been used in our assessment o the aggregate exposure

ala.

O calcla a x val

ccal g all ca l cv

DI values (see the tables in Annex II and VI), although the

DEHP content in the dust sample orm the Philippines, and

DBP Czc Rlc. qval a al ak

a k x a 0.8 lal ak.

However, the reality is ar more complicated as there is

simultaneous exposure to tens o thousands o dierent

ccal a ca all ac xcg xc

c. Cql,, aal a vg a

g DI a la aal a

o the risk. Based on available knowledge, the Swedish

Society or Nature Conservation, thereore, wishes topropose a modied risk assessment method, exemplied

c a l.

Most o the evidence suggests that chemicals with the

Discussion


14/48


14

same mode o action in a mixture act according to the

concentration addition model, where each chemical

c xc x

its share in the mixture (Borget et al., 2004; Brian et al.,

2005; Matthiessen and Johnson, 2007). Tere are, thus,

simple methods or estimating combination eects o

ccal. I l l al a cc la

to the concentration addition model to DI, as described in

the methods section above. We exempliy this with the

chemical group o phthalates. Te phthalates we have

chosen to collate -BBP, DBP, DEHP and DINP -all have well

documented anti-androgenic eects (Boberg et al., 2011;

Ga al., 2000; Mlc al., 1999). T a a

they disrupt sex hormone regulated unctions in men or

al aal. Exal c c a aa (a

c a

penis) and cryptorchidism (where the testis has not migrated c aal cav

inguinal canal). Based on common modes o action, we have

made a concentration addition calculation or the phthalates

mentioned. Each phthalate contributes to the total daily

exposure (the measure o cumulative DI) in proportion to

its share o the DI o the substance, exemplied by the

Philippine and Czech samples in able 4. Te total phthalate

exposure o a 7-month-old baby weighing 7 kg then exceeds

100 %25 DI ( Pl (110.95 %, al 4

a), a Czc Rlc (109.8 %, al 4 ). W

can thus show with this methodology, which is also

c cc la (Kc al., 2011), a

lvl x xc a c k-

a cl c. T clal

not just the need or improved risk assessment methodology,

but also that the presence o endocrine disruptors, especially

phthalates, must be reduced. Denmark is a pioneering

country in this respect. Its Minister o the Environment,

Karen Ellemann, wants to prohibit the importing and

production o ar ticles containing the endocrine disrupting

phthalates BBP, DBP, DEHP and DIBP, with reerence totheir combination eects. Te Government is pursuing the

25 I this value exceeds 100 %, the tolerable daily intake o the chemicals in the mixture has beenexceeded and there is an evident risk to health

q aall Dak a g EU

ccal agc ECHA a EU lvl ( ://..

k/g/N/M_la c a a aga_

our_dangerous_phthalates.htm). I the ban is implemented,

it would be the rst time in history that chemicals have been

a ca ca c.

In a corresponding manner it should be possible to group

brominated ame retardants and their breakdown products

according to oestrogenic (see or example Legler et al ., 2003;

Stoker et al., 2005; Li lienthal et al., 2006; Liu et a l., 2011) and

-g ( xal Lgl al.,

2003; Kuriyama et al., 2007; seng et al., 2008; Messer, 2010)

mechanisms in risk assessments. However, there are no DI

values or dierent PBDEs at present. It should also be

possible to group bisphenols in risk assessments. Bisphenol

A, F and S (with certain derivatives26), or example, are

oestrogenic and anti-androgenic (see or example Satosh etal., 2004; K-Na al., 2005). T a lg

term, should be to conduct a cumulative risk assessment or

as many chemical substances and modes o action as

l.

Tere are also other problems with endocrine disruptors

than cocktail eects. In our study, we have made a

conservative assessment based on ocially established DI

values. However, the standardised experimental animal

a all l DI val a g

evaluate eects o endocrine disruptors. Tese methods are

usually short-term experiments with high levels o exposure.

H a, v, acv a v l cca

(o the order o pg/l or ng/l 27), and may have cumulative and

la c a a val la ag l (L

et al., 2005; Matthiessen and Johnson, 2007). Te

relationship between dose and eect is also difcult to

predict or endocrine disruptors (Ge et al., 2007). High

priority, thereore, needs to be given to develop methods

a a caal g v

va c . I g

26 A chemical derivative is a chemical that can be created rom another one (parent substance) bynew chemical groups being added to the latter. This can take place articially, when new chemicalsare created in the manuacturing process, or naturally when chemicals are broken down in nature.27 1 pg = 1/1 000 000 000 000 gram ; 1 ng = 1/1 000 000 000 gram


15/48


15

a aal x av a cca

ound to be relevant or predicting eects on humans28. It is

also highly desirable to improve the cell-based methods or

toxicity tests on endocrine disruptors. Tis is also under way

in, or example, the large project oxicity or the 21st

c (Skla al., 2010; Baacaa al., 2011). A

ll a cal ac (lag-cal a ga-

animal experiments can be avoided), such methods make it

possible to test a ar larger number o chemicals and in a

signicantly shorter time, with the ambition to provide

more relevant results than animal experiments with respect

to human toxicity. Cell cultures may, however, have a poorer

ability to metabolise chemicals (Coecke et al., 2006). Te

substance is sometimes not an endocrine disruptor in itsel,

but one o its breakdown products is, which means that cell

cl a al c c g c. I

a, a cll cl ca clx the communication that takes place between dierent parts

a c (OC a Ca, 2003). A

certain receptors in endocrine systems can bind many

dierent types o chemicals, it is also difcult to create

unctioning computer-based models or endocrine systems.

Te ambition with the new test methods is, however, to

vc .

We can use the chemical BPA as an example o the

problems mentioned above. It is known that dose-response

curves or BPA do not ollow linear relations (see or example

Vadenberg et al.,2006; Wadia et a l., 2007). It is, consequently,

not possible based on observations o exposure to a

particular dose to predict what happens at lower doses,

which has long been regarded as a undamental principle o

xclg. T EFSA a US EPA av DI

BPA a 0.05 g/kg a a, c a v g val

v ac a val av c

disrupting eects o BPA exposure in the order o ng/kg and

day (see or example FAO/WHO, 2010; Carbaton et al., 2011;

Loganathan and Kannan, 2011). Te daily exposure level or

the dust sample rom the Philippines corresponds to thecca a av c c

28 Small dierences in kinetics (that is to say, uptake o chemicals in the body, distribution, conver-sion, excretion), hormone systems etc., can lead to dierent results in dierent species.

aal x ( Lgaaa a Kaa, 2011).

Even though the daily BPA intake rom dust ingestion is

estimated to be less than 1% o the total BPA intake

(Loganathan and Kannn, 2011), the exposure is o the same

ag a a c ac x aal.

Dust ingestion, as mentioned, is only one o the many

exposure routes or a chemical. All exposure routes add

together to give the total daily intake o a particular

chemical. We know or phthalates that dust ingestion in

ca ag g, a ca ala ( xal

DEHP a BBP), ca acc a lavl lag a

al ak, l x ( ak,

ala, k ak c.) a a

phthalates, and can also vary between age groups (Wormuth

et al., 2006). Young children probably take in at least as

much phthalates rom other sources, which adds to the total

x.As mentioned earlier, our calculation shows that the

aggga x ala DEHP, BBP, DBP a

DINP rom dust exceeds 100% o summed cumulative DI

a a cl alg . Ta , a aal

k. I acc aall ak all x

or the studied chemicals, and o the act that they may have

combination eects across the groups o chemicals (or

example phthalates with ame retardants), the picture o

k g.

Some dust samples had a signicantly higher

cca al al c a .

T al azaa a Ka a g lvl

lead. One may speculate on the reason or this. In many

c S a c lvl

o lead in paints, which has caused SAICM29 to make Lead

Pa a lc aa ( call gg lc

issue). Te dust sample rom anzania comes rom a room

with painted walls. Calculations o daily intake o lead rom

these dust samples showed, however, that the DI is not

xc. I g a lvl l c

29 SAICM stands or Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management, and is global policywork under the auspices o the UN. It is intended to ensure that all production and use o chemicalsby 2020 takes place in such a way that harm to the environment and health is minimised. See www.saicm.org.


16/48


16

Te Swedish Society or Nature Conservation ully supports

a Da Gv a BBP, DBP,

DEMP and DIBP in articles on the EU market, both in

articles produced in the EU, and in imported goods. We urge

the Swedish Government to lend its ull support to Denmark

, a c a S a a

l.

T S Sc Na Cva

the ollowing in order to improve risk assessment or

endocrine disrupting chemicals in the EU (and or chemicals

gal)30:

MethodologymustbeestablishedinREACH31 and other

chemicals legislation in the EU or the evaluation o

endocrine disrupting chemicals and what levels o

uncertainty are acceptable in the evaluations. In the

absence o standardised tests or eects o endocrinedisrupting chemicals, it is o the greatest importance that

account is taken o all available knowledge. Greater

emphasis must be put here on independent university

ac. Pacla ca gv

c l- x, l aa

c x avalal. W klg a

nature o the endocrine systems, it is particularly

important to apply the precautionary principle to

endocrine disrupting chemicals, which under

ca a -ca claca a a

aval ac.

Iftherearedatashowingorsuggestingthatchemicals

have the same mode o action (which in the case o

c l a ag

a a a c c),

cca a l al. I

no such inormation, an extra saety actor should instead

be applied or possible combination eects. Tis provides

a better margin o saety in the risk assessments, in

30 See urther reasoning and demands in the Swedish Society or Nature Conservations policy onenvironmental toxins.31 REACH stands or Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction o Chemicals and hasbeen the EUs chemicals regulation since 2007.

The Swedish Society or

a g S al. T al

was collected in an apartment in Hammarby Sjstad (a

residential area in Stockholm), where extensive construction

k a cl g, cg

soil layers. Te land is an old lake bed in which methyl

c a av ( a xg-

poor bottom sediment) rom mercury dispersed by the

many small-scale industrial enterprises that operated in the

area, beore the land was remediated and prepared or

housing. It is dicult to discuss any risks in areas o housing

on old industrial land based on a single sample, but this type

o location in an urban environment is now highly attract ive

to house-builders, despite high remediation costs. Tere

a, l, a a lva k x

chemicals rom contaminated land or residents o such

aa cjc cc k. O g,

c lack klg a val val a al c a ca c

o many chemicals, means that the development o old

industria l land or house-building instead o other land use

where people are exposed to a lesser extent, can be

q.


17/48


17

Nature Conservations recommendations and demands

accordance with the precautionary principle that should

ala g xclgcal k a.

EvaluationsofchemicalsaccordingtoREACHtakeplace

in three stages: registration, assessment and authorisation.

I ga ag, xc aa cll cl

tests may be considered sucient, but it must be borne in

mind that cell cultures may ail to reveal eects o

endocrine disrupting metabolites rom tested chemicals32

. More extensive tests should be required at the assessment

stage. Unortunately in the present situation these are

animal tests, and generation tests may become necessary

to identiy eects o endocrine disruptor chemicals. It

should be remembered, however, that the animal tests are

not validated with respect to their ability to predict

toxicity in humans. We urge the OECD to continue to

aac ga vl aa or eects o endocrine disruption, and to nd alternatives

aal . T c a

relevant testing methods (such as OX 21) needs to be

prioritised and strengthened. Tis is essential so that

klg a lag ccal a a

ccla c a ca c

ccal ca acq a aal .

Presently,allchemicalsproducedorimportedtotheEU

qa xc av g

REACH. A c g ccal a

active at very low concentrations, the 1-tonne limit in

REACH a a g a aj

a a g ccal.

In the current situation, there is no requirement or

environmental monitoring or the chemicals that pass

review under REACH. As there is no methodology at

valag c , a k

o such chemicals being approved under REACH. Te

S Sc Na Cva a all ccal av REACH l al

32 Metabolite is a scientic term or a breakdown product.

jc val g, c a

do not pose unacceptable risks. Te costs o monitoring

l ca a g ccal

in proportion to volumes o the chemicals in production or

, accg ll-a cl. Rac

vl lgcal ak ( a cll lvl)

should be intensied, so that they can be used as early

diagnostic instruments in environmental monitoring to

detect eects o the chemicals beore they are maniested at

val a la lvl.

I Sav M S Sc

Na Cva, c a g

2011, we account or our political demands in greater detail .


18/48


18

Facts boxes

Bisphenol A (BPA)

BPA is, principal ly, used or the production o polycarbonate

plastic and or epoxy glues. Polycarbonate plastics are

a a a c, xal, a

bottles, sports equipment, CDs and DVDs and spectacle

l.

Known environmental and health problems:

BPA a -lk , c a ca al

aag x g al ag, av av

eects on reproduction, and aect the immune system, and

it is also suspected that BPA is carcinogenic. Based on

laboratory experiments and observations o various

ga v, BPA c caal

o leading to eminisation o males. BPA is classied as

harmul to aquatic organisms, and can cause long-term

al c v.

Restrictions and limit values:

T EU a Caaa av a BPA g l.

Such a ban comes into orce in Malaysia in March 2012, and

there is also a proposal or a ban in South Arica. Te

Ea F Sa Agc (EFSA) a lal

daily intake (DI) o BPA at 50 g/kg body weight/day.

However, this limit is subject to considerable discussion, as

ar lower levels o exposure have been ound to aect

xal aal. Dg 2010/2011

Swedish Chemicals Agency and the Swedish National FoodAdministration conducted a joint investigation o BPA,

cg acla x cl.

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers are used as ame retardants

in electronic products, urniture, vehicles, plastic articles

a xl.

Known environmental and health problems:

PBDE a a g a 70 c, a

belong to the group o brominated ame retardants. Te

dierent variants have been named aer the number o

bromine atoms contained in the compound. ri-BDE, thus,

a a, l a-BDE a (a

on). PBDEs are, in varying degrees, at-soluble and persistent,

and some o them are readily taken up by organisms and

dispersed in the ood webs o ecosystems, where they remain

or a long time. With the exception o some o the

c, c a a-PDE, ca-BDE a ca-BDE,there still great gaps in our knowledge o environmental and

al c. I k, v, a a PBDE a

very toxic to aquatic organisms, and can cause harmul long-

c v. S aag v

, a ca-BDE cla a xc c.

Restrictions:

PBDEs are prohibited or use in electrical and electronic

c RHS Dcv. I EU, a- a

octa-BDEs above a particular concentration are additionally

prohibited in chemical products. Te Stockholm

Convention, a global agreement aimed at eliminating the

most hazardous and most persistent organic environmental

toxicants, has placed many PBDEs on its phase-out list. Tis

applies to tetra-BDE, penta-BDE, hexa-BDE, hepta-BDE and

ca-BDE. All c , aa Ial

and Malaysia, have ratied the Stockholm Convention.

Hv, val c l

Cv, a , xal,

Ugaa.

Aer contact with partner organisations o the Swedish

Sc Na Cva, a g a a

and restrictions on the ollowing chemicals are still

generally lacking in large parts o the Global South. Te

exception is eeding bottles or babies, where bans (or

a) l A a lac ca

parts o the world. All the participating European countries

are Member States o the EU, and are consequently covered

a v ga x c ccal lgla.


19/48


19

Phthalates

Phthalates are a group o chemicals that are produced in large quantities, and

cc a lag va acl. Sall/lg ala ( l

molecular weight) are ound in cosmetics, while larger/heavier phthalates (o

higher molecular weight) are used as plasticisers in plastics. It is, principally,

the large phthalates that are associated with adverse health eects. Tese

include dibutyl phthalate (DBP), diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), benzylbutyl

ala (BBP), l ala (DIBP), cl ala (DIDP),

l ala (DINP) a --cl ala (DNOP).

Known environmental and health properties:

DBP, DEHP, BBP, DIBP, DIDP, DINP a DNOP a c

(to varying degrees) and can adversely aect oetal development and

reproduction. Certain phthalates also have environmentally hazardous

. DBP a BBP, xal, a cclav a v xc

aqac ga.

Restrictions and limit values:

F ala (DEHP, DBP, BBP a DIBP) a cl caa

l REACH, c a a av a ac

v g cc. T cl caa l a a ll

a acl a ca a 0.1% a ala a a

lga, q, c ac. Sc g

2011, BBP, DBP a DEHP av cl Ax XIV REACH,

c a a a a cal ll q

.

Scal l l ala a . DEHP, DBP a

BBP must not be present at levels above 0.1 % in any toys or child-care articles,

while DIDP, DINP and DNOP are prohibited above 0.1 % in toys or child-care

articles that can be put in the mouth. DEHP is one o the prioritised substances

Wa Fak Dcv, a , , a .

Te European Food Saety Agency (EFSA) has set the tolerable daily intake

(DI) val ala: DEHP 50 g/kg g/a, DBP 10 g/

kg g/a, BBP 500 g/kg g/a a DINP 150 g/kg

g/a.

Denmark has been working since the spring o 2011 on prohibition in the

EU o the phthalates DEHP, DBP, BBP and DIBP, with reerence to theirca c, ca c.


20/48


20

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Reerences


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Annex


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A cla v l a cca l

ccal S Sc Na Cva.

Table: Chemical, concentration (ng/g), country and reerence.33

33 Mean value o samples rom two buildings.

Annex I

Chemical Median concentration

(ng/g)

Country Reerences

Brominated diphenyl ethers

PBDE 100 0.5427 Japan Takigami et al., 2009

84.90 (n=23) China Kang et al., 2011

PBDE 119 No inormation No inormation No inormation



PBDE 153 6.90 (n=31) Singapore Tan et al., 2007

2.01 Japan Takigami et al., 2009

PBDE 154 3.50 Singapore Tan et al., 2007

0.99 Japan Takigami et al., 2009

PBDE 156 22.50 China Kang et al., 2011


PBDE 183 18.00 Singapore Tan et al., 2007

44.00 Canada

30.7 United States



PBDE196 2.30 (n=45) Belgium DHollander et al., 2010

PBDE 197 1.40 (N=39) Belgium Ali et al., 2011

15.00 China Kang et al., 2011

PBDE 206 50.50 China Kang et al., 2011PBDE 207 47.30 China Kang et al., 2011

PBDE 209 425.00 Spain Santillo et al., 2003

420.00 France Santillo et al., 2003

7100 United Kingdom Santillo et al., 2003

1000 Singapore Tan et al., 2007

390 Japan Takigami et al., 2009


PBDE 28 0.28 France Santillo et al., 2003

0.35 United Kingdom Santillo et al., 2003

0.60 Singapore Tan et al., 2007



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3435

34 Mean value o samples rom two buildings35 Mean value o samples rom two buildings


(ng/g)

Country Reerences

PBDE 47 13.00 Spain Santillo et al., 2003

24.00 France Santillo et al., 2003









PBDE 99 17.50 Spain Santillo et al., 200328.50 France Santillo et al., 2003




Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers

PCB 28 0.20 (n=31) Singapore Tan et al., 20072

7.30 (n=10) Canada Harrad et al., 2009

3.40 (n=20) United Kingdom Harrad et al., 2009

PCB 52 7.20 (n=10) Canada Harrad et al., 2009

1.80 (n=20) United Kingdom Harrad et al., 2009

PCB101 0.50 Singapore Tan et al., 20072

8.80 Canada Harrad et al., 2009

1.20 United Kingdom Harrad et al., 2009

PCB 118 0.30 Singapore Tan et al., 20072

8.70 Canada Harrad et al., 2009


PCB 138 9.50 Canada Harrad et al., 2009


PCB 153 200 (n=119) USA Rudel et al. (2003)

PCB 180 0.10 Singapore Tan et al., 20072

6.80 Canada Harrad et al., 20090.89 United Kingdom Harrad et al., 2009


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3637383940414243

36 Median o 5 samples37 Median o 22 samples

38 Median o 58 samples39 Median o 5 samples40 Median o 100 samples41 Median o 51 samples42 Median o 436 households43 Median o 30 samples


(ng/g)

Country Reerences

Ftalater

BBP 82 20030 Germany Santillo et al., 2003

454031 Spain Santillo et al., 2003

28 20032 France Santillo et al., 2003

23 60033 Italy Santillo et al., 2003

24 50034 United Kingdom Santillo et al., 2003

97 56035 b(n=51) Belgium Al Bitar, 2004

135 00036 (n=390) Sweden Bornehag et al., 2005

15 20037 Germany Abb et al., 2009

DIBP 36 5009 Germany Santillo et al., 2003

148 99910 Spain Santillo et al., 2003



43 20013

United Kingdom Santillo et al., 200356 82014 Belgium Al Bitar, 2004

45 0008 Sweden Bornehag et al., 2005

Di-isobutyladipat No inormation No inormation No inormation

DNOP No inormation No inormation No inormation

DBP 44 1009 Germany Santillo et al., 2003





97 56014 Belgium Al Bitar, 2004



Dibutyladipat No inormation No inormation No inormation

DEHP 996 0009 Germany Santillo et al., 2003







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4445

44 Mean value o 36 households45 Mean value o 18 samples


(ng/g)

Country Reerences



Diethyladipat No inormation No inormation No inormation

DEHA No inormation No inormation No inormation

DEP 12 9009 Germany Santillo et al., 2003

533010 Spain Santillo et al., 2003

687011 France Santillo et al., 2003

678012 Italy Santillo et al., 2003

350013 United Kingdom Santillo et al., 2003

377014 Belgium Al Bitar, 2004

DIDP 61 15014 Belgium Al Bitar, 2004


DIHP No inormation No inormation No inormation

DINP 113 000

9

Germany Santillo et al., 2003115 30011 France Santillo et al., 2003




DMP 14209 Germany Santillo et al., 2003

61014 Belgium Al Bitar, 2004

DINCH 120 0000038 Germany Nagorka et al., 2011

TBP No inormation No inormation No inormation

Alkylphenols

Nonylphenol 2580 (n=118) USA Rudel et al., 2003

Nonylphenolmonoethoxylater 3360 (n=118) USA Rudel et al., 2003

Nonylphenoldiethoxylate 5330 (n=118) USA Rudel et al., 2003

Octylphenol 130 (n=118) USA Rudel et al., 2003

Bisphenols

Bisenol A 200139 Belgium Geens et al., 2009

Perluorinated compounds

PFBS 359.00 (n=39) Australia, UnitedKingdom, Germany andUSA

Kato et al., 2009

PFDA No inormation No inormation No inormation


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(ng/g)

Country Reerences

PFHpA 97.3 (n=39) Australia, UnitedKingdom, Germany andUSA

Kato et al., 2009

PFDS No inormation No inormation No inormation

PFDoA No inormation No inormation No inormation

PFHxS 210.00 United Kingdom DHollander et al., 2010

180.00 Australia Goosey et al., 2010

120.00 Canada Goosey et al., 2010

77.00 France Goosey et al., 2010

150.00 Germany Goosey et al., 2010

120.00 Kazakhstan Goosey et al., 2010

16.00 Thailand Goosey et al., 2010

240.00 United States Goosey et al., 2010

0.1 Belgium DHollander et al., 2010

PFHxA 0.3 Belgium DHollander et al., 2010

PFNA 0.1 Belgium DHollander et al., 2010

PFOS 25.00 (n=16) Japan Moriwaki et al., 2003.

49.00 (n=48) Sweden Bjorklund et al., 2009

140.00 (n=45) United Kingdom Goosey et al., 2010

170.00 (n=20) Australia Goosey et al., 2010

140.00 (n=19) Canada Goosey et al., 2010

160.00 (n=10) France Goosey et al., 2010

170.00 (n=10) Germany Goosey et al., 2010

59.00 (n=9) Kazakhstan Goosey et al., 2010

16.00 (n=20) Thailand Goosey et al., 2010

310.00 (n=10) USA Goosey et al., 2010

PFOSA No inormation No inormation No inormation

PFOA 165.00 Japan Moriwaki et al., 2003.

55.00 Sweden Bjorklund et al., 2009

190.00 United Kingdom Goosey et al., 2010

180.00 Australia Goosey et al., 2010

69.00 Canada Goosey et al., 2010

31.00 France Goosey et al., 2010

300.00 Germany Goosey et al., 2010

18.00 Thailand Goosey et al., 2010

240.00 USA Goosey et al., 2010


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464748

46 Mean value o 120 samples47 Mean value o 48 samples48 Mean value o 82 samples


(ng/g)

Country Reerences

Pesticides

Vinclozolin No inormation No inormation No inormation

Prochloraz No inormation No inormation No inormation

Metoxychlor 240 (n=119) USA Rudel et al., 2003

Parabens

Butylparaben 76 Spain Canosa et al., 2007

Propylparaben 406 Spain Canosa et al., 2007

Metals and metal compounds

Lead 573 000.0040 New Zealand Kim & Fergusson, 1993

232 000.0041 Canada Rasmussen et al., 2001

85 200.0042 Australia Chattopadhyay et al.,2005

Cadmium 4240.0040 New Zealand Kim & Fergusson, 1993

4400.0041 Canada Rasmussen et al., 2001

1900.00 Australia Chattopadhyay et al.,2005

Mercury 5000.0041 Canada Rasmussen et al., 2001

Methyl mercury No inormation No inormation No inormation


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Annex II

A compilation is presented here o ocial DI values or the

chemicals analysed by the Swedish Society or Nature

Cva.

Table: Tolerable daily intake (mg/day/kg body

weight) or the analysed substances and reerences.

Chemical TDI (mg/day/kg body weight) Reerence

Brominated diphenyl ethers

PBDE 17 No inormation



















PBDE196 No inormation





Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers

PCB 28 0.00002 EFSA

PCB 52 0.00002 EFSA

PCB101 0.00002 EFSA

PCB 118 0.00002 EFSA

PCB 153 0.00002 EFSA

PCB 138 0.00002 EFSA

PCB 180 0.00002 EFSA


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4950

49 Council o State and Territorial Epidemiologists50 Scientic Committee on Toxicology Ecotoxicology and Environment


Phthalates

BBP 0.5 EFSA

DEHA 0.3 EFSA

DEHP 0.05 EFSA

Di-isobutyladipat No inormation

DIDP 0.15 EFSA

DIHP Ingen inormation

DINP 0.15 EFSA

DOP 0.037 CSTE43

Dibutyladipat No inormation

DNOP No inormation

DBP 0.01 EFSA

Diethyladipat No inormation

DEP 0.037 SCTEE44

DMP Ingen inormationDINCH 1 EFSA

TBP Ingen inormation

Alkylphenols

Nonylphenol 0.005 Nielsen et al.. 2000

Nonylphenolmonoethoxylater No inormation

Nonylphenoldiethoxylate No inormation

Octylphenol No inormation

Bisphenols

Bisenol A 0.05 EFSA

Perluorinated substances

PFBS No inormation

PFDA No inormation

PFHpA No inormation

PFDS No inormation

PFDoA No inormation

PFHxS No inormation

PFHxA No inormation

PFNA No inormation

PFOS No inormation

PFOSA 0.00015 EFSA

PFOA 0.015 EFSA


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51

51 Temporary group TDI or the sum o methyl-, ethyl-, propylparaben and their salts set by the predecessor o the EFSA. O bsolete.


Pesticides

Vinclozolin 0.01 WHO

Prochloraz 0.01 WHO

Metoxychlor 0.1 WHO

Parabens

Butylparaben No inormation

Propylparaben 10 mg45 EFSA

Metals and metal compounds

Lead 0.0036 De Winter-Sorkina et al.. 2003

Cadmium 0.0005 De Winter-Sorkina et al.. 2003

Mercury 0.002 De Winter-Sorkina et al.. 2003

Methyl mercury 0. 0001 De Winter-Sorkina et al.. 2003


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A c gv alg a g.

Table 1: Sampling country, city/town, other inormation

Annex III

Sampling country City/town Other inormation

South A rica Durban Second- loor apar tment in the suburb o Merebank. There are no children in the household .

Indoor environment. Floor cover ing o quarry tiles, painted walls, wooden urniture.

Outdoor environment: several industrial enterprises close to the residential area, including two oil reineries andchemical production.

Tanzania Dar-es-Salaam Room occupied by two people in rented apar tment in the suburb o Kinondoni.

Indoor environment: Plastic loor, painted walls, wooden urniture and textiles.

Outdoor environment: A major road outside, close to several arable ields.

Kenya Nairobi The dust sample consists o three sub-samples.

The irst sub-sample came rom a our-person apartment, rom a room occupied by one person. The apartment ison the ground loor.

Outdoor environment: Large residential area, close to railway line and there is a major motorway a short distanceaway.

The second sub-sample came rom a room occupied by two people, in a six-person household, in a third-loorapartment.

Outdoor environment: Around 15 km rom the centre o Nairobi, in an area where agriculture is undertaken.

The third sub-sample was taken in a room occupied by two people, in a our-person household, on the irst loor.

Outdoor environment: The building is located around 20 km rom the centre o Nairobi, close to a garage, ashopping centre and a church.

Uganda Kampala Room occupied by two people in a nine-person household in the suburb o Najjanankumbi.

Indoor environment: Stone loor, painted walls, rug, wooden urniture, textiles , hygiene products and books .

Outdoor environment: Close to minor road in area o individual houses.

Malaysia George Town Room occupied by one person on the i th loor on the outsk irts o Georgetown C ity. There is both a child and adog in the household.

Indoor environment: Floor covering o quarry tile, wooden urniture, tex tiles, mosquito nets and hygiene products .

Outdoor environment: Rented lat next to busy road, direct ly opposite a school, and close to a car workshop.


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Philippines Manila Room occupied by three people, six-person apar tment on the 3rd loor, in the district o Malabon City.

Indoor environment: Both wall and loor covering o plastic, wooden urniture, textiles, electrical appliances, toys ,computer, TV and hygiene products . No ventilation.

Outdoor environment: densely populat

Home sweet home? – dusty surprises under the bed

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