Holistic Sludge Management in a Swedish, Scandinavian and European perspective

HSM2016 in Malmö 7 June 2016Anders Finnson, Swedish Water&Wastewater Association

Holistic Sludge Management in a Swedish perspective

Circular economy on Midsummer’s Eve

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Swedish Water&Wastewater Association

Sweden should have fresh drinking water, clean lakes and seas and access to long-term sustainable water services.

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Swedish environmental goalsThe generational goal

The overall goal of Swedish environmental policy is to hand over to the next generation a society in which the major environmental problems in Sweden have been solved,

- without increasing environmental and health problems outside Sweden’s borders.

Swedish Environmental Objectives 7 of 16 objectives are related to water&wastewatere.g. Reduced climate impact, Non-toxic environment, Zero eutrophication, A good built environment

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Either via organic waste from the food chain

or new raw material from the crust of soil (P, S, K, Mg) or the air (N)

Each year a lot of plant nutrients are transported from Swedish farms with cereals, potatoes, vegetables, meat and milk intothe cities

The nutrients must somehow be replaced!

Why circulation of wastewater products?

The Swedish Farmer´s view is that a sustainable societycirculate the plant nutrients back to agricultural land. Sustainability is crucial, and reuse of phosphorus,nitrogen and organic matter is an important step in right direction

Photo: Sunita Hallgren, LRF

Swedish Water&WastewaterAssociation

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Inflow of non-wanted pollutants to the urban water and nutrient cycles

Swedish EPAProposal for a milestone target

A Good Built Environment By 2018 at the latest:

At least 40% of P and 10% of Nin wastewater will be utilised and recycled asnutrients for fields without entailing exposure to pollutants that pose the risk of injuring people or the environment.

A good designed strategy for recycling nutrients will also be a driver to reach

a non-toxic environmentIf incineration solutions will be the main strategy instead of recycling, many control-at-source tools will be lost that today drive many municipalities and thousands of businesses and organisations working for non-toxic environment.

If nutrient cycles disappear, a main driver to phase out harmful substances to reach the environmental objective non-toxic environment will disappear.

This also applies vice versa, recycling of nutrients is impossible to achieve if there is not an engagement to achieve the objective of non-toxic environment.

Circular economy for manynutrients - or incineration ?

The solution is to phase out the substances that pollute the cycles instead of banning the recycling.

There is still time (50-100 years) and there is also a need for more than 15 years. We need decisiveness and patience to achieve a sustainable society.

If the main strategy will be incineration and the infrastructure is in place, the road back to recycling of nutrients (more than P) will be very long.

REVAQ is operated by:- The Swedish Water & Wastewater Association- The Federation of Swedish Farmers (LRF)- The Swedish Food Federation- The Swedish Food Retailers Federation.and in close cooperation with the Swedish -Environmental Protection Agency.

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REVAQ Certification system - Aims

be a driving force to further improvement of the incoming wastewater – the “up stream work”. an open and transparent information about how sludge is being produced and it’s composition.to secure that the sludge production is done in a responsible way and the quality of sludge fulfil the requirements.

Focus in REVAQ

Long term goal: – Incoming waste water should have a level of metal

and organic compounds which not exceeds that from water closets.

Traceability and high quality in practical work.Systematic improvements.Fulfilment of specified demands.Relevant declaration of composition.Third party audit

Strategies for Revaq and Swedish Water & Wastewater AssociationLocal – WWTP working together with localstakeholders, the municipality, connectedindustries and services

National – Swedish Water&WastewaterAssociation working in contact with national stakeholders, authorities and the Government

EU-wide – EurEau (the Association for the European Water Companies) in contact with EU-commission and the Parliament 18

Examples of Swedish, Nordic and EU -actions

Cadmium in paints

Silver as biocides in clothing

Speed up the process to have moresubstances on the REACH candidate,authorisation and restriction listsEducation for retailers purchasers

In the committee of Nordic ecolabelling19

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The wastewater treatment is not made for chemicals – nor is our environment

Revaq and sludge use in Sweden 2000-2014

Total sludge from Revaq WWTPTotal sludge fromRevaq WWTPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP

Holistic Sludge Management in a Scandinavian – Nordic perspective

The Nordic countries has got many similarities

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The Nordic countries have got manydifferences – same but different

EU € NATO

Denmark Yes No Yes

Finland Yes Yes No

Iceland No No Yes

Norway No No Yes

Sweden Yes No No

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The Nordic countries has got manydifferences

Sludgeuseagri-culture

Sludgeuse land-scaping

Incineration

Land-fill

Temperaturesludgedebate

National goal for P re-cycling

Denmark 63% 9% 27% 1% Medium 80%

Finland 3% 96% 0% 1% Medium No

Iceland - - - Mostcommon

No debate No

Norway 67% 28% 0% 1% Low No

Sweden 25% 53% 1% 2% High Proposed40% P and 10% N24

Holistic Sludge Management in a European perspective

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The hierarchy of waste and recycling management

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Sludge use in some European countries

EU Sludge Directive 86/278/EEC of 12 June 1986

The EU Action plan on Circular economy (Dec 2015)

EU Action Plan Waste package(proposed revisedDirectives (householdwastes)

The EU Action plan for Circular Economy

Important ingredients, the Action plan recognises:How water services will contribute to a more sustainable European economy. Source control of hazardous substancesPhosphorous is a critical raw material and of both high economic importance for the EU and vulnerable to supply disruption

The Commission has proposed a revised EU regulation on fertilisers incl. organic and waste-based fertilisers in the single market - without including sludge. Not sustainable

But no goal for P recycling, should have been 50% of P in wastewater should be recycled to agr. land

Inflow of non-wanted pollutants to the urban water and nutrient cycles

Phosphorous is a critical raw material (P reserves 2013, 67 Gigatons)

USGS, 2014

EU is to more than 90% dependent on import.

Strategies for recycling nutrients from urban areas to the countryside

Systems to recycle much of the organic matter, phosphorus andparts of other nutrients Black water systems or very good sludge quality (small proportion of N, “no" K)

Systems to recycle large amount of the nutrients from wastewater (but less P) Urine separation

System solutions to recycle only PDemo Lab/PilotFull-scale

PEARLStruvite

Ash

Sludge

Thermal

Acid leaching

P-bac(INOCRE)Struvite

P-RoCCaP/CSH

TetraPhosH3PO4

LYSOGESTStruvite

GifhornStruvite, CaP

AirPrexStruvite

NuReSysStruvite

PHOSPAQStruvite

THERMPHOSP4

FertilizerIndustryMineral fertilizer

KREPROFeP

BudenheimDCP

RECOPHOS FP7H3PO4

CrystalactorStruvite, CaP

FIX-PHOSCaP/CSH

REPHOSStruvite

ECOPHOSDCP

Sludgedigestion andP-precipitation

Precipitation/Crystallisationafter anaerobic

P-release(Bio-P

WWTPs)

StuttgartStruvite

STRUVIAStruvite

AshDec (Outotec)P-mineral

MEPHRECP-slag

LEACHPHOSP-mineral

EcobalansStruvite, NPK

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ANPHOSStruvite

MEPHRECP-slag

CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC

RECOPHOS DCaP

Sludge liquor

KUBOTAP-slag

www.p-rex.eu

ConclusionsThere is a need to recycle more nutrients We need political milestone targets and a regulation that is a driver for safe recycling of nutrientsWe need less hazardous substances in the water cycleWe need to work with the waste/recycling hierarchy

When sludge does not match the quality req. other recycling strategies are needed