7/27/2019 hlli.docx

1/25

8/20/2013

HOUSIN

GTHE PROBLEM

SUBMITTED TO

AR AMANJEET KAUR

7/27/2019 hlli.docx

2/25

Table of Contents

Hill ho

using ........................................................................ 3

Design ................................................................................... 8

Site and Landscape...................................................... 15

Introduction

Housing Theproblem

Analysis Housing project is difficult yet rewarding

brief for an architect to do. If single unit is a

challenge then group of houses is a bigger

7/27/2019 hlli.docx

3/25

challenge. The book deals with analysis of hill

housing from prehistory to contemporary years,

touches various aspects and can be useful tolayman as well as a professional.

Context

After World War II gradual rise in livingstandards was seen. Also there was steady

economic growth which resulted in housing

more people. The urban housing took new form

i.e the high rise structures. The 1950-60s saw

extensive high rise buildings in big towns as

well as in small towns. Later, as the

complications of living in high rise structures

started, the low rise structures came into demand

again.

IdentityThe main reason which inclined the interest of

people from high rise to low rise was that the

tower blocks were creating serious social and

7/27/2019 hlli.docx

4/25

physical problems. The children were cut off

from their peers and lacked social contact which

was necessary for their initial years. Health ofsome families also deteriorated.

Hill housing

sites must be developed byintelligent & sensitive planning

which can be achieved by keener

perception by architects

7/27/2019 hlli.docx

5/25

Inherent advantages of hill

housing

Human scale can be maintained.The proportions and integration

with the existing development canbe retained.

Stepped dwellings on existingslopes are preferred with steeper

7/27/2019 hlli.docx

6/25

sites having higher population

densities.

Social problems of large blockscan be overcome by providingstepped housing and hence

retaining privacy without loss of

contact.

Better land use- waste hill slopesare cheaper to purchase butbuilding on sloping sites is

expensive.

High rise structures are even more

expensive.

The sub-structure costs are majorelement in deciding the overall cost. Thedevelopment expenditure may be very

high ifdesign involves large retaining

structures. Minimum damp proofing and

7/27/2019 hlli.docx

7/25

excavation is required if the units are

supported above the ground level by the

designed system.

ENVIRONMENTAL

CONTROL

It is difficult to overcome thiscompletely and it also involves high

costs for complicated and high structures

therefore it is advisable to design less

sophisticated and low rise structures.

Servicing of the dwellings is more directand personal in hilly sites. Access roads

can run parallel to slopes or designed

down the slopes to relatively steepgradient.

7/27/2019 hlli.docx

8/25

Car spaces can be sited in unobtrusivepositions close to the individual

dwellings.

Identity maintained in hill housings.

Future possibilities

Hill housing is viable, practical andrealistic form of many urban situations.

Appropriate use of sensitively designed hill

housing can do much to redeem lack of

human scaled buildings and spaces.

Historical and Planning BackgroundMountain systems include Maritime linear

system and Inland Centralized system.

7/27/2019 hlli.docx

9/25

Topography and ClimateUnique, ownclimate and way of life

Isolation and danger from elementsClimatic extremes of heat and coldProblem of communicationsAccessBuilding at hills is a problem drainageClimateimportant aspect of form

generating forces

Orientationbuilders of the past hadexcellent knowledge for dealing with

climatic problems

Desi

gnDesign Factors

7/27/2019 hlli.docx

10/25

They include Access, circulation andgradient

Routes and Site AccessAccess and Circulation to and within

site is largely influenced by location,

topography and gradient. In the past,

settlements are located in most mild and

gentle areas available.

Gradient1:1 to 1:3 very steep

1:3 to 1:5 steep1:5 to 1:10 strong

Under 1:60 gentle

Ramps and Steps1:10 gradient is advisable forpedestrian ramps

7/27/2019 hlli.docx

11/25

Rainwaterdrainage importantespecially in areas liable to frost and

freezing temperature. Under floor

heating is recommended but it is very

costly

Materialsnon-slip materialsshould be used and strong handrails

should be provided

Vehiclesmaximum gradient forthe roads can be 1:6 Densityit should be compact Elevatorscan be provided where

height difference is too much

Pedestrian Circulationhilly areasrequire more intensive footpath

networks

7/27/2019 hlli.docx

12/25

Terracesthese can be providedalong or against the hillside contours

Stepped housinghouses are builtacross the contours. Pedestrian routes

go across contours provided that

these are not too steep

Deck systemsthey followcontours but are provided for very

large projects

Diagonal routesthese are rarebut obvious choice for pedestrianroutes

Clusterscan be incorporatedboth along and against the contours

7/27/2019 hlli.docx

13/25

Transportation Monorailsgood option as

vehicles cannot be taken to all places

Fire and Refuse

fire exit routesmust be provided as an integral part of

overall circulation pattern. Refuse can

be taken care by providing chutes and

collecting it at a common point. Vehicular accessibilityprovision

of cars should be unobtrusive and

underground parking is one solution

Length of Roadsapparent lengthor steepness of road will influence the

speed of vehicles.

7/27/2019 hlli.docx

14/25

Detailthe design details ofaccess roads, paths, steps, etc.

influence the site planning of blocks

in a hilly site.

Scalecharacter of hill sites mustalways be respected

Design Concepts

Philosophy

it is reflected in the waythe architect responds to a particular

set of challenges

Realizationthe success or failure of

hillside projects must meet

aesthetic, social, and technical

criteria.

7/27/2019 hlli.docx

15/25

7/27/2019 hlli.docx

16/25

7/27/2019 hlli.docx

17/25

The form should be governedby degree of direct sunlight,

extent of exposure, sub-

structural difficulties and

prospect

Privacy and Personal Identity

extent of privacy is influenced

by physical arrangement of

development and by the slope.

Servicesdrainage can be acommon problem

Landscape: design

It will depend on following:

7/27/2019 hlli.docx

18/25

1. Site geometryit will include

structured, formal and organic solutions

2. Site, scale and silhouette

3. Landscape: Planning Context

4. Site selectiondepends on obtaining

accurate information and surveys

5. Contours, geology and climatedata

can be in the form of contour maps,

geological surveys and climatic records

Landscape: Slope Failure and

Design

7/27/2019 hlli.docx

19/25

Angle of Reposeeach soil type hasits own particular angle of repose or

stability

1. Very wet clay and silt: 1:3

2. Wet clay and silt : 1:2

3. Dry sand and gravel : 1:1

4. Dry clay : 1:1

5. Moist sand: 1:1

Slope Failureshallow slopes can beeroded by run-off storm water. It is

more difficult to control a large

volume of water over a great length

than to control the movement of less

water over a short distance

7/27/2019 hlli.docx

20/25

Slope Designit includes techniquesrelated to construction, vegetation and

terraces

Geotechnics

IntroductionHousing on hills involves major

geotechnical problems. Foundation

7/27/2019 hlli.docx

21/25

and stability problems on sloping sites

are controlled by geology, hydrology

and history of site.

Types of problem

Factors involved in the stabilityof sloping sitesthe soil

beneath all sloping sites has a

tendency to move down the

slope in response to

gravitational forces and is

restrained by shear strength of

the soil. Groundwater pressures

also have a major influence onslope stability.

7/27/2019 hlli.docx

22/25

Preliminary investigations ofhilly sites

Aerial photographsthese are

invaluable as they give perfect 3-

dimentional view of the site.

Mapsstudy of geological and

topographical maps also

reveal valuable information

Field investigationsTrial pitsthese excavated by

small backactor are generally

inexpensive and allow the

geologist to examine the upper

few meters of soil in-situ.

7/27/2019 hlli.docx

23/25

Boreholesthese are required

for deeper exploration of soil

Groundwater levelsit is

normally necessary to install

instruments in the ground to

measure the water levels over aperiod of time

Laboratory testing

Sample of various soils aretaken and mainly checked for

shear strength.

7/27/2019 hlli.docx

24/25

Interpretation of investigations

Investigations will providesufficient information to allow

the engineer to make a

reasonable assessment of

geology and hydrology ofhillside as a basis of estimating

the stability of slopes.

Stabilization of hillside sites

Even if the site is unstable, itcan be developed by following

options:

Reduce angle of slope

Reduce the water pressures

7/27/2019 hlli.docx

25/25

Increase the shearing resistance

FoundationsIn addition to normal

requirements, it is necessary to

consider the influence the

building load on overall slope.

This is generally achieved by

using piles to

transfer the load to the

underlying stable material.