HKIN 473 BONES Kim Bryce Lisa Maralyn D’Alice Jae Callan Derick Dan Wendy.
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Transcript of HKIN 473 BONES Kim Bryce Lisa Maralyn D’Alice Jae Callan Derick Dan Wendy.
BONES -Functions of Bones
1) Support:- framework, without bones our bodies would be in a lump or a blob
figure-support for soft tissue-provides structures for muscle origins and insertions to attach to
2) Protection:-keeps internal organs safe
examples: skull protects brain ribs protect the heart and lungs vertebrae protect the spinal cord
-protects from fractures being worse, from continuous large forces exerted by muscles3) Assisting in Movement:
-muscle origins and insertions attach to bones-when muscles contract they move the bones, thus creating
movement
4) Storage of Minerals:-97% of the body’s calcium is stored in bones-also is main storage for phosphorus-releases needed minerals into the blood and distributes them-this maintains a crucial homeostasis
5) Production of Blood Cells:-in certain bones (ex. Pelvis, sternum, ribs, vertebrae, condyles of humerus and femur) connective tissue called red bone marrow exists
--usually exist in spongy bone-red bone marrow goes through a process called hemopoiesis (hemo- =blood, poiesis = making)-red bone marrow produces red blood cells (erythrocytes)white blood cells (leukocytes)platelets6) Storage of Chemical Energy:
-as we age most of our marrow changes from red to yellow-yellow bone marrow mainly contains adipose cells which contain
triglycerides(fat cells for energy)-yellow bone marrow is usually found in the medullary cavity
Types of Bones Long Bones Clavicle, humerus, radius, ulna, femur. Shaft - the diaphysis, a thick layer of compact bone surrounding bone marrow cavity. Ends- metaphysis and epiphysis-compact bone covering spongy inner bone. Periosteum covers the outside of
bone. Body support and provide interconnected set of levers and linkages allowing movement. Strongest when
force is on the long axis. Beam shaped to handle the bending loads. Short Bones Carpals of the hand, tarsals of the foot. Consists of spongy bone with compact covering. Role in shock absorption and force transmission Flat Bones Ribs, ileum, sternum, scapula. Two layers of compact bone w spongy and marrow. Protect internal structures and offer broad surface for muscular attachment Irregular Bones Skull, pelvis, vertebrae. Spongy bone with thin compact bone exterior Support weight, dissipate loads, protect spinal cord, aid mvmt, site for muscle attachment Sesamoid Bones Patella, bones in thumb, at base of 1st metatarsal Short bone embedded in tendon or joint capsule Alter angle of insertion of the muscle.
Compact Bone
Contains very few spaces Forms external layer of all
bones Most of the diaphyses of
long bones are long bones Resist stresses produced by
weight and movement Osteons are aligned in the
same direction along lines of stress
Compact Bone Continued
In the shaft, osteons are parallel to the long axis of the bone
As a result, the shaft resists bending or fracturing when considerable for is applied from either end
Compact bone is thickest where stresses are applied in relatively few directions
The lines of stress in a bone are not static They change in response to repeated strenuous
physical activity
Spongy Bone
Does not contain osteons Instead, it consists of trabeculae
An irregular latticework of thin columns of bone Tend to be located where bones are not heavily stressed, or
stressed from many directions Makes up most of the bone tissue of short, flat and irregular
shaped bones The trabeculae are precisely orientated along lines of stress
This helps bone resist stresses and transfer force without breaking
Load
The skeletal system is subject to a variety of forces as bone is loaded in different directions
Loads: produced by weight bearing, gravity, muscular forces and external forces
Forces applied to bone dictate the deposition pattern of bone
Compression
Presses ends of bone together
Produced by muscles, weight bearing, gravity or external loading
Bone absorbs maximal stress on a plane perpendicular to the compressive load, therefore shortening and widening the bone
Tension
Applied to bony surface, pulls and stretches bone apart
Bone lengthens and narrows
Source is usually muscle tendon (pulling)
Collagen in the bone rearranges and aligns in line with the tensile force
Shear Forces
Applied parallel to the surface of an object Creates internal angular deformation Can occur with compressive forces, tension
forces or both Most destructive force because bone is
anisotropic
Bending Forces
Applied to an area having no support offered by the structure
Causes the bone to bend…..(obviously)
Torsional
Twisting force creates a shear stress over the entire bone
Magnitude of the stress increases with distance from the axis of rotation
Bone Response
As described by Wolff’s law different bones and different sections of a bone will respond to tension and compression forces differently.
StressStress is a force and is categorized based on it’s direction with respect to the cross-section of an object.
2 types of stress
1. Normal Stress
2. Shear Stress
Stress vs. Strain
Strain is a direct result of stress Normal stress produces normal strain Shear stress produces shear strain
Bone Remodeling
There are three major ways in which bone structure may be changed.
1. Osteogenesis 2. Modeling 3. Remodeling
Physical Activity vs Bone Remodeling
Bones continually undergoes remodeling to adapt to the stresses generated by physical activity by replacing old bone with new bone.
Ordinary activity causes microscopic cracks in the bone, and these are dissolved and replaced with new bone.
Remodeling allows bone to respond to changes in mechanical forces (Wolff's law). Exercise can increase the diameter and strength of bone; inactivity can decrease them.
For example
Dominant arm of professional tennis player have thickness that are 35% greater than the other arm.
Osteocytes
Two main types of cells are responsible for bone renewal:
osteoblasts involved in bone formation
osteoclasts involved in bone resorption.
Bone remodeling appears to be governed by a feedback system in which the bone cells sense the state of strain in the bone matrix around them and either add or remove bone as needed to maintain the strain within normal limits. The process or processes by which the cells are able to sense the strain and the important aspects of the strain field are presently unknown.