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![Page 1: HIV Testing CDC power point edited by M. Myers. Message There are numbers of tests They should be used in combination (strategies) Combinations must be.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051820/56649d9f5503460f94a89ffc/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
HIV Testing
CDC power point edited by M. Myers
HIV Testing
CDC power point edited by M. Myers
![Page 2: HIV Testing CDC power point edited by M. Myers. Message There are numbers of tests They should be used in combination (strategies) Combinations must be.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051820/56649d9f5503460f94a89ffc/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
MessageMessage
There are numbers of tests
They should be used in combination (strategies)
Combinations must be consistent
There are numbers of tests
They should be used in combination (strategies)
Combinations must be consistent
![Page 3: HIV Testing CDC power point edited by M. Myers. Message There are numbers of tests They should be used in combination (strategies) Combinations must be.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051820/56649d9f5503460f94a89ffc/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Laboratory TestsLaboratory Tests diagnosis of infection
acute, recent, established or late stage disease
prognostic markers monitoring of ARV therapies
immunological and virological markers
toxicities diagnosis of opportunistic infections drug resistance testing
diagnosis of infectionacute, recent, established or late
stage disease prognostic markers monitoring of ARV therapies
immunological and virological markers
toxicities diagnosis of opportunistic infections drug resistance testing
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‘typical’ primary HIV-1 infection‘typical’ primary HIV-1 infection
symptoms
HIV-1 p24 antigen
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 / 2 4 6 8 10
weeks years
HIV antibodies
Time following infection
HIV viral load
HIV proviral DNA
symptoms
‘window’period
1° infection
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DIAGNOSIS
Virus Detection
Antibody
Antigen
Detection
+
HIV Assays: Methodologies FOR THE DIAGNOSIS (DETECTION)
EIASimple, rapid
tests Immunoblots
Incident assays
MANAGEMENT
DNA(RNA)
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HIV Testing -Direct Detection of VirusHIV Testing -Direct Detection of Virus HIV antigen– serology
- In isolation - Diagnosis of primary infection viraemia
Virus culture / isolation Nucleic acid detection - (NAT)
Clinical uses Proviral DNA vs. plasma RNA (viral load)
resolution of inconclusive serology / neonatal subtyping drug resistance monitoring
HIV antigen– serology - In isolation - Diagnosis of primary infection viraemia
Virus culture / isolation Nucleic acid detection - (NAT)
Clinical uses Proviral DNA vs. plasma RNA (viral load)
resolution of inconclusive serology / neonatal subtyping drug resistance monitoring
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Available AssaysAvailable Assays
EIAs including rapid, simple particle agglutination, dot/blotWestern blotAntigen & Ab/AgIncidence assays
Direct Virus Detection
EIAs including rapid, simple particle agglutination, dot/blotWestern blotAntigen & Ab/AgIncidence assays
Direct Virus Detection
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Particle AgglutinationParticle Agglutination
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Western BlotWestern Blot
Expensive – $ 80 - 100 technically more difficult visual interpretation lack standardisation
- performance- interpretation- indeterminate reactions –
resolution of ?? ‘Gold Standard’ for confirmation
Expensive – $ 80 - 100 technically more difficult visual interpretation lack standardisation
- performance- interpretation- indeterminate reactions –
resolution of ?? ‘Gold Standard’ for confirmation
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Antibody testing limitationsAntibody testing limitations
Difficulties in interpretation
Limitations - ‘window period’
antibodies appear within 3-4 weeksDirect detection – HIV p24 antigen or
DNA/RNA (NAT) – pre-antibodyCombo test = earlier detection
Primary infection + therapy = delayed antibody response
Difficulties in interpretation
Limitations - ‘window period’
antibodies appear within 3-4 weeksDirect detection – HIV p24 antigen or
DNA/RNA (NAT) – pre-antibodyCombo test = earlier detection
Primary infection + therapy = delayed antibody response
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Ag/Ab Combo testsAg/Ab Combo tests
Detection of Ag & Ab in a single test
utility in primary infection – pre-seroconversion ‘window period’
Incident populations – ‘at risk’ Blood bank Automated platforms available
Detection of Ag & Ab in a single test
utility in primary infection – pre-seroconversion ‘window period’
Incident populations – ‘at risk’ Blood bank Automated platforms availableAg & AbAg & AbAg & AbAg & Ab
Ab & Ag
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Issues with Combo AssaysIssues with Combo Assays Testing strategies False reactivity rates Confirmation strategies Replacement of other assays
(especially in the USA) Cost Legal issues
Testing strategies False reactivity rates Confirmation strategies Replacement of other assays
(especially in the USA) Cost Legal issues
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What about simple assays?What about simple assays?
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HIV Determine testHIV Determine test
Detect HIV-1 & HIV-2 Cannot differentiate Procedural control – anti Hu IgG Whole blood or serum/plasma Widely available No additional reagents required Room temperature storage 15 minutes to result
Detect HIV-1 & HIV-2 Cannot differentiate Procedural control – anti Hu IgG Whole blood or serum/plasma Widely available No additional reagents required Room temperature storage 15 minutes to result
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BioRad HIV-1/2 MultispotBioRad HIV-1/2 Multispot Detects HIV-1 and HIV-2 Will differentiate 1 and 2 Procedural control – anti-Hu IgG Serum / plasma only Additional reagents (included) Requires refrigerated storage ‘Immunoconcentration’ principle 15 minutes to result
Detects HIV-1 and HIV-2 Will differentiate 1 and 2 Procedural control – anti-Hu IgG Serum / plasma only Additional reagents (included) Requires refrigerated storage ‘Immunoconcentration’ principle 15 minutes to result
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WHO Recommended StrategiesWHO Recommended Strategies
Strategy I Test all samples with one EIA Strategy II Strategy I with all reactives
retested in a more specific test with different principle and/or antigen.
Strategy III Strategy II with reactives tested in a third test differing from the first two tests.
Strategy I Test all samples with one EIA Strategy II Strategy I with all reactives
retested in a more specific test with different principle and/or antigen.
Strategy III Strategy II with reactives tested in a third test differing from the first two tests.
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WHO Recommended Testing StrategiesWHO Recommended Testing Strategies
Transfusion safety
Surveillance
Diagnosis Risk factors No risk factors
Transfusion safety
Surveillance
Diagnosis Risk factors No risk factors
Strategy I
>10% I <10% II
Strategy II >10% II <10% III
Strategy I
>10% I <10% II
Strategy II >10% II <10% III
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Testing Strategies Testing Strategies
AIM: To develop the logic used in establishing the use of HIV tests (testing strategies)
AIM: To develop the logic used in establishing the use of HIV tests (testing strategies)
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Objectives of Testing StrategiesObjectives of Testing Strategies To achieve the correct diagnosis in the most
efficient manner To maintain consistency in testing To know the predictive value of the testing
process To develop baseline data for assessing
changes To deliver useful results
To achieve the correct diagnosis in the most efficient manner
To maintain consistency in testing To know the predictive value of the testing
process To develop baseline data for assessing
changes To deliver useful results
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Aims in Developing HIV Testing StrategiesAims in Developing HIV Testing Strategies
To arrive at the correct sero-diagnosisTo arrive at the correct sero-diagnosis To minimise total testing; thus costTo minimise total testing; thus cost Minimise samples classed as indeterminate Minimise samples classed as indeterminate
or dual reactorsor dual reactors Detect HIV-1 negative but HIV-2 positiveDetect HIV-1 negative but HIV-2 positive Follow likely seroconverters (HIV-1 or -2)Follow likely seroconverters (HIV-1 or -2)
To arrive at the correct sero-diagnosisTo arrive at the correct sero-diagnosis To minimise total testing; thus costTo minimise total testing; thus cost Minimise samples classed as indeterminate Minimise samples classed as indeterminate
or dual reactorsor dual reactors Detect HIV-1 negative but HIV-2 positiveDetect HIV-1 negative but HIV-2 positive Follow likely seroconverters (HIV-1 or -2)Follow likely seroconverters (HIV-1 or -2)
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Screening AssaysScreening Assays
Are used to detect antibody-- specific or nonspecific
Are designed to handle large numbers of samples with rapid throughput
Must be high performance
Should include a full range of HIV antigens
Are used to detect antibody-- specific or nonspecific
Are designed to handle large numbers of samples with rapid throughput
Must be high performance
Should include a full range of HIV antigens
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Serological Testing StrategySerological Testing Strategy
NEG SCREENING TEST, highly sensitiveSCREENING TEST, highly sensitive
POSSUPPLEMENTAL TEST, SUPPLEMENTAL TEST,
highly sensitive & higher highly sensitive & higher specificity specificity
ADDITIONALADDITIONALTESTSTESTS
REACTIVE
NEGNEG
POS
IND
NEG
IND
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POINT OF REPORTING
NEGHIV1/2
SCREEN
POS HIV-1 WB
ADDITIONALTESTS
REACTIVE
NEG
NEG
INDPOS
IND
HIV Testing StrategyHIV Testing StrategySCREENIN
G
SUPPLEMENTAL
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Supplemental AssaysSupplemental Assays
Range of assays that further define
sero-status
High Performance (higher specificity)
Range of assays that further define
sero-status
High Performance (higher specificity)
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The Use of Screening AssaysThe Use of Screening Assays
Define samples as negative for a given analyte
Enable high throughput
Define samples as negative for a given analyte
Enable high throughput
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Predictive Values
Positive Predictive ValuesPositive Predictive Values::The likelihood of a sample identified as a The likelihood of a sample identified as a reactive by a test being truly POSITIVE for reactive by a test being truly POSITIVE for the analyte used as the basis of the test.the analyte used as the basis of the test.
PPV =True Positives
True Positives + False ReactivesX 100%
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Predictive Values
Negative Predictive ValuesNegative Predictive Values::
The likelihood that a sample identified as a non-The likelihood that a sample identified as a non-reactive by a test is truly NEGATIVE for the reactive by a test is truly NEGATIVE for the analyte used as the basis of the test.analyte used as the basis of the test.
NPV =True Negatives
True Negatives + False Negatives
X 100%
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WHO Recommended StrategiesWHO Recommended Strategies
Strategy I Test all samples with one EIA Strategy II Strategy I with all reactives
retested in a more specific test with different principle and/or antigen.
Strategy III Strategy II with reactives tested in a third test differing from the first two tests.
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WHO Recommended Testing StrategiesWHO Recommended Testing Strategies
Transfusion safety
Surveillance
Diagnosis Risk factors No risk factors
Transfusion safety
Surveillance
Diagnosis Risk factors No risk factors
Strategy I
>10% I <10% II
Strategy II >10% II <10% III
Strategy I
>10% I <10% II
Strategy II >10% II <10% III
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WHO GuidelinesWHO GuidelinesOther possibilities strategy for confirmation
combination of affordable & simple assaysdifferent test principlesdifferent antigen preparations
two or three ELISAs or rapid tests diagnosis confirmed by second sample detection of virus (PCR) antigen detection (limited lab.facilities) Always use a QC sample
Other possibilities strategy for confirmation
combination of affordable & simple assaysdifferent test principlesdifferent antigen preparations
two or three ELISAs or rapid tests diagnosis confirmed by second sample detection of virus (PCR) antigen detection (limited lab.facilities) Always use a QC sample
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Cost of HIV TestingCost of HIV Testing
comparative costs ELISA (Ab only) - $2 per test
EIA (Ab/Ag combo) - $3.50
rapid test - $10-20 per test
Western blot $80 - 100
p24 antigen $30
PCR - qualitative $80 - 100
PCR - quantitative (viral load) $90 – 150*
DNA sequencing (resistance) $400 – 700
comparative costs ELISA (Ab only) - $2 per test
EIA (Ab/Ag combo) - $3.50
rapid test - $10-20 per test
Western blot $80 - 100
p24 antigen $30
PCR - qualitative $80 - 100
PCR - quantitative (viral load) $90 – 150*
DNA sequencing (resistance) $400 – 700
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Summary of Testing StrategiesSummary of Testing Strategies
-Screening test x1
Screening test x2
Supplemental test
Other tests
NEG
R
- NEG-
- NEG+
POS
Eliminates laboratory
error
RR or R-