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HIV Recognition in the ED Martha I. Buitrago, MD Infectious Diseases Idaho State University.
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Transcript of HIV Recognition in the ED Martha I. Buitrago, MD Infectious Diseases Idaho State University.
HIV Recognition in the ED
Martha I. Buitrago, MDInfectious Diseases
Idaho State University
HIV in the ED
• Changing Epidemiology
• HIV Infection
• Presentations in the ED
• History Taking
00003-E-3 – July 2004
Adults and children estimated to be Adults and children estimated to be living living
with HIV as of end 2003with HIV as of end 2003
Total: 37.8 (34.6 – 42.3) million
Western Europe580 000580 000
[460 000 – 730 000][460 000 – 730 000]
North Africa & Middle East
480 000480 000[200 000 – 1.4 million][200 000 – 1.4 million]
Sub-Saharan Africa25.0 million25.0 million
[23.1 – 27.9 million][23.1 – 27.9 million]
Eastern Europe & Central Asia1.3 million 1.3 million [860 000 – [860 000 – 1.9 million]1.9 million]
South & South-East Asia
6.5 million6.5 million[4.1 – 9.6 million][4.1 – 9.6 million]
Oceania32 00032 000
[21 000 – 46 000][21 000 – 46 000]
North America1.0 million1.0 million
[520 000 – 1.6 million][520 000 – 1.6 million]
Caribbean430 000430 000
[270 000 – 760 000][270 000 – 760 000]
Latin America1.6 million1.6 million
[1.2 – 2.1 million][1.2 – 2.1 million]
East Asia900 000900 000
[450 000 – 1.5 million][450 000 – 1.5 million]
00003-E-4 – July 2004
ChildrenChildren (<15 years)(<15 years) estimated to be living estimated to be living with HIV as of end 2003with HIV as of end 2003
Western Europe6 2006 200
[4 900 – 7 900][4 900 – 7 900]
North Africa & Middle East
21 00021 000[6 300 – 72 000][6 300 – 72 000]
Sub-Saharan Africa1.9 million1.9 million
[1.7 – 2.2 million][1.7 – 2.2 million]
Eastern Europe & Central Asia8 1008 100[6 600 – 12 000][6 600 – 12 000]
East Asia7 7007 700[2 700 – 22 000][2 700 – 22 000]South
& South-East Asia160 000160 000[91 000 – 300 000][91 000 – 300 000]
Oceania600600
[< 2 000][< 2 000]
North America11 00011 000
[5 600 – 17 000][5 600 – 17 000]
Caribbean22 00022 000
[11 000 – 48 000][11 000 – 48 000]
Latin America25 00025 000
[20 000 – 41 000][20 000 – 41 000]
Total: 2.1 (1.9 – 2.5) million
00003-E-5 – July 2004
Estimated number of adults and Estimated number of adults and childrenchildren
newly infected with HIV during 2003newly infected with HIV during 2003
Total: 4.8 (4.2 – 6.3) million
Western Europe20 00020 000
[13 000 – 37 000][13 000 – 37 000]
North Africa & Middle East
75 00075 000[21 000 – 310 000][21 000 – 310 000]Sub-Saharan Africa
3.0 million3.0 million[2.6 – 3.7 million][2.6 – 3.7 million]
Eastern Europe & Central Asia360 000360 000[160 000 – 900 000][160 000 – 900 000]East Asia
200 000200 000[62 000 – 590 000][62 000 – 590 000]South
& South-East Asia850 000850 000[430 000 – 2.0 million][430 000 – 2.0 million]
Oceania5 0005 000
[2 100 – 13 000][2 100 – 13 000]
North America44 00044 000
[16 000 – 120 000][16 000 – 120 000]
Caribbean52 00052 000
[26 000 – 140 000][26 000 – 140 000]
Latin America200 000200 000
[140 000 – 340 000][140 000 – 340 000]
00003-E-6 – July 2004
Estimated number of children (<15 years) newly infected with HIV during 2003
Western Europe< 100< 100[< 200][< 200]
North Africa & Middle East
8 4008 400[2 500 – 28 000][2 500 – 28 000]Sub-Saharan Africa
550 000550 000[500 000 – 650 000][500 000 – 650 000]
Eastern Europe & Central Asia1 5001 500[1 000 – 2 900][1 000 – 2 900] East Asia
3 3003 300[1 200 – 9 200][1 200 – 9 200]South
& South-East Asia47 00047 000[29 000 – 87 000][29 000 – 87 000]
Oceania< 300< 300[< 1 000][< 1 000]
North America< 100< 100[< 200][< 200]
Caribbean6 0006 000
[3 000 – 13 000][3 000 – 13 000]
Latin America6 4006 400
[5 100 – 10 000][5 100 – 10 000]
Total: 630 000 (570 000 – 740 000)
00003-E-7 – July 2004
Estimated adult and child deaths Estimated adult and child deaths from AIDS during 2003from AIDS during 2003
Total: 2.9 (2.6 – 3.3) million
Western Europe6 0006 000[<8 000][<8 000]
North Africa & Middle East
24 00024 000[9 900 – 62 000][9 900 – 62 000]
Sub-Saharan Africa2.2 million2.2 million
[2.0 – 2.5 million][2.0 – 2.5 million]
Eastern Europe & Central Asia49 00049 000[32 000 – 71 000][32 000 – 71 000] East Asia
44 00044 000[22 000 – 75 000][22 000 – 75 000]South
& South-East Asia460 000460 000[290 000 – 700 000][290 000 – 700 000]
Oceania700700
[<1 300][<1 300]
North America 16 00016 000
[8 300 – 25 000][8 300 – 25 000]
Caribbean35 00035 000
[23 000 – 59 000][23 000 – 59 000]
Latin America84 00084 000
[65 000 – 110 000][65 000 – 110 000]
00003-E-8 – July 2004
About 14 000 new HIV infections a day in 2003
More than 95% are in low and middle income
countries
Almost 2000 are in children under 15 years of age
About 12 000 are in persons aged 15 to 49 years,
of whom:— almost 50% are women— about 50% are 15–24 year olds
00003-E-9 – July 2004
Global estimates for adults and childrenGlobal estimates for adults and childrenend 2003end 2003
People living with HIV
New HIV infections in 2003
Deaths due to AIDS in 2003
37.8 million [34.6 – 42.3 million]
4.8 million [4.2 – 6.3 million]
2.9 million [2.6 – 3.3 million]
13.2 Million Children have been Orphaned Since the start of the Epidemic
EpidemiologyChanging demographics:
1998 2000Women 21% 27% White 38% 36% Non-White 41% 47% MSM 45% 42% IVDU 20% 25% Heterosexuals 19% 26%
Idaho Cumulative HIV/AIDS 2003
-Cumulative statistics from April 1986 when HIV became a reportable disease in Idaho-HIV (+): Total # of HIV (+) individuals excluding Idaho AIDS cases
HIV in Idaho – Prevalence
District 1 95 District 2 46 District 3 101 District 4 333 District 5 76 District 6 64 District 7 46• Total 761
HIV / AIDS
(As of June 2004)
Idaho Cumulative HIV/AIDS 2003
Exposure categories
(Adults)
Idaho HIV(+)
(N=565)
Idaho AIDS
(N= 552)
Men who have sex with men (MSM) 257 (45%) 308 (56%)
Injecting drug use (IDU) 95 (17%) 61 (11%)
MSM & IDU 44 (8%) 44 (8%)
Hemophilia/coagulation disorders 5 (1%) 18 (3%)
Heterosexual contact 73 (13%) 69 (13%)
Receipt of blood component or tissue 12 (2%) 12 (2%)
Other/risk not reported or identified 79 (14%) 40 (7%)
Idaho Cumulative HIV/AIDS 2003
Exposure categories
Pediatric
Idaho HIV(+)
(N=8)
Idaho AIDS
(N=3)
Hemophilia/coagulation disorder 0 (0%) 0 (0%)
Mother with/at risk for HIV infection
7 (88%) 1(33%)
Receipt of blood, components, or tissue
0 (0%) 2 (67%)
Other/risk not reported or identified
1 (13%) 0 (0%)
HIV Presentations
• Primary HIV Infection
• Asymptomatic Screening
• Chronic HIV Infection
• Late-Stage AIDSMayo Clin Proc 2002;77:1097-1102
HIV Presentation
Case # 1
• Mr. John Corporate is a pleasant 30 y.o male, captain of the baseball team. He comes to the ER with complaints of fatigue, sore throat, painful nodes on his neck, and generalized body rash.
• All symptoms started 2 months after his last business trip.
Case # 1
• What other questions
would you ask?
• What is your
differential diagnosis?
• What tests would you
order?
Acute HIV Infection: opportunities for diagnosis
• Physicians’ offices
• Emergency rooms
• Community health centers
• Dermatology clinics
• Sexually transmitted disease centers
• HIV clinics
Mayo Clin Proc 2002;77:1097-1102
Acute HIV Infection
• Transient symptomatic illness in 40-90%– nonspecific illness to severe manifestations– occasionally can result in hospitalization
• No specific constellation of signs or symptoms can differentiate acute HIV from other illnesses
Kahn JO, Walker BD. Acute human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. N Engl J Med 1998;339:33-39
Schacker, T, et al. Clinical and epidemiologic features of primary HIV infection. Ann Intern Med. 1996;125:257-264
HIV Infection
Acute Retroviral Syndrome
• Fever• Lymphadenopathy
• Pharyngitis• Rash
• Myalgia/arthralgia• Diarrhea
• Headache• Nausea/Vomiting
• Hepatosplenomegaly• Weight loss
• Thrush• Neurologic symptoms
96% 74% 70% 70% 54% 32% 32% 27% 14% 13% 12% 12%
CDC. Guidelines for using antiretroviral agents…MMWR 2002;51(RR-7)
Acute HIV Infection
• Symptoms present days to weeks after initial exposure
• Most common presentation:– fever, fatigue, headache, and rash
• Nonspecific symptoms overlap with common viral illnesses
• High index of suspicion is CRITICAL
Acute Retroviral Syndrome
• Rash (40-80%)– erythematous maculopapular with lesion on
face and trunk (rarely extremities)– mucocutaneous ulceration involving the mouth,
esophagus, or genitals• Rash would help differentiate from infectious
mononucleosis
Acute Retroviral Syndrome
• Neurologic symptoms (24%)– meningoencephalitis or aseptic meningitis– peripheral neuropathy or radiculopathy– facial palsy– Guillain-Barré syndrome– brachial neuritis– cognitive impairment– psychosis
Acute HIV DDX
• Influenza • Epstein-Barr virus
mononucleosis• Severe (streptococcal)
pharyngitis• Secondary syphilis• Primary CMV infection• Toxoplasmosis
• Drug reaction• Viral hepatitis• Primary HSV infection • Rubella• Brucellosis• Malaria• West Nile Virus
Acute HIV: Diagnosis
Question all patients about HIV risk behaviors including sexual activity and injection drug use.
Perform a thorough physical examination with particular attention to the signs of primary HIV infection such as rash, mucocutaneous ulcers, and lymphadenopathy.
Perform a baseline HIV antibody test. – This serves two important purposes:
• it establishes whether chronic HIV infection is present• the consent process initiates a discussion with the patient
about the implications of HIV testing Obtain an HIV viral load test, if the suspicion of acute
HIV is high (the HIV antibody is likely to be negative in acute HIV infection)
HIV Antibody Tests
• Serum antibody (EIA)• Saliva and urine antibody tests (EIA)• Rapid tests
– SUDS (microfiltration EIA)• Laboratory-based
– OraQuick• Point of care
• Western blot assay– Confirmatory test
Potential Benefits of Treatment during PHI
• Suppress initial burst of viremia• ? alter viral set-point• Decrease viral evolution• Preserve CD4 lymphocytes (both absolute
number and HIV-specific)• Potentially decrease risk of transmission• Possibly allow for future cessation of therapy
Potential Risks of Treatment during PHI
• Drug toxicity
• Costs of possible lifelong therapy
• Starting therapy in patients who may never have needed it
• Early development of resistance
• Little evidence to date of clinical benefit
Acute HIV - Treatment
• Goal: long-term viral suppression
• Evidence:– Animal models (Macaques/SIV)– Small case reports
• Berlin patient, New York pair, Caracas couple
Weeks
2
3
4
5
6
-3 -2 +2 +5 +8 +11 +14 +17 +20
SIV
RN
A (
log1
0),
Media
n
No Therapy
STI-HAART
HAART
Lori et al. Science 2000
Acute Infection
• Control of SIV viremia w/ 3 wks on Rx & 3 wks off Rx
• Long term trial of 3 wks on & 3 wks off in SIV+ macaques
Lisziewicz et al. New Engl J Med. 1999.
<500
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
HIV
RN
A,
cop
ies/
mL
0
176.......Permanently discontinuedEpidid
ymiti
s
15–2
2
Hepat
itis A
121–
137
= No treatment
Time, days-10 30 70 110 150 190 230 270 310 350 390 727
The Berlin Patient
Acute HIV: Missed Opportunity• The symptoms — especially in mild cases — are
nonspecific and resolve spontaneously without treatment.
• Clinicians may be uncomfortable raising the question of sexual exposure or intravenous drug-use, especially with patients whom they only see infrequently such as young, previously healthy individuals.
• Primary care physicians may not be aware of high-risk behavior even in patients they know well.
• Patients may not perceive themselves to be at risk.
Case # 2
• MC is an 18 year old college student , who presents with increased shortness of breath for 3 weeks, fever, and non-productive cough.
• On exam, he has an oxygen saturation of 85% after exercise, and clear lungs.
Case #2
• What other questions
would you ask?
• What is your
differential diagnosis?
• How would you treat?
Sexual History Taking
• Ensure privacy• Be non-judgmental and respectful• Avoid making assumptions about people• Make eye contact, have relaxed body language• Provide patients with a context for the questions
that are to follow
Asking Questions
• First question is the most difficult; start with general, non-threatening
• Use open-ended questions
• Ask ‘how’, ‘what’, ‘where’
• Avoid asking ‘why’
• Ask about knowledge and use of barrier methods
Sample Questions
• Are you sexually active?
• How many sexual partners have you had in the past year?
• Do you have sex with men, women, or both?
• How are you protecting yourself from pregnancy?
Getting Started and the 5 “P”s
• Teens:– Some of my patients your age have started having sex.
Have you?
– What are you doing to protect yourself from AIDS or other STD’s?
• Adults:– I ask these questions to all my patients regardless of
age or marital status….
The 5 “P”s
1. Partners
2. Sexual Practices
3. Past STDs
4. Pregnancy History
5. Protection from STDs
Importance of HIV Diagnosis
• Early Intervention services– Improved quality of life– Avoid complications– Healthcare maintenance
• Prevent transmission– Primary HIV infection
• Higher viral loads• No antibody
– Chronic infection• Asymptomatic• High risk behaviors
Chronic HIV Presentation
• Clinically latent
• Subtle clues
• Complicates other diseases
• Index of suspicion is CRITICAL
Mucosal Clues
• Oral Lesions– Thrush, hairy leukoplakia, gingivitis
• Genital– Recurrent candidiasis, cervical or anal
dysplasia, STDs
• Gastrointestinal– Esophageal candidiasis, diarrhea, anorectal
infections, cholangiopathy
Mayo Clin Proc 2002;77:1097-1102
Hairy Leukoplakia
Oral Candidiasis
• Erythematous • Pseudomembranous
Dermatologic Clues
• Infectious dermatitides– Bacterial, fungal, viral
• Neoplastic– Kaposi’s, basal-cell, squamous cell
• Inflammatory– Psoriasis, seborrheic dermatitis
Mayo Clin Proc 2002;77:1097-1102
Seborrheic Dermatitis Kaposi’s Sarcoma
Laboratory Clues
• Cytopenias– Anemia, ITP, leukopenia
• Hypergammaglobulinemia• False positive results
– RPR, ANA
• Elevated PTT• Decreased cholesterol• Renal insufficiency and protenuria
Mayo Clin Proc 2002;77:1097-1102
Late-Stage Presentation
• Usually clinically obvious
• Should not be missed
• Opportunistic infections predominate
• Wasting common
Missed Opportunities
• Women who do not receive prenatal care• Pregnant women who seek prenatal care erratically• Non-legal residents• Injection drug users• Homeless• Women who receive prenatal care but are not offered
HIV testing
E Aaron, CRNP. Presented at Clinical Pathway, August 2002.
Summary• HIV/AIDS is an Idaho disease!• Recognizing the presentation of HIV disease is
important for ALL clinicians• Identifying HIV-infected individuals is important
for:– The person living with HIV– The spouse / partner– Unborn children– Society
• Referral specialty services ARE available