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![Page 1: HIV and TB CO-INFECTION Susan Swindells MBBS Nebraska AIDS Education & Training Center University of Nebraska Medical Center.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649dbf5503460f94ab3801/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
HIV and TB CO-INFECTION
Susan Swindells MBBSNebraska AIDS Education &
Training CenterUniversity of Nebraska Medical Center
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Opportunistic Infections Highest Priority Worldwide
Tuberculosis
Andrew Speaker
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Emergence of XDR TB
• 17,690 isolates worldwide 2004-5, 20% MDR, 2% XDR • Latvia- 19% of MDR TB cases • S. Korea- 15% of MDR TB cases• Latin America-6% of MDR TB cases• USA-4% MDR TB cases• Africa-<1% MDR TB cases• India? China?
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High Prevalence and Mortality from Extensively Drug-Resistant (XDR) TB
in TB/HIV Coinfected Patients in Rural South Africa
NR Gandhi, A Moll, R Pawinski, U Lalloo, AW Sturm, K Zeller, J Andrews, G Friedland
Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven CT USANelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, Durban, South Africa
Philanjalo, Tugela Ferry, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa
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Results
1539 Patients with Isolates sent
544 (35%)Culture-Positive for M.tb
995 (65%) Culture-Negative
221 (41%)Resistant to INH and RIF
(MDR TB)128 cases of MDR TB in US in 2004
53 (24% of MDR, 10% Culture-Positive)Resistant to all tested drugs
(XDR TB)
347 cases XDR TB worldwide
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Days since Sputum Collected
2402101801501209060300
Pro
po
rtio
n S
urv
ivin
g1.1
1.0
.9
.8
.7
.6
.5
.4
.3
.2
.1
0.0
-.1
Survival from Sputum Collection
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Mortality
• 52 of 53 (98%) XDR TB patients died• Median survival from sputum collection 16 days (range
2-210 days)
• 2 healthcare workers died with confirmed XDR TB
– 4 other workers died with suspected XDR TB
• 64% of patients hospitalized for any cause before onset of XDR TB
• 26/30 (87%) XDR TB isolates genetically similar
• 86% HIV-infected
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•Majority of patients infected with the same KZN strain•Databases 1994 to 2005 searched for resistance patterns in isolates of M.TB with KZN strain fingerprint.•In 1994, KZN strain cases with MDR TB, with some STM resistance•From 1994, MDR isolates found with resistance to additional drugs•First XDR isolate in 2001•Resistance to up to 7 drugs developed in a decade.
Evolution of the extensive drug resistant (XDR) KZN strain of M.TB in KwaZulu-Natal
Courtesy of G. Friedland
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Survival by level of resistance
4002000
observationperiod
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
Cu
m S
urv
ival
4-censored3-censored2-censored1-censored4321group
Survival Functions
4002000
observationperiod
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
Cu
m S
urv
iva
l
4-censored3-censored2-censored1-censored4321group
Survival Functions
1= non-MDR 2 = MDR
3 = 4/5 XDR 4 = 6 XDR
NonDR=57 MDR=52 XDR=61
Courtesy of G. Friedland
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Tuberculosis and HIV Disease and TB Drug Resistance-A Perfect Storm
• Enormous cost of worldwide neglect of TB• Lack of resources, basic research, modern
diagnostics and new treatments• Estimated $20 billion needed in next decade• Areas of high TB and HIV prevalence particularly
vulnerable– Failing TB programs – Poverty/crowding/migration– Primitive infection control– Lack of interaction with HIV programs
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XDR TB: High Research Priority Global XDR TB Task Force met Oct ’06
Revised case definition: Occurrence of TB with isolates resistant to INH
and RIF plus any fluroquinolone and at least one of three injectable 2nd-line drugs (amikacin, kanamycin, capreomycin)
MMWR Nov 3, 006/55(43);1176
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Interaction of HIV & TB Lifetime risk of disease with MTB infection:
10-20% Annual risk with HIV co-infection 10% Leading cause of death with HIV in sub-Saharan
Africa Occurs at all CD4 levels Risk of TB increases soon after HIV infection
Incidence doubled in 1st year after infection in SA gold miners [Sonnenberg et al; JID 2005]
Reinfection and reactivation
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Unanswered questions in Management of HIV/TB co-infection When to start ART What to start Optimal diagnostic tests Role of INH prophylaxis How to prevent drug resistant TB IRIS issues Pregnancy Drug-drug interactions
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Estimated TB incidence rates, 2004
The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. WHO 2005. All rights reserved
0 - 2425 - 4950 - 99100 - 299
No estimate300 or more
Estimated new TB cases (all forms) per 100 000 population
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A global view of HIV infectionA global view of HIV infection38.6 million people [33.4‒46.0 million] living with HIV, 2005
2.4
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Estimated HIV prevalence in new adult TB cases
The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. WHO 2005. All rights reserved
HIV prevalence in TB cases, 15-49 years (%)
0 - 45 - 1920 - 4950 or moreNo estimate
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ANTIRETROVIRRAL THERAPY
0
MONTH ON ARV
964862
TB in patients receiving ART
NEW TB
Undiagnosed TB
Activation of latent TB
IRISTransmitted TB
New Pulmonary TB
Treatment failure
Recurence
Reinfection
Courtesy of F. Scano, WHO
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TB Skin Testing
≥ 5 mm positive in HIV-infected 55% HIV+ pts in sub-Saharan Africa TST+ Can be read after 2 -7 days
[personal communication R.Chaisson]
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TB Diagnosis WHO strategy using sputum smears misses half
of incident cases at 1st presentation Misses extra-pulmonary disease 5% detection in children HIV-infected pts more likely smear-negative
Multiple visits and months of delay common Lack of standardized diagnostic tests to
in/exclude TB in ART clinical trials/rollout programs
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Smear negative TB in PLHIV
• Higher chance for smear negative disease– SN pulmonary = 24 – 61%– Extrapulmonary = 4 – 40%
• Autopsy studies = 14 – 54%
• Scale of problem is underestimated– Studies are institution based– Most TB services look for smear positives– Early death before diagnosis is established
Getahun H et al Lancet 2007 DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60284-0
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Key changes in the new policy
• Vigilance and flexibility to start empiric treatment for suspected extrapulmonary TB in peripheral health facilities
• TB care should include HIV care – HIV staging (clinical , immunological)– PCP treatment– Co-trimoxazole preventive therapy
• Clinical management of extrapulmonary TB be included as TB control programme activity
• Recording and reporting of SN TB improved
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Clinical Predictors of Active TB in Rural Uganda (n=1995) Sign/symptom
Cough ≥ 3 weeks BMI ≤ 18 Night sweats Fever ≥ 1 month Weight loss Lymphadenopathy
Sensitivity 76% 67% 63% 59% 58% 37%
Sensitivity and specificity improved with 1 or more of: cough, fever, lymphadenopathy, BMI
Were et al; CROI 2007 abstr# 848
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Role of DOTS Directly Observed Treatment Short-Course Public health based Passive detection using sputum smear Standardized regimens 6-8 months with
DOT for at least first 2 Targets: 70% detection, 85% cure
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2006
ReferenceReferenceLabLab
PeripheralPeripheralLabLab
FIND Product Deliverables 2006-2013FIND Product Deliverables 2006-2013
ClinicClinicHealth postHealth post
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
% A
ccess after 5 years
95%
70%
10-40%
Liquid culture
MTB & DST
Phage based
resistance test
Automated
NAAT
LED Fluor
Microscopy POC
NAAT
Urinary AG
detection Reader b
ased
LAT Flow
Speciation
test
Urinary
NAAT
Improved AG/AB
strip te
st
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Role of INH CDC recommends for TST ≥ 5 mm WHO recommends INH for all HIV+ in high
prevalence countries Most of Asia and Africa do not use: officially
discouraged in S. Africa and India Limited resources to screen for active disease Concern about drug resistance
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INH preventive therapy (IPT)
IPT reduces risk of TB in HIV+ people by 62% in PPD+ By 36% overall
Evidence of survival benefit in children and in adults in cohort studies
Benefit of IPT may wane after 1-2 years in high prevalence settings
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Efficacy of IPT in HIV+ Adults: Risk of TB
• 11 randomised trials with 8,130 HIV+ participants overall reduction in TB = 36%, reduction PPD+ = 62%
Woldehanna and Volmink, Cochrane Review 2006
0.95
0.64
TB incidence
Death
Relative Risk (Fixed)95% CI
Reference1.0
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Treatment of Latent TB in HIV+ Patients and Survival
in Brazil
Pinho, AIDS 2001
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TB Preventive Therapy and Drug Resistance
• Review of 13 IPT trials with ~35,000 participants shows low risk of selecting resistance (RR 1.45, 95% CI 0.85-2.47)
• For INH-resistant LTBI, rifampin effective• For MDR or XDR exposure, no regimen has been
shown to be effective• Drugs with potential utility:
– Linezolid– Clofazimine– Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid
Balcells et al. EID 2006;12:744; Nuermberger et al. AJRCCM 2005;172:1452
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MDR TB Treatment Peru, Philippines & Eastern Europe cohort
data N = 729 70% success rate Required individualized regimens with at least 4
drugs including 1 injectable + fluroquinolone
MDR-TB can be treated in resource poor countries (but not very poor ones)
Nathanson et al; Emerg Inf Dis Sep 2006
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Discovery - 17 Preclinical - 4 Clinical Testing - 5
Dihydrolipoamide Acyltransferase InhibitorsNIAID, Cornell University
DipiperidinesSequella Inc.
InhA InhibitorsGlaxoSmithKline, TB Alliance
Isocitrate Lyase Inhibitors (ICL) GlaxoSmithKline, TB Alliance
MacrolidesTB Alliance, University of Illinois at Chicago
Methyltransferase inhibitorsAnacor Pharmaceuticals
Translocase I InhibitorsSequella Inc., Sankyo
Synthase Inhibitor FAS20013FASgen Inc.
Moxifloxacin Bayer Pharmaceuticals, CDC TBTC, Johns Hopkins University, NIAID, TBRU
Diarylquinoline R207910Johnson & Johnson
Proprietary Compound Otsuka
Natural Products Exploration NIAID, TAACF, California State University, University of Auckland
Nitroimidazole PA-824 Chiron Corporation, TB Alliance
Diamine SQ-109Sequella Inc.
GatifloxacinOFLOTUB – TDR, Tuberculosis Research Centre, NIAID, TBRU
Cell Wall InhibitorsNIAID, Colorado State University
Novel Antibiotic ClassGlaxoSmithKline, TB Alliance
Picolinamide ImidazolesNIAID, TAACF)
PleuromutilinsGlaxoSmithKline, TB Alliance
Pyrroles(TB Alliance, Private Sector Partner)
QuinolonesKRICT/ Yonsei University, NIAID, TAACF, TB Alliance
Proprietary CompoundsAstraZeneca
Thiolactomycin AnalogsNIAID, NIH
Nitroimidazole Analogs Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, NIAID, TB Alliance
Nitrofuranylamides NIAID, University of Tennessee
Pyrrole LL-3858Lupin Limited
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Role of VaccinesRole of Vaccines
Pre or post exposure vaccines could Pre or post exposure vaccines could decrease disease/deathdecrease disease/death
Use in combination with antibiotics?Use in combination with antibiotics?
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Role of ART: WHO Guidelines 2006 for ART Initiation
Stage IV illness TB ; serious bacterial infections if CD4
<350 Before CD4 count falls to 200 Start ART treatment 2 - 8 weeks after
TB for active disease
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WHO Guidelines
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PreventionPreventionOptimal timing of ART initiation in those on Optimal timing of ART initiation in those on
TB treatment?TB treatment?
EARLY DELAYED
IRISPill BurdenDrug-drug interactionsToxicityCost
Increased disease progression and death
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Cape Town cohort of 264 pts on ART and Cape Town cohort of 264 pts on ART and
770 not; 1992-2001770 not; 1992-2001 [Badri Lancet 2002][Badri Lancet 2002]
On ARTOn ART NotNot RRRR P valueP value
CD4 countCD4 count # cases # cases (incidence)(incidence)
# cases # cases (incidence)(incidence)
<200<200 5 (3.4%)5 (3.4%) 41 (17.5%)41 (17.5%) 0.180.18 <.0001<.0001
200-350200-350 2 (1.7%)2 (1.7%) 27 (12%)27 (12%) 0.120.12 <.0001<.0001
>350>350 2 (2%)2 (2%) 14 (3.6%)14 (3.6%) 0.360.36 0.780.78
OverallOverall 9 (2.4%)9 (2.4%) 82 (9.7%)82 (9.7%) 0.190.19 <.0001<.0001
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Rifampin Interactions: Is dose adjustment required?
• EFV and NVP are reduced 20-40% with rifampin1,2,3,4
• Small PK studies support dose increase of EFV (800 mg) and NVP(300 mg bid) 5,6
• Large interpatient variability due to genetic determinants of metabolism7
• Clinical outcome studies to date do not support dose adjustment of EFV or NVP
1Ribera, JAIDS, 2001; 2Lopez-Cortes, Clinical PK, 2002; 3Manosuthi, AIDS, 2005 ; 4Manosuthi, CID, 2006
5 Lopez-Cortes, Clinical PK, 2002; 6Ramachandran, JAIDS, 2006; 7Haas, AIDS, 2004; Friedland J, Antimicrob. Chemotherapy 2006.
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TB-IRIS: Incidence and Risk Factors
Lawn et al; AIDS 2007
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TB-IRIS: Incidence and Risk Factors
Risk of IRIS high with low CD4 count and early treatment
Most cases self-limiting Mortality rate low (1%)
Lawn et al; AIDS 2007
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Conclusions
ART reduces TB risk, but not enough Risk of selecting for resistance with IPT
appears low Active TB can be ruled out by clinical or
laboratory screening in most patients Need for improved diagnostics
Treatment of TB and HIV concurrently is complex
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TB Control in HIV-Endemic Areas Requires Reassessment of traditional approaches to TB
control (active vs passive case finding, DOTS) Development of new tools and technologies Increased drug availability and new drugs;
shorter, simpler regimens Vaccine? Joint approaches with HIV-related programs Earlier access to ART