HITLER AND THE PEOPLE The Public Sides of Nazi Terror The Gestapo and German Society The Varieties of Dictatorship Changing perspectives Hitler: The first foundation for the creation of authority is always provided by popularity. The second foundation of all authority is force. The result: Consensus Dictatorship Backing Hitler: Consent and Coercion in Nazi Germany Post World War I Europe Militarization of political life The era of uniformed bullies The call for the Strong Man The crisis of democracy and capitalism Unemployment rose to nearly 40% at the end of 1932 Hitler is Appointed Make-Work Projects: Building the Autobahn It began before Hitler It began before Hitler One of Hitlers make-work projects One of Hitlers make-work projects The Great Depression had psychological causes The Great Depression had psychological causes The autobahn a small part of the psychological cure The autobahn a small part of the psychological cure Make Work Programs Postcards of dedicated young women and men Postcards of dedicated young women and men Self-Coordination: Millions embrace the National Socialist Movement Unemployment sinks Hitlers Popularity Rises Arbeitslose Saarland votes freely to return to Germany January 13, 1935 free plebiscite Supervised by League of Nations 90.7% in favor Big boost for Hitler The Step Across the Rhine: March 17, 1936 Cheering Crowds on Hitlers Return from Vienna after its incorporation in March 1938 The Legal Revolution Elimination of political opposition Begins with the Communists One institution at a time The Communist Militants fought it out in the streets with the SA Announcement of the Dachau KZ in the Press 400,000 Sterilized: Enormous Publicity of the Program Sterilization Laws Law and Order Crackdown on Habitual Criminals (1933) Criminal police (Kripo) New Powers for Courts Secure and improve Women Recall the Good Times the Third Reich: I only wanted to see the good Images of the KZ in Word and Picture The Distribution of the Camps in 1933 The number of camp prisoners falls to 3,000 at the end of 1934 The end of the camps is in sight The end of the camps is in sight The Changing Missions of KZ are reported in the Press Hitler as the prince who awakens sleeping beauty with a KZ in Emsland Emsland Camps, KZ-GEDENKSTTTE FLOSSENBRG FLOSSENBRG Satellite Camps Einige Orte in denen grere (manchmal auch mehrere) Auenlager des KZ Flossenbrg bestanden. Altenhammer Ansbach Aue Bayreuth Brx/Most Chemnitz Dresden Eichsttt Eisenberg/Jezeri Falkenau a.d Eger/Falknov nad Ohri Flha Freiberg Ganacker Giebelstadt Grafenreuth Graslitz/Kraslice Grditz Gundelsdorf Hainichen Heidenau Helmsbrechts Hersbruck Hertine/Rtyne Hohenstein-Ernstthal Holleischen/Holysov Hradischko/Hradistko Janowitz/Vrchotovy Janovice Johanngeorgenstadt Jungfern Breschan/Panenske Brezany Kirchham Knellendorf Knigstein Krondorf/Korunni Leitmeritz/Litomerice Lengenfeld Lobositz/Lovosice Mehlteuer Meissen Mittweida FLOSSENBRG Satellite Camps (2) Mockethal-Zatschke Moschendorf Mlsen-St. Micheln Neu Rohlau/Nova Role Nossen Nrnberg Obertraubling Oederan Plattling Plauen Porschdorf Poschetzau/Bozicany Pottenstein Rabstein/Rabstejn Regensburg Rochlitz Saal a.d.Donau St. Georgenthal/Jiretin Schlackenwerth/Ostrov Schnheide Seifhennersdorf Siegmar-Schnau Stein-Schnau/Kamenicky Senov Stulln Venusberg Willischthal Wolkenburg Wrzburg Zschachwitz Zschopau Zwickau Zwodau/Svatava FLOSSENBRG More than 30,000 people died in the camp or its satellite camps Almost all non-Jews Its full history remains to be written Jewish Populations in Europe in 1933 Jews in Germany 1933 = 499,682 believing Jews in Germany Less than 1% of the total population End 1939 = 190,000 Around 20,000 of these people lived in mixed marriages Victor Klemperer What do the Germans really think about the Jews? What do they know about the persecutions? H ow does the system really work? Goebbels Call for a Boycott of the Jews in 1933 Local Nazi radicals and the Boycott of the Jews Kristallnacht across Germany November 9/10, 1938 Kristallnacht 100 or more are killed 100 or more are killed Synagogues Burnt Synagogues Burnt 7500 Businesses 7500 Businesses People Attacked People Attacked Senseless waste everywhere Senseless waste everywhere 30,000 sent to KZ 30,000 sent to KZ Male Jews March off to camps: They are released to Emigrate Images of Wrzburg Wrzburg (2) The old and beautiful places Wrzburg changes in 1933 Oral History and the Secret Police Limits and possibilities Alternatives sources: diaries and letters Police files from the time What is the question? Denunciations: a new field of research Denunciations: Volunteered Informing from ordinary citizens Who are ordinary citizens? Are they a key to Understanding the Gestapo? Gestapo Files 19,000 files in Wrzburg 19,000 files in Wrzburg How do the police find out? How do the police find out? How many police are there? How many police are there? Citizen Participation in Policing The War Revolutionizes the Revolution Militarization of social life Appearance of slave labor Apartheid System & Master Race Policing the apartheid system Consensus Dictatorship: Hitler greets a Berlin Crowd (July 1940) Slave workers End 1944 = 7, employed inside Germany What was known about the Mass Murder of the Jews? The Hitler Prophesy Propaganda poster Propaganda poster September 1941 Euthanasia Poster: How much a chronically ill person costs the community Hitler Authorization backdated to September 1, 1939 Publicity of Deportations Aryanization of Property Humiliation of the Jews in Mixed Marriages who stay in Germany Growth of the camps in the war KZ Prisoners 1934 =3, = 714,211 Special New Work Education Camps 200 camps with a capacity of 40,000 Social Presence of the KZ Approaching Defeat Revolutionizes the Revolution Again Home Front becomes the Battlefront Home Front becomes the Battlefront Drum-Head courts Drum-Head courts Military system of justice Military system of justice Volkssturm or Peoples Army Volkssturm or Peoples Army Death Marches of KZ and all prisons Death Marches of KZ and all prisons German Military Justice Executed more than 15,000 of its own troops Evacuation of the Camps and Prisons: the Death Marches Death Marches What to do with the 700,000 camp inmates? More than 250,000 people of all nationalities died in these evacuations We are still searching for an explanation The last camp census Backing Hitler to the End: The Consensus Holds