An ADA W

Reduwith

March 8

White Pape

cing Op Fuel A

8, 2016

r

peratindditive

ng Costses

s and R

ShaConstanc

Ste

Risks of

By Davidaron Sjostrce Senior, Vephen Mein

f Hg Co

d Young, Prom, Chief Vice Presidnhardt, Pro

ntrol

roduct ManProduct Ofent Techno

oject Engine

nager fficer ology eer II

Reduwith David Y

ABSTRAAs comploptions fof mercumercury currentlyassociatepreheateemissionlignite-ficontrol. indicatiotreatmenincludingwill be p

INTRODFor nearlcoal-firedmore thacompositintroduceissues an

ADA delivdemonsttrack recpatents ptechnolofocus its

cing Op Fuel A

oung, Shar

ACT liance with tfor mercury ury control sin the flue g

y the most ced with balaers, leachings. ADA’s pared boilers t After treati

on or evidencnt, leachingg opportunitresented.

DUCTION ly two decadd plants andan 140 boiletion, balanced by other

nd provide a

vers an imporated commcord includepending, and

ogy and systesignificant e

peratindditive

ron Sjostro

the MATS ancontrol. On

systems in chgas and imp

commonly usance-of-plang into efflueatented M-Prto increase ing over 100ce of corros, or ancillaryties to reduc

des, ADA had sold activars. Our porte-of-plant imtechnologierange of co

ortant combmercial produ

s securing md receiving ems. No maexpertise an

ng Costses

om, Consta

nd IB MACT rnce in compheck. Coal arove the effsed coal addt problems,nts that everove™ coal amercury oxi

0 million tonion in the fly emissions.

ce carbon co

s conductedated carbon tfolio of prompacts fromes. We wereommercial so

bination of hucts, and comore than 35numerous p

atter the chand resources

1

s and R

nce Senior

rules approaliance, planadditives arfectiveness oditive. While notably cor

entually discadditive has idation and ns of coal folue gas path. In this paponsumption a

d more than injection sy

oducts has grm alternate ae the first toolutions to t

hands-on expommitment t5 US patentsrestigious inallenges ours to innovati

Risks of

r, Stephen

aches, coal-fnts will needre used to inof activatede effective,rrosion of cocharge into wbeen used sreduce PAC r several ye, or issues aper, exampleand minimiz

100 mercurystems mainrown to addapproaches,o understandthe industry

perience, into collaboras, with additndustry awarr customers ing for a cle

f Hg Co

Meinhardt

fired boilersd to keep thencrease the od carbon. Br bromine ad

omponents swaterways, successfully consumptioars, there h

associated wes of the usze balance-o

ry control detaining mer

dress limitat, and operatd these envi.

dustry expeating with cutional US anrds for emisface, ADA w

eaner energy

© 2016 ADA-E

ntrol

t

s have manye operating oxidation ofromine is ddition has bsuch as air and ancillaron PRB- and

on for mercuhas been no with water e of M-Proveof-plant imp

emonstratiorcury controions in coal tional challeironmental

ertise, ustomers. Ond internatiosions contro

will continuey future.

ES, Inc.

y costs

f

been

ry d ury

e, pacts,

ns at l for

enges

Our onal ol e to

LegislatAir emissClean Airincrease (PM) mussummariz

Federal On Decem2012. Afyear extemaximumregulatioUnits (EGprovisionHAPs.

State MeIn additioto, or modecrees temissionunits.

IndustriaOn Decemtoxics sta2016, indlimits emboiler owJanuary demonstaffected

MERCUThere arcollectioabsorptiomercury particulaflue gas d

tion and Esions from cr Act as wellthe comple

st be accomzed below,

Mercury anmber 16, 20ffected unitsension of them achievableons. The rulGUs) that gens, control o

ercury and Aon to federaore stringenthat requires. Seventee

al Boiler MAmber 20, 20andards origdustrial boilemissions of mwners may b31, 2017. Wrate compliaby the IB M

URY CONTe only two pn of mercuron of oxidizecontrol stra

ate-bound Hdesulfurizat

Environmeoal-fired bol as under stxity of findiplished whilspecific fed

d Air Toxic 011, the EPAs had to be e compliance control tecle is applicanerate elec

of mercury a

Air Toxics Ral MATS rulet than MATS

e the contron states hav

ACT 012, the EPAginally finaliers must beg

mercury, acide granted a

Within 180 dance. The E

MACT in indu

TROL STRpathways byry that has bed gaseous mategy must ug using the tion (FGD) sc

ental Reguilers and indtate rules. Tng a complile controllineral rules ap

Standards (A issued the fin complian

ce date to Achnology (Mble to coal atricity via st

and particula

Regulations Aes, certain stS. Power plal of acid gasve mercury-s

A finalized a zed in Marcgin compliand gases, parone year exays of the cEPA estimatestries such a

RATEGIES y which mercbeen adsorbemercury speutilize one oparticulate crubber.

2

ulations dustrial sourThese are mance solutio

ng both acid pply to each

(MATS) final MATS rce on April pril 16, 2016

MACT) framewand oil-firedteam turbineate matter,

Affecting EGtates have tants around ses and partspecific rule

specific seth 2011 for innce with therticulate maxtension delompliance des that appras pulp and

FOR COAcury can be ed on surfacecies (collecor both of thcollection d

rces are regmulti-pollutaon. The congases and m

h source cate

rule, which t16, 2015, un6. The MATwork for haz

d Electric Utes and proviand control

GUs heir own methe countryiculate mat

es that affec

t of adjustmndustrial boe Industrial atter, and calaying the codate, industroximately 6paper.

AL-FIRED removed fro

ces (e.g., flyctively, Hg2+)ese pathway

device or by

ulated undeant rules, whntrol of partimercury (Hgegory.

took effect nless they re

TS rule is baszardous air tility Steam ides for, aml of acid gase

ercury rulesy are also suter, in addit

ct more than

ents to the oilers. StartiBoiler (IB) Marbon monoxompliance drial boilers o600 coal-fire

BOILERS om coal-firey ash, sorbe) in aqueousys, either byremoving ga

© 2016 ADA-E

er the federahich can iculate matt). As

on April 16,eceived a onsed on the pollutant (HGenerating

mong other es and othe

that are simubject to contion to mercn 260 genera

MACT-baseding January

MACT which xide. Some

date until operators med boilers wi

ed boilers: nts) and s media. Any removing aseous Hg2+

ES, Inc.

al

ter

ne-

HAP)

r

milar nsent cury ating

d air 31,

must ill be

ny

in a

OxidatiOxidationthe transpollutionimportanabundantmagnituda strong mercury

Work carspurred nsystems. homogenbromine content oto the co

Addition chlorine shows thabout 80on the proxidizingimprove and techmore pen

AdsorptMercury from gascombustiapplicatioxidized form.

In a coalcompletecarbon sosurface ato mercu

ion of Mern of the elesformation on control equnt species fot halogen inde,1 and thisinfluence onin certain a

rried out in numerous in On an equi

neous oxidatin most US cof US coals ioal before co

of halogenscoals (subbiat, in most

0-90% with throcess. ADAg mercury, athe effectivnical expertnding in the

tion of Meadsorption o and liquid mion flue gas ions, municiform, which

-fired powee combustioorbents are area and, in ury capture.

rcury in Flmental mercof mercury iuipment. Hor oxidizing m coal. The c

s large varian the oxidat

air pollution

Europe on thnvestigationsivalent molation of merccoals to affeis 1% to 4% oombustion o

s to the fuel ituminous orcases, the ahe addition A discoveredand that the veness of hatise, ADA ha US and fore

ercury in Fon carbon sumedia. Theoriginally ppal solid wah has proven

r plant, the n of the coamore effectsome cases

lue Gas cury (Hg0) thnto forms thalogen compmercury in cchlorine contion resulte

tion state ofcontrol dev

he effect ofs on the impar basis, brocury in combect mercuryof the chlorior to the flue

or flue gas r lignite coaamount of oxof 100 μg Br

d that addingaddition of logens for m

as secured 13eign patent

Flue Gas urfaces is us presence oosed challen

aste combustn easier to a

fly ash ofteal. This unbtive than un, an optimiz

3

hat is presenhat can adsopounds havecoal combusntents of coad in the obs

f mercury in vices.

f bromine onpact of bromomine is morbustion flue gy oxidation inine content.e gas, if add

finds the beals). A sampxidized mercr/g coal, whg low-levels iron or othe

mercury oxid3 patents inoffices.

sed in many f both oxidiznges for destors, for exaadsorb on ac

en contains uburned carbonburned carbzed pore str

nt in the flaorb and/or ae long been stion systemals from theservation tha

the flue gas

n mercury emmine additionre effective gas. There isn coal-fired .3 Thereforeditional merc

est applicatipling of datacury at the

hich might inof iodine ca

er metals cadation. Levencorporating

applicationszed and ele

sign of effecample, mercctivated carb

unburned caon can adsorbon in fly asucture or su

ame zone is absorb in doidentified a

ms. Chlorinee U.S. span tat coal chlors, as well as

missions in in to coal cothan chlorins not enougboilers: the

e, bromine hcury oxidati

ion on boilera from full-scESP outlet lndicate kinean also be van act as a ceraging yearg M-Prove te

s to capturemental mer

ctive sorbentcury is almobon than the

arbon from lrb mercury. sh because ourface treatm

© 2016 ADA-E

the key stepownstream aas the most e is the mosttwo orders orine contents the remova

incinerators2

mbustion ne for the h native e bromine has been adion is desire

rs burning locale studiesevels off at

etic limitatiovery effectivcatalyst to rs of researcchnology, w

e mercury borcury in coalts. In other st entirely ie elemental

ess-than- Activated

of higher spements speci

ES, Inc.

p in air

t of t had al of

2

ded d.

ow-s4,5,6,7

ons ve at

ch with

oth l

n an l

ecific fic

The prescarbon, wwhich meor gas-phmercury.additives

With lowadsorbingthe gaseoto activahalogen tthe activadditive contains burned in

AbsorptAbsorptioremove mwhat seerelativelyis 106 tim90%.9 In elementathis redu

In wet FGphase. Oform. Ina phase csometimseparate

Further cProcess cin transieresult in scrubber

In summaplants. Fmercury

ence of halowhich has beercury is oxihase halogen. ADA’s ports and mercu

w concentratg mercury inous mercury

ate binding sto the flue g

vated carbonin conjunctilow concen

n a boiler.

tion of Meon of mercumercury fromems simple ay high and c

mes lower.8 Tsome scrub

al mercury. uction reacti

GD scrubberOnce in the the solid gycontaining Aes included d.11

complicatingchanges canent emissionsignificant e

r.

ary, there aFirst, the exwithout the

ogen compoeen attributidized. Pre-n has a similtfolio includry sorbents,

tions of halon coal-fired y will be in tsites. The egas (e.g., brn with a haloion with nontrations of h

ercury in Sry in flue gam the flue gat first turnsclose to the The removabers, howev Because of

ion is increa

rs, mercury csolid phase,ypsum produAl, Fe or botin the gypsu

g the picture cause chan

ns of elemenemissions of

re two primxisting air poe addition of

unds in the ted to its ac-treating thelar promotiodes patents t, including a

ogens in the boilers. Low

the elementffectiveness

romine or otogen. The un-brominatehalogens, fo

Scrubbersas desulfurizgas in coal-fis out to be qsolubility ofl of oxidizedver, some off the very limased elemen

can be foun mercury is uct from forth.10 Mercurum product

e, scrubbersges in the c

ntal mercuryf mercury be

ary mercuryollution contf new equipm

4

flue gas protivation of te carbon witonal effect othat cover t

activated ca

flue gas, acw concentra

tal form ands of activatether halogenuse of bromied carbon is or example,

s zation (FGD)ired boilers.quite complef HCl in wated mercury byf the absorbmited solubital mercury

d either in tnot observe

rced-oxidatiory is associatin a forced-

s do not alwomposition y from the secause of th

y control strtrol devices ment dedica

omotes mercthe catalyticth aqueous con the adsorthe combinerbon.

ctivated carbations of hal elemental

ed carbon is n addition toinated activtypically newhen subbit

) scrubbers i. As with gasex. The soluer. The soluy wet FGD s

bed Hg2+ in thility of elem

y in the gas p

the aqueoused to be redon scrubberted with the-oxidation sc

ways operateof the scrubcrubber. Su

he large rese

rategies usedmay be able

ated to merc

cury adsorptc sites on thchloride, aqrption of eleed use of hal

bon is not velogens meanmercury reqincreased b

o the coal) ovated carbonecessary whetuminous or

is one of thes-phase merubility of Hgubility of elescrubbers tyhe liquid is

mental mercuphase.

s phase or inuced back t

rs, mercury ae finest solidcrubber and

e at steady-sbber solutionuch transienervoir of liqu

d today in ce to removecury control

© 2016 ADA-E

tion by activhe carbon, aqueous bromemental logen-based

ery effectiven that most quires halogeby either addor by pretrean or a halogeen the flue gr lignite coal

e ways to rcury chemisgCl2 in wateremental mepically excereduced bacury, the resu

n the solid to elementaappears to bds, which ar sometimes

state conditin and can re

nt events canuid in a typic

oal-fired poe sufficient l, sometime

ES, Inc.

vated t

mide

coal

e at of ens ding ating en gas ls are

stry, r is rcury

eeds ck to ult of

l be in re

ions. esult n cal

ower

s

called a mercury,agents orSecond, equipmedevice. might beconjuncta plant’s

HALOGAddition as an effimprove flue gas i

Aco

Asc

RsufotoM

“co-benefits, including: r catalysts tsorbents cannt to inject The most co

e doped withtion with nons mercury co

GEN ADDITof halogen

fective way tmercury emis advantage

A low-halogeombination

A low-halogecrubber as t

Refined Fuel ufficient demor tax credito the qualifi

Most refined

s” strategy. burning coao increase on be used tosorbents int

ommonly useh halogens (tn-halogenatontrol strate

TION TO Ccompounds,to increase

missions conteous for mer

n fuel and twould be ch

n fuel on a uthe primary

use in an EGmonstrated ts under a Uied fuel purccoal system

Certain meal blends to ioxidized Hg;o adsorb Hg to the flue ged sorbents typically broed PAC. Ha

egy.

COAL-FIR, either to ththe amounttrol. Configrcury emissi

he use of a heaper than

unit with a wmercury rem

GU boiler, wemission redS tax regulachase and do

ms achieve m

5

easures can increase the addition offrom the flugas, typicallare powder

omine) or haalogen addit

RED BOILEhe fuel or toof oxidizedurations in wons control

non-brominbrominated

wet or dry Fmoval device

which is a moductions, ty

ation (IRS Seoes not affe

mercury cont

be taken toe halogen in f a scrubber ue gas, whicly upstream red activatedalogens mighion is often

ERS o the flue ga mercury in which addininclude the

ated PAC (ind PAC by itse

FGD with thee;

odification oypically of Nection 45). Tect compliantrol by addin

o increase ththe coal; usto removed

ch involves aof a particud carbons (Pht be addedan importan

as, has been the flue ga

ng halogens te following:

n the hope telf);

e intent of u

of the fuel tOx and mer

This tax crednce with theng halogens

© 2016 ADA-E

he capture osing oxidizin

d oxidized Hadding additulate controPACs). Thesd to the coalnt compone

n demonstras, which canto the fuel o

that this

using the

to result in ircury to qualdit only apple MATS rule.to the coal.

ES, Inc.

of ng g. tional l se l in nt of

ted n or

n lify lies .

When adhalogen been notcorrosionof bromid

An ongoidirect brthe majostudy assThis corrbituminowas addeBr/g coa

The addiconcentrscrubberresult in device. increase form (Semay be owastewa

Adding aconcentrscrubberincreasedoperate oμg/g chlowith add

In at leasdischargeconcentrscrubberbody of wsystems, four trihadibromoccontainin

ditional Hg used. Howeted after sevn in the fluede in scrubb

ng study by romine additor observed sociated witrosion was oous blends. ed to the fuel.

tion of bromration of seler slurry.11 Ita shift of seIncreasing tin selenium[VI]) cannotof concern toter promulg

halogen, suration of bror liquor are id halogen leon boilers fiorine or lessition of grea

st one case,e has been orations to ber liquid dischwater with athe US EPA

alomethanechloromethang bromine c

oxidation is ever, there averal years o

e gas path, seber wastewa

EPRI12,13 on tion and injeimpact. Th

th bromine anly observedFurthermoreel took plac

mine compouenium in thet appears thelenium fromthe concentr

m in the FGD t be removedo utility boi

gated in the

uch as bromiomide ions inincreased anevels, corrosiring Powders, might not ater than 10

an increaseobserved wite of concernharge could a drinking wsets a limits (THMs): cane.15 In thcan be form

needed in tare balance-of bromine uelenium par

ater.

the balanceection of broe most com

addition werd on boilers e, most of te in boilers

unds to the e flue gas do

hat the presem the fly ashration of seldischarge s

d efficientlylers becausefederal Effl

ine, to the fn the liquid nd the matesion could rer River Basinbe construc

00 μg/g brom

e in brominath bromine a

n.12 Increasepotentially

water treatmt of 80 parts chloroform, e chlorine d

med and ther

6

the flue gas,-of-plant effusage at coartitioning in

e of plant efominated PAmonly reporre the cold-efiring subbihe corrosionwith bromin

flue gas hasownstream oence of bromh to the flueenium in thetream. Seley by convente of the limiluent Limita

flue gas has phase of a wrials of consesult.12 In pn subbitumincted of the rmine.

ated organicaddition to e of halogenbe a problem

ment plant doper billion

bromoform,disinfection re is a conce

, bromine hafects of bromal-fired utilitthe flue gas

ffects of broAC) has, to drted corrosioend baskets ituminous con identified ne addition

s been obserof the air hemine compoe gas leavinge scrubber senium, partitional wasteits on discha

ation Guideli

been demowet FGD scrstruction we

particular, scnous coals, wright materi

c compoundsthe fuel, alt

ns (chloride, m if the watownstream. (μg/L) on th bromochloprocess in t

ern about th

as typically mine additioty boilers, ins, and poten

omine additidate, identifon locationsof air pre-h

oals or subbin boilers inrates greate

rved to increeater14 and iounds in the g the particuslurry mighticularly the ewater treatarge of Se inines.

nstrated to rubber.5 If here not desigcrubbers deswhich typicaials for long-

s in the wet though not abromide, e

ters are disc In public d

he total concromethane, he treatmen

he toxicity of

© 2016 ADA-E

been the on that havencluding: ntial dischar

ion (includinfied corrosios in the EPRIheaters (APHituminous-n which bromer than 100

ease the in a wet flue gas canulate contro result in anmost oxidiz

tment units.n power plan

increase thehalogens in tgned for thosigned to ally have 25-term opera

FGD scrubbat high enoutc.) in wet charged to adrinking watecentration oand

nt plant, THf brominate

ES, Inc.

e

rges

ng on as

Hs).

mine μg

n ol n zed This

nt

e the ose

ation

ber ugh

a er of

HMs ed

THMs. Fsupply m

Addition part of amust be paired wbuild-up

M-PROVADA’s paaddition bromine.eliminatemercury

The propcoal-firedto ten timresults as

To date, various amillion tocoal, wit

Table 1. power pla

Feedstoc

PRB / PR

PRB / PR

PRB / PR

100% PRB

100% Lign

Lignite B

100% Lign

Bitumino

or this reasomunicipal wa

of halogensa plant’s merconsidered

with an ADA-pin the scrub

VE TECHNatented M-Prfor mercury

. We use a fes the risk acontrol ben

prietary liqud boilers cames less M-Ps with brom

over 57 fullair pollution ons of coal hth no reporte

Feedstock aants.

ck

RB Blend (>8

RB Blend (>8

RB Blend (>8

B

nite

Blend (> 90%

nite

ous

on, concern ter treatme

s for increasrcury controin order to mpatented apbber as well

NOLOGY rove Technoy control, wiform of halo

associated wnefits.

id coal addin be appliedProve additivine. This m

l-scale testscontrol dev

have been ted balance-

and APCD con

AP

5%) SC

5%) C-E

5%) SC

H-E

SN

) C-E

FF

SC

has also beeent plants.16,

ing mercuryol strategy. make an infopproach to re

as mitigate

FOR MERology was deithout the nogen that ca

with bromine

tive productd at various ve is require

mitigates bala

s of M-Prove vices (APCDsreated with of-plant imp

nfigurations f

PCD Configu

R/C-ESP

ESP, FF

R or SNCR/C

ESP

CR/C-ESP/W

ESP/WFGD

, C-ESP/WFG

R/DSI/C-ESP

7

en raised ab,17

y oxidation iHowever, tormed compemove the h

e discharge c

RCURY OXveloped to pegative imp

an be appliede injection a

t for enhancstages of th

ed to achievance-of-plan

technology s) as shown i

M-Prove adpacts.

from M-Prove

ration

C-ESP/WFGD

WFGD

GD

P/WFGD

bout bromid

n coal combthe balance-pliance decihalogen fromconcerns.

XIDATION provide the

pacts that had at very low

at higher lev

ced mercuryhe coal feed ve similar oxnt impacts.

have been in Table 1.

dditive, prim

e demonstra

D

e in rivers a

bustion flue -of-plant effsion. ADA’s

m scrubber w

benefits of

ave been obw levels. Th

vels while ac

y oxidation a process. T

xidation and

conducted oSince 2009,

marily PRB su

ations at full-

© 2016 ADA-E

and lakes tha

gas can be afects of halos M-Prove cawater to lim

halogen bserved withhis essentialchieving simi

and removalypically, eig Hg remova

on plants wi over 100

ubbituminou

-scale coal-fi

ES, Inc.

at

a ogens an be

mit

h lly ilar

l in ght l

th

us

red

Hg RemM-Prove levels re(subbitumand fabri222-365°brominatgreatest to reducebe realizPAC addi

Figure 1.M-Prove a

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Hg

Rem

oval

, %

moval CaseTechnology quired by thminous or ligic filters (Fi°F across all ted PAC wasbenefit of Me the PAC in

zed for plantition rate ca

Reduced PAat typical add

0 1

Estim

M-P+ PA

e Studies has been us

he MATS or Ignite coal) agure 1 and Ftested unit

s used aloneM-Prove wasnjection ratets that sell tan allow the

AC usage for dition rates o

2 3

PAC Co

mated Rem(ESP A

rove™AC

sed successfB MACT ruleare summariFigure 2, ress, with a me or in conju

s observed ae can save otheir fly ash fly ash to b

mercury conon boilers wi

4 5

ncentration,

moval withApplication

PAC Only

8

fully with PAes. Data froized in the fspectively). ean injectionction with t lower PAC

on the cost ofor concret

be sold inste

ntrol when uith ESPs.

6 7

lb/MMacf

M-Prove™ns)

AC injection om seven bofollowing tw Injection tn temperatutypical M-P

C injection cof PAC. A fue manufactu

ead of landfi

using non-bro

8 9

™

to control milers firing l

wo graphs foremperatureure of 324oFrove additiooncentratio

urther econoure, becauselled.

ominated PAC

© 2016 ADA-E

mercury to tow rank r units with

es ranged froF. Non-on rates. Thons. Being aomic benefite lowering t

C combined w

ES, Inc.

the

ESPs om

he ble t can the

with

Figure 2.M-Prove a

M-Prove (FGD) scrare showProve wawet FGD (BL) and

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

0

Hg

Rem

oval

, %

Reduced PAat typical add

Technology rubbers. Fu

wn in Figure as added to inlet and ina lower add

0.0 0.5

Estim

M-Prove™+ PAC

AC usage for dition rates o

has also beeull-scale plan3. In this cathe coal. T

n the stack wdition rate.

1.0

PAC Con

mated Rem(FF A

PAC Only

mercury conon boilers wi

en used on bnt data for aase, non-brohe figure sh

with two lev

1.5

ncentration, l

moval with Aplications)

y

9

ntrol when uith fabric filt

boilers with a lignite-fireominated PAhows the totvels of M-Pro

2.0

lb/MMacf

M-Prove™

using non-broters.

wet or dry ed unit with AC was injecal Hg conce

ove addition

2.5

ominated PAC

flue gas descold-side ES

cted before ntration me, the typica

3.0

© 2016 ADA-E

C combined w

sulfurizationSP and wet the ESP, and

easured at thal baseline le

ES, Inc.

with

n FGD d M-he evel

Figure 3.

In some c4 shows Hto the coby a fabrthe MATS

M-Prove have beethe MATS

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

5:0

Hg (µg/m

3)

Mercury co

cases, PAC iHg stack emoal at a typicric filter. InS limit.

addition raten shown to S rule in con

00 AM

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oncentrations

s not requirmission data cal treatme

n this case, n

tes that are produce the

njunction wi

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red when M-for a subbitnt level. Thno PAC was

typically eige high levelsth PAC or w

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imes less thay reduction ith wet or d

plant firing a

ed with a scwhich M-Pro

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an bromine needed for c

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lignite coal.

rubber. Figove was add

er (SDA) folloons at or be

addition ratcompliance s.

ES, Inc.

gure ded owed low

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Figure 4.adsorber

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r Addition

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ed to be belobaskets is that add bromi

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ring subbitum” level, with

ogy rrosion rateon (i.e., dewemperaturesof bromine a(Figure 5).

pecies was eure. Since tmine additionpected to beignificant beow cold-endhe location wine to the fu

minous coal hout the use

es using a reaw point corros representaaddition indThe dew po

estimated frotypical M-Pron rates, the e 10 to 20oF ecause the dd metal tempwhere corrouel.

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with spray d of PAC.

al-time osion)

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capital inves

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mercury reD);

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effective altval. Our pros system relih from fly as

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ssions in the

r ACI system

moval by ot

stry problems of mercuryg too much

60 70

g/g (dry)

gas as a funct

ternative to oduct minimiability. M-Psh or be pres

ent rates, ty

isks, includin

e stack, fly a

ms;

ther downstr

ms. In the lay removal inhalogen to

80 90

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gen addition

gen-based coon risks to cnology also wastewater

ht to ten tim

n, attributed

stewater;

ion control

discovered g sub-gned to bur

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rate

oal cut

mes

d to

that

rn

low-haloflue gas.with usin

I I H I

M-Prove feed procconsiderain improv

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f

or 3. d

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WWA

f

d at

y