College of ArchitectureWestern Mindanao State UniversityZamboanga City

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE IISection: 2A/2B/2C

Date Given: February 14, 2015RESEARCH 101: REFLECTIONS ON THE ARCHITECTURAL THOUGHTS DURING THE ERA OF WESTERN DOMINANCE (1500 AD TO PRESENT)ChapterContentValue

1Architecture During the Growth of the European StatesDiscuss the developments in Architecture during the growth of European States;Relating to the state

2Architecture in Colonial and Post-Colonial AmericaDiscuss the development of Architecture in the Colonial & Post-Colonial America; relating to the new nation

3Architecture in The Industrial RevolutionDiscuss the development of Architecture in the Industrial Revolution; relating to the new technology

4Architecture at the Beginning of the Twentieth CenturyDiscuss the development of Architecture at the beginning of the 20th century; relating to his individual creativity

5The International Style and ModernismDiscuss the development of International style & modernism in architecture; relating to the new society

6Contemporary ArchitectureDiscuss the development of contemporary architecture; relating to uncertainty

Requirements: Printed with FONT SIZE 12, FONT STYLE ARIAL, SINGLE SPACE Provide pictures 10 EXTERIOR, 10 INTERIOR PERSPECTIVES OF BUILDINGS AS EXAMPLES Provide list of reference materials/ references / websites etc. at the last page Short Bondpaper Short Folder 2A-YELLOW/2B-RED/2C-GREEN SUBMISSION DATE: MARCH 7, 2015 SATURDAY 10:00 AM

GOOD LUCK!Arch. MUDZMA A. PAJIJI, uap

Architecture during the Growth of the European States

During the growth of European states, there are several reasons why architecture during this period is considered and viewed as classical. First, much of the designs during this period are roman-inspired and they exhibit characteristics such as beauty, splendor and magnificence that are common depictions of being Roman; and knowing that roman culture is a very important contributor to the classical period, having Roman-like characteristics makes the designs classical. The second is reason is the prevalence of architectural structures like columns, buttresses in churches, temples and castles, which for instance, are frequently made during the classical period. These are the very reasons why the designs during this period are very classical in characteristics.Moreover, the architecture during this period of growth has been a factor and a catalyst of progress for European states. This is because aside from being classical, the architecture in the period is neo-classical as well. Neo-classicism, another term for romanticism, is described to be an antidote of progress. In this case, being neo-classical in nature, architecture really does contribute to the progress and growth of European states in this period. Neo classicism artists do not make dreary reproductions of their creations- be it arts, sculpture or poetry but makes something new and innovative every time. More than just creating something entirely new, neoclassicism is a natural expression of a culture with all its elements and the finesse with which an artist regains the lost elements that might have slipped into the oblivion is what makes a neo classic artist successful and popular.Neo classism was referred to as the antidote to progress and often also called as Louis XVI style since it came forth during and after his reign. Neo classism aimed to regain for art and design a purity of form and expression which felt like lacking in the Rococo style. They rejected the spirited and rich ornament of Baroque style. Neo classism believed that the golden age of progress and knowledge as from the age of Romans which ad peace, progression and harmony. Thus, they return to it. Back to the basics with purity and simplicity. Neoclassical structures are characterized by their walls rather than the decoration of it. Its emphasis is on the planar characteristics and the building itself is symmetrical.The architecture during the period of growth of European states, therefore, is something that is of grandeur and an aspect which gave a meaningful contribution to what has been attributed as advancement, progress and growth for European states.

Valre Castle in Sion, Switzerland, built Sicilian Baroque: San Benedetto in Catania.Built from the12th to 13th century.

Prado Museum, Madrid

Architecture in Colonial and Post-Colonial America

Architecture in The Industrial Revolution

The term Industrial Revolution signifies accelerated developments of the technology and to the Industry of England. Supporting an unprecedented increase in industrial production, this revolution reached its peaks, at the end of the 18th century and mid 19th century. The key development of the Industrial Revolution was the application of machine power to replace men and animals. Favorable supplies of natural resources and the spur of population growth helped to produce the first Industrial Revolution in Britain. Industrialization built on the commercial advantages Europe enjoyed in the world trade network and the developments of the scientific revolution. On the other hand, England had, in its territories, the necessary raw materials like coal and iron ore. Englands overseas superiority also helped to a betteraccess and control of raw materials and a cheap labor besides the slaves in the overseas territories. Beginning in the 18th century the Industrial Revolution made fundamental changes in agriculture, manufacturing, transportation and housing. Architecture changed in response to the new industrial landscape. Prior to the late 19th century, the weight of a multistory building had to be supported principally by the strength of its walls. The taller the building, the more strain this placed on the lower sections. Since there were clear engineering limits to the weight such load-bearing walls could sustain, large designs meant massively thick walls on the ground floors, and definite limits on the building's height. Forged iron and milled steel began to replace wood, brick and stone as primary materials for large buildings. This change is encapsulated in theEiffel Towerbuilt in 1889. Standing on four huge arched legs, the iron lattice tower rises narrowly to just over 1000 feet high. When I visited the tower I was surprised to find a wooden railing at the top (supported by iron bars) and carved with innumerable names! The Eiffel Tower not only became an icon for France but for industry itself heralding a new age in materials, design and construction methods. As you can observe, as the states progresses, the technology will also be developed. Through the development of the technology, the states can easily produce and make materials needed to construct a building. In literature and arts, an approach that attempts to describe life without idealization or romantic subjectivity. Realists has been chiefly concerned with the commonplaces of everyday life among the middle and lower classes, where character is a product of social factors and environment is the integral element in the dramatic complications.Impressionism was a 19th century art movement that began as a loose association of Paris-based artists who began publicly exhibiting their art in the 1860s. The name of the movement is derived from Claude Monet's Impression, soleil levant. The influence of Impressionist thought spread beyond the art world, leading to Impressionist music andImpressionist literature. Characteristics of impressionist painting include visible brushstrokes, light colors, open composition, emphasis on light in its changing qualities (often accentuating the effects of the passage of time), ordinary subject matter, and unusual visual angles.

Architecture at the Beginning of the Twentieth Century

The International Style and Modernism

In architecture, the term "International Style" describes a type of design that developed mainly in Germany, Holland and France, during the 1920s, before spreading to America in the 1930s, where it became the dominant tendency in American architecture during the middle decades of the 20th century. Although it never became fashionable for single-family residential buildings in the United States - despite the efforts of William Lescaze (1896-1969), Edward Durrell Stone (1902-78), Richard Neutra (1892-1970) - the International Style was especially suited to skyscraper architecture, where its sleek "modern" look, absence of decoration and use of steel and glass, became synonymous with corporate modernism during the period 1955-70. It also became the dominant style of 20th century architecture for institutional and commercial buildings, and even superceded the traditional historical styles for schools and churches. The International Style emerged largely as a result of four factors that confronted architects at the beginning of the 20th century: (1) Increasing dissatisfaction with building designs that incorporated a mixture of decorative features from different architectural periods, especially where the resulting design bore little or no relation to the function of the building; (2) The need to build large numbers of commercial and civic buildings that served a rapidly industrializing society; (3) The successful development of new construction techniques involving the use of steel, reinforced concrete, and glass; and (4) A strong desire to create a "modern" style of architecture for "modern man". This underlined the need for a neutral, functional style, without any of the decorative features of (say) Romanesque, Gothic, or Renaissance architecture, all of which were old-fashioned, if not obsolete. Modernism describes a series of reforming cultural movementscultural movementsin in artartand and architecturearchitecture, , musicmusic, , literatureliteratureand the and applied artsapplied artswhich emerged in the three decades before 1914. Embracing change and the present, modernism encompasses the works of thinkers who rebelled against nineteenth century academic traditionstraditions, believing the "traditional" forms of art, , architecture, literature, religious faith, social organization aarchitecture, and nd daily life were becoming outdated; They directly confronted the new economic, social and political aspects of an emerging fully industrialized world.

One of the most visible changes of this period is the adoption of objects of modern production into daily life. Electricity, the telephone, the automobileElectricity, automobileand the need to work with them, repair them and live with themthemcreated the need for new forms of manners, and social life. The speed of communication became part of family life.

The use of interior or symbolic landscape: the world is moved 'inside', ----as opposed to Realist representations of the exterior world as a physical, historical, site of experience. Time is moved into the interior as well: time becomes psychological time (time as inwardly experienced) or symbolic time (time or measures of time as symbols), not the 'historical' time of realism. Time is used as well more complexly as a structuring device through a movement backwards and forwards through time, the juxtaposing of events of different times, and so forth.

International StyleThe Glass Palace, a celebration of transparency, in Heerlen, The Netherlands (1935)

860-880 Lake Shore Drive Apartments(1948-51) Chicago. Designed byMies van der Rohe.

The Seagram Building (1954-8) NYC.Designed by Mies van der Rohe andPhilip Johnson.

Bauhaus School, Dessau (1925)Designed by Walter Gropius.

Contemporary Architecture