History Standard: SS8H6 The student will analyze the impact of the Civil War and Reconstruction on Georgia. a.Explain the importance of key issues and events that led to the Civil War; include slavery, states' rights, nullification, Missouri Compromise, Compromise of 1850 and the Georgia Platform, Kansas-Nebraska Act, Dred Scott case, election of 1860, the debate over secession in Georgia, and the role of Alexander Stephens. b.State the importance of key events of the Civil War; include Antietam, Emancipation Proclamation, Gettysburg, Chickamauga, the Union blockade of Georgia's coast, Sherman's Atlanta Campaign, Sherman's March to the Sea, and Andersonville. c.Analyze the impact of Reconstruction on Georgia and other southern states, emphasizing Freedmen's Bureau; sharecropping and tenant farming; Reconstruction plans; 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments to the constitution; Henry McNeal Turner and black legislators; and the Ku Klux Klan. Slavery Was first introduced in the Spanish Colonies in the 1560s The first English colony to acquire slaves was Virginia in 1619 Slavery Why did slavery thrive in the Southern colonies, and not in the Northern colonies? States Rights & Nullification States Rights The belief that STATES should have the RIGHT to decide to enforce or ignore laws that are not specifically outlined in the U.S. Constitution If it aint in there (the Constitution), we aint gotta do it!!! Nullification The right to nullify, or invalidate, any federal law that a state has deemed unconstitutional To make something void These issues became prominent with the tariffs of 1828 (on imported manufactured goods in order to protect northern factories) and of 1832 (an attempt to appease the southern states). Missouri Compromise Why did the Missouri Compromise anger so many Southerners? Compromise of 1850 & the Georgia Platform Why did the Compromise of 1850 anger Southerners? Georgia Platform Alexander Stephens of GA spoke out to encourage Georgians to accept the Compromise instead of Nullification. Kansas-Nebraska Act Kansas voted to become a slave state Nebraska voted to become a free state Bleeding Kansas Pro-slavery and Anti-slavery advocates poured into Kansas and began violently fighting one another Under this act, citizens of Kansas and Nebraska would vote to decide if they would allow slavery or not. Popular sovereignty Congress accepts Nebraskas request to join the union, but denies statehood to Kansas This further proves to the southern states that abolitionists in Congress will do whatever it takes to put an end to slavery Dred Scott Case As a slave, Scott had traveled with his owner from Missouri (S) to Illinois (F) and Wisconsin (F) He claimed that since he had briefly resided in two free states, he should be freed The Court decided that Scott was not eligible to sue because he was a slave, and slaves were not citizens Pro-slavery citizens took this as a small victory, thinking that it gave them justification for continuing the institution of slavery Election of 1860 & Secession There were 4 candidates running for office This split the voters so much that it gave Lincoln enough electoral votes to be named President Upon Lincolns win, South Carolina seceded from the Union Eventually 10 other states would follow and form the Confederate States of America Debate over secession in GA Alexander Stephens had urged Georgians to accept the Compromise of 1850 and cautioned against breaking away from the Union. After witnessing the actions of Congress and listening to the will of the citizens of Georgia voted to secede from the Union and join the CSA Stephens accepted the role of Vice President under Pres. Jefferson Davis A Nation Divided The North (Union) VS The South (Confederates) Key Events of the Civil War Battle of Antietam September 17, 1862, Sharpsburg, Maryland Bloodiest day of the war Nearly 24,000 casualties Battle of Gettysburg July 1-3, 1863, near Gettysburg, Pennsylvania Turning point in the war Union won, and gained a new momentum towards winning the war Nearly 60,000 casualties November 1863, Lincoln delivers the Gettysburg Address Key Events of the Civil War Emancipation Proclamation An executive order issued by President Lincoln announced in September of 1862 and set to go into effect on January 1, 1863 Gave the states in rebellion (Confederacy) an opportunity to end the fighting and return to the Union No Confederate states did so, and on January 1 st all slaves in rebelling states were declared free Although the United States recognized this act, the Confederate States did not, and therefore still maintained slavery Key Events of the Civil War Union blockade of Georgias coast Prevented much needed supplies from reaching Confederate troops Battle of Chickamauga (GA) September 19-20, 1863 Gen. Bragg and the Confederates successfully pushed the Union soldiers led by Gen Rosencrans out of GA However, the Confederates failed to push the Union soldiers far enough away and this allowed Major General William T. Sherman to meet up with the defeated Union forces to form an army of over 60,000 men to begin Shermans infamous March to the Sea. Key Events of the Civil War Andersonville Prison Officially named Camp Sumter A Confederate-operated prison which held Union P.O.W.s (prisoners of war) Of the 45,000 soldiers that were held here, more than 13,000 died What were some of the causes of death at Andersonville? Shermans Atlanta Campaign & the March to the Sea Atlanta was targeted because it had become the 2 nd most important city in the Confederacy Sherman employed the tactic of Total War to bring a quick end to the war Psychological warfare intended to destroy not only implements of war, but to also destroy Confederate soldiers commitment to the army A Nation Reunited Several factors led to the eventual surrender of the Confederacy by General Robert E. Lee to Union General Ulysses S. Grant on April 9, 1865 at the Appomattox Courthouse in Virginia Shermans tactic of Total War The Confederacys inability to produce and transport supplies and food Smaller Army with continuously diminishing numbers compared to the superior Union Army with an continuous supply of fresh soldiers and supplies An American Tragedy April 14, 1865 Five days after the surrender of the Confederacy President Abraham Lincoln is assassinated by John Wilkes Booth Booth is an actor by trade, but is a Southern sympathizer Lincolns assassination did not help the South Lincoln wanted to reconstruct the Union and treat the Southern states in a civilized manner Lincolns death put the fate of the South in the hands of a Congress seeking to punish them Reconstruction Freedmans Bureau Original purpose was to help poor whites and newly freed slaves adjust after the war Focus shifted to the education of newly freed slaves Why did this anger many Southerners? In what ways did they react? Ku Klux Klan From Greek word kuklos which means circle = circle of brothers Began in 1865 in Tennessee, as a social club formed by returning Confederate veterans It sought to maintain white supremacy Harassed, beat, and killed freedmen to prevent voting and equality Intimidated and harassed any white person seen to be supporting racial equality Reconstruction Sharecropping An arrangement in which a landowner would allow a farmer to work his land in exchange for a share of the final crop Landowner would provide tools, seed, work animals, fertilizer and other necessary items Tenant Farming An arrangement in which a farmer may have their own equipment, tools, animal, etc. but not the land to work upon A landowner would allow a tenant farmer to work his land for an agreed upon amount of money, or amount of crop The end of the war created a situation for Southerners - Landowners had land but no workers - Newly freed slaves had agricultural skills but no land to work on Reconstruction 13 th Amendment Formally abolished slavery in the U.S. 14 th Amendment Gave citizenship rights and equal protection under the law to former slaves 15 th Amendment Protected voting rights Georgia and Reconstruction Georgia was placed under military control directly after the end of the war Readmitted after ratifying the 13 th Amendment Georgia will be kicked out two more times and placed back under military control Due to actions such as refusal to allow black legislators to participate in government (Henry McNeal Turner & other black legislators), racial violence, voter intimidation Will only be readmitted by ratification of 14 th Amendment, and the passage of the Georgia Act of 1869 which required the ratification of the 15 th Amendment Georgia is readmitted to the Union for the final time on July 15, 1870