HISTORY STANDARD ONE (a): Students will examine historical materials relating to a particular region, society, or theme; analyze change over time, and make logical inferences concerning cause and effect.

HISTORY STANDARD TWO (b): Students will examine historical documents, artifacts, and other materials, and analyze them in terms of credibility, as well as the purpose, perspective, or point of view for which they were constructed.

HISTORY STANDARD THREE (a): Students will compare different historians' descriptions of the same societies in order to examine how the choice of questions and use of sources may affect their conclusions.

LEARNING ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS

(1) Is change inevitable? How do I know?

(2) To what extent does the past predict the future?

(3) To what extent does history change?

EXPANSION (1800-1860)

I. The Louisiana PurchaseA. Thomas Jefferson

1. wanted to buy New Orleans to be sure that American farmers would be able to ship their goods through the port

• bought Louisiana from the French for $15 million• doubled the size of the United States with the purchase

B. Lewis and Clark1. chosen by Thomas Jefferson to map a route

to the Pacific Ocean• left with a group of 50 men; called the “Corps of Discovery”• departed from St. Louis up the Missouri River in 1804• met an Indian woman named Sacagawea• she agreed to accompany them and serve as a translator/guide• reached the Pacific Ocean in 1805• returned to St. Louis in 1806• mapped out the territory acquired in the Louisiana Purchase• Louisiana entered the Union (United States) in 1812

Lewis and Clark with Sacagawea

II. Moving WestwardA. Paths/Trails

1. Great Wagon Road – across Pennsylvania 2. Wilderness Road – through the Cumberland Gap into Kentucky 3. National Road – from Maryland to Virginia 4. Erie Canal – western farmers shipped their goods to the east 5. Oregon Trail – from Missouri to Oregon

B. New States Added1. Kentucky

2. Tennessee 3. Ohio 4. Louisiana 5. Indiana 6. Mississippi 7. Illinois 8. Alabama

C. First Steamboat1. created by Robert Fulton

• traveled on the Hudson River• quicker form of transportation in comparison to road/wagon travel

III. Oregon CountryA. region west of the Rocky Mountains

1. today consists of:

• Oregon• Washington• Idaho• Wyoming• Montana• western Canada

B. Disputes over Oregon Country1. between four countries:

• United States• Great Britain (England)• Spain • Russia

C. Importance of the Land1. fur trapping

• animals are trapped and their fur is sold for profit

D. Oregon Trail1. Missouri to Oregon

• had to cover 2000 miles in five months (before snow fell in the mountains)• traveling 15 miles per day was considered good time by wagon in the 1840s• women prepared food• men harnessed the horses and oxen• risks – drowning when floating wagons across rivers, blistering heat during the summer, snow blocked passages in the mountains

IV. Republic of TexasA. Part of the Spanish colony of Mexico

1. Spanish allowed Americans to settle in Texas in 1821

• Moses Austin (father)• Stephen Austin (son)

2. Mexico won independence from Spain

B. Conflict1. Mexican government vs. American settlers

• Mexico = Roman Catholic Church• American Settlers = Protestants

2. New Laws in Texas:• had to worship in the Catholic Church• banned slavery in Texas

C. Independence

1. Texas declared in 1836• armies were lead by Sam Houston

2. Alamo• Texans were poorly equipped – supplies of ammunition, food, water, and medicine were low• 150 Texans vs. 6000 Mexican Troops• Texans lost the battle

3. Santa Anna (Mexico’s Dictator)• forced to sign a treaty gaining Texas independence• Sam Houston was named president of Texas

4. Problems in Texas• Mexico ignored the treaty• Texas was bankrupt• threats from local Indian tribes• was not annexed by the United States

V. The Mexican WarA. Texas becomes a state

1. admitted to the Union (United States) in 1845

• outraged Mexicans – never accepted Texas’ independence• Mexico had rejected President Polk’s offer of $30 million to buy California and New Mexico• border disputes lead to the war• Americans in the south and west were eager to fight, while most northerners opposed the war

2. end of the war• 1847 – the United States controlled all of New Mexico and California; Battle of San Jacinto ended the war• Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo – Mexico had to give up all of New Mexico and California; United States gave Mexico $15 million and agreed to respect the rights of Spanish-speaking people in those areas• 1853 – United States paid Mexico $10 million for Arizona (known as the Gadsden Purchase)

VI. California and the SouthwestA. Ruled by Mexico in the 1840s

1. called the New Mexico Territory:• Arizona• New Mexico• Nevada• Utah• Colorado

2. California

• ruled by Spain first, then Mexico• life in California = mixture of Spanish and Native American cultures

B. Manifest Destiny1. belief that Americans had the right to spread

their culture across the continent all the way to the Pacific Ocean

• negative = white Americans believed they were superior to Native Americans and Mexicans

VII. Americans Rush West1. Mormons

• largest group of settlers to move into the Mexican Cession• settled in Utah for refuge to be safe from religious persecution

2. California Gold Rush• searching for gold in California• people from Europe, China, Australia, South America and the rest of the United States came to California• people making the trip to California to search for gold were known as forty-niners (gold rush took place in 1849)• crime – murders, robberies, lynching• California population – slaves from the southern states, Native Americans, New Englanders, Hawaiians, Chinese, Peruvians, Chileans, French, Germans, Italians, Irish, and Australians• California was admitted to the Union (United States) in 1850