HISTORY- POST MID TERM QUESTION BANK

1. Why did Mahatma Gandhi want to teach children handicrafts? 2. Why did Mahatma Gandhi think that English education had enslaved India? 3. How did Iron and Steel factories come up in India? 4. The Battle of Buxar was fought in which year and between whom? 5. What did Raja Ram Mohan Roy do to end the practice of sati? 6. William Jones had studied different languages. Name them. 7. Handloom production did not completely die in India. Why? 8. Describe the process of cloth making. 9. What measures were taken by the English Education Act of 1835? 10. What was Wood’s Despatch? What were its provisions? 11. Why were changes necessary in Indian society? 12. Give a description of the four regions where textile production was concentrated in the early 19th

century. 13. Name the three strong rulers of Bengal. 14. What measures were taken by the British after issuing of Wood’s Despatch? 15. Why did James Mill and Thomas Macaulay think that European education was essential in India? 16. What type of education did Mahatma Gandhi want in India? 17. How did the development of cotton industries in Britain affect textile producers in India? Explain. 18. Why was the Wootz steel making process completely lost by the mid- 19th century? 19. How did women involve themselves in their upliftment? 20. What do you know about Tarabai Shinde and Pandita Ramabai? What did they do for improving the

condition of women? 21. Why was Tipu’s sword so special? 22. What kinds of cloth had a large market in Europe? 23. Give two reasons why Indian textiles were renowned all over the world. 24. What did Mahatma Gandhi urge people during the national movement? 25. Who published the book named Stripurush Tulna? What is it about? 26. How did Tagore view his school namely Shanti Niketan? 27. Who discovered the sea route to India and when? 28. Name all the different languages that William Jones studied. 29. Who are the Agarias? 30. How do the names of different textiles tell us about their histories? 31. Why did the Indian iron smelting industry decline in the nineteenth century? 32. What helped TISCO expand steel production during the First World War? 33. What problems did the Indian textile industry face in the early years of its development? 34. What do you mean by Tagore’s abode of peace? 35. Name any two individuals who strictly attacked the Orientalists. 36. What was the Satyashodhak Samaj? Who found it? 37. What is jamdani? 38. Name the places where the Britishers established the Universities. 39. Define the term “Vernacular”. Why did the Britishers use this term in colonial countries like India?

40. How were the views of Mahatma Gandhi and Tagore on the “West” different? 41. Write a note on Rabindranath Tagore and his school Shantiniketan. 42. What were the different reasons that people had for not sending girls to school? 43. Write a note on Jyotirao Phule. 44. What did Ambedkar want to achieve through the temple entry movement? 45. What was hook swinging festival? 46. What was the contribution of Christian Missionaries in spreading education among tribal groups and

lower castes? 47. What did Raja Ram Mohan Roy do to end the practise of Sati? 48. Who was E. V Ramaswamy Naicker? What were his contributions? 49. How did the assumption of Diwani help the East India Company? 50. Explain the term Subsidiary Alliance.

GEOGRAPHY

1. How is Subsistence farming classified? 2. Write common uses of minerals. 3. What weather conditions are required in the growing and harvesting seasons of wheat? 4. Write a short note on the types of economic activities. Give examples. . 5. How is it possible to grow rice in areas of less rainfall? Explain with examples. 6. Describe commercial farming and its types in detail. 7. What do you understand by agricultural development? 8. How is Hydroelectricity, produced? 9. Describe Subsistence farming and its types in detail. CIVICS 1. Mention the four key players in criminal justice system. 2. What was the conclusion reached by the Justice Rajendra Sachar Committee? 3. How are the members of the Rajya Sabha elected? 4. Mention the importance of the court of law in our legal system. 5. Who headed the Committee set up by the government to look into the social, economic and educational status of the Muslim Community in India? 6. What was the main principle of the Indian constitution? 7. Describe the role of the police in Investigating a Crime. 8. What is the role of the Public Prosecutor? 9. What are the reasons why a community is marginalized, and how does it affect the community? 10. How can we tackle marginalization? 11. Write a short note on F.I.R. 12. List the guidelines given by D.K. Basu for arrest and detention.

31. Write a brief note on Adivasis. Weavers, Iron Smelters and Factory Owners Q1. What kinds of cloth had a large market in Europe? Ans: Cotton and silk textiles had a huge market in Europe. Indian textiles were by far the most popular, both for their fine quality and exquisite craftsmanship. Different varieties of Indian textiles were old in the Western markets; for example, the printed cotton cloth called Chintz, cossaes or khassa and bandanna had a large market in Europe. From the1680s, the restarted a craze for printed Indian cotton textiles in England and Europe, mainly for their exquisite floral designs, fine texture and relative cheapness. Rich people of England including the Queen herself wore clothes of Indian fabric. Q2. What is jamdani? Ans: Jamdani is a fine muslin on which decorative motifs are woven on the loom, typically in grey and white. In Jamdani, often a mixture of cotton and gold thread is used. Dacca in Bengal and Lucknow in the United Provinces were the most important centres of jamdani weaving. Q3. What is bandanna? Ans: Bandanna is a brightly coloured and printed scarf for the neck or head. Originally, the term derived from the Hindi word ‘bandhna’ and referred to a variety of brightly coloured cloth produced through a method of tying and dying. Q4. Who are the Agarias? Ans: The Agarias are an Indian community of iron smelters. It was a group of men and women carrying basket-loads of iron. After a series of famines, a lot of Agarias deserted their villages and never worked as smelters again in the late nineteenth century. Q5. Fill in the blanks: (a) The word chintz comes from the word _____. Ans: (a) The word chintz comes from the word chhint. (b) Tipu’s sword was made of_________ steel. Ans: (b) Tipu's sword was made of Wootz steel. (c) India’s textile exports declined in the _________century. Ans: (c) India's textile exports declined in the nineteenth century. Q6. How do the names of different textiles tell us about their histories? Ans: European traders first saw fine cotton cloth from India carried by Arab merchants in Mosul in present-

day Iraq. So, they began referring to all finely woven textiles as "muslin” – a word that acquired wide currency. When the Portuguese first came to India in search of spices they landed in Calicut on the Kerala coast in South West India. The cotton textiles which they took back to Europe came to be known as calico, which is derived from Calicut. Printed cotton cloths called chintz, cossaes or khassa and bandanna were also in great demand. The chintz is derived from the Hindi word 'chhint', a cloth with small and colourful flowery designs. The word bandanna is referred to any brightly coloured and printed scarf for the neck or head. Originally, the term derived from the word ‘bandhna’ (Hindi for tying) and referred to a variety of brightly coloured cloth produced through a method of tying and dying. The other clothes were noted by their place of origin such as Kazimbazaar, Patna, Orissa, Calcutta, etc. Q7. Why did the wool and silk producers in England protest against the import of Indian textiles in the early eighteenth century? Ans: 1. By the early eighteenth century, worried by the popularity of Indian textiles, the wool and silk makers in England began protesting against the import of Indian cotton textiles. Textile industry had just begun to develop in England in the early 18th century. The wool and silk producers in England found themselves unable to compete with Indian textiles. They wanted to secure a market within the country by preventing the entry of Indian textiles. The first to grow under government protection was the calico printing industry. Indian designs were imitated and printed in England on white muslin or plain unbleached Indian cloth. Competition from Indian textiles also led to the invention of the spinning jenny and the use of the steam engine for textile development, thereby making the wool and silk producers in England more independent. Q8. How did the development of cotton industries in Britain affect textile producers in India? Ans: The development of cotton industries in Britain affected textile producers in India in several ways: Competition-Indian textiles had to compete with British textiles in European and American markets. High duties-Exporting textiles to England became increasingly difficult due to very high duties imposed on Indian textiles imported into Britain. Capture of foreign markets-By the beginning of the nineteenth century, Englishmade cotton textiles successfully eliminated Indian goods from their traditional markets in Africa, America and Europe. Thousands of weavers in India became unemployed. Bengal weavers were the worst hit. The English and European companies stopped buying Indian textiles, and their agents no longer gave out advances to weavers to secure supplies. Capture of the Indian market- British cotton cloth flooded Indian markets by the 1830s. Two-third of all cotton clothes worn by Indians were made of cloth produced in Britain by the 1880s. This greatly affected both the weavers and the spinners. Thus, in the nineteenth century Indian textiles declined and thousands of Indian weavers and spinners lost their livelihood. Q9. Why did the Indian iron smelting industry decline in the nineteenth century? Ans: The Indian iron smelting industry declined in the nineteenth century for the following reasons:

The new forest laws of the colonial government prevented people from entering the reserved forests. Now it became difficult for the iron smelters to find wood for charcoal. Getting iron ore was also a big problem. Hence, many gave up their craft and looked for other jobs. In some areas, the government did grant access to the forest. But the iron smelters had to pay a very high tax to the forest department for every furnace they used. This reduced their income and discouraged them from the development of their business.

The late 19th century iron and steel were being imported from Britain. Ironsmiths in India began using the

imported iron to manufacture utensils and implements. This inevitably lowered the demand for iron produced by local smelters. In the late nineteenth century, a series off a mine devastated the dry tracts of India. As a result, many of the local smelters, for example, the Agarias stopped work, deserted their villages, and migrated, looking for some other work to survive the hard times. By the early twentieth century, the artisans producing iron and steel faced new competition from iron and steel factories. Q10. What problems did the Indian textile industry face in the early years of its development? Ans: In the early years of its development the Indian textile industry had faced the following problems: Indian textiles now had to compete with British textiles in the European and American markets. It found it difficult to compete with the cheap textiles imported from Britain. Exporting textiles to England also became increasingly difficult since very high duties were imposed on Indian textiles imported into Britain. In most countries, governments supported industrialisation by imposing heavy duties on imports. This eliminated competition and protected infant industries. The colonial government in India refused such protection to local industries. English made cotton textiles successfully ousted Indian goods from their traditional markets in Africa, America and Europe by the beginning of the nineteenth century. Thousands of weavers in India were now thrown out of employment. Bengal weavers were the worst hit. English and European companies stopped buying Indian goods and their agents no longer gave out advances to weavers to secure supplies. Distressed weavers wrote petitions to the government to help them. By the1880s, two-thirds of all the cotton clothes worn by Indians were made of cloth produced in Britain. This affected not only specialist weavers but also spinners. Also, thousands of rural women who made a living by spinning cotton thread were rendered jobless. Q11. What helped TISCO expand steel production during the First World War? Ans: The First World War broke out in 1914 Steel produced in Britain now had to meet the demands of the war in Europe. So, imports of British steel into India declined dramatically and the Indian Railways turned to TISCO for the supply of rails. TISCO had to produce shells and carriage wheels for the war as the war dragged on for several years, The colonial government was buying 90 percent of the steel manufactured by TISCO by 1919. TISCO became the biggest steel industry within the British Empire overtime.

1. What kinds of cloth had a large market in Europe? Ans: Cotton and silk textiles had a huge market in Europe. Indian textiles were by far the most popular, both for their fine quality and exquisite craftsmanship. Different varieties of Indian textiles were sold in the Western markets; for example, chintz, cossaes or khassa, bandanna and jamdani. From the 1680s, there started a craze for printed Indian cotton textiles in England and Europe, mainly for their exquisite floral designs, fine texture and relative cheapness. 2. What is jamdani? Ans: Jamdani is a fine muslin on which decorative motifs are woven on the loom, typically in grey and white. Often a mixture of cotton and gold thread is used. 3. What is bandanna? Ans: 'Bandanna' refers to brightly coloured and printed scarf for the neck or head produced through a method of tying and dying. 4. Who are the Agarias? Ans: The Agarias are an Indian community of iron smelters. Page No: 94 Fill in the blanks: (a) The word chintz comes from the word __________. (b) Tipu's sword was made of _________ steel. (c) India's textile exports declined in the _________ century. Answer (a)The word chintz comes from the word chhint. (b)Tipu's sword was made of Wootz steel. (c)India's textile exports declined in the nineteenth century. Let's Discuss 6. How do the names of different textiles tell us about their histories? Answer → European traders first encountered fine cotton clothes from Indian carried by Arab merchants in Mosul in present-day Iraq. So they began referring to all finely woven textiles as 'muslin' – a word acquired wide currency. → When Portuguese first came to India in search of spices they landed in Calicut on the Kerala coast in South West India. The cotton textiles which they took back to Europe, along with the spices, came to called “Calico” (derived from Calicut) and subsequently calico became the general name for all cotton textiles. → Chintz is derived from the Hindi word chhint, a cloth with small and colourful flowery designs. → Bandanna now refers to any brightly coloured and printed scarf for the neck or head. Originally the term derived from the word “bandanna” (Hindi for tying).

7. Why did the wool and silk producers in England protest against the import of Indian textiles in the early eighteenth century? Ans: By the early eighteenth century, worried by the popularity of Indian textiles, the wool and silk makers in England began protesting against the import of Indian cotton textiles. At this time, the textile industries had just begun to develop in England. Unable to compete with Indian textiles, English producers wanted a secure market within the country by preventing the entry of Indian textiles. 8. How did the development of cotton industries in Britain affect textile producers in India? Ans: Effects of the development of cotton industries in Britain on the textile producers in India: → Competition- Indian textiles had to compete with British textiles in European and American markets. → High duties- Exporting textiles to England became increasingly difficult due to the very high duties imposed on Indian textiles imported into Britain. → Capture of foreign markets- By the beginning of the nineteenth century, English-made cotton textiles ousted Indian textiles from their traditional markets, thereby throwing thousands of Indian weavers out of employment. The English and European companies stopped buying Indian textiles and their agents no longer gave out advances to weavers to secure supplies. → Capture of the Indian market- By the 1830s, British cotton cloth flooded Indian markets. By the 1880s, two-third of all cotton clothes worn by Indians were made of cloth produced in Britain. This greatly affected both the weavers and the spinners.Thus, Indian textiles declined in the nineteenth century, and thousands of Indian weavers and spinners lost their livelihood. 9. Why did the Indian iron smelting industry decline in the nineteenth century? Ans: The Indian iron smelting industry declined in the nineteenth century for the following reasons. → The forest laws implemented by the colonial administration prevented the free movement of people in reserved forests. Charcoal - an essential ingredient in the iron smelting process - could therefore not be obtained easily. → When in some areas the government did grant access to the forests, the iron smelters were in return required to pay a very high amount in tax to the forest department for every furnace they used. This reduced their income. → By the late nineteenth century, iron and steel was being imported from Britain. Ironsmiths began using the imported iron to manufacture utensils and implements. This reduced the demand for iron produced by local smelters. → In the late nineteenth century, a series of famines devastated the dry tracts of India. As a result, many of the local smelters stopped work, deserted their villages, and migrated, looking for some other work to survive the hard times. 10. What problems did the Indian textile industry face in the early years of its development? Ans: The development of cotton industries in Britain affected textile producers in India in several ways. → Indian textiles now had to compete with British textiles in the European and American markets. Exporting textiles to England also became increasingly difficult since very high duties were imposed on Indian textiles imported into Britain.

→ By the beginning of the nineteenth century, English made cotton textiles successfully outsets Indian goods from their traditional markets in Africa, America and Europe. → Thousands of weavers in India were now thrown out of employment. → Bengal weavers were the worst hit. English and European companies stopped buying Indian goods and their agents no longer gave out advances to weavers to secure supplies. Distressed weavers wrote petitions to the government to help them. → The textile factory industry in India faced many problems. It found it difficult to compete with the cheap textiles imported from Britain. → In most countries, governments supported industrialisation by imposing heavy duties on imports. This eliminated competition and protected infant industries. 11. What helped TISCO expand steel production during the First World War? Answer → In 1914 the First World War broke out. → Steel produced in Britain now had to meet the demands of war in Europe. → So imports of British steel into India declined dramatically and the Indian Railways turned to TISCO for the supply of rails. → As the war dragged on for several years, TISCO had to produce shells and carriage wheels for the war. → By 1919 the colonial government was buying 90 percent of the steel manufactured by TISCO. → Over time TISCO became the biggest steel industry within the British Empire. William Jones respect for ancient cultures

Rabindranath Tagore learning in a natural environment

Thomas Macaulay promotion of English education Mahatma Gandhi critical of English education

Pathshalas gurus Page No: 107 2.State whether true or false: (a) James Mill was a severe critic of the Orientalists. ▶ True (b) The 1854 Despatch on education was in favour of English being introduced as a medium of higher education in India.▶ True (c) Mahatma Gandhi thought that promotion of literacy was the most important aim of educ ▶ False (d) Rabindranath Tagore felt that children ought to be subjected to strict discipline. ▶ False Let's Discuss 3. Why did William Jones feel the need to study Indian history, philosophy and law?

Ans: William Jones felt the need to study Indian history, philosophy and law as this will not only help British learn from Indian culture but it would also help Indian to rediscover their own heritage understand the lost glories of their past. This would establish the British as guardians of Indian culture and gain total control. 4. Why did James Mill and Thomas Macaulay think that European education was essential in In Ans: → James Mill and Thomas Macaulay thought that European education would enable Indians to recognize the advantages that flow from the expansion of trade and commerce and make the see the importance of developing the resources of the country. → Introducing European ways of life would change their tastes and desires and create a demand for British goods, because Indians would begin to appreciate and buy things that were produced Europe. → It would also improve the moral character of Indians. It would make them truthful and hone thus supply the company with civil servants who could be trusted and demanded upon. It could also instill in people a sense of duty and commitment to work and develop the skills required f administration. → Macaulay felt that knowledge of English would allow Indians to read some of the finest liter the world had produced. It would make them aware of the developments in Western Science philosophy. Teaching of English could civilize people, change their tastes, values and culture. 5. Why did Mahatma Gandhi want to teach children handicrafts? Ans: Mahatma Gandhi wanted to teach children handicraft because that would develop their min their capacity to understand. This would also enable them to know how different things operated. This would help them to have lived experience and practical knowledge. 6. Why did Mahatma Gandhi think that English education had enslaved Indians? Ans: English education, according to Mahatma Gandhi, created a sense of inferiority in the minds of Indians. It made them see Western civilisation as superior, and destroyed their pride in their o culture. Thus charmed by the West and by everything coming from the West, the Indians education under the colonial system would end up being the admirers of British rule in India; thus, willingly forgetting their enslavement, and enslaving themselves further. Agriculture ExerciseP.46 Q.1: Answer the following questions. (i) What is agriculture? (ii) Name the factors influencing agriculture? (iii) What is shifting cultivation? What are its disadvantages? (iv) What is plantation agriculture? (v) Name the fibre crops and name the climatic conditions required for their growth Ans : (i) The word agriculture is derived from the Latin words agri—meaning soil—and culture—meaning cultivation or tilling of soil. It is defined as the science and art of cultivation of soil, raising crops and rearing livestock. (ii) The factors influencing agriculture are favourable topography of soil and climate.

(iii) Shifting cultivation or slash-and-burn cultivation is a type of farming activity which involves clearing a plot of land by felling trees, burning the felled trees, mixing the ashes with soil, and then growing crops like maize, yam, potatoes and cassava on the cleared land. After the soil loses its fertility, the land is abandoned and the cultivator moves on to a new plot. This type of farming has the following disadvantages. (a) Leads to deforestation (b) Soil becomes susceptible to erosion due to deforestation (c) Soil loses its fertility due to the erosion of the top soil (iv) Plantation agriculture is a type of commercial farming where a single crop of tea, coffee, sugarcane, cashew, rubber, banana or cotton is grown. Large amount of labour and capital is required in this type of farming. The produce is either processed on the farm itself or in nearby factories. Major plantations are found in the tropical regions of the world, like rubber in Malaysia, coffee in Brazil, tea in India and Sri Lanka, etc. (v) Cotton and jute are the fibre crops. Climatic conditions required for the growth of cotton: (a) High temperature (b) Light rainfall (c) 210 frost-free days (d) Bright sunshine Climatic conditions required for the growth of jute: (a) High temperature (b) Heavy rainfall (c) Humid climate Q.2: Tick the correct answer. (i) Horticulture means (a) growing of fruits and vegetables (b) primitive farming (c) growing of wheat (ii) Golden fibre refers to (a) tea (b) cotton (c) jute (iii) Leading producers of coffee (a) Brazil (b) India (c) Russia Ans : (i)-(a) (ii)-(c)

(iii)-(a) Q.3: Give reasons. (i) In India agriculture is a primary activity. (ii) Different crops are grown in different regions Ans : (i) Two-third of India’s population is dependent upon agriculture. Hence, in India, agriculture is a primary activity. (ii) The type of crops grown is dependent upon the type of soil and the type of climate of a region. Different regions have different soil types and climatic conditions. This is why a crop may have favourable factors of growth in one region and adverse factors of growth in another. The demand for the produce, labour and level of technology are also some factors that decide the type of crops grown in a particular region. Q.4: Distinguish between the followings. (i) Primary activites and tertiary activities (ii) Subsistence farming and intenstive farming Ans : (i) Primary activites (a) Connected with the extraction and production of natural resources (b) Example: Agriculture, fishing Tertiary activities (a) Provide support to the primary and secondary sectors (b) Example: Services such as banking and transport (ii) Subsistence farming- Practised to meet the needs of the farmer’s family; involves the use of low levels of technology and household labour for producing a small output Intensive farming-A type of subsistence farming; involves the annual cultivation of a small plot of land using simple tools and more labour 1,What proportion of India’s population is engaged in agricultural activities? Ans. 60 c, 2.Which millet is rich in iron, calcium, other micro-nutrients and roughage? Ans. Raga 3.Which state of India is the leading producer of jute? Ans. West Bengal is the largest producer of jute in India. 4.Which position does India rank in terms of rice production in the world? Ans. India is the second largest producer of rice in the world. 5.Describe `Humming cultivation’ in one sentence. Ans. Slash and burn agriculture is locally called Humming in the north-eastern states like Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Manipur and Nagaland.

6.’Slash and burn’ farming comes under which type of farming? Or Which type of agriculture is ‘slash and burn’ agriculture? Ans. Humming farming. 7.Which describes a system of agriculture where a single crop is grown on a large area? Ans. Plantation agriculture 8.What percentage of world’s coffee production does India produce? Ans. 3.2% Short Answers:- 1.What are millets? Give brief description of the climatic conditions and producing states of the millets grown in India. Ans. (1) The three food grains also used as fodder, is called as millets. The three food grains are mower, bare and raga. These are also known as the coarse grains, because of the presence of high nutritional values and roughage. (2) It is a khaki crop mostly grown in the moist areas without much need of irrigation. Baja grows well on sandy soils and shallow black soil. (3) In the drier western India mainly; raga is a crop of dry regions and grows well on red, black, sandy, loamy and shallow black soils. 2.Mention any three features each of intensive subsistence farming and commercial farming. Or Distinguish between intensive subsistence farming and commercial farming. Ans. (1) Intensive subsistence farming: (i) It is practiced in areas of high population pressure on land. (ii) It is labor-intensive farming. (iii) High doses of biochemical inputs and Production. (2) Commercial farming: (1) Higher doses of modern inputs like HYV seeds, chemical fertilizers are used. (ii) The main aim is to obtain higher productivity. (iii) Crops are grown mainly for sale in the market. Long Answers:- 1.With the example of sugarcane, explain the interdependence of all the three sectors of the economy. Ans. (1) Sugarcane is the cash crop produced as a tropical crop in both North India and South India. (2) It is the raw material for the sugar industries and many other beverage cola producing industries. Sugar mill produces the sugar crystals by crushing the sugarcane stems. (3) The left over material after crushing is called biogases, which can be a good ingredient for paper industry (4) The service of transportation of the sugarcanes after harvesting to the factory sites is very important; otherwise the juice can get dried up. (5) That is why, the role of service sector is so vital to make the connection of agricultural and industrial sectors strongly bonded. g.

2.Give any three points of distinction between primitive subsistence agriculture and commercial agriculture. Or Compare primitive subsistence farming and commercial farming. Ans. Primitive Subsistence Farming Commercial Farming (1) It is practiced on small patches of land. (1) The size of farm is comparatively large. (2) This type of farming depends upon (2) Higher doses of modern inputs HYV monsoon and natural fertility of soil, seeds, and chemical fertilizers are used to obtain higher productivity. (3) Farmers produce food crops to sustain (3) Crops are grown mainly to sell in the family market. (4) Land is cultivated with the help of (4) Modern tools like tractors, harvesters primitive tools like hoe, Dao and digging are used for cultivation sticks. (5) In this type of agriculture land (5) Land productivity is very high productivity is low. 3.Describe any five types of farming practiced in India. Ans. Major farming systems practiced in different parts of India are: (1) Primitive Subsistence Farming: This type of farming is mainly practiced by tribal groups. It is practiced on small patches of land with the help of primitive tools and also lacks in capital and irrigational facilities. (2) Intensive Subsistence Farming: This type of farming practiced in the areas of high population pressure on land. In this type of farming, high doses of biochemical inputs and irrigation are used for obtaining higher production. (3) Commercial Farming: In commercial farming, higher doses of modern technology are used. It uses High Yielding Variety (HYV) of seeds, chemical fertilizers, insecticides and pesticides in order to obtain higher productivity. The main objective of this type of farming is to earn money and foreign exchange. (4) Plantation Agriculture: Plantation farming is a type of commercial farming where crops are grown largely for the purpose of sale or trade. In this type of farming, a single crop is grown on a large scale. It involves large capital investment and application of modem science and technology. (5) Humming : Slash and burn agriculture is locally called `Humming’ in north- eastern states like Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Nagaland. In this type of farming, farmers clear a patch of land and produce cereals and other food crops to sustain their family. 4.Describe the main features of Indian agriculture. Ans. (1) nearly two-thirds of our total population is engaged in agricultural activities. (2) It is the main source of employment in India. It provides livelihood to about 50% of the total labor force. (3) Agricultural sector produces various crops such as wheat, rice, millets, pulses, etc. Thus, it ensures food security for the country. (4) Various cash crops like cotton, sugarcane, coffee, jute are grown. In this way, agriculture provides raw materials to agro-based industries. (5) Various agriculture products like tea, coffee, spices are exported. This helps to earn foreign exchange. 5.What is Intensive Subsistence Farming? Write three features of this type of farming. Ans:-(1) In Intensive Subsistence Farming, land is intensively is consumed mainly by the farmers’ family. There is hardly any surplus left to be sold or traded. (2) The landholdings are small and scattered due to ‘right of inheritance’.

(3) The farmers continue to take maximum output from the limited land in the absence of alternative source of livelihood. (4) It is labor-intensive farming, where high doses of biochemical inputs and litigation are used to obtain higher yields. (5) Thus, there is enormous pressure on agricultural land. 6.Write about the features of Commercial Farming in India. Ans. (1) Commercial farming: In this type of farming crops are grown largely for the purpose of sale or trade. Mainly cash crops are grown because they fetch much higher prices in the market. (2) Features of commercial farming: (I) Higher doses of modern inputs are used (ii) It uses High Yielding Variety (HYV) of seeds, chemical fertilizers, insecticides and pest higher productivity (iii) Modern techniques and scientific methods of cultivation are practiced. Productivity as high. It is a mechanized and commercialized farming. Is (iv) The main objective of this farming is to earn money and foreign exchange. (v) The degree of commercialization of agriculture varies from one region to another. For example, rice is a commercial crop in Haryana and Punjab, while in Odessa, it is a subsistence crop. 7.Distinguish between primitive subsistence farming and intensive subsistence farming. Ans. primitive Subsistence Farming – (1) This type of farming is practiced in areas of high population pressure on land. (2) It is practiced on small patches of land for obtaining higher production. (3) There is no pressure on agricultural (4) In this type of farming, agricultural productivity is high. (5) Farmers shift and clear a fresh patch output from limited land. Intensive Subsistence Farming – (1) This type of farming is practiced few pockets of India. (2) In this type of farming, high doses of with the help of primitive tools and also bio-chemical inputs and irrigation are used lacks in capital and irrigational facilities.(3) There is enormous pressure on land agricultural land. (4) In this type of farming, agricultural productivity is low. (5) The farmers continue to take maximum of land for cultivation. 8.Why is subsistence agriculture still practiced in certain parts of the country? Give four reasons. Ans. Subsistence agriculture is still practiced in certain parts of the country for the following reasons : (1) There is small piece of land. (2) Farmers are poor and don’t have fertilizers and High Yielding Variety of seeds. (3) Storage facilities are inadequate. (4) Agriculture mainly depends on monsoon rains. (5) Means of transport are inadequate. (6) Facilities like electricity and irrigation are generally not available to them. (7) Most of the food production is for their own consumption. Very Short Answers:- 1.Which two areas of India produce orange mainly? Ans. Nagpur and Cherrapunjee

2.Which crop is used both as food and fodder? Ans. Maize is a crop which is used both as food and fodder. 3.Name any one leguminous crop. Ans. Ural, mooing and maser 4′ Which state is the leading producer of mower? Ans. Maharashtra is the leading producer of mower in India. 5.Which country does produce 13 per cent of the world’s vegetables? Ans. India produces about 13 per cent of the world’s vegetables. 6.What is the agricultural term used for cultivation of Recoil? Or By which name is specialized cultivation of fruits and vegetables known? Or What is the term used for specialized cultivation of fruits and vegetables? Ans. Horticulture is the term used for cultivation of fruits and vegetables. 7.Which is the leading coffee producer state in India? Ans. Karnataka is the leading coffee producer state in India. 8.What is the rank of India among the natural rubber producing countries of the world? Ans. India ranks fourth among the world’s natural rubber production. 9.Which crop is commercial crop in one state while subsistence crop in another state? Ans. Rice is a commercial crop in Haryana and Punjab, but subsistence crop in Odessa. 10.Which type of soil is ideal for growing cotton? Ans. Black soil is ideal for growing cotton. 11.Mention two rabbi crops. Or Name any one rabbi crop. Ans. Two rabbi crops are: wheat, barley, peas, gram, and mustard. Short Answers:- 1.Differentiate between the two major cropping seasons of India. Or Distinguish between rabbi and khaki cropping seasons of India with regard to sowing, Or Which are the two main cropping seasons in India? Mention their growing and harvesting periods. Ans.

Rabi Cropping Season (1) Rabi crops are sown from October to December. (2) They are harvested in summer from April to June. (3) Important rabbi crops are: wheat, barley, peas, gram and mustard. (4) These crops are grown in Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, J & K, Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh. (5) Availability of precipitation during winter months due to western temperate cyclones helps in success of these crops. Kharif Cropping Season-(1) Kharif crops are grown with the onset o1 monsoon. (2) These crops are harvested in September’ October. (3) Important khaki crops are: paddy, maize’ mower, Baja, etc. (4) These crops are grown mainly in Assam’ West Bengal, Odessa, Andhra Pradesh, Tao’ Nadu, Kerala, Bihar. (5) These crops are irrigated mainly through monsoon rains. 2.Give any three features of Said Season. Or Explain `ZAID’ cropping season of India with examples. Ans. (1) said Season: In between the rabbi and the khaki seasons, there is a short season during the summer months known as the Said Season. (2) They require dry weather for major growth period and longer day length for flowering. (3) In the Indian sub-continent, the crops are grown on irrigated lands which do not wait for monsoon. (4) Some of the crops produced during `Said’ are watermelon, muskmelon, cucumber, vegetables and fodder crops. (5) Sugarcane takes almost a year to grow. Long Answers:- 1.Mention two geographical conditions required for the growth of Maize crop in India. Describe three factors which have contributed to increase maize production. Ans. Geographical conditions required for the growth of maize are as under: (i)It needs an average temperature between 21°C and 27°C. (ii) An annual rainfall of around 75 cm is required. (iii) It grows well in old alluvial soil. Factors which have contributed to increase maize production: (i) HYV seeds — It means High Yielding Variety of seeds. These seeds make it possible to produce much greater amount of grain on a single plant. They help in increasing the total production. (ii) Fertilizers and pesticides—use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in increasing production and producing best results. (iii) Irrigation—Due to well-developed irrigation facilities, the production of maize is also increased. 2.Name the important beverage crop introduced by the British in India. Explain the geographical conditions needed for its cultivation. Write any two important states where it is grown. Ans. Tea is the important beverage crop introduced by British in India. Geographical conditions needed for the cultivation of tea are as under: (i) Tea plant grows well in tropical and sub-tropical climates. (ii) Deep, fertile and well-drained soil is needed. (iii) Soil rich in humus and organic matter is required. (iv) It requires warm and moist frost-free climate throughout the year. (v) Frequent showers, evenly distributed over the year ensure continuous growth of tender leaves. (vi) Tea is labor intensive industry. So, it requires abundant, cheap and skilled labor.

(3) Important states where it is grown are Assam and West Bengal. 3.Which is the staple food crop of India? Explain the growing conditions required for the same. Or What are the growing conditions required for the main staple food crop of India? Mention the main growing regions. Or Which is the staple food crop of a majority of the people in India? Mention any two regions where this crop is mainly grown. Ans. (1) The two most important staple food crops of India are rice and wheat. (2) Rice: (i) India is the second largest producer of rice in the world after China. (ii) It is a khaki crop. (iii) It requires high temperature (above 25°C) and humidity with annual rainfall -L_ ‘wove 100 cm. (iv) Major areas where rice is grown are: West Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Odessa, and Andra Pradesh. Wheat: (i) It is the main food crop in north and north-western parts of the country. It is a rabbi crop. (ii) It requires a cool growing season and a bright sunshine at the time of ripening. It also requires 50 to 75 cm of annual rainfall. (iii) It is grown in alluvial and loamy soil. (iv) Major areas where wheat is grown are: Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. 4.Describe the geographical conditions required for the growth of sugarcane and tea, Mention two important states of each. Or Describe any four geographical conditions required for the growth of sugarcane. Name any two major sugarcane producing states of north India. Ans. Geographical conditions required for the growth of sugarcane are as follows: (i) It is a tropical as well as sub-tropical crop. (ii) It requires hot and humid climate with a temperature of 21°C to 27°C. (iii) It requires an annual rainfall between 17 to 100 cm. (iv) It can be grown on a variety of soil. Major sugarcane producing states are : Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Punjab, Haryana, etc. Major tea producing states are : Assam, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Kerala. 5.Explain any two geographical conditions required for the cultivation of pulses. Name any two important pulses producing states. Ans. (1) Geographical conditions required for the cultivation of pulses: (i) Pulses need less moisture and survive even in dry conditions. (ii) Temperature is required from 25°C to 30°C. (iii) Pulses grow well in the areas of 50-75 cm rainfall. (iv) These can be grown on all types of soil but dry light soil is the best suited. (v) Pulses are leguminous crops which help in restoring soil fertility by fixing nitrogen from the air. Thus, pulses are mostly grown in rotation with other crops.

(2) Major pulses producing states are: Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra and Karnataka. 6.Write any four climatic conditions required for the cultivation of rubber. Mention any two states which are the leading producers of rubber in India. Ans. (1) Climatic conditions required for the cultivation of rubber are as follows: (i) Rubber is grown in equatorial, tropical and sub-tropical climatic regions. (ii) It requires moist and humid climate. (iii) Temperature is required above 25° C. (iv) More than 200 cm rainfall is needed. (2) Kerala, Tamil Nadu are the leading producers of rubber in India. 7.What are Saba crops’? In which period of the year are they sown and harvested in India? Mention any four states where these crops are grown mainly. Or Explain `rabbi’ cropping season of India with examples. Ans. Rabi crops: (1) Crops grown in winter months are called rabbi crops. (2) Some of the important rabbi crops are wheat, barley, peas, gram and mustard. (3) Rabi crops are sown in the winter from October to December. (4) These crops are harvested in the summer from April to June. (5) These crops are grown in large parts of India. Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh and Jammu & Kashmir are the main rabbi crops producing states of India. 8.Which crop is known as the ‘golden fiber’? Explain two geographical conditions essential for the cultivation of this crop. Mention any four uses. Or What is known as ‘golden fiber’? Where is it grown in India and why? Describe various uses of this fiber. Ans. (1) Jute is called golden fiber. (2) Geographical conditions for its cultivation are as follows: (i) Jute grow well in well-drained fertile soil of the floodplains where the soil is renewed every year. (ii) High temperature is required during the time of growth. (3) It grows well on well-drained fertile soils in the floodplains. (4) Therefore, it is grown in West Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Desha and Meghalaya. (5) Uses: It can be used to manufacture gunny bags, mats, ropes, yarn, carpets and other artifacts. 9.Mention four geographical conditions required for the growth of tea in India. Name any two tea growing states of South India. Or What are the soil type, climatic conditions and rainfall conditions required for the cultivation of tea? Write two states of India where tea grows. Or Mention geographical conditions required for tea cultivation.

Ans. (1) Some of the geographical conditions for the growth of tea are as follow: (a) Temperature: It requires hot and wet climate. The ideal temperature for the growth of tea bushes and leaf varies between 20°C to 30°C. If temperature either rises above 35°C or goes below 10°C, it would be harmful for the growth of tea bushes and leaves. b)Rainfall: As mentioned above tea requires a good amount of rainfall ranging between 150-300 cm and the annual rainfall should be well distributed throughout the year. Long dry spell is harmful for tea. (c) Soil:Tea bush grows well in well drained, deep, friable loamy soil.However, virgin forest soils rich in humus and iron content are considered to be the best soils for the tea plantation. Tea is a shade loving plant and grows better when planted along with shady trees. (2) Major tea producing states of South India are: (1) Tamil Nadu (ii) Kerala (iii) Andhra Pradesh. 10.Name any four oil seeds produced in India. Explain the importance of oil seeds in our day-to- day life. Or Describe the importance of oil seeds. Describe the significance of oil seeds. Ans. (1) (i) Groundnut, (ii) Mustard, (iii) Coconut, (iv) Sesame (v) Soybean (vi) sunflower. (2) Importance of oil seeds: (i) Most of these are edible in the form of oil and are used for cooking foods. (ii) These are also used as raw materials for manufacturing paints, varnishes, ‘yak, perfumes, cosmetics, etc. (iii) Oil cake is used as excellent cattle feed. Oil cake is also used as fertilizer. 11.Compare the geographical conditions required for the two major cereal crops inning rice and wheat. Give one major area where they are grown. Or Which is the second most important cereal crop cultivated in India? In which regions is it grown? Explain the growing conditions for the same. Or Describe the geographical conditions required for the cultivation of wheat in India Or “Wheat and rice farming in India is fairly different from each other.” Support the statement with five suitable examples. Or Describe four geographical conditions required for the growth of wheat. Mention the two major wheat producing zones of India. Or Describe the suitable environmental conditions required for the growth of rice in India. Or Explain the geographical conditions required for the production of rice. Also mention the major rice-producing states of India. Or Mention any three geographical conditions required for the rice cultivation. Ans. (1) The two staple food crops of India are rice and wheat. (2) Geographical conditions for rice and wheat:

Rice –(i) It requires high temperature, (above 25°C). (ii) It requires high humidity with annual rainfall above 100 cm. (iii) In the areas of less rainfall, it grows with the help of irrigation. (iv) It is grown in alluvial and loamy soil. (v) It is grown in the plains of north and north-eastern parts of India. Wheat –(i) Wheat requires a cool growing season. (ii) It requires a bright sunshine at the time of ripening. (iii) It also requires 50 to 75 cm of annual rainfall evenly distributed over the growing season. (iv) It is grown in alluvial and loamy soil: (v) It is grown in the Ganga-Satluj plants of north-western and black soil region (3) (i) Major areas where rice Andhra Pradesh. (ii) Major areas where wheat is grown are: Punjab, Haryana and Western Uttar Pradesh. 12.Name two important bevel rage crops grown in India. Who introduced these crops t the country? What type of agriculture is followed for their cultivation? Ans. (1) Tea and coffee are the two important beverage crops grown in India. (2) Iva was initially introduced by the British in India. The Arabica variety of coffee initially brought from Yemen is produced in the country. (3) Plantation agriculture is followed for their cultivation. 13.Study the given diagram and answer the questions given below: Dipped goods, 4.1% others, 4.7% Latex foam, 4% Belts and Hoses, 4.6% Auto tires and tubes, 62.2% Footwear’s, 6.6% Camel back, 4.6% Cycle tires and tubes, 9.2% (1) Which crop is used for making the goods listed in the diagram? (2) Which types of goods occupy the highest percentage? (3) Mention any one climatic condition required for the growth of this crop. (4) Name any two major producing states of this crop. Ans. (1) Rubber (2) Auto tires and tubes (62.2%). (3) (i) It is grown in tropical and sub-tropical areas. (ii) It requires moist and humid climate with rainfall of more than 200 cm. (iii) Temperature should be above 25°C. (4) Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Andaman and Nicobar Islands. 14.Explain any three geographical conditions required for the growth of rice in India. How is it possible to grow rice in areas of less rainfalls?. Explain with examples. Rice is the staple crop of India. It is grown well in hot and moist climate. The geographical conditions for Rice Cultivation are: 1.Temperature: 16°C – 27°C and rainfall 100 cm to 200 cm is ideal for rice growing. But rainfall during harvest times is harmful. Annual coverage temperature around 24°C is ideal. 2.Soil: rice is grown well on the alluvial soil or on the fertile river basins. It is also grown in mixed soil or loamy and clayey soil. 3.Land: Plain lands or gentle slopes are suitable for the production of rice. Because stagnancy of water is a must for the cultivation of rice.

(2) In areas of less rainfall, it grows with the help of artificial irrigation such as in Punjab, Haryana, and Western Uttar Pradesh etc. 15.With reference to oil seeds, answer the following questions: (a) Which is the main oil seed produced in India? (b) Which state is the leading producer of that oil seed? (c) Name two oil seeds which are grown as rabbi as well as khaki crop. Ans. (a) Groundnut (b) Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. (c) (i) Sesame is a khaki crop in north and rabbi crop in south India. (ii) Castor seed is also grown both as rabbi and khaki crop. 16.How is it possible to grow rice in areas of less rainfall? Explain with examples. Ans. (1) In areas of low rainfall, it is grown with the help of irrigation. (2) Development of dense network of canal irrigation and tube wells has made it possible to grow rice in areas of less rainfall. (3) In Punjab. Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh and parts of Rajasthan rice produced with canal irrigation and tube wells. TECHNOLOGICAL AND INSTITUTIONAL REFORMS Very Short Answers:- 1.Which state is known as the harbinger of ‘Green? Revolution’ India joy Ans. Punjab is known as the harbinger of ‘Green Revolution’ in India. 2.Write another name for ‘White Revolution’. Ans. Another name of White Revolution is Operation Flood. 3.Who initiated Bhoodan-Gramdan Movement? Ans. Viola Behave initiated Bhoodan-Gramdan Movement. 4.Write the full form of ICAR. Ans. Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR). Long Answers:- 1.What is the main contribution of agriculture to the national economy? Explain any five steps taken by the government of India to modernize agriculture. Or “Agriculture is the mainstay of Indian economy.” Explain the statement. Ans. (1) (i) Agriculture is the backbone or the mainstay of the Indian economy. It has been contributing significantly in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). From 1951 onwards I the share of agriculture sector in GDP has registered a declining trend. In 2010-11 about 52 per cent of the total work force was employed by the form sector which makes more than half of the Indian population dependent on agriculture for sustenance. (ii) Besides providing livelihood and employment it also provides raw materials to agro- based industries and fodder to country’s vast livestock. (2) Considering the importance of agriculture in Indian economy, the Government of India made serious efforts to modernize agriculture in the following ways : (i) Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) was established. (ii) Agricultural universities, veterinary colleges and universities have been setup.

(iii) Animal breeding centers, horticulture development, research and development in the field of meteorology have been established. (iv) Weather forecast are also given priority. (v) Steps are taken for improvement of rural infrastructure. 2.Describe the technical and institutional reforms occurred in Indian agriculture. Or Describe any five technological and institutional reforms initiated to improve the standard of agriculture in India. Or Describe the institutional and technical changes introduced in the field of agriculture in India in the recent years. Ans. (1) The government provides HYV seeds and fertilizers. (2) Special weather bulletins and agricultural programmed for farmers are introduced on radio and television. (3) Government provides technical assistance and training for farmers. (4) Soil testing facilities, cold storage and transportation facilities are provided by government for farmers. (5) Veterinary services, animal breeding centers, horticulture development like facilities are provided by the government for farmers. 3.Describe any five steps taken by the government of India to increase the productivity of agriculture in India. Or Explain any three institutional reforms introduced by the government in the interest of farmers. Or Explain any four institutional reforms programmed introduced by the government in the interest of farmers. Or Describe any five reforms brought in the Indian agriculture after independence through the efforts of the Indian Government. Or Suggest two technological and three institutional reforms taken by the government to ensure the increase in agricultural production. Ans. (1) The right of inheritance has led to fragmentation of land holdings. Therefore, collectivization, consolidation of land holdings, cooperation and abolition of zamindari system, etc. are given priority to bring about institutional reforms. (2) The Green Revolution based on the use of package technology was initiated to improve Indian agriculture. (3) Land development programmed was initiated, which included provisions for crop insurance against drought, flood, cyclone, fire and diseases, establishment of Graeme Banks, Cooperative Societies, etc. (4) Kiss an Credit Card (KCC), Personal Accident Insurance Scheme (PATS) were also introduced for the benefit of farmers. (5) Special weather bulletins and agricultural programmed for farmers are run on the radio and television. (6) To check the exploitation of farmers by speculators and middlemen, the government announces Minimum Support Price, remunerative and procurement prices for important crops.

VALUE BASED QUESTIONS 1.Two boys from your school visited two different villages and presented the reports mentioning the features of agriculture practiced there. These features are listed below : (1) Small land piece (2) Poor farmers (3) Rich farmers (4) Availability of fertilizers and pesticides (5) Use of traditional equipments of agriculture (6) Use of combine and thresher machines (7) Low production (8) Developed irrigation system (9) Adequate means of transport (10) Monsoon-based irrigation. One of the students reported that there was subsistence agriculture practiced in the village he visited. What do you think which are the features in the above list which he is talking about ? Ans. (1) Small land piece (2) Poor farmers (3) Use of traditional equipments of agriculture (4) Low production (5) Monsoon-based irrigation. 2.”In India, agriculture production is under pressure.” In the light of the above statement, mention a few challenges before Indian agriculture. Ans. (1) Lack of irrigation facilities (2) Dependence on monsoon (3) Inadequate marketing and storage facilities (4) Competition with global market prices of agriculture products (5) High cost of HYV seeds, chemical fertilizers and pesticides. (6) Lack of modern agricultural equipments and technology. Understanding Our Criminal Justice System Q1. Who is a public prosecutor? Ans. A public prosecutor is an official who puts people on trial on behalf of the government and people of a particular country. Q2. What do you understand by the term “Criminal Justice System”? Ans. Criminal Justice System is the system of law enforcement that is directly involved in apprehending, prosecuting, defending, sentencing, and punishing those who are suspected or convicted of criminal offenses. Q3. What are the guidelines that the police have to follow during investigation? Ans. The Supreme Court has laid down guidelines that the police must follow at the time of arrest, detention and interrogation. The police are not allowed to torture or beat or shoot anyone during investigation. They cannot inflict any form of punishment on a person even for petty offences.

Q4. What is the role of the police in investigating a crime? Ans. One important function of the police is to investigate any complaint about the commission of a crime. An investigation includes recording statements of witnesses and collecting different kinds of evidence. On the basis of the investigation, the police are required to form an opinion. If the police think that the evidence points to the guilt of the accused person, then they file a charge sheet in the court. Q5. State two reasons why you believe that different persons need to play different roles as part of the criminal justice system. Ans. Different persons need to play different roles as part of the criminal justice system because: i. A single person cannot have all the qualification required to perform different functions such as arresting, defending, collecting evidences, and giving final judgment. ii. To avoid the misuse of power and unfairness in the results. Q6. What is the role of the Public Prosecutor? Or Write a note on Public Prosecutor. Ans. In court, it is the Public Prosecutor who represents the interests of the State. The role of the Prosecutor begins once the police has conducted the investigation and filed the chargesheet in the court. He/she has no role to play in the investigation. The Prosecutor must conduct the prosecution on behalf of the State. As an officer of the court, it is his/ her duty to act impartially and present the full and material facts, witnesses and evidence before the court to enable the court to decide the case. Q7. What is the role of judge in Criminal Justice System? Ans. The judge is like an umpire in a game and conducts the trial impartially and in an open court. The judge hears all the witnesses and any other evidence presented by the prosecution and the defence. The judge decides whether the accused person is guilty or innocent on the basis of the evidence presented and in accordance with the law. If the accused is convicted, then the judge pronounces the sentence. He may send the person to jail or impose a fine or both, depending on what the law prescribes. Q8. Write a brief note on the criminal procedure in the Criminal Justice System in India. Ans. A crime is first reported by the victim to the Police and the police file a FIR or First Information Report. Then the police begin the investigation and arrest the suspected person or persons. The police then file a charge sheet in the Magistrate’s Court. The trial begins in court. The Public Prosecutor represents the victim and the accused can defend themselves with the help of lawyer. Once the trial is over the accused is either convicted or acquitted. If convicted, the accused can appeal to the higher court. Q9. What are the procedures that have to be followed if the criminal trial has to be a fair trial? Ans. Procedures to be followed are: i. A copy of the chargesheet and all other evidence that the prosecution presented has to be given to the accused. ii. The trial has to be held in an open court, in public view and in the presence of the accused. iii. The accused has to be given a lawyer to defend himself in case he cannot afford to employ a lawyer. iv. The prosecution has to prove beyond reasonable doubt of guilty of the accused. v. The judge decides the matter only on the basis of the evidence before the court.

Understanding Marginalization Q.1: Write in your own words two or more sentences of what you understand by the word ‘marginalisation’. Ans : “Marginalisation” comes from the word “margin” meaning at the outskirts or periphery. When applied to a specific community or tribe, it implies that a particular class, caste or tribe is excluded from mainstream society. This can be due to various reasons like, they speak a different language from the majority, belong to a “low” social status; marginalized groups are often treated with not just ignorance but fear and hostility as well. This leads to lack of access to resources and opportunities for them and also a violation of their rights. Q.2: List two reasons why Adivasis are becoming increasingly marginalised. Ans : Adivasis are becoming increasingly marginalized because firstly, they follow a different culture, language and traditions from mainstream Indian society which leads us to wrongfully classify them as exotic, primitive and backward. Secondly, they are used to a way of life close to nature and with the cutting down of forests they are being forced to migrate to urban areas where they feel out of place and not in sync with a lifestyle so vastly different from their countryside background. Q.3: Write one reason why you think the Constitution’s safeguards to protect minority communities are very important? Ans : The Constitution’s safeguards to protect minority communities are very important because they ensure that India’s cultural diversity is protected from becoming largely unitary and they also help to promote equality and justice to all. Q.4: Re-read the section on Minorities and Marginalisation. What do you understand by the term minority? Ans : The term minority is used for defining communities that are smaller in number in relation to the rest of the population. It includes issues of power, access to resources and also bears cultural and social dimensions. Q.5: You are participating in a debate where you have to provide reasons to support the following statement: ‘Muslims are a marginalised community’. Using the data provided in this chapter, list two reasons that you would give. Ans : Two reasons in support of the statement “Muslims are a marginalized community”: firstly, the Muslim community has not been able to gain from the country’s socio-economic development as statistics on basic amenities, literacy rate and public employment show. 63.6% Muslims live in kutcha houses as compared to only 55.2% Hindus; the literacy rate amongst Muslims was the lowest at 59% in a 2001 survey. Secondly, their customs are distinct from other religious communities, so much so that they are identified as separate from the “rest of us” leading to unfair treatment and discrimination against Muslims. Q.6: Imagine that you are watching the Republic Day parade on TV with a friend and she remarks, “Look at these tribals. They look so exotic. And they seem to be dancing all the time”. List three things that you would tell her about the lives of Adivasis in India. Ans : The three things I would tell a friend about the Adivasis in India would be:

(i) The Adivasis controlled vast tracts of forest land till the mid-nineteenth century and very often empires heavily depended on them for access to forest resources. (ii) The Adivasis have their own languages which have influenced “mainstream” languages like Bengali and Santhali, commonly spoken in urban areas. (iii) The Adivasi religions too deeply influenced major religions of dominant empires like the Jagannath cult of Orissa, Shakti and Tantric traditions in Bengal and Assam. Q.7: In the storyboard you read about how Helen hopes to make a movie on the Adivasi story. Can you help her by developing a short story on Adivasis? Ans : Attempt this question on your own. Q.8: Would you agree with the statement that economic marginalisation and social marginalisation are interlinked? Why? Ans : Yes, economic marginalization and social marginalization are inter-linked. Marginalisation implies having a low social status and a consequent lack of access to education and other resources. Social marginalization, as seen in the case of the Muslim community, is based on how their traditions, culture and dressing make us identify Muslims as different from us. This sometimes leads to unfair inequity on the basis of religious differences. As a result, minority groups may find it difficult to rent houses, procure jobs or even send their children to schools. This is economic marginalization. Thus, the two are inter-connected. Understanding Marginalisation Q1. Name few marginalised groups of India. Ans. Few marginalised groups of India are the Adivasis, the Muslims and the Dalits. Q2. What are the consequences of marginalisation? Ans. Marginalisation results in having a low social status and not having equal access to education and other resources. Q3. Re-read the section on Minorities and Marginalisation. What do you understand by the term minority? Ans. A minority is a group of people that differ in some way from the majority of the population. Q4. Write one reason why you think the Constitution’s safeguards to protect minority communities are very important? Ans. The Constitution provides safeguards because it is committed to protecting India’s cultural diversity and promoting equality as well as justice. Q5. Who headed committee set up by the government to examine the social, economic, and educational status of Muslim community in India? Ans. Justice Rajindar Sachar headed committee set up by the government to examine the social, economic, and educational status of Muslim community in India. Q6. How are Adivasis portrayed today? Ans. Adivasis are invariably portrayed in very stereotypical ways – in colourful costumes, headgear and through their dancing. Often Adivasis are blamed for their lack of advancement as they are believed to be

resistant to change or new ideas. Q7. What was the conclusion reached by the Justice Rajindar Sachar Committee? Ans. The committee came to the conclusion that on a range of social, economic and educational indicators the situation of the Muslim community is comparable to that of other marginalised communities like Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. Q8. Why groups may be marginalised? Ans. Their marginalisation can be because they speak a different language, follow different customs or belong to a different religious group from the majority community. They may also feel marginalised because they are poor, considered to be of ‘low’ social status and viewed as being less human than others. Q9. How can we tackle Marginalisation? Ans. Marginalisation is a complex phenomenon requiring a variety of strategies, measures and safeguards to redress this situation. All of us have a stake in protecting the rights defined in the Constitution and the laws and policies framed to realise these rights. Without these, we will never be able to protect the diversity that makes our country unique nor realise the State’s commitment to promote equality for all. Q10. How marginalisation affect the community? Ans. Sometimes, marginalised groups are viewed with hostility and fear. This sense of difference and exclusion leads to communities not having access to resources and opportunities and in their inability to assert their rights. They experience a sense of disadvantage and powerlessness vis-a-vis more powerful and dominant sections of society who own land, are wealthy, better educated and politically powerful. Q11. Write in your own words two or more sentences of what you understand by the word ‘marginalisation’. Ans. The word ‘marginalisation’ means exclusion from the mainstream. Groups of people or communities may have the experience of being excluded from mainstream society. Their marginalisation can be because they speak a different language, follow different customs or belong to a different religious group from the majority community. They may also feel marginalised because they are poor, considered to be of ‘low’ social status and viewed as being less human than others. Q12. List two reasons why Adivasis are becoming increasingly marginalised. Ans. Adivasis are becoming increasingly marginalized because i. They follow a different culture, language and traditions from mainstream Indian society which leads us to wrongfully classify them as exotic, primitive and backward. ii. They are used to a way of life close to nature and with the cutting down of forests they are being forced to migrate to urban areas where they feel out of place and not in sync with a lifestyle so vastly different from their countryside background.