History of the Republic of the United States of America VOL 7 - John C Hamilton 1864
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LIBRARYOF THE
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA.
Class
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HISTORY
OF THE
REPUBLICOF THE
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
AS TRACED IN THE WEITINGS OF
ALEXANDER HAMILTON
OF HIS CONTEMPOKARIES.
BY
JOHN C. HAMILTON
VOLUME VII.
"
Neque enim est ulla res, in qua propius ad Deorum numcn virtus accedat humana
quam civitates aut condere novas, aut conservare jam conditas." Cic. de Repub.
SECOND EDITION.
PHILADELPHIA :
J, B. LIPPIKCOTT & CO.
1864.
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,
ri
ENTEEED, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1861, by
JOHN C. HAMILTON,
In the Clerk s Office of the District Court ofthe Southern District of New York.
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CONTENTS OF VOLUME VII.
CHAPTER CXXXVI.
PAGH
Adams Inaugural Address His conflicting feelings Dislike of Washington s Cabinet Washington and Hamilton called jugglers Tem
per of the Cabinet A commission to France Cabot to be one
suggested Adams proposes mission to Jefferson and nomination
of Gerry, Madison, and Pinckney Adet urges mission of Jeffer
son Adams tirade against Jefferson and Pinckney Notion of the
Vice-Presidency Prejudice against France;her military successes
;
arrogant policy ; insulting deportment toward Pinckney ;refusal
to receive a minister until redress of grievancesby
U. S. Overture
of Pinckney disregarded Refusal to confer with him Decree vio
lating the treaty with U. S. announced Public reception of Mon
roe, who commends the constitution of France Reply of Barras, w*
assailing the American Government andextolling the people
Pinckney to leave France Democratic presses defend the insults by
France Defence of U. S. by Pastoret and censure of French cap
tives, .
CHAPTER CXXXVII.
Hamilton to Pickering Advice as to measures of Government Reply of
Pickering Hamilton urges Tracy to propose a commission, includ
ing Jefferson or Madison His advice to McHenry Efforts to pre
serve peace Preparations for war An internal invasion Final
preservation of peace Pickering s statement of treatment of Pinck-
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CONTENTS OF VOLUME VII.
PAGB
ney Hamilton dissuades its publication again urges a commission
Madison objected to Distrust of Adams False rumors circulated
France vindicated by Democrats Adams eulogized Hamilton
calumniated Jefferson s insidious letter to Gerry Writes to Madison
as to France Hamilton again urges commission to France, includ
ing Jefferson or Madison Advises arming of merchant vessels and a
provisional army Austria forced to peace Congress meets Speech
of Adams embracing Hamilton s policy Hostile decree of France
Senate accords with President Opposition in House partly prevails
Giles opposes demand of compensation by France Smith vindi
cates it Gallatin s hesitating vote Address passes House Jeffer
son censures manly policy of the Government, and suggests a land-
tax contingent on State quotas as to a consolidated Government
View of Gerry Pinckney Dana and Marshall appointed envoys to
France Washington denounces the Democratic leaders Dana de
clining, Gerry is substituted Hamilton as to policy adopted, disap
proving violence His suggestions as to taxes and a loan Specific
taxation Bill prohibiting privateering Bill to prevent exportation
of arms Bill to augment corps of engineers and artillerists Bill to
man and equip frigates, and to purchase and fit other ships Hamil
ton s plan of defence proposed Fortifying ports and harbors
Resolution to complete frigates Constitution, Constellation, and
United States, passed Right of employing convoys questioned by
Democrats Authority to arm merchant vessels refused Stamp and
Salt taxes proposed Gallatin s motion to adjourn rejected Raising
of a regiment defeated Bill to prevent enlistments in foreign ser
vice resisted, but passed Giles opposes printing all the documents
as to depredations, which was ordered Urges an adjournment
Urges employment of frigates to be confined within jurisdiction of the
U. S. Gallatin opposes a navy Nicholas denounces it Giles ad
verse to U. S. becoming a maritime power Bill to complete the
frigates passed Foundation of a navy laid by Federalists, inu Act
providing for a Naval Armament"
Stamp Act opposed, but passed
Gallatin proposes a siamp on every certificate of debt Rejected
Increased duty on salt Licenses for retailing wines and liquors
defeated Loan authorized, . .16
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CONTENTS OF VOLUME VII.
CHAPTER CXXXVIILPAGE
Commission to run boundary between U. S. and Spain obstructed in their
operations by the Spaniards Proclamation by Carondolet delaying
the Boundary Commission Excitement of Western inhabitants
Spanish agent employed to prepare severance of Western territory
from the Union Plan defeated Democratic press advocates Louis
iana and Floridas being acquired by France Attempt on Canada
discovei ed and defeated Ira Allen s participation McLean sent to
Canada by Adet Detected and hung Blount opens negotiation with
British ambassador Overtures rejected by British minister Blount
impeached and expelled Senate, Jefferson dissenting Spanish diplo
macy subservient to France Correspondence of De Yrugo and Pick
ering De Yrugo appeals to the American people Proposes transfer
of negotiation with Spain to Paris, and complains of treaty with
Great Britain Jefferson s correspondence with his partisans, being
Washington s personal enemies Calumniates Washington Wash
ingtons earnest condemnation of Democrats Letter under assumed
name addressed to him by a nephew of Jefferson Jefferson s letter
to Mazzei published in the U. S. Its previous approval in" Moni-
teur" Jefferson called upon to disavow it Consults Monroe and
Madison The former advises its avowal The latter dissuades it
Jefferson is silent Is conspicuous at a public dinner to Monroe
Gives toast to success of France Monroe demands of Pickering an
explanation of his being recalled It is refused Pickering offers to
state it unofficially Monroe refuses Intercepted letter of Monroe to
Logan Base attack upon Hamilton His vindication and exposure
of it Present of Washington to Hamilton Monroe, in conjunction
with Jefferson, write his vindication Washington s comments, . 54
CHAPTER CXXXIX.
Buonaparte Successes of, in Italy Venice, Genoa, and Lombardy suc
cumb Peace concluded with Austria Conferences at Lisle Revo
lution in France Talleyrand Minister of Foreign Affairs A mili
tary despotism established Defended by Democratic press in U. S.
Confidence of Directory in her influence in U. S. Speech of
Adams Advises prosecution of measures of defence against France
and Spain Condemns pending systems and loans, and advises imme
diate taxes Contrast by Madison of Washington and Adams Insi-
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vi CONTENTS OF VOLUME VII.
PAOB
dious efforts by France to paralyze action of U. S. Government Pro
posed repeal of Stamp Act rejected by Senate Mission of J. Q.
Adams to Berlin censured Proposed reduction of the diplomatic corps
to Jefferson s standard Gallatin urges the discontinuance of all di
plomatic functionaries Contends that Legislature had power to con
trol diplomatic appointments by resisting appropriations Question
discussed Proposed reduction defeated System for conducting im
peachments framed in Senate Trial by jury proposed and approved by
Jefferson, but rejected Jefferson s hostility to judiciary of U. S., and
advises enactment by Virginia of a prcemunire against all citizens
attempting to carry causes before other than State Courts, of causes
over which they had not jurisdiction Denunciatory resolutions pass
her House ofDelegates Conferences at Lisle approaching a success
ful issue are broken off by France Efforts to infringe treaty of
Leoben defeated, and treaty of Campo Formio concluded Treaty
with Portugal declared void, and intention to invade England pro
claimed American Commissioners arrive in Paris Preparatory
publications to excite French hostility Adams transmits to Con
gressa message of French Directory, declaring as good prize neutral
ships laden with productions of England, or of her possessions, and
closing ports of France against vessels touching at English ports,
unless in distress No hope of success to the mission Circular to
French diplomatists and agents, announcing intended descent upon
England, and stimulating a league against her Measures of effectual
defence
proposed
in
Congress,
vhich remainsquiescent
Democratic
exultation at downfall of England An invasion of her denounced by
Bonaparte as" a barbarous invasion
"
Jefferson approves the
hostile decree of France, 85
CHAPTER CXL.
Questions as to policy of Administration submitted to Hamilton His
opinion communicated to Secretaries of War and State Measures to
be adopted Suspension of treaty with France Pickering favors an
abrogation of treaties Consults as to Louisiana Hamilton averse
to an immediate alliance with Great Britain Policy as to her
Acceptance of Louisiana from Spain absolutely or conditionally
Message of Adams urging active measures of defence Condemned
by Jefferson Advises legislative prohibition of arming Looks to
invasion of England Pennsylvania rejects a resolution against arm-
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CONTENTS OF VOLUME VII. yii
PAGE
ing Senate for measures of defence Resolutions in House against
war with France, and for restriction against arming Washington to
McHenry, as to machinations of Democrats Baldwin, Gallatin,
Nicholas, and Giles oppose policy of Hamilton Harper in reply
Hamilton advises a solemn communication by Adams on state of
affairs His speech on territorial controversy of New York and Con
necticut Writes" The Stand
"
Its character and purport De
spatches from envoys at Paris Demands of douceurs by U. S.
Talleyrand and Gerry Refusal of envoys to pay money Declaration
of confidence in their French party in U. S. Threats of ravaging
American coasts Spiritof the American people aroused, . . 104
CHAPTER CXLI.
Hamilton urged to accept the appointment of Secretary at War Jay pro
poses to appoint him Senator He declines, reserving himself to a
greater emergency Jefferson speculates on defection of people
Deprecates Hamilton s genius Solicits subscriptions for the Aurora
Denounces the President Talleyrand to Jefferson Urges Madi
son to reply to Hamilton Madison s inconsistency Attack upon
Jay Jefferson alarmed at public feeling Timorously urges Monroe
to take a seat in Congress He does not comply Burr moves memo
rial against England s policy Unfriendly conduct of England
Hamilton as to her injurious conduct Kosciusko sent on secret mis
sion by Jefferson to France, and obtains passport for him under an
assumed name Further despatches from envoys, giving violent de
cree of France as to neutrals Findley and Gallatin oppose their
publication, and prevail Senate orders their publication Giles
retreats from Congress Jefferson excuses the Directory Comment
by Hamilton Senate authorizes an additional naval armament
Permission to convoy refused Bill to increase navy passes "De
partment of Navy"
established Cabot appointed its head A
regiment added to army Authority given to purchase cannon and
ammunition After much opposition a provisional army voted
Act to accept volunteers passed Hamilton s caution as to proposed
power to President to employ ships of war, offensively Advises an
appeal to Congress Bill authorizing reprisals passes, . . . 125
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viii CONTENTS OF VOLUME VII.
CHAPTER CXLII.
PAGE
New demand of a reply by envoys New requisitions of money by France
Volney, messenger from Jefferson, sails for France Mission of
Logan by Jefferson His conferences in Europe His memorial to
Talleyrand Continued exactions by France Commercial intercourse
with her suspended, and treaties with her declared void Proposal to
issue letters of marque rejected Presents of armed vessels to the
United States accepted Merchant vessels authorized to defend them
selves and capture their assailants Supplementary Naturalization
Act Proposed amendment of Constitution, eligibility of public
officers Hamilton s more liberal view New indignities by France
Marshall returns Public honors paid him Talleyrand s specification
of injuriesof the United States toward France Disproofs thereof
Disposition of France to treat with one of the envoys deemed most
friendly to France Answer of envoys Gerry remains in Paris after
Marshall s and Pinckney s departure Livingston s resolution for an
address requesting President to instruct Gerry to negotiate and con
clude a treaty with France, rejected Addresses to and indiscreet re
plies of President The black cockade Correspondence from France
with leading Democrats Violent schism between envoys at Paris
Foreign emigrants devoted to Jefferson Irish emigrants, their
character American Society of United Irishmen Act concerning
aliens Moderate view of Hamilton, and Alien Law modified Collot
sails for France Incendiary presses conducted by foreigners
Adams prompt measure against them, and Sedition Act passed
Hamilton objects to its severity and deprecates its impolicy Sedi
tion Act modified, limiting punishment and authorizing truth to be
given in evidence in prosecutions for libels Tax plan of Wolcctt
Direct tax and tax upon slaves Loans authorized Provisional
army authorized Its general staff Volunteers to be accepted, . 145
CHAPTER CXLIII.
Humilton early proposes a Federal navy Policy of Cabinet Wayward
ness of Adams Jealousy of Washington Declares against further
attempts at negotiation Hamilton s comment upon him His fluctu
ating conduct Hamilton intimates to Washington a journey through
Virginia and North Carolina to stay the apprehended influence of
Democrats, suggesting his taking command of army Washington s
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CONTENTS OF VOLUME VII. ix
PAGB
reply French partisans Inquiries whether Hamilton would enter
the army, as a preliminaryto his own course Hamilton s reply
Hamilton to King State ofpublic opinion Misconduct ofEngland-
Answer of King Pickering to Hamilton Hamilton contemplated as
commander of new army Adams hostility to Hamilton His letter
to Washington contemplating his service in army Washington s
reply, stigmatizingdemocratic leaders McIIenry to Washington
Replies, stating as condition of his acceptance of the command, the
selection hy himself of the general staff Adams nominates him
Lieutenant-General, and states to him his motives for this procedure.
Washington states to Secretary of War the condition of his accept
ance, giving list of officers, placing Hamilton at head of the general
staff Accepts commission of Lieutenant-General Adams assails
Pinckney Jealousy of Treasury department Pickering to Wash
ington, urging Hamilton as second to him and chief in his absence
Hamilton to Washington, urging his acceptance of chief command,
and proposes a visit by him to seat of Government Washington to
Pickering, as to importance of Hamilton s services Washington to
Hamilton His selection of him, doubts as to Pinckney s consent to
be his subordinate His regard to and course as to Knox Pickering
urges Hamilton s acceptance of a commission Reply, stating his
views Answer Jay urges Hamilton s appointment, . . .166
CHAPTER CXLIV.
Adams conduct as to general staff appointments Action of Senate
Hamilton to Washington; is willing to submit his pretensions to
rank, and waive the preference Adams leaves Philadelphia with
out informing his Cabinet Declines calling the generals into service
until rank is settled;unless Knox and Pinckney precede Hamilton
Opinions of Washington by Adams and Jefferson Washington to
Knox;
his opinion of Hamilton Knox claims preferential rank
Washington to Hamilton, who avows readiness to facilitate any ar
rangement Adams insists upon right to rank according to antece
dentservices, thus placing Hamilton lowest Self-contradiction by
him Objects to a reference to Washington, and imputes intrigue
Hamilton s delicate conduct Secretaries of War and State to Wash
ington, averring public preference ofHamilton Adams obstinacy
Wolcott to Adams, as to Hamilton s priorityof rank Similar view
presented by Cabot Washington s determination avowed to Secre-
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xviii CONTENTS OF VOLUME VII.
PAGB
Attempt to divert a vote from Jefferson in New York College Con
templated diversion in South Carolina Parity of votes between Jef
ferson and Burr Jefferson to Livingston, cajoling letter Jefferson
attempts to cajole Burr, and venom toward Hamilton Burr s reply
Explanatoryletter of Jefferson to Burr Jefferson to Madison, as
to his prospectsMadison s extraordinary suggestion Proposal to
organize militia of Virginia Of a convention of the United States
A Federal executive council Violent suspicions of Hamilton, . . 410
CHAPTER CLVI.
HamDton decides the choice of President His letters to Wolcott, urging
preference of Jefferson to Burr Jefferson to pledge himself as to cer
tain national measures Otis to Hamilton Letter of Sedgewick, pre
ferring Jefferson Hamilton s reply Reply to Otis Hamilton to
Gouverneur Morris, deprecating project of preventing an election
Reply of Marshall, utter distrust of Jefferson Hamilton to Bayard,
the character of Burr, his relations with Jefferson Interview of
Jefferson and Adams Adams not averse to an usurpation Des
perate projects of the Democrats Hamilton to Rutledge, and reply ;
preference of Burr Overtures of certain Federalists to Burr Hamil
ton to Ross, character of Burr Urges preference of Jefferson, requir
ing pledges as to his policy, 434
CHAPTER CLVII.
Sedgewick to Hamilton, giving reasons for supporting Burr Bayard to
Hamilton Reply, character of Burr Electoral votes counted in
Senate Fin..l result of ballots Jefferson elected Bayard as to
course in House Corrupt bargains for Jefferson Votes purchased
by promises of office Consequent appointments Non-intercourse
act as to France expires, and not renewed Sedition act expires
Adams leaves seat of Government Jefferson inaugurated Extracts
speech of Bayard, 450
CHAPTER CLVIII.
Jefferson asks support of Senate His inaugural Address Its reception
Letters to hispartisans, and calumnies on his opponents His
policy as to removals Urgency of his friends for place Sneers at
Christian religion Giles fears moderation Jefferson s reply Rush
to Jefferson Jefferson admits integrity of Federal officers to Knox,
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2 THE REPUBLIC. [1797.
the blandishments of Jeffersonfollowing
andsoliciting
him; jealous of the one, contemning the other. Hatred
of England dislike to France aversion to the financial
system, because it was Hamilton s, and had succeeded;
apprehension of change, lest it should fail all were pres
ent. Thus acted upon by opposing passions and opposite
forces, he stood, with the power of the nation in his
hands, paralyzed by his own incertitudes."I
am the
President of three votesonly"
* was his ever mortifying,
ever returning reflection.
The Cabinet, instead of a support, was a restraint
upon him. He felt it was not his, but the Cabinet of
Washington." These were but
puppets,"he wrote to
Jefferson," danced upon the wires of two jugglers behind
the scenes, and these jugglers were Hamilton and Wash
ington. How you stare at the name of Washington!"!
This Cabinet is seen, though not seeking war, yet reluc
tant to further negotiation, when all the interests of the
country demanded peace, could peace be maintained
without a sacrifice of national honor. Thus, when every
consideration required prompt decision and manly action,
nothing was decided and nothing done.
In this state of mind, AMES found Adams the morning
after his inauguration. Retiring from public life, in sink
ing health, he paid a parting visit to the President. In
this interview, he suggested to him the appointment of a
commission to France, of which he named George Cabot
as one.
Immediatelyafter, Adams
"sought"an inter
view with Jefferson, who joyed as he felt him nibbling at
the bait. The President intimated to him the idea of
* Adams s Works, alluding to his majority over Jefferson 71 to 68.
f Adams to Jefferson. Quincy, June 30, 1813.
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4: THE REPUBLIC.
declared,"
Jefferson would not go.* * *
We shall never
be respected in Europe while we confound ranks in this
manner. If we wish not to be degraded in the eyes
of foreigners, we should not degrade ourselves. What
would have been thought in Europe, if the King of France
had sent Monsieur, his eldest brother, as an envoy ?
What, of the king of England, if he had sent the Prince
of Wales ? Mr. Jefferson, is in essence, in the same situ
ation. He is the first prince of the country, and the heir-
apparent to the sovereign authority, quoad hoc. His con
sideration in France is nothing. They consider nobody
but themselves. * * * To a Frenchman, the most im
portant man in the world is himself and the most im
portant nation is France."
Time decides for the irresolute. The event, which
the Democratic press had predicted, occurred.
In the infancy of their power the Directory of France
clothed their energy with an affected moderation. Whilst
stimulating by every incentive the military ardor of the
French nation, and extending their wide conquests, they
professeda desire of
peace. Thus, bycontrast with the
fierceness of their predecessors, they won the confidence of
those of their subjects, who were weary of war, and in
fused a fatal weakness into the counsels of their enemies.
The great career of victory continued. The smaller
powers along the Rhine had, one by one, succumbed,
trembling before the massive armies, whose approach
spread consternation throughout farther Germany. TheMediterranean States of Italy had ceased to exist. In
stead of a well-compacted confederacy, which would pro
mote the common welfare of its members, but might
resist aggression, small defenceless associations were
formed, having nothing in common but the latinized
names, under which they were aggregated, and their
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7/28/2019 History of the Republic of the United States of America VOL 7 - John C Hamilton 1864
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jET . 40.] HAMILTON. 5
common dependence uponFrance. Four
powerfular
mies, drawn in succession from the hereditary dominions
of Austria, she had exterminated;a fifth only remained
to be destroyed, and her sway would extend unresisted
from the Alps to the Adriatic.
With her power thus established, no motives for dis
simulation were supposed to exist. Policy gave place to
pride ; proposals of peace were the precursors to insult.
The mask of republican moderation was thrown aside,
and the Directory, from beneath their iron helms, frowned
menace and destruction.
Either alarmed by their successes for the fate of Aus
tria, or yielding to the importunity of the opposition, the
British ministry early in the preceding year made an un
successful overture for a negotiation, through the embassy
to Switzerland. It was met by an evasive and haughty
reply which assumed, that the constitution of France
was paramount to all the rights and interests of other
sovereigns. Overtures were, nevertheless, renewed
through other channels, until, at last, the Directory felt
compelled to appear to listen to them, and a mission to
Paris was instituted. After much evasion and great de
lay, the principle of mutual compensation was admitted
as the basis of a negotiation. But, the moment after,
without any proposal of conditions on their part,the Di
rectory required England to deliver her final terms with
in twenty-four hours. To this positive demand, the Brit
ish envoy replied, declaring his readiness to enter into a
discussion of their mutual claims. He was answered by
a peremptory note of the same day, that he must depart
from Paris within forty-eight hours. Twelve ambassa
dors had been previously dismissed.
The order was given on the nineteenth of December.
On the fifth of that month General Pinckney arrived at
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6 THE REPUBLIC. [1797.
Paris. Three days before, the minister for foreign affairs
apprised Monroe, that as Pinckney s arrival was at hand,
if it had not taken place, he must inform him, that the for
malities to be observed, were, that the minister recalled
and his successor should send him a copy of their letters
of credence and recall. Pinckney, deeming it more re
spectful, proposed to present them in person. A day was
appointed, the letters were presented, and cards of hospi
tality*requested and promised. Two days after, a let
ter was addressed to Monroe, in which the minister of
foreign affairs stated, that he had been charged by the
Directory to notify him, "that it will not acknowledge or
receive another minister plenipotentiary from the United
States, until after the redress of the grievances demanded
of the American government, and which the French Re
public has a right to expect from it !
"
General Pinckney waited until the next day, under
the expectation of receiving a communication, when he
addressed a letter, expressing his regret at the determina
tion of the Directory; and that he was not permitted (in
the terms of his letter ofcredence)
to endeavor "
to efface
unfavorable impressions, to banish suspicions, and to re
store that cordiality which was at once the evidence and
pledge of a friendly union." He suggested, that, as offi
cial copies of his letters had been delivered, the decision
of the Directory should be communicated to him, that it
might be by him transmitted, as from the Directory to
the United States ;
and he inquired whether it was their
intention that he should immediately quit the territories
of the Republic, or be permitted to wait an answer from
his government. This letter being sent by his Secretary,
the French minister desired him to return to General
* These were necessary to reside there unmolested.
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uT.40.] HAMILTON. 7
Pinckney, as his answer,"
That the Executive Directory
knew of no minister plenipotentiary from the United
States of America since the presentation of Monroe s let
ters of recall;and that the Executive Directory had
charged him to notify to Mr. Monroe that they would
not acknowledge nor receive another minister plenipoten
tiary from the United States, until redress of theinjuries
demanded of the American government, and which the
French Republic had a right toexpect."
He added, as
to the continuance of Pinckney in Paris, that the views
of the Directory would be communicated either to him, or
to Monroe.
Two days after, a person, calling himself Chief Secre
tary to the minister of foreign affairs, waited upon Pinck
ney, tosignify, that wr
ith respect to his letter to him, he
could not directly communicate with him;as it would be
to acknowledge him as minister, when the Directory had
determined not to receive him;that
"
as to the part of
the letter which referred to his remaining, he supposed
that he was acquainted with the laws of France as re
spectedstrangers."
Pinckneyreplied, that he was not.
He was told, there was a decree preventing all strangers
remaining at Paris without particular permission, which
as the Directory did not mean to grant, of course the
general law would operate. Pinckney rejoined, "that a
direct communication could not involve the supposed
consequences, as Monroe had been recalled; and, if he
had died, the information must have been conveyed to
him. That the law cited did not reply to his letter, which
was to know whether it was the intention of the Direc
tory that he should quit the territories of therepublic."
He answered, that he believed it was their intention
he should quit their territories, but he would mention it
to the minister, and apprise him in the evening. Pinck-
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48 THE EEPUBLIO. [1Y97.
soon after
compelledto act
definitivelyon the bills for this
object which were received from the Senate. But, in the
interval, an attempt was made, by urging a previous con
sideration of the ways and means, to alarm the Federal
ists.
Their opponents believed, that they would shrink
from a resort to direct taxation. The reluctance which
existed to a stamp act would, it was supposed, induce a
total dereliction of the system of defence. But this sup
position was erroneous. Sincere in their apprehensions
of danger, and resolved in their purpose to avert it from
the country, an act was immediately brought forward by
them, to raise a revenue by the imposition of stamp du
ties;and another increasing the duty on salt. This was
followed by a motion to authorize the establishment of a
Naval yard, and the purchase of lands on which the live
oak grew.
It was known, that the details of a Stamp act would
give rise to much discussion;and it was desirable not
again to encounter public suspicion by opposing the Senate
bills. With this view a motion was made by Gallatin for
an adjournment which would limit the Session to the du
ration of a week. This was rejected. An act was next
proposed by the Federalists to provide for the more ef
fectual collection of the internal revenue, as by a modifi
cation of the system, increased resources would be ob
tained, and a large recourse to new taxes be avoided. It
was not considered.
The bill for an increase of the artillery and engineers
was discussed. Its necessity was urged to preserve and
defend the fortifications. The seaboard was defenceless.
To the thirty forts on the coast, the present force, if
distributed, would furnish only fourteen men each. In
the interior, while the Spaniards were increasing their
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MT. 40.]HAMILTON. 63
immediatelyafter the accession of Adams to the Presi
dency, commenced a system of diplomatic annoyance.
Although eighteen months had elapsed since the conclu
sion of the treaty with the United States, and profound
silence had been observed, he now addressed an offensive
despatch, complaining, that the pact with Great Britain
was a violation of that treaty ;and that England had
"
surprised the good faith of the Federal government;
"
that the article "that free ships made freegoods"
had
been annulled that while with England they had agreed
that Naval Stores should be contraband they had stipu
lated with Spain that these articles should be free, and
had ceded and confirmed to Great Britain the right of
navigating the Mississippi ;a right which he alleged the
United States acquired only in virtue of their treaty with
Spain.
The manifest fallacy of the reasoning on which these
complaints were founded was clearly shown by a simple
statement of the intentions of the treaty as to the two
first objections, and by reference to its express language
as to the last. So complete was the reply, that the silence
of De Yrugo seemed to admit all its conclusions. But,
after an interval of two months, the correspondence was
resumed by him.
A report to Congress, by the Secretary of State, of
the obstacles interposed to the demarcation of the West
ern limits became the occasion of another remonstrance.
The Government wasreproached
with
having disregardedhis intimations of the designs of England to occupy the
Spanish territories;with having neglected to move the
army so as to protect the American territory from viola
tion by the advance of the British troops ;and by a gross
intimation that it had colluded with England. That
Spain retained the posts on unfounded pretences was de-
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64: THE REPUBLIC. [1797.
nied. The extraordinary position was assumed, that not
withstanding his stipulation in the treaty to withdraw his
garrisons, "it was not to be presumed that it could ever
have been the intention of his Catholic Majesty to deliver
up fortifications, which, besides that they have cost him
considerable sums of money, may, by the effect ofpoliti
cal vicissitudes, be one day prejudicial to hissubjects."
The answer of Pickering exposed at large the untruth
of the assertions, the disingenuousness of the statements,
and the absurdity of the pretences which marked the
character of a document, that in less perilous times would
have demanded the dismissal of its author.*
Following the example of Genet and Adet, De Yrugo
made a direct
appeal
to the Americanpeople, by causing
his accusatory letter to be printed. This preceded a
public commentary on the correspondence from the pen
of the Spanish minister, though under an assumed name.
It sought to defend the pretensions of Spain by a misap
plication of opinions of Jefferson; inculpated the Cabinet
for submission to the wrongs of England ; imputed to it
a departure from honesty and gratitude ;
and urged, that
it was necessary"
to attack the Administration in order
to support the Government" He had, indeed, the effront
ery to propose that the difference with Spain should be
adjusted at PARIS.
The correspondence was suspended until the opening
of Congress. De Yrugo, on the twenty-first of Novem
ber, addressed another letter to the Government. In this
document, after regretting the refusal of the United States
to authorize the American Commissioners to open a nego
tiation with Spain at Paris, he recapitulated his former
complaints the interference of the treaty with England
*Foreign Relations, ii. 28. American State Papers.
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^ET. 40.] HAMILTON. 65
with that subsequently formed with Spain as to free ships
making free goods, and the provision securing to English
subjects the navigation of the Mississippi. It closed with
an explicit demand, whether the United States contem
plated the performance of the treaty in that particular.
The most important feature, beside that which pro
posed the transfer of the negotiation to Paris, was the
declaration it contained,"
that his Majesty had not ob
served in the answer (of Pickering to his previous letter)
any reason to induce him to change his opinion concern
ing the injuries resulting to his subjects from the stipula
tions of the English treaty compared with those of the
treaty with Spain. Thus, all the acts of the Spanish
agents
in obstructing the passage of the Mississippi, and
with holding the posts, were sanctioned by the Court of
Spain. The date of this letter shows the additional fact,
that the order under which this demand was preferred,
was given after the Revolution of France, on the fourth
of September seventeen hundred ninety-seven.
While such efforts were made to impair the confidence
of the people in the Administration, Jefferson was ever
busy, stimulating his faithful, and cajoling his dubious ad
herents.
Congratulations on his elevation to the Vice Presi
dency offered the occasion for renewed correspondences.
He had written to the South he next addressed himself
to the East. In all his letters are seen his hostility to
Washington, and it is a marked fact, that the persons ad
dressed by him were, several of them, those who had been
conspicuous in that hostility during the war of the Revo
lution, with others Washington s known personal enemies.*
"The public dispositions,"he wrote, "do not evince
*Kush, Samuel Adams, Gcnl Gates, Aaron Burr, Edmund Eandolph.
VOL. VII. 5
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66 THE REPUBLIC. [1797.
that the great mass of the people are not republican ; all
of them, when traced to their true source, have only been
evidences of the preponderant popularity of a particular
great character. That influence once withdrawn, and
our countrymen left to the operation of their own un
biassed good sense, I have no doubt we shall see a pretty
rapid return of general harmony, and our citizens mov
ing in phalanx in the paths of regular liberty, order and
a sacrosanct adherence to the Constitution. This I think
it will be, if war with France can be avoided."
A recent election in the city of New York opened
hopes in that quarter. He wrote to Gates, the long for
gotten hero of the Cabal, depicting the Federalists as "a
faction
composed
of English subjects residing
amongus,
or, such as are English in all their relations and senti
ments."
Burr, defeated as a candidate for re-election to the
Senate, had been recently delegated to the Assembly of
New York. Masking his jealousy of him, Jefferson
opened a correspondence with him."
Perhaps,"he
wrote,
"
some general view of our situation and prospectssince you left us, may not be unacceptable. At any rate,
it will give me an opportunity of recalling myself to your
memory and of evidencing my esteem for you"He then
descanted on the dispositions of Congress, appealed to
his intense hate of Washington, assured him of his own
"greatand sincere esteem." "War,"
he asserted," was
intended.""
I had always hoped that the popularity of
the late President being once withdrawn from active
effect, the natural feelings of the people towards liberty
would restore the equilibrium between the Executive and
Legislative departments, which had been destroyed by
the superior weight and effect of that popularity, and that
their natural feelings of moral obligation would discoun-
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JET. 40.] HAMILTON. 67
tenance the ungrateful predilection of THE EXECUTIVE in
favor of Great Britain. But, unfortunately, the preced
ing measures had already alienated the nation who were
the object of them, had excited reaction from them, and
this reaction has, on the minds of our citizens, an effect
which supplies that of the Washington popularity."
"
I
have been much pleased to see a dawn of change in the
spirit of your State." *
What must have been the perversion of mind that
could regard the indignation of his countrymen at their
accumulated wrongs as a breach of " moral obligation ?"
What the effrontery of so zealous a partisan of France,
which could impute to Washington "an ungrateful pre
dilection in favor of Great Britain ?"
Abounding in glory, with no ambition to gratify, above
all influence but his love of country ;how deep-toned and
impressive is the voice of the late President at this mo
ment of peril.
"
It remains," he said,"
to be seen, whether our country will stand
upon independent ground, or be directed in its political concerns by
anyother nation. A little time will show who are its true
friends,or %hat is synonymous, who are true Americans. Those who are
stimulating a foreign nation to unfriendly acts, repugnant to our
rights and dignity, and advocating all its measures, or those whose
only aim has been to maintain a strict neutrality, to keep the United
States out of the vortex of European politics and to preserve them in
peace.
" Our affairs might continue in the most happy, flourishing, and
prosperous train, if the harmony of the Union were not endangered
by the internal disturbers of itspeace."
" The people should be thoroughly acquainted with the political
situation of this country, and the causes which have produced it,that
they may either give active and effectual support to those to whom
they have intrusted the administration of the government, if they ap-
* Jefferson s Works, June, 17, 1797.
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68 THE REPUBLIC. [1797.
prove the principles on which they have acted ; or sanction the con
duct of their opponents, who have endeavored to bring about a change
by embarrassing all its measures, not even short of foreign means"
"It is hardly to be expected, that the Directory of France will ac
knowledge its errors, and tread back its steps immediately. This
would announce at once that there has been precipitancy and injustice
in the measures they have pursued, or that they were incapable of
judging, and had been deceived by false representations.
"
Pride would be opposed to all these, and I can hardly think the
Directory will relinquish the hold it has upon those who more than
probably have suggested and promoted the measures they have been
pursuing."
Sentiments thus fatal to the reputation of the Demo
cratic leaders were not ostentatiously promulgated but
were not concealed. Theirefficacy
was seen to
penetrate Virginia ;
and it was feared they could not be par
ried. Artifice was resorted to. Hoping to draw out re
marks which might promote their views, a letter, under
an assumed name, was insidiously addressed to Washing
ton. He replied to it as genuine, but in terms which
could not be abused. The plot was subsequently detect
ed and exposed. The writer was discovered to be a
nephew of Jefferson.*
Hypocrisy often loses its cloak. Constant and warm
as had been his professions of esteem to the late Presi
dent, an incident, which he little apprehended, now cast
* This anonymous letter was signed John Langhor-ne, afictitious name.
It was dated Sept. 28th, 1797. The reply was of the 15th October. See
Washington s Writings, xi. 218; Appendix, 501. This letter is thus referred
to in a memorandum in Monroe s hand: " The letter from P. Carr" (the in
strument mentioned hy Jefferson in a letter to Madison of 3d August, 1797)"
under signature of John Langhorne to General Washington, praising him,
&c. Colonel Nicholas s letter to General Washington (Washington s Writings
xi. 220) informing him the author was a nephew of Mr. Jefferson, and that he
suspected some unfair design wascontemplated."
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JET. 40.] HAMILTON. 69
a blaze oflight
on thesystematic
calumnies Jefferson had
poured out against that venerated person.
Mazzei, a Florentine, who had resided in his vicinity
in Virginia and confided in him much, had returned to
Florence. The success of France over his native Tus
cany tempted him to seek importance, and to propitiate
her favor. He communicated the much noted letter
which Jefferson had addressed to him. It was published
at Paris, in the Moniteur of the Directory, in order to
sustain the opinions which had been inculcated on her
rulers to tarnish the character of Washington, and to
justifythe conduct of the French.
On its appearance,* this official Gazette remarked,
that it was," from one of the most virtuous and enlight
ened citizens of the United States, and explains the con
duct of the Americans in regard to France ungrateful
children, instead of abandoning her, they ought to have
armed in her defence. The treaty with Great Britain is
an act of hostility to France. Her government had
testified their resentment by breaking off communication
with an ungrateful and faithless ally,until she shall return
to a more just and benevolent conduct. Justice and
sound policy equally approve this measure of the French
Government. There is no doubt it will give rise to dis
cussions which may afford a triumph to the party of good
republicans the friends of France. Some writers main
tain that in the United States, the French have for parti
sans only certain
demagogues
who aim to overthrow the
existing Government. But their impudentfalsehoods con
vince no one, and prove only, what is too evident, that
they use the liberty of the press to serve the enemies of
France." This extraordinary letter of Jefferson was pub-
*January 28, 1797.
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70 THE REPUBLIC. [1797.
lished at Paris a few days after the rejection of Pinck-
ney.
The influence of such sentiments from such a source
on the policy of that nation was obvious. It was a Dec
laration from the chief of the Democratic party, whose
election to the Presidency was confidently expected ;
and whose first act of propitiation would probably have
been the recall of Pinckney, and the reinstatement of Monroe in triumph. It was a declaration, that the system of
the American Government was "a system of ingratitude
and injustice towards France, from whom they would
alienate us to bring us again under British influence."*
A declaration assumed as true, and proclaimed to the
world by Barras, in his farewell to Monroe.
Its appearance in the United States caused extreme
perplexity to the author, and to his partisans. The less
initiated, untaught to dispute its meaning, proclaimed that
it was a forgery, and asserted that Jefferson would disa
vow it. Day after day, in long succession, the Federal
Gazettes called for its disavowal. No answer was given.
Noexplanation
offered. Continued silence confirmed the
belief of its authenticity. Enlightened men were less in
dignant than grieved at this humiliation of their country.
Angered amazement filled the mass of the friends of
Government.
Are, they asked, the opinions of France, which before
had been derived from adventurers, thus confirmed by
the late Secretary of State now the second officer of
this republic? In vain have we so long endured with
patience her repeated injuries.In vain has the Govern
ment assured her of our friendship, and our fidelity to our
* Yet in a letter to T. Lomax, he characterizes the conduct of France as
ilatrocious proceedings.
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J2T.40.] HAMILTON. 71
engagements. The former headof the
Foreign depart
ment, the officer most familiar with our external policy,
has stamped these assurances with falsehood. If Jefferson
thus wrote to an insignificantindividual in Italy,
what
have been his communications to more elevated persons
in the councils of France ? To what may be ascribed
her depredations her injuriesher indignities? What
was to be expected, if she believed this compendious cal
umny ?" That the United States had become the victims
of an Anglo-monarchical party, whose avowed object was
to impose the substance, as they had already the forms of
the British Government. That the Executive, the Judi
ciary, all the officers of the Government, the merchants,
and the public creditors, were engaged in this nefarious
design, and were only restrained from resorting to force
by the strength of the republicans the friends of France."
Not only are her resentments justified ;her hostilities are
invited. They are directed against the merchants. These
are the enemies of France. By striking at them, the rev
enues of the United States will be impaired ;her fund-
holders punished ;her commerce and her credit destroyed.
Such a communication from such a source, they stigma
tized as the vilest treason. In vain would posterity be
asked to believe it ever had been made.
No event in his life had happened since his desertion
of the government of Virginia, which caused Jefferson so
great embarrassment. As to the course to be pursued
his advisers differed. Monroe, who hadrecently
arrived
in the United States, wrote him,"
I think you should ac
knowledge your letter to Mazzei. * * * One thing
I suggest to you is, that by not denying you have all the
odium of having written it, and yet without taking a bold
attitude, which is necessary to encourage friends." Jef-
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72 THE REPUBLIC. [1797.
ferson wrote to Madison.* Afterassigning
as a reason
for his silence as to it in a recent interview with him, that
"
the variety of other topics kept it out of sight,1
and ad
mitting "the general substance of it" was his, "though
the diction had been considerably altered," he stated,"
I
could not disavow it wholly, because the greatest part
was mine in substance, though not in form. I could not
avow it, as it stood, because the form was not mine, andin one place, the substance very materially falsified."
"This would render explanations necessary,"which
" would embroil me personally with every member of the
Executive, with the Judiciary, and with others still. I
soon decided in my own mind to be entirely silent. I
consulted with several friends in Philadelphia, who, every
one of them, were clearly against my avowing or disa
vowing, and some conjured me most earnestly to let
nothing provoke me to it." It would "
bring on"
a per
sonal difference with General Washington,f which nothing
before the publication of this letter had ever done. It
would embroil him also with all those with whom his
character is still popular that is to say, nine-tenths of
the people of the United States;and what good would
be attained by avowing the letter with the necessary cx-
*August 3, 1797. Jefferson s Works, iii. 3G2.
f Yet he wrote many years after," General Washington, understanding
perfectlywhat and whom I meant to designate, in hoth phrases, and that they
could not have any application or view to himself,could find in neither any cause
of offence
to
himself;
and therefore neither needed, nor ever asked
anyexplana
tion of them from me." The object of this latter statement of the year 1824
is to disprove an allegation bv a connection of Washington, that he called Jef
ferson to an account for this letter;and that the diary relating to it was miss
ing. Jefferson s Works, iv. 401. D. Stuart, a connection of Washington s
family, and his intimate correspondent, states, that prior to the appearance of
Jefferson s letter to Mazzei," there was &friendly correspondence between him
(Jefferson) and Washington. Since then, NONE."
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74: THE KEPUBLIC. [1797.
rigor
of winterpassed.
Apublic
dinner wasgiven
on his
return to the recalled envoy, at which were present the
Vice President, the Speaker of the House of Representa
tives, the Chief Justice of Pennsylvania, the leaders of
the Democratic party, General Collot, the emissary of
the Directory. There, with a premeditated purpose,
with the flag of France floating over his head, Jefferson
gave a toast to her success and her prosperity. In the
Capital of the United States, during a session of Con
gress convened to provide defence against open hostili
ties, when there was no safety on the sea, and glaring
savages were waiting in the Western wilds the signal for
attack;
after an American Envoy had been menaced
with imprisonment and driven ignominiously from Paris
to a land not permitted to be neutral, the second officer
of this Republic is seen, amid loud applauses, pouring out
libations to the prosperity of a nation then plundering
her commerce to the success of the enemy of his coun
try.
A similar scene was enacted in New York. While
Gates presided, Monroe gave the sentiment,"
Perpetual
union between the Republics of France and America."
Encouraged by these demonstrations of party attach
ment, Monroe addressed a letter to the Secretary of
State, demanding an explanation of the circumstances
which had induced his recall. It was not answered. The
demand was renewed. It was not noticed. It was re
peatedwhen Colonel
Pickering replied, refusingto
make the exercise of a discretionary power of the Execu
tive the subject of a public discussion. Monroe insisted
upon the injury he had suffered, and his"
right to re
dress.""
Why,"he asked,
" do you evade the inquiry ?
Is it because you know the imputation was unjust, and
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Mi. 40.] HAMILTON. 89
tutional negative on the legislature. To protect itself,
it resorted to force. For a theoretically pure represen
tative democracy, one night substituted a military des
potism.
Yet this usurping government, with no other support
than the bayonet, was defended by the Democratic press
of the United States, as the assertor of liberty against the
plots of the Royalists. The same press insisted, that with
her power thus consolidated, her policy would be pacific ;
and that America had only to wait a short interval the
adjustment of all their controversies. Hamilton saw a
different result. He declared at this moment, that
" Power alone could reorganize the discordant materials
of Europe ;that there could be no pacific accommoda
tion of its disturbances;that France must seek repose
under a throne;and that some Bonaparte or Pichegru,
with half a million of veterans at his heels, would parcel
out monarchies, principalities, and tributary States at
pleasure."
*
As to the United States, the majority of the former
Directory
were in favor of war. Their successors were
not less hostile. The only question was, whether it
should be open, or, as it had been," war only on one side."
"
If France makes war," they said,"
it will be on the
Government, not on the people. The Government can
not succeed in raising armies, equipping a fleet, or laying
taxes to pay them. Had Madison been appointed Envoy,
it would have drawn closer the connection of seventeenhundred seventy-eight ;
as it is, she will not commit the
error of England by advancing into the United States.
The Directory can have, by proper agents, the prepon
derance there assigned to her."
* Thus is seen the force of Talleyrand s pithy remark as to Hamilton,
"Mais il avoit divine 1Europe."
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^Ex. 41.] HAMILTON. 223
distribution of public honors and emoluments among the
citizens of the different States, but sometimes was yielded
to collateral considerations. As to the noncommissioned
officers and privates, it was conceived to be both unneces
sary and inexpedient to make any absolute appointment
among the States.
As to the question of an immediate or deferred ap
pointmentof the officers and
recruitingof the
troops,
and
whether the pay of the officers should be suspended, it
was answered, that the Act for augmenting the army was
peremptory in its provisions. The bounds of Executive
discretion, as to the forbearance to execute such a law,
might perhaps involve an investigation, nice in its own na
ture, and of a kind which it is generally most prudent to
avoid. The voluntary suspension of the execution of a
similar law could not bejustified,
but by considerations
of decisive cogency.
"There was nothing in the foreign relations of this country to dic
tate an abandonment of the policy of this act. Measures ofsecurity,
suggested by the experience of accumulated hostility, were not to be
abandoned because of merely probable symptoms of approaching ac
commodation. If such symptoms existed, they were to ~be ascribed to
the measures of vigor adopted ~by the Government, and may be frus
trated by a relaxation in those measures, affording an argument of
weakness or irresolution. The authoritative declaration of the Presi
dent, recently confirmed, showed that there was nothing discoverable
in the conduct of France which ought to change or relax our measures
of defence. Though some late occurrences rendered the prospect of an
invasion less probable, or more remote; yet, duly considering at all
times the rapid vicissitudes of political and military events, the extra
ordinary fluctuations of the contest in Europe, and the more extra
ordinary position of its principal nations,"
it can never be wise to vary
our measures of security with the continually varying aspect of its
affairs." Our safety should be placed beyond the reach of the casu
alties of those nations, by pursuing a steady system, organizing all our
resources^ and putting them in a state of preparation for prompt action.
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300 THE REPUBLIC.; [1799.
dication had recently most insultingly been made, and
merely hinted that the selection of Murray would not be
unwelcome to France. In a second communication, to
Pichon, the respectful reception of an envoy without any
indication of the person was assured by Talleyrand.
Hamilton states :
"
In this manner assurances were given, that France was disposed
to treat,and that a Minister from the United States,
* would be re^
ceived and accredited ! But they were accompanied with intimations
of the characters proper to be employed, and who would be likely to
succeed, which was exceptionable, both, as it savored of the pretension
(justly censured by the President himself,) of prescribing to other gov
ernments how they were to manage their own affairs;and as it might
be construed into a tacit condition of the promise to receive a minister.
Overtures so circuitous andinformal, through
a
personwho was not
the regular organ of the French government for making them, to a per
son who was not the regular organ of the American Government for
receiving them, might be a very fit mode of preparing the way for the
like overtures in a more authentic and obligatory shape, but they
were a very inadequate basis for the institution of a new mission.
When the President pledged himself in his speech to send a minister,
if satisfactory assurances of a proper reception were given, he must
have been understood to mean such as were direct and official, notsuch as were both informal and destitute of a competent sanction."
Yet upon this loose and vague foundation, Adams,
lured by the pledge of Democratic support, on the eigh
teenth of February precipitately nominated Murray, en
voy to the French Republic," without previous consulta
tion with any of his ministers!
The nomination itself wasto each of them, even to the Secretary of State, his con
stitutional counsellor in similar affairs, the first notice of
theproject."
The message bore date the same day with the passage
of the bill in the Senate for"
the eventual organization
of thearmy,"
in which he beheld the perspective of Ham-
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2Er.42.] HAMILTON. 301
ilton s future elevation." The British faction," he wrote,
was determined to have a war with France;and ALEX
ANDER HAMILTON at the head of the army, and then Pres
ident of the United States !
" *
In his message to the Senate nominating Murray, he
transmitted" a document f which," he said,
" seems to be
intended to be a compliance with the condition of his mes
sage of the twenty-first of June;
"
stated his own readiness
"to embrace every plausible appearance of probability of
preserving or restoring tranquillity;"and added, that the
Envoy should"
not go to France without direct and une
quivocal assurances from the French government, signi-
fied by their minister of foreign relations, that he shall be
received in character," and that an exchange of ministers
should take place.
This procedure was immediately communicated to
Hamilton by a senator, who wrote," This message, im
portant and mischievous as it is, wa,s the result of Presi
dential wisdom, without the knowledge of, or any intima-
* Letter of Adams, xxxiv.
f The document on which this nomination was founded, was the second
letter from Talleyrand to Pichon, before advertedto, bearing date the 28th
Sept., 1798, more thanfour months previous to the nomination. Yet, it is stated,
to have been received on the 31st of January, 1799. When it is seen that, in
a letter, of the 1st of February, 1799 the next day, from the Secretary of State
to Murray, the intervention of Holland was summarily rejected in these words,
" The President did not pause for an answer in thenegative,"
and from the
probability of its having been received long before, the inference is, that this
letter wasmerely
thepretext
of thenomination, prompted by
other motives.
The former of these letters, probably to avoid the objection that would be
made to the appointment of Murray, that he had been indicated in it by Tal
leyrand and to escape the comment that his selection of Murray was dictated
by him, to the President, was suppressed. It was subsequently furnished to
and published by Callender ! \
$ Works of Adams, 1. 542.
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^Er. 44.] HAMILTON".
from Bayardto
Hamilton,written soon after this re
sult :
*
" Your views in relation to this election differed very little from
my own, but I was obliged to yield to a torrent which I perceived
might be diverted, but could not be opposed.
"
In one case I was willing to take Burr, but I never considered it as
a case likely to happen. If by his conduct he had completely forfeited the
confidence and friendship of his party, and left himself no resort but the
support of the Federalists, there are many considerations which would
have induced me to prefer him to Jefferson. But I was enabled soon
to discover that he was determined not to shackle himself with Fed
eral principles ;and it became evident, that if he got in without being
absolutely committed in relation to his own party, that he would be
disposed and obliged to play the game of McKean f upon an improved
plan and enlarged scale.
"
In the origin of the business I had contrived to lay hold of all
the doubtful votes in the Ilouse, which enabled me, according to views
which presented themselves, to protract or terminate the controversy.
This arrangement was easily made, from the opinion readily adopted
from the consideration, that representing a smallstate,
without re
sources which could supply the means of self-protection, I should not
dare to proceed to any length which would jeopardize the Constitution
or the safety of any State.
" When the experiment was fullymade,
and acknowledgedupon
all
hands to have completely ascertained, that Burr was resolved not to
commit himself, and that nothing remained but to appoint a President
by law, or leave the government without one, I came out with the most
explicit and determined declaration of voting for Jefferson. You can
not well imagine the clamor and vehement invective to which I was
subjected for some days. We had several caucuses. All acknowledged
that nothing but desperate measures remained, which several were dis
posedto
adopt,and but few were
willing openlyto
disapprove.Wo
broke up each time in confusion and discord, and the manner of tho
last ballot was arranged, but a few minutes before the ballot was given.
Our former harmony, however, has since been restored.
" The public declarations of my intention to vote for Mr. Jefferson,
* Mar. 8, 1801. Hamilton s Works, vi. 522.
f Governor of Pennsylvania.
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MT. 44.] HAMILTON. 493
tal in the public obligations, before dead." As to the
Public debt, the Federalists had not created the great
mass of it. They had provided for its interest and the
extinguishment of the principal.
" No man can impute that to them as a crime, who is
not ready to avow the fraudulent and base doctrine, that
it is wiser and better to cheat than to pay the creditors
of a nation." Its extinguishment had been retarded by an
Indian war, by two insurrections fomented by the oppo
sition, by the hostilities of a foreign power "encouraged
by the undissembled sympathies of the same opposition,
which obliged the government to arm for defence and
security."The taxes were unavoidable, and as to the
direct tax, "Madison, second in theconfidence"
of that
opposition, "was theproposer"
of it, a tax, as to which it
was a principle of the Federalists, that it never should be
resorted to, but in time of war, or hostility with a foreign
power.
The beneficial effects of the British treaty were shown.
As to the Sedition law," The most essential object of this
act was to declare the courts of the United States competent to the cognizance of those slanders against the prin
cipal officers and departments of the Federal Govern
ment, which, at common law, are cognizable as libels;
with the liberal and important mitigation of allowing the
truth of an accusation to be given in evidence in exon
eration of the accuser. What do you see in this to
merit the execrations which have been bestowed on the
measure 1"
The standing army consisted of six regiments, which,
if abolished, would " be productive only of repentance,
and a return to a plan, injudiciously renounced." The
Inaugural Address was next referred to."
It characterizes
our present Government as a
Republican
Government in
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550 THE REPUBLIC. [1802.
were merely intended to conciliate favor to the former;
and, on the day appointed for their consideration, Breck-
enridge, passing them by, moved that the act of the last
session respecting the Judiciary Establishment, be re
pealed. He was seconded by Mason of Virginia.
On the eighth of January the debate commenced in the
Senate. A leading motiveto this
repeal was stated to bethe small number of suits previously decided and then de
pending in those Courts. The power of abolishing them
was next considered. The Judicial power was vested by
the Constitution in "one Supreme Court and in such in
ferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time or
dain and establish." This was pronounced a discretionary
power. It would be a paradox to say Congress mayestablish and shall not abolish these inferior Courts. The
Constitution declares, the Judges shall not be removed
from office during good behavior, nor their salaries dimin
ished during their continuance in office. Thus a Judge is
totally out of the power of the President, and his salary
secured against Legislative diminution during his continu
ance in office. The first check applies to the President
only, and the other to the Legislature only. Shall a
Judge hold his office after it is abolished ? Can his term
be limited by behaving well in an office which does not
exist ? Can the shadow, the Judge, remain, when the
substance, the office, is removed ? If so, the Constitution
would have declared that
Judges
should hold their offices
and salaries during good behavior. It is a principle of it,
that no man shall receive public money but for public
services. Yet by a different construction, complete sine
cure offices will be created hosts of Constitutional pen
sioners settled upon us.
The Judges of England are removed by a jointvote
of the Lords and Commons. Here, they can be removed
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M-s. 45.] HAMILTON". 571
serious a danger of convulsion and disorder is incident to the plan. On
this point, things have come to rny knowledge, improper for aletter,
which would astonish you. Surely we ought, by this time, to have
learned, that whatever multiplies the opportunities and means of cabal,
is more favorable to our adversaries than to us. They have certainly
the advantage in the game, by greater zeal, activity, and subtlety, and
especially by an abandonment of principle. On all these accounts, it is
our true policy to abridge the facilities to cabal, as much as possible, in
all our public institutions and measures. As to the second of the
amendments, it has ever appeared to me as sound principle, to let the
Federal Government rest, as much as possible, on the shoulders of the
people: and as little as possible, on those of the State Legislatures.
The proposition accords with this principle j and, in my view, it is fur
ther recommended by its tendency to exclude combinations, which, I am
persuaded, in the general and permanent course of things, will operate
more against than for us. Colonel Burr, without doubt, will resist
these amendments, and he may induce some of our friends to play into
his hands : but this will be a very bad calculation, even admitting the
inadmissible idea, that he ought to be adopted as a Chief of the Federal
part}r. We never can have him fairly in our power, till we render his
situation absolutely hopeless with his old friends. While the indis
criminate voting prevails, he will find it his interest to play fast and
loose, and to keep himself in a state to be at the head of the Anti-fed
eral party. If these hopes are cutoff,
he will immediately set about
forming a third part} ,of which he will be at the head
jand then, if
we think it worth the while, we can purchase him with his flying
squadrons." These observations are, of course, hypothetical ; for,
to my mind,
the elevation of Mr. Burr, by Federal means, to the Chief Magistracy
of the United States, will be the worst kind of political suicide.
"
Adieu, my dear Sir. Yours very sincerely."
Hamilton s propositions for the amendment of the
Constitution passed the House of Representatives by a
large majority. In the Senate they failed for the want
of one vote, that of Gouverneur Morris, who assigned
the reasons for that vote to the Legislature of New
York.* These were, his aversion to Amendments that
Life of Morris, iii. 173.
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JET. 46.] HAMILTON. 645
deposit alone would not be waived for a while, rather than
it should be the immediate ground of war and an alliance
with England. This suggested a particular passage in
the official letter now sent you and Mr. Livingston. The
elections in New England are running much against the
Administration;as to Virginia in general, things continue
well in that State."
Soon after the date of these instructions to the joint
envoys, a royal order of Spain was made public, direct
ing the delivery of Louisiana to the French, as possessed
by them when ceded to her. This retrocession embraced
the whole North-Western territory as then defined a
fact which marks the purposes of France. The informa
tion of this order was carefully kept back until Congress
had risen. Before another week elapsed, the French
Charge d Affaires announced to Madison, that the suspen
sion of the right of deposit was the unauthorized act of
the Spanish Intendant, which annunciation was followed
by a letter from the Spanish Minister, stating that orders
had been received to continue the right of deposit until
an agreement should be made as to an equivalent place.
The disclosure of these orders was hailed by the
Democratic party with loud exultation. A calmer view
exhibits this procedure as a deceptive assurance intended
to lull the American Cabinet to repose, until France
should have taken full possession of her acquisition. This
is the only probable motive to which her reserve at Paris
and the intimation of her purpose to accredit a minister
to the United States can be ascribed. It is confirmed by
the fact that Buonaparte had sent his prefect Laussat to
New Orleans to receive possession, who only waited the
arrival of a French fleet and army to enter upon the gov
ernment of the province. But events were taking a di
rection in Europe, which rescued the Democrats from the
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6:1:6 THE REPUBLIC. [1803.
impending danger and established the dominance of the
Virginian influence.
On the day* when the assurance of the French
Charge was received at Washington, that the suspension
of the right of deposit was unauthorized, Livingston
wrote from Paris the letter previously quoted : "With
respect to a negotiation for Louisiana, I think nothing
will be effected here." He, at the same time, mentioned
an occurrence which showed the strong probability of a
renewal of hostilities between France and Great Britain.
Early in the previous year, the British Cabinet stated
to the American resident at London :
"
It is impossible
that so
importantan event as the cession of Louisiana
by Spain to France should be regarded by the King in
any other light than as highly interesting to his Majesty
and to the United States;and should render it more ne
cessary than ever that there should subsist between the
two Governments that spirit of confidence which is be
come so essential to the security of their respective terri
tories and possessions." It assured him, that his Majesty" has not, in any manner, directly or indirectly, acquiesced
in or sanctioned this cession, and will be anxious to learn
the sentiments of the United States on every part of this
subject, and the line of policy which they will be inclined
to adopt in the event of this arrangement being carried
into effect."
In his state of alarm, Jefferson wrote to Rufus King,
expressing a"hope
that through your agency we may be
able to remove every thing inauspicious to a cordial
friendship between this country and the one on which
you are stationed;a friendship dictated by too many
considerations not to be felt by the wise and dispassionate
* March 12, 1803.
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^Ex. 47.] HAMILTON. 687
The Committeereported
in
conformityto the
Messageof the President, and recommended, apologetically, an in
crease of the regular army. This was in accordance with
Jefferson s official Message. A substitute was moved, car
rying into effect his private views, appropriating a sum to
open a negotiation for Florida. Randolph proposed that
this sum be confined to that purchase, which was agreed
to, but on the final passage of the bill, this specific appro
priation was rescinded, and the money was left to be used
at the discretion of Jefferson, so as to cover and meet, if
expedient, Madison s contemplated douceur to France.
The secret journal of the House was published, but this
confidential Message of Jefferson was omitted.
Shrinking from the consequences of his own measures,
though intelligence of the decease of Fox was received,
Jefferson recommended a further suspension of his Non-
Importation Act, and Congress acquiesced.
The double policy of the Administration was success
fully practiced on the American people, but events were
hastening to a crisis in their foreign relations which no
duplicity
could
escape;and if met at all, could
only
be
duly met by other than"
peaceable means." How it was
met was seen in the blighting effects of a system of na
tional self-sacrifice, unheard of and unparalleled among
the fatuities of the world. England, having reduced the
Ocean to subjection, and seeing in the American carriers
the only obstacle to her maritime hostilities, resolved to
resort to a blockade. British "Orders in Council" fol
lowed,* and were met by French decrees. The neutral
commerce of this Country was thus interdicted ;and in
the height of his impartiality between the two great war
ring powers, England and France, Jefferson proposed an
* November 11, 1807.
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^T. 47.] HAMILTON. 701
Every point of practice had to be investigated and its ap
plication to our Courts and Institutions questioned and
tested. Hamilton thought it necessary to produce author
ities, to demonstrate and to guide the power of the Court,
seen in the now familiar case of putting off a cause for
the Circuit, and to show that the power was to be ex.
ercised, as he expressed it,
"
in sound discretion for the
furtherance of justice."*"He
never made any argu*ment in Court," Kent adds, "in any case, without dis^
playing his habits of thinking and resorting at once to
some well founded principle of law, and drawing his de
ductionslogically from his premises. Law was always
treated by him as a science, founded on established
principles."
" He rose at once to the loftiest heights of
professional eminence, by his profound penetration, his
power ofanalysis, the comprehensive grasp and strength
of his understanding and the firmness, frankness and
integrity of his character. We may say of him, in refer
ence to his associates, as was said of Papinian, omnes
longo post se intervalloreliquerit."
" His manners were
gentle, affable and kind;
and he appeared to be frank,
liberal and courteous in all his professional intercourse."
Referring to a particular case, Chancellor Kent pro
ceeds :
" Hamilton by means of his fine melodious voice,
and dignified deportment, his reasoning powers and per
suasive address, soared far above all competition. His
preeminence was at once and universally conceded. The
audience listened with admiration to his
impassioned
elo
quence."
* * *"In January, seventeen hundred and
eighty-five, I attended the Supreme Court at Albany,
and I had the satisfaction to see Colonel Hamilton come
*It is stated by Mr. Van Schaick that Hamilton originated the preparing
"Points" a practice now in general use.
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706 THE REPUBLIC. [1804.
Guen, a native of France, to recover the value of merchandise frcm his factors who had sold it for him, reserv
ing to him an election to receive payment in France,
whither he intended returning, or in the United States.
The factors were members of a leading mercantile house
in the City of New York. The purchasers, a firm com
posed of individuals of the Jewish faith.
A protracted negotiation preceded the suit at law in
which a verdict was, in the first instance, rendered for the
factors. It was set aside after a very elaborate discussion
before the Supreme Court, and on a new trial the plain
tiff recovered a sum of one hundred and twenty thou
sand dollars. On an appeal to the Court of Errors, this
judgment
was confirmed
by
a largemajority
of that
body.A bill had been meanwhile filed in the Court of
Chancery, and an injunction granted to stay the execu
tion of the judgment. In order to open anew the merits
of the controversy, an issue at law to try the question of
fraud was ordered by Chancellor Livingston. From this
order an appeal was also made to the Court of Errors.
The grounds of the claim were, that the factors had not
elected in obedience to the instructions of their principal
to receive the proceeds in Europe, and their refusal to
authorize him to receive the surplus of those proceeds,
after deducting a sum sufficient to cover their claims.
The magnitude of the demand, the course of the pro
ceedings, the long continued and embittered litigation had
excited much feeling in the community, whose leaning
was in favor of the factors. Hamilton wrote his wife :
"
I drop you a line to tell you, that I am well, and that
to-day the hearing of Le Guen s cause began. I fear the
prepossessions are strongly against us. But we must try
to overcome them. At any rate, we shall soon get to the
close of our journey, and, if I should lose my cause, I must
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-ET.47.] HAMILTON. TOT
consolemyself with finding my friends. With the utmost
eagerness will Ifly to them."*
In every stage of the contest Hamilton s exertions had
been unremitting." To the overbearing weight and in
fluence of his talents" was chiefly attributed the success
of his client. In the Court of last resort, where it was
supposed, that the result would mainly depend on the
ability of the advocates, Gouverneur Morris, a relative of
one of the defendants, appeared as his counsel. Harrison
and Burr were associated with Hamilton.
His argument opened with an examination of the pre
liminary question, whether the alleged fraud was then
examinable. He adduced authorities to show that Courts
of law and equity had concurrent jurisdiction in matters
of fraud. That where there had been an opportunity to
try the question by one competent tribunal, having had
cognizance, and having decided, it cannot afterwards be
examined by another;
but where there is an equally
actual remedy at law, equity will not interpose. The
conclusion from these propositions was, that this being a
question of fraud, which would have been a
good
defence
at law, and the respondents having had full notice of all
the facts, they were too late. He then proceeded with a
close review of the immense mass of evidence which had
been taken at law, and of the pleadings in Chancery.
The nature of the testimony, the character of the wit
nesses, their respective credibility, all called forth his
powers of analysis. The minute and long investigation
resulting in a complete vindication of his client from the
imputation of fraud, the cause was left before the Court
upon its substantial merits. This speech occupied six
hours in its delivery. Gouverneur Morris addressed the
*February 5, 1800.
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720 THE KEPUBLIC. [1804.
Were a Jury of the free people of a Republican State
less alive to the value of freedom of discussion than a Jury
of Colonists ? Had the common law, upon which they
claimed to exercise the right of judging of criminal in
tent, been abrogated by intervening decisions of Courts ?
Was the doctrine true, that, in declaring independence,
they had relinquished all the valued security of that much
cherished law of their ancestors ? Jefferson, at an early
period of this Government, urged the violation of a great
principle of public policy on the ground of the operation
of the common law in* Virginia upon a public contract;
but when, in his game of ambition, he found it expedient
to array that State against the Union, then he declared,
that "of all the doctrines which have been broached by
the Federal Government, the novel one, of the common
law being in force, and cognizable as an existing law in
their Courts," was to him "the most formidable." f
Thus prompted by, and in obedience to his patron,
Madison, in the Assembly of Virginia, rejected the de
fence of the Sedition act, that it was declaratory of the
common law, denouncing it as
"
a doctrine novel inits
principles, and tremendous in its consequences, that the
common law of England is in force under the Govern
ment of the United States."
But, in opposition to these opinions, the people could
refer triumphantly to the unanimous resolution of the
Congress of seventeen hundred and seventy-four,"
that
the respective Colonies are ENTITLED to the COMMON LAWOF ENGLAND, and more especially to the great and ines
timable privilege of being tried by their peers of the
vicinage, according to the course of that law" They
could refer to the Constitution of their own State, which
*Infra, iv. 129.
f Jefferson to Randolph. Jefferson s Works,iii.
425.
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^Ex. 47.] HAMILTON. 749
The son of an aged man in humble life, residing in the
interior, was indicted of a heinous crime. His character
was exemplary, and he had applied the proceeds of his
industry to the support of his father, who had a numerous
family. But he was a Democrat, and in the heat of po
litical strife, had incurred the hostility of his Federal
neighbors. These persons took hold of suspicious cir
cumstances, and formed of them a tale which menacedhis ruin. The old man was told, that the only chance for
his son was to employ General Hamilton. He came to
New York, called upon him, and he undertook the cause.
Hesitating with apprehension, because he was poor, the
aged countryman asked him to name his fee. Hamilton
evaded the question, telling him he must then go to
Court, and that the fee must be left to some other time.
When the cause came to trial, satisfied of the innocence
of his client, after analyzing the evidence, Hamilton broke
forth with a stern rebuke at the intrusion ofpolitics
into
the temple of Justice pointed out the danger of trusting
memory under the influence of political resentments, and
showed how easily a web of falsehood might be woven.
He deplored the growth of party spirit, described it as a
fiend which disturbed the peace of families, the quiet of
villages, the tranquillity of the whole country declared
that the breast in which it was suffered to take root be
came a prey to the vilest passions, and that "before he
would permit it to sway his feelings, he would pluck his
heart from his bosom." On this
Jury,
he said, were wait
ing, of the friends of the accused not one not two not
three but a whole neighborhood, who hadvoluntarily
come over hill and dale from afar from a great dis
tance, to throw in the mite of their testimony, and raise
a monument of public opinion in his favor. These friends
were now hanging on the verdict of that Jury to know,
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756 THE REPUBLIC. [1804.
ton would have troddenunder his feet. It
was, however,his refined policy, first to caress and feed with hopes the
victim to be slain. While the President s power in office
was being confirmed, not a whisper was uttered, not a
voice was heard in disparagement of the Vice-President.
So to have done would have betrayed the wounds of a
doubtful triumph, and have encouraged opposition. But
as the tides in his favor rose, and the breezes from every
quarter came fluttering upon his cheeks, Jefferson was
seen to knit his brows and grind his teeth. And then, a
silent edict went forth from the Capitol, Madison alone
of the Cabinet, deadly jealous of the apparent possible
heir, consulted and abetting. Burr s very aspirations were
deemed a treason, though inspired by the Constitution;
and while Hamilton is seen engaged in removing a blem
ish from the Constitution, Jefferson was busy driving its
casual upstart from the State. It was the President s
opinion, an opinion the stronger because of Burr s effi
ciency in the recent election, that Burr was not true, and
at once Burr was pronounced false. It was their Presi
dent s wish, that Burr be outlawed, and that wish was the
law of his Democracy. New York had been the scene
of Burr s immediate success;New York must be the
scene of his immediate defeat;and every thing in New
York conspired to this result. The cooperation of the
three Democratic factions in that State was but a tempo
rary cohesion. The repellent parts had broken asunder,
and the disruption was the more violent because of the
forced connection. Burr s destruction was the more a fixed
purpose there, from the obvious motive, that it diminished
the number of the recipients of public favor. That favor
was to be conferred so as to keep in pliant accord the
Clintons and the Livingstons, to act against their common
foe. George Clinton, again Governor of the State, had
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^ET. 47.] HAMILTON. 757
been permitted to covet the succession to the Vice-Presi
dency, while his able nephew and most faithful friend,
was preferred to the Senate of the United States. Chan
cellor Livingston was in Paris, engaged on his important
errand. His brother, Edward Livingston, won away
from Burr, as was stated, was appointed by the Govern
or, Mayor of the City of New York. Brockholst Living
ston, anda connection of the
Livingstons were both seat
ed on the bench of the Supreme Court of the United
States, while minor members of the family were rewarded
with minor lucrative offices. On but one devoted ad
herent of Burr was the Presidential patronage suffered to
cast a lingering ray. Even from the direction of the bank
Burr had established by a trick, and which had done so
much in raising him and his party to power, the Vice
President and Swartwout were both ejected.This tyran
ny of party felt the necessity of a vindicator and instru
ment of its proscriptions. Retaliation was the natural
consequence ;and two gazettes were seen entering the
gladiatorial arena one devoted to Clinton,* the other to
Burr,f pouring forth bitterest accusations and exproba-
tions of their antagonists. Burr was openly charged with
intrigues with the Federalists to obtain the Presidency,
and with persisting in continued intrigues bearing on the
coming election. Was not Jefferson the long preferred,
long intended choice of the Democrats ? Except by a
few interested confederates, who ever dreamed of Burr s
elevation to that
high
trust ? Had his ambition been
chaste, and his fidelity to his party clear, would the choice
of a President by the House of Representatives have been
* " The AmericanCitizen,"
edited by James Cheetham a native of
England.
f" The Morning Chronicle,"
edited by Peter Irving, a brother of Wash
ington Irving, who was a contributor to its sheets.
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uEx. 47.] HAMILTON. 815
the result which is indicated in the close of the letter, of
may be intended to give an opening for rendering any
thing explicit which may have been deemed vague here
tofore, can only be judged of by the sequel. At any rate
it appears to me necessary not to be misunderstood. Mr.
Pendleton is therefore authorized to say, that in the course
of the present discussion, written or verbal, there has been
no intention toevade, defy,
orinsult,
but a sincere dis
position to avoid extremities, if it could be done with
propriety. With this view, Gen. Hamilton has been
ready to enter into a frank and free explanation on any
and every object of a specific nature : but not to answer
a general and abstract inquiry embracing a period too
long for any accurate recollection, and exposing him to
unpleasant criticisms from, or unpleasant discussions with,
any and every person, who may have understood him in
an unfavorable sense. This (admitting that he could
answer in a manner the most satisfactory to Col. Burr,)
he should deem inadmissible in principle and precedent,
and humiliating in practice. To this therefore he can
never submit. Frequent allusion has been made to slan
ders said to be in circulation. Whether they are openly
or in whispers, they have a form and shape and might be
specified.
"If the alternative alluded to in the close of the letter
is definitively tendered, it must be accepted : the time,
place, and manner, to be afterwards regulated. I should
not think it right in the midst of a Circuit Court to with
draw my services from those who may have confided
important interests to me, and expose them to the em
barrassment of seeking other Counsel, who may not have
time to be sufficiently instructed in their cases. I shall
also want a little time to make some arrangements re
specting my own affairs."
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APPENDIX. 855
APPENDIX J.
Epitaph on a Tablet, ly the Society of the Cincinnati, in Trinity
Church, New York.
THIS TABLETDOES NOT PROFESS TO PERPETUATE
THE MEMORY OF A MAN,
TO WHOM THE AGE HAS PRODUCED
NO SUPERIOR;
NOR TO EMBLAZON WORTH,
EMINENTLY CONSPICUOUS IN EVERY FEATUEE
OF nis COUNTRY S GREATNESS;
NOR TO ANTICIPATE POSTERITY IN THEIR
JUDGMENT OF THE LOSS WHICH SHE HAS
SUSTAINED BY HIS PREMATURE DEATHJ
BUT TO ATTEST,
IN THE SIMPLICITY OFGRIEF,
THE VENERATION AND ANGUISH WHICH FILL
THE HEARTS OF THE MEMBERS OF THE
NEW YORK STATE SOCIETY OP
CINCINNATI,
ON EVERY RECOLLECTION
OF THEIR ILLUSTRIOUS BROTHEE,
MAJOR-GENERAL
ALEXANDER HAMILTON.
APPENDIX K.
"Life of ThomasJefferson," ly Henry S. Randall, LL. D.
In the course of this history, the necessity has often recurred of
indicating and disproving frequent misrepresentations in which this
writer has indulged, as to the character and conduct of AlexanderHamilton. In order that a fair judgment may be formed of the value
of this writer s statements, an extract is given of a letter addressed by
him to the author of this history, several years before its publication.
It may possibly be said, that the statements referred to were the results
of subsequent explorations, and of access to materials unknown to the
writer at the time this letter was written. This plea cannot avail.
The materials and authority upon which the calumnies against Hamil
ton are urged by him were, with few exceptions, before him in the
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INDEX. 859
PAGE
Adams,John
Q.,
Minister to the
Hague, vi. 9
attempt in House to annul hia mission to Berlin, vii. 94
unscrupulous support of embargobecause proposed by Jefferson, 688
calumny by of the Federalists
overture to Jefferson d sclaims
official pretensions is appointedby him an ambassador, 688
Adams, Charles F. comment onHamilton s death, vii. 408
Adams, Samuel, i. 36
connection with the cabal, 420
opposes a treasury departmentunder one head, il. 201
first opposes Federal Constitu
tion, iii. 407
then supports it,417
denounces the treaty with Great
Britain, vi. 315
Addison, Judge, impeached and dis
missed, vii. 761
Adet, French ervoy efforts to prevent ratification of treaty withGreat Britain, vi. 220
presents written objections andinstructions in part to prepareto treat, 221
states objects of France in a new
treaty, but evinces no purposeto treat, 221
negotiation deferred by, 236
in concert with Gallatin,as to sev
erance of western territory, 473
reclamations by and answers to, 475
refuses explanation of a captureof an American vessel on coast
of U.S., 476
the capture justified in Democratic press, 478
announces to Secretary of State
decree of France violating neutral commerce, and publishes his
note, 544
reply to by Pickering published, 547
summary of reply, 548answer by Adet, who publishes
abstract ofit, 551
its substance, 551
appeal in it to the people of
U. 8., 553
urges Jefferson to Adams as en
voy, vii. 3
Algiers, negotiations as to prisoners by Jefferson and others, v. 485
truce with by England, 486
American vessels captured and
explanation by England, 486
naval force propo.-ed to be created
for protection of American com
merce, 487
treaty with ratified, vi. 349
prior negotiations with and donative to, 350
disclosure of negotiation with or
deredinjunction of secrecy byPresident injunction dissolved
by House and documents publishedconsequent extortion byDey, 351
Aliens, power conferred on Presi
dent to remove them, vii. o
Alien and Sedition Laws, report on.
constitutionality of, 278
report as to the Virginia res^lu-
PACKAlien and Sedition Laws
tions against them by Madi-
eon, vii. 341vindication of these laws, 344
Allegiance, to State or general government discussed, iii. 451
Andre Major, arrested, ii. 54tried and hunir as a spy, Co
Amendments to Constitution, provision for, iij. 267
amendments to confederation to
be submitted to an assembly orassemblies chosen by people, 2C>1
mode of amending Constitution, 006American Constitution, suggested, i. 25"
Americanus," byHamilton,
to deter U. S. from embarking in the
war, v . 500
Ames, Fisher, sustains Constitutionand defends biennial elections, iii. 407
defends duration of Senate ai.dthecheck of the State governments, 412
for permanent funds, iv. 7
opposes discrimination in provision for the debt, 72
his sketch of Madison, 75
urges assumption of State debts, 91defends constitutionality of a Na
tional Bank, 238defends Fishery bill providingbounties, 55
denounces cabal as to seat of government, 475
to Hamilton commending his pol
icy, v. Illletter depicting state of parties, 113reference to Secretary of Treasuryvindicated, 131
comment on proceedings of Con
gresshostility of oppositionshown toward Hamilton, Knoxand Washington, 212
to Hamilton sound state of public mind in New Englai.d produced by his measures, 371
on Jefferson s report on commercial intercourse, 473
exposes inefficiency of its policy, 519
opposes precipat ion into war, 523
anxiety Hamilton be envoy to
England, 533
exposes slanders on Federalists of
monarchical designs al.-o of al
leged paper nobility influence
of democratic societies, vi. 129
private history of, 130
urges settlement of apian for payment of the debt, 156
vindicates the fiscal policy, 157
answers alleged oppressiveness of
taxes, 160
on success of bill for reduction ofdebt and omission to providefor unsubscribed creditors, 181
remark as to "
Camillus,"
259writes Madison is disgraced, 380
speech on British treaty, 400to Hamilton view of political sit
uation, 596
requests him to enter House of
Representatives, 598to Hamilton character of Adams,
vii. 400inclines to a public exposure of
Adams, 403
Amsterdam, New, incorporated, i. 6
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INDEX 909
PAGE
Slaves-ordinance of 1787, vii. 660
ettbrt to suspend ita operation in
Indiana defeated, 661
South Carolina repeals her law
prohibiting importation of, 661
Congress impose a specific tax onall imported slaves into U. S. or
territories of, 661
provision as to, in Louisiana, 661
three-fifths representation of de
nounced, 800
Slave-trade, restrictions upon, iii. 438
abolition of, iv. 99
Smith, Melancthon, in New York
Convention, opposes three-
fifths representation of slaves, iii. 485
Smith, of Connecticut, against reso
lutions of reprisal, v. 542
Smith, Robert, appointed Secretaryof Navy, vii. 506
Smith, William, exposes inconsis
tency of opposition in respect to
taxation, vi. 162
opposes call for papers in negotiation with Great Britain, 357
resolution of in reply to Gallatin
as to amount of the public debt, 418
asks to read corrective statement
as to the finances permissionrefused by House, 421
on demand of compensation for
spoliations by France, vii. 35
authorized to treat with " The
Porte," 294
Snuff, duty upon suspended, vi. 413
Soldiers denounced, i. 34
Sons of Liberty, i. 20
organized in New York, and ap
point committee of correspond
ence, 50
Southern domination denounced in
New England, vii. 799
Southern politics tending to dis
union, vi. 112
South America, liberation of con
templated by Hamilton, vii. 211
negotiations of Miranda, 212
favorable sentiments in Paris, 213
commissioners from state terms of
aid by England arranged by Pitt, 213
South America, 322
South Carolina and Georgia con
quered, ii. 14
South Carolina Colonial Governmentsettlement of, iii. 427
colonial disputes, 428
State controversies, 430
debates on Constitution, 431
ratifies Constitution, 441
French force levied in, but sup
pressed, v. 397
ioinsthc opposition, vi. 339
Spain hesitates to aid United States
urged to co-operate byFrance, ii.413
disinclined to wnr with England, 419
terms of treaty with discussed, 425
her coldness to United States, 437
refuses to permit navigation of
Mississippi, 438
her policy as to terms of treatywith United States, 475
interposes with France to excludethe U. S. from navigation of Mis
sissippi, 478
PAGE
Spain-boundaries with U. S., ii. 480
negotiations with as to Missis
sippi, iii. 100
plan of commercial treaty with
Jay s views, 101
Vergennes accords with Spain,and confiscation menaced if
Americans navigate Mississippi, 107
necessity of immediate settlement
of question as to Mississippi, v. 387
negotiations with, 387
commissioners from present an
angry remonstrance caution of
U. S., 391
condition of Spanish territory ad
jacent to U. S., 392French plot against Louisiana, 393
confidential message of President
as to correspondence with agentsof Spain, 444
commissioners avow determina
tion of Spain to hold exclusive
navigation of Mississippi, 496
withdraws from coalition with
France, vi. 53
treaty with ratified, 349
negotiation with, 352
alliance with France, and mutual
guarantee of territories, 479
measures to sever Western terri
tory, vii. 57
continues to be a satellite of
France, 215
acts of hostility on American com
merce, 216
convention with ratified one ex
traordinary feature of, 571
Spanish boundaries demarcation
of frontier line narrative of im
pediments by Spanish authori
ties, 54
Springfield, in New Jersey, burned, ii. 33
Stamp duties imposed, i. 18
Stamps destroyed, i. 20
Stamp act repealed, i. 23
Stamp duties act defeated becauseof amendment taxing transfers
on stocks of United States andof banks, v. 594
Stamp act passed, vii. 52
Standing Committee as to privateclaims appointed by House of
Representatives, vi. 114
State Constitutions, i. 18T
State debts, iv. 46
State jealousy, iii. 121
States, New, admission of, iii. 265
State Rights party germ of Democratic party, iv. 413
States, Southern, their interest in
the Union, iii. 436State pride and ambition to rule
S?ople
unused to an efficient
overnment cry against provision for State debts, and for
eign debt deprecated, iv. 459
St. Clair, manly conduct to Schuyler, 1. 250
defeat of, iv. 382
measures to check Indinn*, 384
inquiry into causes of defeat pro
posed, 413
Select Committee of Inquiry appointed, 415
Hamilton assailed report presented, 416
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