HISTORY OF SPEECH-

LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY

August 2014

WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO KNOW OUR HISTORY? It can lead to a better understanding of

the socio-cultural circumstance surrounding their practices and decisions

As practicing clinicians, you need to understand why we do what we do, and how standards of practice came to be

ORIGINS OF SPEECH PATHOLOGY IN AMERICA: WHO WERE THESE PEOPLE????? Professional educators Not certified Took an interest in helping individuals with speech problems

EDUCATION AND EXPERIENCES: DID YOU KNOW... The first clinicians gained expertise in

different ways Made up of legitimate professionals of

their time Professions included educators,

physicians and elocutionists

EXAMPLES Elijah Corlett (1643), a well-respected

Boston schoolmaster, advised Cotton Mather on how to deal with his stuttering problems

EXAMPLES

Alexander Melville Bell (1864) and his son Alexander Graham Bell (1870) referred to themselves as elocutionists

HOW DID PRACTIONERS GET EDUCATION AND EXPERIENCE? Serving as apprentices of well known established speech clinicians in Europe

Studying their techniques

EUROPEAN PRACTITIONERS: DID YOU KNOW?..... Physicians

primary practice was made up of individuals with communication disorders

Were referred to as “speech doctors”

NOTEWORTHY EXAMPLES Herrman Klenke and Hermann Gutzman had clinics in Germany

Raphael Coen and Emil Froeschels had clinics in Austria

OTHER WAYS TO ENTER THE PROFESSION Those who developed methods for remediating communication difficulties in themselves or someone they knew well.

Many opened their own clinics in America

SOME NOTEWORTHY EARLY PIONEERS Benjamin Nathaniel Bogue ran the

“Stuttering Institute” in Indianapolis, IN Robert Bates, a stutterer himself,

invented devices for eliminating stuttering

George Andrew Lewis ran the “Lewis Institute” a clinic focused on stuttering

Edgar Werner published the first professional journal, “The Voice” in 1879.

EARLY SPECIAL INTEREST GROUPS “National Society for the Study

of Speech Correction and Speech Disorders”

Founded in 1918 and continued until 1939

This group was comprised of teachers and considered themselves as a subgroup of the National Education Association

Led by Walter Babcock Smith

SPECIAL INTEREST GROUPS CONTINUED “The National Teachers of Speech” Formed in 1925 and eventually became

ASHA It had 25 founding members, 13 of

which were affiliated with Universities Made up of physicians, scholars, and

public school administrators This group went through 4 name

changes before deciding on “American Speech-Language-Hearing Association” (ASHA)

THE BEGINNINGS OF ASHA The members of ASHA were determined

to keeping their organization small and selective

Minimal criteria for entrance to the group was a master’s degree, or publication records

ASHAs charter members had diverse yet complimentary areas of expertise including speech communication, English, psychology, otolaryngology, and psychiatry

FOUNDING PROGRAMS Graduate program was established in 1914

University of Wisconsin

ASHA First national office was located in Washington D.C.

Currently located in Rockville, Maryland

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE FIELD Design of diagnostic tools normative data for creating a more

scientific base for research and practice Creating and advancing taxonomies of

the causes and conditions associated with different communication disorders

Developing tools to measure performance in a variety of areas

Creating standards from normative data in order to differentiate abnormal from normal performance

FUN MOVIE FACTS Several motion pictures have depicted individuals that we as clinicians could have had on our caseload at one time or another

THE MUSIC MAN- 1962http://youtu.be/49ZgqLV3b9w

“The Miracle Worker”- 1962

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lUV65sV8nu0

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MJr9SSJKkII

“ My Fair Lady”- 1964

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1pJywLQLzcA

“CHILDREN OF A LESSER GOD”-1986

“What’s Eating Gilbert Grape?”-

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tHEw7vxjLbE

“A FISH CALLED WANDA” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0F6Il

u4LJio

THE KING’S SPEECH http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xfqi4

a_movie-trailers-the-king-s-speech-clip-exercise_fun

QUESTION___________ a well-respected Boston schoolmaster, advised Cotton Mather on how to deal with his stuttering problems

A. Elijah CarsonB. Elijah CorbettC. Alexander Graham BellD. Melvin Bell

ANSWERSElijah Corbett

QUESTION ASHA went through _____ name

changes before settling on American Speech-Language Hearing Association

A. 3B. 5C. 4D. 2

ANSWER 4

QUESTIONAlexander Melville Bell (1864) and his son Alexander Graham Bell (1870) referred to themselves as________________.

A. LocutionistsB. ElocutionistsC. IllocutionersD. Elocutists

ANSWERS Elocutionists

WHO INVENTED “VISUAL SPEECH”?A. Elijah CorbetB. Edgar WernerC. Alexander Melvin BellD. Herrman Kleinke

ANSWER C Alexander Melvin Bell

FUN FACTS ABOUT ALEXANDER MELVIN BELL 1819- born in Edinboro, Scotland was a teacher and researcher of

physiological phonetics was the author of numerous works on

orthoepy and elocution. 1864 Melville published his first works

on Visible Speech, in order to help the deaf both learn and improve upon their aural speech

FUN FACTS ABOUT ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL 1847-born in Edinburgh, Scotland With no formal training, he mastered the piano and

became the family's pianist. 1863-built an automaton head; His efforts resulted in a

remarkably lifelike head that could "speak", albeit only a few words

He could decipher Visible Speech representing virtually every language, including Latin, Scottish Gaelic and even Sanskrit, accurately reciting written tracts without any prior knowledge of their pronunciation

1870- he learned the Mohawk language and translated its unwritten vocabulary into Visible Speech symbols. For his work, Bell was awarded the title of Honorary Chief

1894-professor of Vocal Physiology and Elocution at the Boston University School of Oratory

FUN FACTS ABOUT COTTON MATHER SALEM WITCH TRIALS Mr Cotton Mather was the most active and forward of any Minister in the Country in

those matters [the Goodwin children and Goody Glover],[

Mather was influential in the construction of the court for the trials from the beginning.

Mather's most fatal influence over the trials was in composing the answer to the question of whether or not to allow spectral evidence, that is, allowing the afflicted girls to claim that some invisible ghost of the defendant was tormenting them, and for this to be considered evidence of witchcraft by the defendant, even if the defendant denied it and professed their own strongly held Christian beliefs.

Spectral evidence is a form of evidence based upon dreams and visions. It was admitted in court during the Salem witch trials

Mather began to publicize and celebrate the trials well before they were put to an end

both Mathers "are answerable... more than almost any other... for the opinions of their time. It was indeed a superstitious age, but made much more so by their operations, influence, and writings, beginning with Increase Mather's movement at the assembly of Ministers in 1681 and ending with Cotton Mather's dealings with the Goodwin children, and the account thereof which he printed [1689] and circulated far and wide."[39]

He calls himself a historian not an advocate, but writes in such a way that clearly presumes the guilt of the accused and adding insults e.g. calling Martha Carrier a rampant hag

QUESTION Where was Raphael Coen’s Clinic?A. GermanyB. Austria

ANSWERB. Austria

QUESTION Who is this?

A. Elijah Corbett

B. Alexander Melvin Bell

C. Alexander Graham Bell

D. Cotton Mather