Raghupathi Venkaiah Naiduwas an Indian artist and a pioneer in the production of silent Indian movies and talkies.[32]Starting from 1909, he was involved in many aspects of Indian cinema's history, like travelling to different regions in Asia, to promote film work. He was the first to build and own cinema halls in MadrasActor of the time,Chittor V. Nagaiah, was one of the first multilingual film actor, singer, music composer, producer and director's in India. He was known as thePaul Muniof India in the media.[39]

HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_India" \l "cite_note-40" [40]In 1933,East India Film Companyhas produced its first Indian filmSavitriShot inCalcuttaon a budget of75 thousand, based on a noted stage play byMylavaram Bala Bharathi Samajam, the film was directed byC. Pullaiahcasting stage actorsVemuri GaggaiahandDasari Ramathilakamas Yama and Savithri, respectively.[41]The blockbuster film has received an honorary diploma atVenice Film Festival.[42]The firstfilm studioin South India,Durga Cinetonewas built in 1936 by Nidamarthi Surayya inRajahmundry, Andhra Pradesh.[43]Vishwa Mohini, is the first Indian film, depicting the Indian movie world. The film was directed byY. V. Raoand scripted byBalijepalli Lakshmikanta Kavi.[45]Sant Tukaram, a 1936 film based on the life ofTukaram(160850), aVarkariSant and spiritual poet, was screened at the 1937 edition ofVenice Film Festivaland thus became the first Indian film to be screened at an international film festival.The film was subsequently adjudged as one of the three best films of the year in the World.[47]In 1938,Gudavalli Ramabrahmam, has co-produced and directed thesocial problem film,Raithu Bidda, which was banned by the British administration in the region, for depicting the uprise of the peasantry among theZamindar's during theBritish raj.[48]

HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_India" \l "cite_note-49" [49]The IndianMasala filma slang used for commercial films with song, dance, romance etc.came up following the second world war.[44]South Indian cinema gained prominence throughout India with the release of S.S. Vasan'sChandralekha.[44]During the 1940s cinema inSouth Indiaaccounted for nearly half of India's cinema halls and cinema came to be viewed as an instrument of cultural revival.[44]Thepartition of Indiafollowing its independence divided the nation's assets and a number of studios went to the newly formed Pakistan.[44]The strife of partition would become an enduring subject for film making during the decades that followed.[44]Pather Panchali(1955), the first part ofThe Apu Trilogy(19551959) by Satyajit Ray, marked his entry in Indian cinema.[70]The Apu Trilogywon major prizes at all the major international film festivals and led to the 'Parallel Cinema' movement being firmly established in Indian cinema. Its influence onworld cinemacan also be felt in the "youthfulcoming-of-agedramasthat have flooded art houses since the mid-fifties" which "owe a tremendous debt to the Apu trilogy".[71]The cinematographerSubrata Mitra, who made his debut with Satyajit Ray'sThe Apu Trilogy, also had an important influence oncinematographyacross the world. One of his most important techniques wasbounce lighting, to recreate the effect of daylight on sets. He pioneered the technique while filmingAparajito(1956), the second part ofThe Apu Trilogy.[72]Some of the experimental techniques which Satyajit Ray pioneered includephoto-negativeflashbacksandX-raydigressionswhile filmingPratidwandi(1972).[73]Ray's 1967 script for a film to be calledThe Alien, which was eventually cancelled, is also widely believed to have been the inspiration forSteven Spielberg'sE.T.(1982).[74]

HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_India" \l "cite_note-IMDbRay-75" [75]

HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_India" \l "cite_note-UCSCcurrents-76" [76]Satyajit Ray and Ritwik Ghatak went on to direct many more critically acclaimed 'art films', and they were followed by other acclaimed Indian independent filmmakers such asMrinal Sen,Mani Kaul,Adoor Gopalakrishnan,G. AravindanandBuddhadeb Dasgupta.[64]During the1960s,Indira Gandhi's intervention during her reign as the Information and Broadcasting Minister of India further led to production of off-beat cinematic expression being supported by the official Film Finance Corporation.[51]CommercialHindi cinemaalso began thriving, with examples of acclaimed films at the time include theGuru DuttfilmsPyaasa(1957) andKaagaz Ke Phool(1959) and theRaj KapoorfilmsAwaara(1951) andShree 420(1955). These films expressed social themes mainly dealing with working-class urban life in India;Awaarapresented the city as both a nightmare and a dream, whilePyaasacritiqued the unreality of city life.[64]Someepic filmswere also produced at the time, includingMehboob Khan'sMother India(1957), which was nominated for theAcademy Award for Best Foreign Language Film,[77]andK. Asif'sMughal-e-Azam(1960).[78]V. Shantaram'sDo Aankhen Barah Haath(1957) is believed to have inspired theHollywoodfilmThe Dirty Dozen(1967).[79]Madhumati(1958), directed byBimal Royand written byRitwik Ghatak, popularised the theme ofreincarnationinWestern popular culture.[80]Other mainstream Hindi filmmakers at the time includedKamal AmrohiandVijay Bhatt.In 2002, the Guinness Book of Records named Vijaya Nirmala as the female director with most number of films; she made 47 films. In a career spanning approximately two decades, she acted in over 200 films with 25 each in Malayalam and Tamil. She also produced 15 films.[217]Telugu actorBrahmanandamholds theGuinness World Recordfor acting in the most number of films in a single language.[28]

HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_India" \l "cite_note-Guiness_world_record-213" [213]

HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_India" \l "cite_note-218" [218]

HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_India" \l "cite_note-bguinness-219" [219]Movie producerD.Rama Naiduholds theGuinness World Recordas the most prolific producer with 130 films.[220]S. V. Ranga Raois one of the first Indian actors of the time to receive international award at Indonesian Film Festival, held in Jakarta forNarthanasalain 1963.[221]N. T. Rama Raowas one of the most commercially successful Telugu actors of his time.[222]B. Narsing Rao,K. N. T. SastryandPattabhirama Reddyhave garnered international recognition for their pioneering work inParallel Cinema.[223]

HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_India" \l "cite_note-224" [224]Adurthi Subba Rao, has garnered tenNational Film Awards, the highest individual awards in Telugu cinema, for his pioneering work as a director.[225]S. V. Ranga Rao, N. T. Rama Rao,Kanta Rao,Bhanumathi Ramakrishna,Savitri,GummadiandSobhan Babuare the actors who received the erstwhileRashtrapati Awardfor best performance in a leading role.[226]

HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_India" \l "cite_note-227" [227]Sharada,Archana,Vijayashanti,Rohini,Nagarjuna Akkineni, andP. L. Narayanaare the actors to receive theNational Film Awardfor best performance in acting from this industry.Chiranjeevi, was listed among "The men who changed the face of theIndian Cinema" byIBN-liveIndia.[228]

HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_India" \l "cite_note-doctorate-229" [229]Pathala Bhairaviamong other cult films likeRaja Harishchandra(1913),Bhakta Prahlada(1932),Mala Pilla,Devadasu(1953) andLava Kusa(1963) during a speech on the role of Telugu cinema in the hundred years of Indian cinema.[35]On the centenary of Indian cinema in April 2013, CNN-IBN includedPathala Bhairaviin its list, "The 100 greatest Indian films of all time".[26]Pathala Bhairaviwas the only South Indian film to be screened at the firstInternational Film Festival of Indiaheld atMumbaion 24 January 1952.[3]

HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathala_Bhairavi" \l "cite_note-175_days-8" [8]

HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathala_Bhairavi" \l "cite_note-24" [23]

Malliswariis a 1951Telugumusical filmdirected byB. N. Reddiand produced byVauhini Studios, with songs penned byDevulapalli Krishnasastri. This film is based onBuchi Babus radio playRayala Karunakrutyam.[1]The film is considered as a timelessIndian filmclassic[2]It is the first Telugu film to be screened at International film festivals likeAsia Pacific Film Festival. The film had a public re-release with thirteen prints and Chinese subtitles, inBeijing, on 14, March 1953,[3]B. N. Reddy recalls: "When I went toHampito shoot my first filmVande Mataramin 1939, I was deeply attracted toSri Krishna Devarayalu. I wanted to make a film on Sri Krishna Devaraya. Years passed by. But I could not get the right story. Fortunately,Malliswarihappened. I think it is the best movie I have directed."[4]The film is listed amongCNN-IBN's list of "100 greatest Indian films of all time".[5]Nartanasalaalso written asNartanashala(Telugu:English:The Dance Hall) was a 1963,Indianepicmythological,Telugu filmwritten bySamudrala Raghavacharyaand directed byKamalakara Kameshwara Rao. It was produced by Rajyam Pictures in Black and White. The film was ablockbuster.[1]The film received awards for best production design and best actor toS. V. Ranga Rao, at theIndonesian Film Festival.[2]The film is cited amongCNN-IBN's list of hundred greatest Indian films of all time.[3]The film won theNational Film Award for Second Best Feature Filmin 1963 at the11th National Film Awards, and has secured theFilmfare Award for Best Telugu Film.[1] Nartanasala has been screened inJakartaInternational Film Festival.S.V. Ranga Raowon the best actor award andT.V.S. Sharmathe best art director award.[4] The film wonAll India Certificate of Merit for the Second Best Feature Filmin 1963 at11th National Film Awards.[1] Sankarabharanam(English:The Jewel of Shankara) is a 1980Telugumusical drama filmdirected byK. Viswanathand produced byPoornodaya Movie Creations. The soundtrack was composed byK. V. Mahadevan, and remained a chartbuster. The film is listed amongCNN-IBN's list of hundred greatest Indian films of all time.[1] The blockbuster film has received fourNational Film Awardsincluding theNational Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment, and five stateNandi Awards.[2]The film was premiered at the 8thInternational Film Festival of India,[3]

HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankarabharanam" \l "cite_note-4" [4]theTashkentFilm Festival, and theMoscow International Film Festivalheld in May 1980.[5]The film has also won the Prize of the Public at theBesanconFilm Festival ofFrancein the year 1981.[6] Sagara Sangamam(English:Confluence with Ocean) is a 1983Telugumusicaldance filmdirected byK. Viswanathand produced byEdida Nageswara Rao, starringKamal Haasan,Jayaprada,Geetha,Sarath Babu,S. P. SailajaandChakri Toleti.[1]Upon release, the film received positive reviews and became a box office hit. The film has received twoNational Film Awards, and threeFilmfare Awards South. The film is listed amongCNN-IBN's list of hundred greatest Indian films of all time.[2] The film was dubbed intoTamilasSalangai Oli. It was dubbed later into Malayalam.Kamal Hassanhad lent his voice for all three versions. The film was premiered at theInternational Film Festival of India.[3]The film got critical acclaim at theAsia Pacific Film Festival.[4] Siva(Telugu:) is a 1989Teluguaction film, written and directed byRam Gopal Varmain his debut. The film was produced byAkkineni Venkat, and deals with student politics in a mafia backdrop. StarringAkkineni Nagarjuna,Amala Akkineniplayed the lead roles and music composed byIlaiyaraaja. Upon release, the film received very positive reviews and remained a cult classic blockbuster.[1] The film was premiered at the 13thInternational Film Festival of Indiaon January 19, 1990 at the Empire Theater in Kolkata.[2]The film has garnered stateNandi Awardsfor Best direction, Best First Film of a director and Best dialogue writer. The film has also garnered theFilmfare Award for Best Film Telugu. The film is listed amongCNN-IBN's 100 greatest Indian films of all time.[3]Maa Bhoomi(Telugu: ,English: Our land) is a 1980Telugu drama filmwritten and produced byB. Narsing Raobased on a play byKrishan Chanderon theTelengana RebellioninHyderabad State. The film depicts a typical life of villagers under feudalistic society in Telangana region. It was the first feature film of directorGoutam Ghose. The film was premiered at theInternational Film Festival of India, 1980,[1]India's official entry at the Karlovy Vary Film Festival of July 1980,[2]the Cairo and Sidney Film Festivals.[3]

HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maa_Bhoomi" \l "cite_note-4" [4]The film is listed amongCNN-IBN's list of hundred greatest Indian films of all time.[5]Mayabazar(English:Market of Illusions) is a 1957 Indian bilingualmythologicalepic filmdirected byKadiri Venkata Reddyand produced byB. Nagi ReddyandAluri Chakrapanifor their production banner,Vijaya Vauhini Studios. An adaptation of the folktaleSasirekha Parinayam(in turn based on theMahabharata), the film was shot inTeluguandTamilwith the same title and a slightly-different cast. The Telugu version featuresN. T. Rama Rao,Savitri,Akkineni Nageswara RaoandS. V. Ranga Raoin lead roles, withGummadi Venkateswara Rao,Mukkamala,Ramana ReddyandRelangi Venkata Ramaiahin supporting roles.Gemini Ganesan,D. Balasubramaniam,R. Balasubramaniamand V. M. Ezhumalai replace Nageswara Rao, Venkateswara Rao, Mukkamala and Venkata Ramaiah, respectively, in the Tamil version. The film revolves around the roles ofKrishnaandGhatotkachain the marriage ofBalarama's daughter (Sasirekha) toArjuna's son,Abhimanyu.The film's Telugu version was released on 27 March 1957; the Tamil version was released nearly a month later, on 12 April. Both were critically and commercially successful, with a theatrical run of 100 days in 24 theatres, and it became a silver-jubilee film.Mayabazarwas also dubbed intoKannada. The film was a landmark of Telugu and Tamil cinema, with praise for the lead cast and its technical aspects (despite the technology available at the time).Mayabazarreceived theFilmfare Award for Best Film in Telugu, and was featured at the 1957International Film Festival of Indiaand theIndonesian Film Festival. The film was screened at thePublic Gardens in Hyderabadfor its 50th anniversary on 7 April 2007, and a May 2013CNN-IBNpoll listedMayabazaras the greatest Indian film of all time.Devadasuis regarded as one of the most successful films in both Tamil and Telugu cinema.[11]Upon release, the dialogue "Thaagithe maruva galanu, thaaganivvaru, marichipothe thaagagalanu, maruvanivvaru" (English: If I drink, I can forget, but they dont let me drink; if I forget, I can drink, but they dont let me forget) became famous.[12]The film proved to be a major breakthrough in Nageswara Rao's career. The success of the film made him known as "Tragedy King" and also lead him in getting typecasted in similar roles.[a]Nageswara Rao in order to get rid of the tragic-romantic hero image took up the comic role inMissamma(1955).[13]In July 2007, S. R. Ashok Kumar asked eight Tamil directors to list ten of their favourite films.Balu MahendranamedDevadasuas one of the top ten Tamil films. Mahendra added that the film had "superb lighting by B.S.Ranga, excellent performance by A. Nageswara Rao and Savithri and haunting music by C.R.Subbaraman".[14] CNN-IBN included the film in its list of "100 greatest Indian films of all time".[16]

HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devadasu_(1953_film)" \l "cite_note-18" [17]