History of social welfare and social work
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History of Social Welfare History of Social Welfare and Social Workand Social Work
Compiled by:Compiled by:Florence Flores-Pasos, RSW, MSWFlorence Flores-Pasos, RSW, MSW
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Social WelfareSocial Welfare
Everything that men do for the good of Everything that men do for the good of societysociety
““An organized concern of all people for all An organized concern of all people for all peoplepeople””
““An organized system of social services and An organized system of social services and institutions designed to aid individuals and institutions designed to aid individuals and groups to attain satisfying standards of life groups to attain satisfying standards of life
and healthand health””
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Social WorkSocial Work
A profession that is concerned with manA profession that is concerned with man’’s s adjustment to his environment and the adjustment to his environment and the enhancement of his social functioningenhancement of his social functioning
A profession which is primarily concerned with A profession which is primarily concerned with organized social service activity aimed to organized social service activity aimed to
facilitate and strengthen basic social facilitate and strengthen basic social relationships and the mutual adjustment relationships and the mutual adjustment
between individuals and their social between individuals and their social environment for the good of the individual environment for the good of the individual
and of societyand of society
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Europe Europe (16(16thth-19-19thth century) century)
United States United States (18(18thth-20-20thth century) century)
Philippines Philippines (16(16thth-20-20thth century) century)
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EUROPEEUROPE1536
A law was passed in England stating that alms collected by local authorities and churches on Sundays, holidays or festivals were to help relieve the sick and the poor
Focus:PoorSickImpotentPersons with illnesses who were not able to work
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EUROPEEUROPE
Provisions of the law:
Illegality of beggingResponsibility of society to helpAssistance by and through the local communityVoluntary almsUnder the direction of the state
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EUROPEEUROPE
1572
Overseers of the poor were appointed as Civil Officers in each parish
Parliamentary enactment at this time provided for a direct public tax for assistance to the poor and destitute
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EUROPEEUROPE
Elizabethan Poor Laws – these laws were enacted during the reign of Queen Elizabeth
Toward the close of the 16th century: a civic sense of responsibility on a nationwide basis had developed in England
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EUROPEEUROPE
1598
An act was passed and revised in 1601 that provided a systematic plan for helping the poor and established a system of public responsibility implemented through local care
In operation until 1834
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EUROPEEUROPE
Act of 1601
Played an important role in the development of social welfare in Europe, in the United States and elsewhere.
3 Classes of the Poor:1.able bodied poor2.impotent poor3.dependent children
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EUROPEEUROPE18th Century
Situations that warranted assistance to the poor:
Industrial revolutionUrbanizationSlumsAnonymity in living
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EUROPEEUROPE18th Century
Begging, almsgiving, charity, workhousesOrphanages, insane asylums, jails
There were attempts to help the poor in a dignified manner and various programs, both public and private came into existence
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EUROPEEUROPE1834: Poor Law
Provided for a centralized administration with a pattern of uniformity throughout the country
Central Authority: 3 Poor Law CommissionersThe country were divided into districts (poor law unions) that replaced the parishes as units of administrationEach district had an elective Board of Guardians with salaried officers who were responsible for the administration of relief
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EUROPEEUROPE1834: Poor Law
Workhouse – where relief was administered - relief to able-bodied persons outside the workhouse was
abolished
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EUROPEEUROPE1860s London Society for Organizing Charitable Relief and Repressing Mendicancy or London Charity Organizations (LCO)
There was a considerable increase in the number of applicants for aid
Social reform, innovations and change
Pioneers in Social Welfare: Octavia Hill and Edward Denison (their efforts paved the way to the organization of the LCO)
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United StatesUnited States
The roots of social welfare in America had their beginnings in Europe particularly related to the Elizabethan Poor Laws of England.
Towns and local communities assumed responsibilities for aiding the unfortunate and disadvantaged
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United StatesUnited States
Colonial Period: Voluntary acts of service
Individuals and families would care for themselves, but if further difficulties existed, friends, neighbors or representatives of the community would volunteer to meet their needs
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United StatesUnited States
1800s
Organizations and associations were formed and the act of helping became more formalizedSeminaries, inns, churches, hospitals, prisons, schoolsInteraction with the needy, the ill and other social problems; distribution of books and sending of missionaries in certain places
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United StatesUnited States
1800s
Home for Little WanderersPenitent Female RefugeHome for Intemperate Women
Volunteer efforts were frequently marked by a condescending attitude toward the recipients of services
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United StatesUnited States
Volunteer services:
25 members of a Junior League spent half a day a week in assisting activities in the local comprehensive mental health center
The Medical Wives Auxiliary perform a variety kind of tasks in local hospitals
Volunteers from churches and religious groups minister to the sick, the poor, the destitute and unfortunate
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United StatesUnited States
Working as volunteer is characteristic of the American way of life.
1965
USDOL reported 22 M individuals made contributions to some health, education or welfare service on a voluntary basis
1974: 37 million were listed as volunteers
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United StatesUnited States
The emergence of the social work profession
1915-1950
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United StatesUnited States
Developing out of volunteer work came social work as an occupation
Special relief Department of the United States Sanitary Commission – the first to employ social workers as Special Relief Agents (mostly women)
Clients: soldiers and their families experiencing social and health problems during the civil war
The agency later ceased functioning and social workers temporarily disappeared
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United StatesUnited States1863
Massachusetts Board of Charities (MBC)was established
Coordinated services in almshouses, hospitals and other institutionsFunctions were basically inspection and advice
Initiated by Samuel Gridley Howe and the director was Frank B. Sanborn
The board gained wide acceptance
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United StatesUnited States1863
The causes of poverty identified by the MBC:
Physical degradation and inferiorityMoral perversityMental incapacityAccidents and infirmitiesUnjust and unwise lawsCustoms of society
Paid staff were required to deal with such complex situations
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United StatesUnited States
Early 1870s
The concept of state boards spread to other statesand many achieved greater administrative responsibilities
1900s
Responsibility for program management was achieved
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United StatesUnited States1877Charity Organization Society (COS) of Buffalo was established
Function: Finding means to help the poor and preventing the poor from taking advantage of the numerous uncoordinated social agencies that had developed in many communities.
“Friendly visitors” – they were trained people to contact clients. They believed poverty could be eradicated thru the introduction of additional scientificTechniques: planned intervention or treatment
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United StatesUnited States1893
Nathaniel Rosenau of the COS questioned the right of the superannuated clergyman, unsuccessful merchant or political favorite to serve as manager of a charitable society or institution
He concluded that it was necessary that persons in charge of this work be specially trained, have a calling for the work and intend to devote themselves to it.
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United StatesUnited States1898
The New York School of Philantropy was formed under the guidance of Edward T. Devine, secretary of the New York COS
From a 6-week summer session to one year then two year training for social workers
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United StatesUnited States1886
Initiation of the settlement movement
Settlement houses were established and patterned after the settlement houses of London’s Toynbee HallPurpose: to deal with the problems of the city and its poor focusing mostly on immigrants
Pioneers in this movement:Stanton Coit and Jane Addams – they established settlement houses in New York and Chicago
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United StatesUnited StatesSettlement Workers:
Friendly contact with the poorAcquired knowledge and understanding of the daily life and trials of the urban masses
Where others thought of the people of the slums as miserable wretches deserving either pity or correction, settlement residents knew them as much entitled to respect as any other members of the community
This attitude was the most important contribution of the settlement movement to social welfare
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United StatesUnited States1905
The first medical social work department was established by Ida Cannon at the Massachusets General Hospital
Medical social service invigorated the quest for professional skill and technique and the implications of casework theory and practice. It demanded new and special instruction and expertise as opposed to relief and economic dependency.
“Human kindness alone cannot solve tangled social problems” Ida Cannon
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United StatesUnited StatesMedical social work:
Medical social workers became interested in professional education as a means of moving from the “warm-heart” position into an understanding of the psychic or social conditions at the base of patient distress
With professional education, it would be possible to move into a colleague relationship with the physician
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United StatesUnited States1912
A one-year course in medical social work was established in the Boston School of Social Work
1915
Meeting of the National Conference on Charities and Corrections
Abraham Flexner, an authority on graduate education asked: Is social work a profession?
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United StatesUnited States
18th and 19th centuries:
IndustrializationGreater mobilityIncrease in population and accompanying social problems implied the increase in public and private social services
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United StatesUnited States
1935
The Social Security Act revolutionized the total social welfare sceneProvisions:Public assistanceSocial insuranceUnemployment insuranceAid to dependent childrenAid to the blindOther special services
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United StatesUnited States
1962
Major modifications in the actAdditional provisions:
Additional federal participationLiberalization of grantsSafeguarding the rights of children and familiesGreater emphasis on rehabilitation and preventive social welfare
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United StatesUnited States
1965 amendments to the act – expanding medical and health care system in the US
Medicare
Encompassed a compulsory hospital insurance plan and a voluntary supplemental medical insurance
Medicaid
Provided medical care to low income people
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United StatesUnited States
1898
The Charity Organization in New York initiated a summer training course on social work education
1904
The course developed inhto a one-year training program within the New York School of Philantrophy
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United StatesUnited States1921
The American Association of Social Workers was created, the first major professional social work body
1955
National Association of Social Workers was created based on the amalgamation of 7 smaller specialized social work associationsAs of 1977, it had 154,000 members1995: NASW’s 40th anniversary
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United StatesUnited States
1974The CSWE approved the accreditation of the undergraduate programs in SW or social welfare
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PhilippinesPhilippines
Pre-historic period
Social welfare centered on mutual protection and economic survival among the people in the “barangays”
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PhilippinesPhilippinesSpanish Period
Communities were formed into “pueblos” creating large concentrations of people in an area resulting in:
Health and sanitation problemsPersonal maladjustmentsEconomic dislocationDestitution or indigency due to the punitive methods of the Spanish conquerors
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PhilippinesPhilippinesEncomenderos provided the sick and the poor with aid
Primary motivation: religious: to do good to others for the salvation of their souls.
This was the underlying philosophy behind all social welfare activities in the country
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PhilippinesPhilippinesThe Spanish missionaries administered HospitalsOrphanagesAsylums Schools
1885
The Asilo de San Vicente de Paul, an asylum for girls, was established
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PhilippinesPhilippines1565
Parochial School of Cebu – the first school to be established
Other school were soon established
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PhilippinesPhilippines1589 Colegio de San Ignacio1595 San Ildefonso College1601 Colegio de San Jose1717 College de San Felipe1754 Artillery School1859 Ateneo de Manila (out of the original
school: Obras Pias in 1817)1860 Santa Isabel1750 Santa Rosa1696 Santa Catalina
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PhilippinesPhilippinesAfter the 1850s, public school started to
be put up in the country
1867 There were 593 primary schools in the country
Hospitals, asylums, orphanages and schools were subsidized by the Spanish gov’t with some donations from philantrophic individuals
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PhilippinesPhilippinesThe outbreak of the revolution against the Spanish government in the country led to efforts that were directed mainly at the sick and wounded Filipino soldiers who needed medical care
“Hermanos”, a religious order and womenProvided leadership in nursing the wounded in the battlefields particularly after the execution of Dr. Jose Rizal on Dec. 30, 1896
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PhilippinesPhilippines1899
The National Association of the Red Cross was organized
Provided medical supplies and food to the revolutionaries in the provinces of Luzon
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PhilippinesPhilippinesAmerican Period
1899 The Philippines was occupied by America
New educational systemNew health methodsReligious freedom
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PhilippinesPhilippines1902
The Insular Board was created following an epidemic of bubonic plague, cholera and small pox
Function: to coordinate and supervise private institutions engaged in social work
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PhilippinesPhilippines1908
The Philippine General Hospital was established
1915
Public Welfare Board legislative act no. 2510To coordinate the welfare activities of variousCharitable organizations
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PhilippinesPhilippines1910 School for the deaf and blind
1917Associated Charities of ManilaFunctioned as a “community chest”, centralized the receipt and distribution of donations to different charitable organizations
1905 Philippine chapter of the American Red Cross
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PhilippinesPhilippines1907 La Gota de Leche furnished child-caring institutions with fresh cow’s milk. Offered free consultation clinic for mothers
1910 Philippine Anti- Tuberculosis Society1911 Tuberculosis Sanitarium in QC
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PhilippinesPhilippines
1913 Association de Damas Filipinas Helped destitute mothers and their children
founded a settlement house on Rizal Ave in Manila chronic illness, accidents, broken homes
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PhilippinesPhilippines1921
Office of the Public Welfare Commmissioner(PWC) Under the Department of Interior
Absorbed the functions of the Public Welfare Board
Coordinating and intensifying the activities of child welfare organizations and agencies
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PhilippinesPhilippines1933
A law was passed requiring any person, corporation, organization or association desiring to solicit or receive contributions for charitable or public welfare purposes
1924The associated charities had become an
independent agency under the supervision of the PWC
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PhilippinesPhilippines1924Phil Legislative Act No. 3203Care and custody of neglected and delinquent
childrenThere were reformatories in Manila for boys
and for girls under PWC
1926Welfareville – a 50-hectare compound in San
Felipe Neri (now Mandaluyong) under PWC Divison of Dependent children
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PhilippinesPhilippines“Congragate system” of the division:
Wards were grouped in separate cottages based on children’s needs and problems
1933 Frank Murphy became governor generalScholarship grants for professional training in
social work in the US were made available
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PhilippinesPhilippinesOther developments during the administration
of Murphy:
Maternal health centers in each townSocial health centers in selected communitiesFirst housing committee that undertook the
study of slums (31 houses in Tondo)Private colleges and technical schoolsNational Economic Protectionism (NEPA)
established to promote home industries
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PhilippinesPhilippinesUnemployment Committee which
recommended the creation of a National Emergency Relief Board to relieve distress caused by unemployment and to reduce unemployment; later extended to typhoon victims
Women suffrage campaign – signed a law enfranchising women in 1933 that took effect in 1937
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PhilippinesPhilippinesProminent Persons:
Dr. Jose Fabella – Director of PWCJosefa Jara Martinez – obtained a diploma in
social work from the New York School of Social Work in 1921; she worked for the Public Welfare Board where she started to introduce the scientific approach in social work and then was detailed to the Associated Charities
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PhilippinesPhilippinesFrank Murphy
It was during his administration that the government took full responsibility for the relief of the distressed due to any cause.
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PhilippinesPhilippinesCommonwealth Period (Manuel L. Quezon)
Filipinos took over the governmentRural charity clinicsA home for mentally defective children and for
the aged in WelfarevilleAnti-usury laws8-hour labor law; minimum wagesLaws related to insurance, pensions, women
and child labor
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PhilippinesPhilippinesCommonwealth Period (Manuel L. Quezon)
Housing projectsRelief boards and other bodiesCreation of the Department of Health and
Public Welfare
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PhilippinesPhilippinesJapanese Occupation
Medical care and treatment and provision of food and clothing to the wounded soldiers, prisoners and civilians during World War II
Relief work was undertaken by volunteer organizations
Workers of the Philippine war relief, Inc. organized in the US accompanied the liberating army when it landed in Leyte
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PhilippinesPhilippinesBureau of Public Welfare was closed during
the war and reopened in 1946.
1947 it became the Social Welfare Commission under the Office of the President
This signified the formal recognition of social welfare as a responsibility by the state
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PhilippinesPhilippinesBureau of Public Welfare was closed during
the war and reopened in 1946.
1947 it became the Social Welfare Commission under the Office of the President
This signified the formal recognition of social welfare as a responsibility by the state
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PhilippinesPhilippinesThree Categories of Services of the
Commission:
1. Child welfare work (probation and parole, institutional care)
2. Public assistance (relief and casework)3. Coordination and supervision of all public
welfare activities
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PhilippinesPhilippines1948Pres. Quirino created the President’s Action
Committee on Social Amelioration (PACSA)
Gave relief assistance to the hungry, the homeless and the sick.
UNICEF – United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund was created in 1946 by the United Nations general Assembly (maternal and child health)
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PhilippinesPhilippines1949Council of Welfare Agencies of the PhilsCommunity Chest of Greater ManilaEarly 1950sPhilippine Youth Welfare Coordinating
Council (PYWCC)
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PhilippinesPhilippines1951The Social Welfare Commission and PACSA
were fused into one agency called Social Welfare AdministrationResponsibility for relief was taken over by its
Division of Public AssistanceWas concerned with the need for a more
professional administration of public tax supported welfare programs
Accepted field practice students and conducted surveys
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PhilippinesPhilippines1968 Marcos signed RA 5416 Social Welfare
Act elevating the Social Welfare Administration into a Department
1970s
Martial Law (1972)Marcos set up a crisis governmentDevelopmental decades (1960s and 1970s)The UN called on nations to focus on
developmental efforts aimed at improving the quality of life of people
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PhilippinesPhilippines1976The Dept of Social Welfare became the
Department of Social Services and Development (DSSD)
From the traditional, institution-based social welfare to community-oriented programs and services which underscored people’s own capacities for problem-solving
1978Conversion of departments into Ministries
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PhilippinesPhilippines1976The Dept of Social Welfare became the
Department of Social Services and Development (DSSD)
From the traditional, institution-based social welfare to community-oriented programs and services which underscored people’s own capacities for problem-solving
1978Conversion of departments into Ministries
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PhilippinesPhilippines1980sThe Ministry of Social Services and
Development (MSSD) banner program: the Self-Employment
Assistance case management system
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PhilippinesPhilippines1987Pres. Corazon Aquino signed Executive Order
No. 123 reorganizing the MSSD and renaming it Department of Social Welfare and Development
“evolving from mere welfare or relief agency to the greater task of development”
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PhilippinesPhilippines1990s-Early 2008
October 10, 1991 RA 7160 or the Local Government Code was passed
The DSWD devolved its functions, programs and services, direct services workers, budget and assets and liabilities to the local government units starting 1992.
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PhilippinesPhilippinesThe national DSWD became leaner and more
responsiveFour categories of social services:
Center-institution based servicesCommunity-based programs and servicesLocally funded and foreign assisted projectsDisaster relief and rehabilitation augmentation
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PhilippinesPhilippinesIn the 90s, the DSWD moved from its
traditional image of service provider to one that leads in social welfare policy and program development, provision of technical assistance, capability-building and augmentation support to local government units (LGU), non-government organizations (NGO) and people’s organizations (PO)
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PhilippinesPhilippinesVision of the DSWD
Poverty eradication and empowerment of disadvantaged individuals, families and communities with capability to improve their quality of life through the provision of assistance to LGUs, Pos, NGOs, NGAs (other national government agencies) and other members of civil society
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PhilippinesPhilippinesThe NGOs
They supplement government effortsDefined as “private, non-profit, voluntary
organizations that are committed to the task of socio-economic development and established primarily for service”
The number of NGOs began to grow after the EDSA Revolution in 1986
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PhilippinesPhilippinesNGO Classifications:
1. Primary NGOs – also called POs, direct organizations of the beneficiaries themselves
2. Secondary/intermediate – composed of different professions providing services to the beneficiaries
3. Tertiary – usually a network of NGOs established for mutual assistance or for special purposes
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PhilippinesPhilippines1999
Philippine Council for NGO Certification was launched by NGO networks to regulate the operation of NGOs Certifies NGOs applying for donee institution status based on specific standards: professionalism, transparency and accountabilityHas certified 858 applicants out more than 1,500 applications over a period of 9 years
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The Development of the The Development of the Social Work Profession Social Work Profession
in the Philippinesin the Philippines
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PhilippinesPhilippinesThe mother of the SW profession in the Phils:
The Associated Charities (1917)First to use caseworkFirst to use social workers as full time, paid
employeesThe first to hire a trained social worker as its
Executive Secretary (Josefa Jara Martinez then later Asuncion A. Perez who was also educated in the US)
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PhilippinesPhilippines1947
The seven or eight social workers who had gone to the US before the war to pursue formal social work education formed the Philippine Association of Social Workers
(PASW)
Nurturing the development of the social work profession
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PhilippinesPhilippines1950
The Philippine School of Social Work was established
One-year program: Master of Arts in Social Administration – Josefa Jara Martinez was the school’s first director
1951- graduate program expanded to two years and the degree changed to Master of Social Work
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PhilippinesPhilippinesThe University of the Philippines and Centro
Escolar University also started offering social work courses at the grduate level
1956The Civil Service Commission gave an
examination for social workers
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PhilippinesPhilippinesEarly 50sThe following offered a bachelor’s degree in
social work:Philippine School of Social WorkCentro Escolar UniversityUniversity of the PhilippinesUniversity of Santo Tomas
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PhilippinesPhilippinesA big boost to the professionalization of social
work was the launching of the UNICEF-assisted Social Services Project of the Social Welfare Administration in July 1961.
Improvement of child welfare services by upgrading the competence of family and child workers (seminars, study grants, pilot projects) leading to the upgrading of SWA personnel salaries
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PhilippinesPhilippines1965
Passage of RA 4373, An Act to Regulate the Practice of Social Work and the Operation of Social Work Agencies in the Philippines
Completion of Bachelor of Science in Social Work degree
1,000 hours of supervised field practice Passing of a government board
examination in Social Work for licensing or registration as a social worker
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PhilippinesPhilippinesCreation of a board of examiners (now called
Board for Social Workers) that will administer its provisions
Empowered the Department of Social Welfare and development (DSWD) to license and accredit public and private organizations for social welfare work
The law had a desirable effect of making those already occupying social work positions undergo professional social work education
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PhilippinesPhilippinesThe passing of RA 4373 is generally
considered as the formal recognition of social work as a profession in the Philippines
As of December 2006 – 16,134 licensed social workers in the Philippines
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PhilippinesPhilippinesThe Philippine Association of Social Workers,
Inc. (PASWI)
The national organization of social workers in the country
Founded on Nov. 12, 1947, incorporated on April 18, 1948, re-incorporated with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) in 1988.
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PhilippinesPhilippinesAs of 2007 - 36 active chapters in different
regions of the country429 lifetime members1,036 regular membersA member of the International Federation of
Social Workers (IFSW)There are 1.5 million professional workers in
practice globally
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PhilippinesPhilippinesPASWI’s Objectives:
Promote and maintain a professional standard of social work practice
Strengthen the members’ competenceWork for better understanding, acceptance
and recognition of the professionWork for social legislation in social welfare
and developmentExpansion through local chapters and
linkages
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PhilippinesPhilippinesPASWI’s Accomplishments:
Adopted the Phil Soc Work Code of Ethics in 1964, revised in Nov. 1998
Nominated members of the Board for Social Workers (to the President) since 1965
Worked for the passage of RA 4373 in 1965 and its amendments with RA 5175 in 1967
Supported the passage of the SW Act elevating the SWA to DSW in 1968
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PhilippinesPhilippinesPASWI’s Accomplishments:Served as core of the Phil organizing
committee for the SW symposia in the Phils in 1970
Took a stand on issues such as family planning, integration of cultural minorities into society, etc.
Submitted proposals to the 1971 constitutional convention
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PhilippinesPhilippinesPASWI’s Accomplishments:
Initiated proposal to merge the DSWD and the Department of Health in the 1980s
Supported the package of the Magna Carta for Public Social Workers (RA 9433 on April 11, 2007)
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PhilippinesPhilippines
Magna Carta for Social Workers
For all registered social workers in government service
Positions in government for social workersUpgrading of salariesCode of conductProfessional development
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Summary:Summary:EuropeEurope
Situation of the poor (simple to complex)Presence of lawsRole of the parish churchEvolving programs and servicesPublic responsibility was emphasized: use of public tax to help the poor; from district units to a nationwide concernAdministration by the stateFrom plain charitable work to an organized and systematic way of helping the poor
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United StatesUnited States
The rise of the profession of Social WorkSocial work education; medical social workThe number of trained social workers increased rapidly at the turn of the 20th century
National Association of Social Workers (NASW) became the cenrtal professional bodyCouncil on Social Work Education – a national educational body for setting standards
From volunteer to paid staff Charity organizationsWelfare societies
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Prominent PersonsProminent Persons
Mary Ellen Richmond (1861-1928)
A social work pioneerWorked as Treasurer of the Charity Organization SocietyThe first to develop a structured social workPublished “Social Diagnosis” in 1917 – formalized a communicable body of techniques in different settings where social workers were found
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Prominent PersonsProminent Persons
Dr. Abraham Flexner
An authority on graduate education who had made a penetrating study that led to major changes in medical education
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Prominent PersonsProminent Persons
Dr. Abraham Flexner
An authority on graduate education who had made a penetrating study that led to major changes in medical education
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PhilippinesPhilippines
From charity and relief to social development and empowermentFrom the sick and homeless to individuals, families and communitiesDevelopments in social welfare under the Spaniards, the Americans, the JapaneseThe professionalization of Social WorkSocial work educationSupportive lawsThe rise of NGOs and POs as partnersNetworking and Alliance-buildingThe evolution of the DSWDPASWI
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Social Work is committed to the Social Work is committed to the pursuit of social welfarepursuit of social welfare
There is a continuity in the There is a continuity in the development of social welfare development of social welfare
and social work in the Philippinesand social work in the Philippines
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Thank you!Thank you!