COPING Pittsburgh Mind-Body Center Pittsburgh Mind-Body Center Summer Institute 2006.
History of Psychology. Started as Philosophy Socrates & Plato –Mind and Body are Separate...
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Transcript of History of Psychology. Started as Philosophy Socrates & Plato –Mind and Body are Separate...
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History of Psychology
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Started as Philosophy• Socrates & Plato
– Mind and Body are Separate
– Knowledge is inborn
• Aristotle – Mind & Body are One
– Knowledge grows from experiences & memories
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Philosophical Developments• A Question: How are mind and body related?
• René Descartes (1596–1650) -Interactive Dualism
• The mind and body are separate but interact (fluids
through the nerves) to produce conscious experience of sensations & emotions
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Heading Towards a Science
• Led to EMPIRICISM – What we know comes from experience, therefore science should rely on observation & experimentation.
• Francis Bacon & John Locke• Both focus on how the mind is shaped by
experience
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Physiology Influence
• Study of functions & parts of humans
• By 1600’s began to focus on brain
• Began to develop explanations for the functioning of the senses.
• Becomes foundation for psychology as a science
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Psychology as Science is Born!
PsychologyThe Science
Wilhelm Wundt
December 1879
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What is Psychology?
The science of behavior and mental processes– Behavior - observable actions of a person or animal
– Mental Processes - feelings, sensations, perceptions, memories, dreams, motives and other subjective experiences
– Science - an objective way to answer questions based on observable facts/data and well-described methods
• Separated from philosophy in 19th century– influences from physiology remain
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Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920)
Wilhelm Wundt –Leipzig, Germany
–The “father of psychology”
–Founder of modern psychology
–Opened the first psychology lab in 1879
–applied laboratory techniques to study of the mind/consciousness
–Wrote Principles of Physiological Psychology connecting physiology to psychology
Who’s Your
Daddy?
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E. B. Titchener (1867–1927)
•Wundt’s student,
– Professor at Cornell University
– Analyzed the intensity, clarity and quality of the parts of consciousness
•Founder of structuralism
E.B. Titchener
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Structuralism• Studied the basic elements (structures) of thoughts and
sensations (consciousness).
• Felt consciousness could be broken into 3 parts:
1. physical sensations
2. feelings
3. images
• Introspection – subject would view an object and try to reconstruct their sensations & feelings they felt while viewing it.
– Not scientific – too subjective, not repeatable, not able to be used for studying all topics (learning, development, mental disorders).
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William James (1842–1910)
•First American psychologist
•Started psychology at Harvard in 1870s
•Opposed Wundt and Titchener’s approach
•Author of the first psychology textbook (Principles of Psychology - 1,400 pages!)
•Founder of Functionalism
–functionalism – influenced by Darwin to focus on how behaviors help us adapt to the environment
William James
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Functionalism• Emphasized studying the function of
consciousness and how consciousness helped people adapt to their environment– Wanted to understand how mind and consciousness
worked– Used naturalistic observation– Viewed consciousness as a stream of constantly
changing states .
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DAILY
DOUBLE
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Explain the difference between Structuralism & Functionalism.
Structuralism – basic parts of a person’s thoughts and feelings. Focus on basic senses & perception.
Functionalism – how our consciousness helps us to function or adapt to our environment.
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William James’ Students• G. Stanley Hall
– First Ph.D. in psych– Started first U.S. psych lab– Started the American Psychological Association.
• Mary Whiton Calkins – First woman to complete Ph.D. program but Harvard didn’t give
her a degree! – Became first woman president of the APA in 1905
• Margaret Floy Washburn – First official Ph.D. in psychology – Studied different animal species – 2nd female president of APA
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John B. Watson (1878–1958)
John B. Watson
• Founder of Behaviorism
• Studied only observable and objectively described acts
• Emphasized objective and scientific methodology
• Performed the Little Albert Classical Conditioning Study on Fear
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B. F. Skinner (1904–1990)
• Behaviorist
• American psychologist at Harvard
• Focused on learning through rewards and observation
• Studied learning and effect of reinforcement & punishment (Operant Conditioning)
B.F. Skinner
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Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)
• Behaviorist
• Russian Physiologist
• Studied learning through associations (classical conditioning) in dogs
• Emphasized the study of observable behaviors
Santa?
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Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
• Austrian physician that focused on illness
• Founder of the psychoanalytic perspective
• Believed that abnormal behavior originated from unconscious drives and conflicts that were aggressive and sexual in nature.
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Freud’s Influence
• Influence on “pop culture”– Freudian slips– Anal-retentive
• Influence on psychology– Psychodynamic theory– Unconscious thoughts– Significance of childhood experiences
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Carl Rogers & Abraham Maslow(1902-1987) (1908-1970)
• Helped to create Humanistic Psychology• Stressed the study of conscious experience and an
individual’s free will to reach their potential• Healthy individuals strive to reach their potential (self-
actualized).
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Wolfgang Kohler
• Created Gestalt Psychology
• The whole is different from the sum of its parts.
• Integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes.
Wolfgang Kohler
(1865-1965)
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What do you see?
You See the whole picture first rather than the individual dots that make it up. – Gestalt PsychologyScene from Ferris Bueller (start at 1:05)
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Cognitive Neuroscience
• Combines the biological and cognitive schools of thought in psychology
• Study of the Brain and how it works when we perceive, think, remember and use language.