History of Pharmacy in Middle East and China

8/3/2019 History of Pharmacy in Middle East and China

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Muslim Pharmacy


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In the field of pharmacy, the first drugstores

were opened by Muslim pharmacists inBaghdad in 754

The first apothecary shops were also foundedby Muslim practitioners


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The advances made in the Middle East byMuslim chemists in botany and chemistry ledMuslim physicians to substantially develop

pharmacology


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Muhammad ibnZakariya Razi(Rhazes) (865-915)

- acted to promote the

medical uses ofchemical compounds


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Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi(Abulcasis) (936-1013)-pioneered the preparation ofmedicines by sublimation and

distillation

- developed the Liber Servitoris

provides the readers with recipes and explains howto prepare the `simples from which werecompounded the complex drugs then generallyused


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Sabur Ibn Sahl (d 869)

-the first physician to initiatepharmacopoedia, describing a largevariety of drugs and remedies forailments


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Al-Biruni (973-1050)

- wrote one of the most valuableIslamic works on pharmacology

entitled Kitab al-Saydalah

-also called The Book of Drugs

-give detailed knowledge of the properties of drugsand outlined the role of pharmacy and the functionsand duties of the pharmacist


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Ibn Sina (about 980-1037A.D.)

Called Avicenna by the Western world

Persian Galen

Pharmacist, poet, physician,philosopher and diplomat

Among the brilliant contributors to thesciences of Pharmacy and Medicine during the Arabian era

His pharmaceutical teachings were accepted as authority inthe West until the 17th century; and still are dominantinfluences in the Orient.


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Maridini of Baghdad and Cairo

Ibn al-Wafid (1008-1074)

- works were printed in Latin more thanfifty times, appearing as De MedicinisUniversalibus et Particularibus by `Mesue' andthe Medicamentis Simplicibus by `Abenguefit

- Peter of Abano (1250-1316) translated andadded a supplement to the work of al-Maridiniunder the title De Veneris


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Al-Muwaffaq

Living in the 10th century

wrote the foundations of the true properties of

Remedies described arsenious oxide and has been

acquainted with silicic acid

made clear distinction between sodiumcarbonate and potassium carbonate

drew attention to the poisonous nature ofcopper compounds, especially copper vitriol, and

also lead compounds


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For hundreds of years, the Arabic world has had aprofound influence on the science and art of pharmacy.Pharmacy's independence from medicine can be traced

to the opening of the private apothecary in Baghdadcirca AD 750.While charlatans, spice and perfumesellers, and drug dealers were common in the 8thcentury,pharmacy was already beginning to emerge as arespected profession. Mercurial ointments, mortars and

pestles, flasks and spatulas, as well as evidence-basedpharmacotherapeutics have their roots in Arabicpharmacy. Abu Bakr Mohammad IbnZakariya al-Razi (864-930AD)was perhaps one of the first to challenge the medicaldogma and quackery of the day, and was a prolific

writer of books on medicinal remedies for bothprofessional and lay public audiences.1 Overall, theseearly developments have had a significant impact on thesubsequent maturation of pharmacy in Europe, andultimately, the rest of the world.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13904053http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13904053


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In Saudi Arabia, the first college of pharmacy wasestablished in King Saud University (KSU), Riyadh, in1959.The first year commenced with the enrollment of 17students. Currently the total number of students inthe College of Pharmacy at KSU has increased to over1500 students.

Other schools of pharmacy have since beenestablished in Saudi Arabia. These include

King Abdul Aziz University (KAAU) in Jeddah,The College of Dentistry and Pharmacy in Riyadh(a privately funded institution), The Faculty ofClinical Pharmacy at King Faisal University (KFU)in Al-Ehsa,Faculty of Pharmacy at King Khalid University inAbha


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Chinese Pharmacy


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Shen Nung (about 2000 B.C.)

Father of Chinese Pharmaceutics

Emperor who started Chinese Pharmacy

sought out and investigated the medicinalvalue of several hundred herbs

wrote the first Pen T-Sao (The Botanical Basisof Pharmacy), or native herbal, recording 365drugs, 11,000 Rx handed down by oral tradition

Medicinal plants include podophyllum,rhubarb, ginseng, stramonium, cinnamon bark,and, in the boy's hand, ma huang, or Ephedra.

Pharmaceutical records - clay tablets & longscrolls in 2000BC.


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Pharmacy education in China focuses on pharmaceuticalsciences, with the bachelor of science (BS) of pharmacyas the entry-level degree.

Pharmacy practice curricula in these programs are

centered on compounding, dispensing, pharmacyadministration, and laboratory experiences, which arethe traditional responsibilities for pharmacists.

Additional graduate-level training is available at themaster of science (MS) and the doctor of philosophy

(PhD) levels, most of which concentrate on drugdiscovery and drug development research. Presently,the emphasis in practice is beginning to shift to clinicalpharmacy. With this change, additional degree offeringsare being developed to meet the growing demand forclinical pharmacists.


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Modern higher education in pharmacy in China beganin the Qing Dynasty in 1906. Before the establishmentof the People's Republic of China

In 1949, there were 8 schools and universitiesoffering pharmacy programs and degrees.

In 1955, the first university to recruit postgraduatepharmacy students in the People's Republic of Chinawas Beijing Medical College (currently known asPeking University Health Science Center).

Today, there are more than 257 pharmacy schools anduniversities that offer the BS degree and higherdegrees throughout China. In 2005, more than 6,000graduates received BS degrees, 800 received MSdegrees, and 290 received PhD degrees in pharmacy.

History of Pharmacy in Middle East and China

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