History of Periodic Table Chapter 5. History 1860s – 60 elements discovered –Cannizzaro - agreed...
-
Upload
marion-matthews -
Category
Documents
-
view
215 -
download
0
Transcript of History of Periodic Table Chapter 5. History 1860s – 60 elements discovered –Cannizzaro - agreed...
![Page 1: History of Periodic Table Chapter 5. History 1860s – 60 elements discovered –Cannizzaro - agreed on method to measure atomic mass –Search for relationships.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bf941a28abf838c8fe8f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
History of Periodic Table
Chapter 5
![Page 2: History of Periodic Table Chapter 5. History 1860s – 60 elements discovered –Cannizzaro - agreed on method to measure atomic mass –Search for relationships.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bf941a28abf838c8fe8f/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
History 1860s – 60 elements discovered
– Cannizzaro - agreed on method to measure atomic mass
– Search for relationships between properties of elements
![Page 3: History of Periodic Table Chapter 5. History 1860s – 60 elements discovered –Cannizzaro - agreed on method to measure atomic mass –Search for relationships.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bf941a28abf838c8fe8f/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Dimitri Mendeleev Organized elements by increasing
atomic mass Noticed chemical and physical
properties followed trend, or pattern Periodic
![Page 4: History of Periodic Table Chapter 5. History 1860s – 60 elements discovered –Cannizzaro - agreed on method to measure atomic mass –Search for relationships.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bf941a28abf838c8fe8f/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Mendeleev’s Table
![Page 5: History of Periodic Table Chapter 5. History 1860s – 60 elements discovered –Cannizzaro - agreed on method to measure atomic mass –Search for relationships.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bf941a28abf838c8fe8f/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Henry Moseley Worked with Rutherford looking at line-
spectras Noticed better pattern when elements
were organized by increasing atomic # Periodic Law: the physical and
chemical properties of elements are periodic functions of their atomic #s
![Page 6: History of Periodic Table Chapter 5. History 1860s – 60 elements discovered –Cannizzaro - agreed on method to measure atomic mass –Search for relationships.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bf941a28abf838c8fe8f/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Regions of Periodic Table
Group Project
![Page 7: History of Periodic Table Chapter 5. History 1860s – 60 elements discovered –Cannizzaro - agreed on method to measure atomic mass –Search for relationships.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bf941a28abf838c8fe8f/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Main Group Elementss and p block elements
![Page 8: History of Periodic Table Chapter 5. History 1860s – 60 elements discovered –Cannizzaro - agreed on method to measure atomic mass –Search for relationships.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bf941a28abf838c8fe8f/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Group 1A are the alkali metals Group 2A are the alkaline earth metals
![Page 9: History of Periodic Table Chapter 5. History 1860s – 60 elements discovered –Cannizzaro - agreed on method to measure atomic mass –Search for relationships.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bf941a28abf838c8fe8f/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Group 7A is called the Halogens Group 8A are the noble gases
![Page 10: History of Periodic Table Chapter 5. History 1860s – 60 elements discovered –Cannizzaro - agreed on method to measure atomic mass –Search for relationships.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bf941a28abf838c8fe8f/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
The group B are called the transition metals
![Page 11: History of Periodic Table Chapter 5. History 1860s – 60 elements discovered –Cannizzaro - agreed on method to measure atomic mass –Search for relationships.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bf941a28abf838c8fe8f/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Top: Lanthanide Series
Bottom: Actinide Series
![Page 12: History of Periodic Table Chapter 5. History 1860s – 60 elements discovered –Cannizzaro - agreed on method to measure atomic mass –Search for relationships.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bf941a28abf838c8fe8f/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Periodic Properties
![Page 13: History of Periodic Table Chapter 5. History 1860s – 60 elements discovered –Cannizzaro - agreed on method to measure atomic mass –Search for relationships.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bf941a28abf838c8fe8f/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Atomic Radii (Atomic Size) Def: half the distance between the
nuclei of identical atoms that are bonded together
}Radius
![Page 14: History of Periodic Table Chapter 5. History 1860s – 60 elements discovered –Cannizzaro - agreed on method to measure atomic mass –Search for relationships.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bf941a28abf838c8fe8f/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Atomic Radii - Group trends As we go down a
group Another energy
level… So the atoms get
bigger.
HLi
Na
K
Rb
![Page 15: History of Periodic Table Chapter 5. History 1860s – 60 elements discovered –Cannizzaro - agreed on method to measure atomic mass –Search for relationships.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bf941a28abf838c8fe8f/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Atomic Radii - Periodic Trends Go across a period the radius gets
smaller. Same energy level. More nuclear charge. Outermost electrons pulled in closer
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
![Page 16: History of Periodic Table Chapter 5. History 1860s – 60 elements discovered –Cannizzaro - agreed on method to measure atomic mass –Search for relationships.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bf941a28abf838c8fe8f/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Ionization Energy (IE) An e- can be removed from any atom if
there is enough energy
A + energy A+ + e-
Ion: atom or group of bonded atoms that has a (+) or(-) charge
Process that results in ion formed is ionization
![Page 17: History of Periodic Table Chapter 5. History 1860s – 60 elements discovered –Cannizzaro - agreed on method to measure atomic mass –Search for relationships.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bf941a28abf838c8fe8f/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Valence Electrons Def: The e- available to be lost, gained
or shared to form chemical compounds e- found in the outermost s and p
sublevels
![Page 18: History of Periodic Table Chapter 5. History 1860s – 60 elements discovered –Cannizzaro - agreed on method to measure atomic mass –Search for relationships.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bf941a28abf838c8fe8f/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Ionization Energy (IE) Def: the energy needed to remove one
e- from an atom (IE1 – first IE)
Atoms with HIGH ionization energy hold on tight to their electrons
![Page 19: History of Periodic Table Chapter 5. History 1860s – 60 elements discovered –Cannizzaro - agreed on method to measure atomic mass –Search for relationships.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bf941a28abf838c8fe8f/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
IE – Group Trends
As you go down a group IE decreases Electron further away from nucleus Less attraction to nucleus, easier to
take e-
![Page 20: History of Periodic Table Chapter 5. History 1860s – 60 elements discovered –Cannizzaro - agreed on method to measure atomic mass –Search for relationships.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bf941a28abf838c8fe8f/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
IE – Periodic Trends IE generally increases from left to right Increasing nuclear charge More nuclear charge holds on tight to e-
Exact opposite of atomic radius
![Page 21: History of Periodic Table Chapter 5. History 1860s – 60 elements discovered –Cannizzaro - agreed on method to measure atomic mass –Search for relationships.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bf941a28abf838c8fe8f/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
IE2 and IE3
Energy required to remove additional e-
Energies keep getting higher and higher e- that are left are being held closer to
nucleus harder to remove Pg. 155
![Page 22: History of Periodic Table Chapter 5. History 1860s – 60 elements discovered –Cannizzaro - agreed on method to measure atomic mass –Search for relationships.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bf941a28abf838c8fe8f/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Ionic Radii (Ionic Size) Cation: positive ion
– Always smaller than atom– Lost e-, now nucleus pulling in more on
remaining e-s Anion: negative ion
– Always bigger than atom– Gaining e-, now e- are crowded and spread
out (repulsion of like charges)
![Page 23: History of Periodic Table Chapter 5. History 1860s – 60 elements discovered –Cannizzaro - agreed on method to measure atomic mass –Search for relationships.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bf941a28abf838c8fe8f/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Ionic Radii – Group Trends
Same as Atomic Radii More energy levels as go down size
increases
![Page 24: History of Periodic Table Chapter 5. History 1860s – 60 elements discovered –Cannizzaro - agreed on method to measure atomic mass –Search for relationships.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bf941a28abf838c8fe8f/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Ionic Radii – Periodic Trends
2 sections Metals on LEFT make CATIONs Nonmetals on RIGHT make ANIONS Cations (1A – 4A) Anions (5A – 8A)
– Decrease as go across (L-R) due to increase nuclear charge
![Page 25: History of Periodic Table Chapter 5. History 1860s – 60 elements discovered –Cannizzaro - agreed on method to measure atomic mass –Search for relationships.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bf941a28abf838c8fe8f/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Electronegativity Valance e- are involved in forming
bonds Some atoms in a chemical bond attract
the valance e- more than the other (tug of war)
Linus Pauling – electronegativity – measure of the ability of an atom in a chemical compound to attract e- from another atom in the compound
![Page 26: History of Periodic Table Chapter 5. History 1860s – 60 elements discovered –Cannizzaro - agreed on method to measure atomic mass –Search for relationships.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bf941a28abf838c8fe8f/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Electronegativity – Group Trends Tend to decrease down a group or
remain about the same Noble gases are NOT assigned
electronegativities
![Page 27: History of Periodic Table Chapter 5. History 1860s – 60 elements discovered –Cannizzaro - agreed on method to measure atomic mass –Search for relationships.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bf941a28abf838c8fe8f/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Electronegativity – Periodic Trends Tend to increase as you go across the
table F – most electronegative Fr – least electronegative