History of Online Journalism 2014

JOUR 5121: HISTORY & ETHICS OF JOURNALISM

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Tim Currie | @tscurrie

October 1, 2014

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Some themes borrowed

from David Carlson, University of Florida

History of Online Journalism


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1963

Ted Nelson, Harvard

sociology student

Formulates the concept of

hypertext

TED NELSON / HYPERLAND.COM


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1965

Nelson gives a lecture which is covered in the

student newspaper. The first print reference of

“hypertext” appears, Feb. 3, 1965


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1969

ARPANET created by

U.S. Defense Dept.

Goal: A network to

withstand nuclear

attack

Decentralized.

Assumption: parts

WILL fail


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1971

BBC rolls out a new

technology… Teletext

• A loop of “pages”

broadcast on TV

• Not interactive, slow

• Limited # of pages

• Slow


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Video:

Ceefax is Here (1979 video)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0b3MiyvkkhI


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1974The British Post Office’s

Research Laboratory

demonstrates the first

Videotext service

• It’s truly interactive

• You use your TV, hooked up to

cable and a phone line

• Better graphics than teletext;

even photo display


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1974Snapshot: Three competing technologies …

• Not interactive

• Slow

• But all you

need is a TV

and a decoder

box

VideotextTeletext

• Interactive

• You need

cable TV and

an expensive

subscription

• Interactive

• Expensive

• Poorly

networked

• Almost no

one has one

Computers


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1975

Canada begins

developing Telidon,

an advanced

videotext system

By 1979 is

considered a world

leader with advanced

graphics technologyGOVERNMENT OF CANADA


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1975

GOVERNMENT OF CANADA GOVERNMENT OF CANADA


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1981-82First computer-based dial-

up services emerge. Eg.:

•Compuserve

•The Source

•Prodigy

Are closed systems —

only subscribers have

access EVAN AMOS / WIKIPEDIA BILBY / WIKIPEDIA

COMPUSERVE


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1981

Video:

Internet News in 1981 (KRON TV report)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5WCTn4FljUQ


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1983-1988

• 1983: Time Magazine names the

computer “Machine of the Year”

• 1985: Worldwide 22 nations

have videotext & teletext

• 1986: Computers available in

university computer labs, officesTIME

• 1988: DARPA makes Internet public


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1990

Tim Berners-Lee

invents the World

Wide Web

Creates Hypertext

Markup Language

CERN


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1993

January: 26 “reasonably

reliable” servers exist on

the World Wide Web:

CERN

August: Mosaic, the first

graphical Web browser

for Windows, is released

by U of Illinois


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1993

October: First journalism site on the Web is

launched at the University of Florida. There now

are about 200 web servers in the world

•Dec. 8: 1st article about the web (New York

Times)


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1994

Jan. 19: First newspaper

to regularly publish on the

Web. Palo Alto Weekly

begins twice-weekly

postings

April: Yahoo “Internet

index” started by Stanford

PhD candidates David Filo

and Jerry Yang


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1994

June:

First Canadian

newspaper,

the Halifax

Daily News

goes online


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1995

April 19: Oklahoma

City Bombing

The first major event

in which people turn

to the Web for news

PRESTON CHASTEEN / WIKIPEDIA


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1997

March 26: Heaven’s

Gate suicides

Members of the cult

have a website.

Audience rushes to view

the primary source used

in reporting

KTTV LOS ANGELES


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1997

Video:

ABC News: March 26, 1997: Heaven's Gate Cult Suicide

Journalists point readers to their online source

material

http://abcnews.go.com/Archives/video/march-26-1997-heavens-gate-cult-suicide-9702192

http://abcnews.go.com/Archives/video/march-26-1997-heavens-gate-cult-suicide-9702192


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1997

February: First time a

mainstream news

organization breaks a

major story on its website

— not in its newspaper


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1998

Jan. 19: Early reports of U.S.

President Bill Clinton’s

involvement with White House

intern Monica Lewinsky

demonstrate how a small,

independent news site can set

the news agenda

DEFENSE DEPT. / WIKIPEDIA

BOB MCNEELY / WIKIPEDIA


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1998

A media

frenzy follows

both online

and in the

traditional

press


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1998

September: Starr Report

A new relationship between

politicians & the public — Starr

bypasses the press & distributes a

major political document online firstKENNETH STARR /

U.S. FEDERAL GOVERNMENT


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2000News sites begin to

involve their audience

Death of Pierre Trudeau:

Canadians share their

stories on news websites

GOVERNMENT OF CANADA


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2001

Sept. 11:

Online news

operations

stumble …


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2001

… then recover …


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2003

Classified listings flee print ...

& take money with them


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2003

Canada.com

moves to paid

subscription

model

Breaking news

is free

Other content

requires $$


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2003

The dawn of

citizen media

Blogging software

makes web

publishing easy

The “Baghdad

Blogger”

captivates the

world


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2004

Bloggers lead

the way in

forcing CBS to

retract its

story on

George W.

Bush’s

military

service


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Bloggers

beat the

mainstream

media to

tsunami-

ravaged

South-East

Asia

2004


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2004

Major trend: “A growing number of news outlets are

chasing relatively static or even shrinking audiences for

news. One result of this is that most sectors of the

news media are losing audience.

The only sectors seeing general audience

growth today are online, ethnic and alternative

media.”


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2005

Mainstream

media start

harnessing

user-generated

video


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News sites

rush to

establish

citizen

communitie

s

2005

STEVE YELVINGTON


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2005

“The era of ‘Trust Me’ journalism has

passed and the era of ‘Show Me’

journalism has begun.”


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Participatory

journalism

advocate Dan

Gillmor tries

(& fails) to put

his ideas into

practice

2006


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2006

Web 2.0: The

Collaborative Web

Time Magazine Person

of the Year


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2007

Bloggers face

greater legal

scrutiny


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2007Citizen media grows in importance


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2007


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“Journalism is becoming a smaller part of

people’s information mix”

“The signs are clearer that advertising works

differently online. The consequence is that

advertisers may not need journalism as they

once did, particularly online.”

2007


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2007

September:

Journalism sites

move away from

subscription-based

news

Advertising is seen

as the only workable

funding model


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2009Use of citizen

content is

commonplace


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2009

“Power is shifting to the

individual journalist and away,

by degrees, from journalistic

institutions."

MARK LUCKIE / GETLUCKIE.NET


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2010

Experiments with mobile


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2011

Back to a

paywall for the

NY Times.

This time some

modest success


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2012

“A more fundamental challenge that we identified

last year has intensified — the extent to which

technology intermediaries (Google, Amazon,

Facebook, Apple) now control the future of news.”


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2012


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2013

Repeat of

Drudge/Isikoff

Toronto Star

holds back;

Gawker doesn’t


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2013

Instagram

“arrives”

Journalists

become their

own brands

ROBYN DOOLITTLE


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… and That’s It

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History of Online Journalism 2014

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