History of OB 13

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ORGANISATION

BEHAVIOUR- HISTORY


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HISTORY OF OB

Greek philosopher Platoessence ofleadership

AristotlePersuasive communication

Chinese philosopher Confucius- advent ofethics n leadership.

16th

century Italian phi. Niccolo Machiavellifoundation for org Power n Politics.


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HISTORY OF OB

1776, Adam SmithDiv of labour (org str)

German Sociologist Max WeberRationalorg n Charismatic Leadership

Scientific Mgmt (1890):

rationalizing org with precise set of

instructions n Time Motion Studies leadsto inc Productivity.

- Different compensation sys carried out


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Frederick Winslow Taylor :

Systematic use of Goal setting

- Rewards to motivate emloyees.- Principles of Mgmt


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1920, Australian born Havard Proff EltonMayo n his colleagues:

conducted productivity studies at Western

Electric Hawthorne Plant in US. Discovered importance of formal n

informal group dynamics in the work

place. Led to the dramatic shift towards the

Human Relations School of thought.


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After 1st World War , Focus of studyshifted to :

Analysis of effect of human factor npsychology over the organisations

(As identified in the Hawthorne Effect)

Team, MotivationActualisation of Goals of Individuals with

in the organisation


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Scholars of this period:

Chester Barnard

Henri Fayol Frederick Herzberg

Abraham Maslow

David McClellandVictor Vroom


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2nd World War shifted the field :large scalelogistics n operations research gave birth torationalist app to the study of orgs

Scientific methods were employed n theorieswere propounded

Contributors:

Herbert Alexander SimonsJames G. March


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1960s n 1970s , influenced by SocialPsychology n quantitative research.

Explosion of theories (mainly at StanfordUniv n Carnegie Mellon):

Informal Organisation

Contingency Theory Resource Dependence

Institutional Th n Org Ecology Theories


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1980s :Emphasis on

Cultural Explanations of org

Change in the Org Qualitative methods of study based onAnthropology, Psychology n Sociology

Leading Scholar- Karl Weick


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Frederick Winslow Taylor(1856-1915):

first one to study human beh at workusing systematic app

Studied human characteristics

Social env, Task , phy env,capacity speed

durability cost n their interaction with eachother

Objective was to remove human variability


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Attempted to make work beh stable npredictable

Relied upon Monetary incentive sys

Believed humans r motivated by money

Criticized for treating men as machine

without mind But laid basis for present day principles of

mgmt


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Hawthorne Studies:

Hawthorne works of the Western ElectricCompany near Chicago (1924-1932) mark

the beginning of OB It studied effect of work setting on

employee fatigue n perfomance

Observed that Productivity increasedregardless of illumination being raised orlowered


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Started in 1924

Illumination Study:

Relationship of light intensity n employeeproductivity with test gp n control gp

Results same in both the gps

Relay Room Study: Effect of Length of Day , Rest Breaks n

Method of payment over productivity


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HISTORY OF OB

Results were basically the same

Each test period yielded higherproductivity than the earlier one evensubjecting back the original conditionsalso inc the productivity

Concluded- Ind variables not causingchange


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Bank Wiring Room Study :

Bank wirers placed in separate test room

No exp Changes

Observer n interviewer gathered data

Dept regular supervisors maintain order control

Findings:Out put Restricted Social Pressures

used to gain compliance with gp norms


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Incentive sysmore u produce , more uwould earnand the best producer last oneto be laid

Ridicule n name calling major tools forenforcing

Group pressures more effective than mgntincentives


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Summary:

Factors influencing Beh:

Attention for researchers Managers leadership app

Work gp Norms


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Marry Parker Follett:

Mgmt must consider Human Side

Employee be involved in Job ANALYSIS Knowlegeable person must control the

work process regardless of position

Cross functioning team used to accomplishprojects


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HISTORY OF OB

Douglas Mc Gregor :

Theory X

Theory Y


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Employee were

initially considered a cost

Then Human Resources Now recognised as Human Capital (what u

know- edu, exp skills)

Investing on them causes inc productivityn customer satisfaction


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Now they r called Social Capital(who uknow- networks m, connections friends)

Positive Psychological Capital (who u r -confidence, hope, optimism, resiliency nwhat can u become i.e, ones possibleauthentic self)


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Psychological Capital is positively relatedto their performance n desired attitudes

As Bill Gates says the inventory , thevalue of my company , walks out the doorevery evening.


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Because Mgmt is always about people ,its essesnce is dealing with human nature. Since human nature seems to have been

extremely stable over recorded history,the essence of mgmt has been n will beequally stable overtime

- Geert Hofstede- International MgmtScholar

History of OB 13

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