History of Nursing - Modern Era

14
IV MODERN ERA 1500 – 1850 AD (Dark age in nursing)

description

The renaissance, revolutions and reformations, humanitarians, deaconesses, discoveries and developments

Transcript of History of Nursing - Modern Era

Page 1: History of Nursing -  Modern Era

IVMODERN ERA

1500 – 1850 AD(Dark age in nursing)

Page 2: History of Nursing -  Modern Era

THE RENAISSANCE• Expansion of trade and travel• Art, architecture, literature, printing• Contributions to medicine –

Leonardo da Vinci (Anatomical studies & drawing) Andreas Vesalius (Founder of Anatomy as a Science) Ambroisa Pari (Outstanding work in surgery) William Harvey (Circulation of blood)

• Self sacrifice and self denial cast aside. • More worldly under Pagan influence• General attitude towards charitable works• Focus of medicine and nursing

Page 3: History of Nursing -  Modern Era

REVOLUTIONS & REFORMATIONS

• Industrial revolution – Age old spinning and weaving from home >>> Factories Movement of population from villages to cities Problems of poor sanitation, poverty, adjustment

Page 4: History of Nursing -  Modern Era

• Reformation – Protestant revolt to free church from its malpractices - Ignatius Loyola (with the church) formed the ‘Jesuits’-

Trained teachers The Order of St Ursula – Education of girls Martin Luther – Emphasis on faith rather than work –

Misinterpreted, causing loss of interest in charity & humanity. Monasticism declined

Ignatius Loyola Martin Luther

Page 5: History of Nursing -  Modern Era

• Political revolutions – Kings fought wars >> poverty & discontentment. This led to - The American revolution (1775 – 1783) The French revolution (1789 – 1795) The Latin American revolution (1800 – 1825)

>> Changed the attitude of the people towards human equality and right of people

>> Rise of Napoleon >> Democracy established by beginning of 19th century

Page 6: History of Nursing -  Modern Era

HOSPITALS & NURSINGDarkest period in history of nursing (17th to mid 19th

century)• Secular nursing societies (of 12th and 13th centuries) were

gaining strength• But the older, more conventional ones became stagnant• 1212 – Bishops drew up regulations for French hospitals –

Nursing orders to take a vow of poverty, chastity and obedience

Number of nurses reduced to smallest possible number (to economize) Remain cloistered Thus women’s freedom limited

Page 7: History of Nursing -  Modern Era

• The Beguines refused to be enclosed and continued their visiting nursing• The nurses of France did not resist and their

professional standards retrograded• The Protestant revolt broke up the religious

organizations >> Problems of care of the sick and the poor >> Municipal hospitals built ..But there were

no nuns and monks to work

Page 8: History of Nursing -  Modern Era

• So, Lay people hired to take care of patients. They were – Illiterate & with no religious motive From the category who couldn't find any other work Without training (skills) with no verification of conduct

(morals) Paid very less, poorly fed and over worked Given day duty (young women) and night duty (older women)

• Long hours of cheerless work became hard & cruel. So they took to drinking

Page 9: History of Nursing -  Modern Era

• Doctors did most of the nursing jobs• Nurses did mostly cleaning, laundry and scrubbing• Such unsanitary conditions >>> hospitals a source of

outbreak of many epidemics• No isolation of patients, no visiting• Nurses did day and night duty• Patients were poor and friendless• Under such conditions, women of refinement and intelligence

would not take up nursing• An average family dreaded and avoided the nurse and the

hospital• Religious orders and other humanitarians re-opened and tried

to revive the tradition.

Page 10: History of Nursing -  Modern Era

HUMANITARIANS• St Vincent De Paul (1576 – 1660) - Made

lodges, schools and colonies – to prevent begging and to support people

• John Howard (1727 – 1789) – Care of prisoners

• Elizabeth Fry (1780 – 1845) – Better care of women and children

• Charles Dickens (1812 – 1870) wrote books depicting bad nursing

• Dorothea Lynde Dix (1802 – 1887) – ‘The John Howard of America’ – Worked for the mentally ill and the criminals

Charles Dickens

Page 11: History of Nursing -  Modern Era

REVIVAL OF DEACONESSES• By Pastor Theodor Fliedner at a parish in Kaiserwerth,

Germany• Rented a large house for hospital and deaconess home• Mrs Fliedner taught Nursing to deaconesses• Later Elizabeth Fry and Florence Nightingale also visited here• Modern School of Nursing has adopted their principles –

Nurses should be certified healthy and of good conduct Follow probationary system Have regular classes Be given stipend Have a women i/c of nursing Must follow the doctor’s orders

Page 12: History of Nursing -  Modern Era

VMODERN NURSING

Page 13: History of Nursing -  Modern Era

DISCOVERIES & DEVELOPMENTS• New scientific discoveries – Stethoscope ( Laënnec,), microscope,

thermometer (Galileo, Fahrenheit)• Developments in medicine, surgery and sanitary science –

Pasteur (founder of science of microbiology, germ theory of disease, process of pasteurization, vaccines for several diseases, including rabies).

Lister (Discovery of antiseptics) Koch (founded modern medical bacteriology, isolated several disease-causing

bacteria, including those of tuberculosis, and discovered animal vectors of a number of major diseases).

Loffler (Described foot and mouth disease by virus)• Need felt to increase educational facilities for medicine and nursing • Higher standards and newer techniques adopted• Social reforms focused on the poor and needy• Leadership needed to train nurses to be efficient co-workers of doctors• Rise of Florence Nightingale

Page 14: History of Nursing -  Modern Era

And then….