History of History of MSHAMSHA

Leadership Intensive CourseLeadership Intensive Course

Mine Safety and Health Mine Safety and Health AdministrationAdministration

Jesse P. Cole, District Manager

Mine Safety and Health Administration, District 4

Coal HistoryCoal History

First LegislationFirst Legislation On September 16, 1869, 179 miners perished in a On September 16, 1869, 179 miners perished in a

fire at the Avondale Colliery, located west of fire at the Avondale Colliery, located west of Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania. Avondale was Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania. Avondale was thought to be a “safe” mine.thought to be a “safe” mine.

Pennsylvania Legislature passed the Act of 1870.Pennsylvania Legislature passed the Act of 1870.– Required 55 cubic feet of air per second for every 55 Required 55 cubic feet of air per second for every 55

men. men. – Regulated air currents and movements in mines, Regulated air currents and movements in mines,

forbade the use of a single airway as the intake and forbade the use of a single airway as the intake and exhaust.exhaust.

– Required mines to be divided into districts at each Required mines to be divided into districts at each level, with each district receiving a separate air level, with each district receiving a separate air current. This helped to contain sections of bad-air and current. This helped to contain sections of bad-air and contain it to one general location. contain it to one general location.

Most notable:Most notable:– Laurel Mine ExplosionLaurel Mine Explosion – Pocahontas, VA – Pocahontas, VA 112 miners – March 13, 1884.112 miners – March 13, 1884.– Mommouth MineMommouth Mine – Mount Pleasant, PA – Mount Pleasant, PA 109 miners – January 27, 1891.109 miners – January 27, 1891.

Congress responded March 3, 1891 – Congress responded March 3, 1891 – An Act for the Protection of the Lives An Act for the Protection of the Lives of Miners in the Territoriesof Miners in the Territories. First . First federal statute for mine safety.federal statute for mine safety.

Late 1800’s – Multiple Late 1800’s – Multiple DisastersDisasters

An Act for the Protection of An Act for the Protection of the Lives of Miners in the the Lives of Miners in the

TerritoriesTerritories

Established minimum ventilation Established minimum ventilation requirements at underground coal requirements at underground coal mines.mines.

Prohibited operators from employing Prohibited operators from employing children under 12 years of age.children under 12 years of age.

No Enforcement Provisions.No Enforcement Provisions.

““Bloody December” - Bloody December” - 19071907 Naomi MineNaomi Mine – Fayette City, PA – Gas – Fayette City, PA – Gas

and Dust Explosion kills 34 miners on and Dust Explosion kills 34 miners on December 1, 1907.December 1, 1907.

5 days later, the greatest single mining 5 days later, the greatest single mining disaster in American History:disaster in American History:

MONONGAHMONONGAH – Monongah 6 & 7, – Monongah 6 & 7, explosion kills 362 miners at explosion kills 362 miners at

Monongah, WV.Monongah, WV.

Monongah – 1907Monongah – 1907362 Miners Killed362 Miners Killed

Sole Survivor – Patrick McDonald

Public Law 61-179Public Law 61-179

In effect May 16, 1910, established:In effect May 16, 1910, established:– The Bureau of Mines in the Department of The Bureau of Mines in the Department of

Interior.Interior.– Actions of Bureau limited to research and Actions of Bureau limited to research and

investigations.investigations.– Dr. Joseph A. Holmes, First Director of the Dr. Joseph A. Holmes, First Director of the

U.S. Bureau of Mines.U.S. Bureau of Mines.

Death and Disasters Death and Disasters Continued to Occur…..Continued to Occur….. Between 1910 and 1941 there were Between 1910 and 1941 there were

62,281 mining related deaths (era of 62,281 mining related deaths (era of less than poor reporting).less than poor reporting).

1941 – 1941 – Public Law 77-49Public Law 77-49– Federal inspectors given Federal inspectors given right-of-entry right-of-entry to to

conduct annual or other inspections and conduct annual or other inspections and investigations.investigations.

– NO safety or health regulations were NO safety or health regulations were mandated.mandated.

Still, Death and Disasters Continued Still, Death and Disasters Continued to Occur…to Occur…– March 5, 1947 – Centralia, Illinois – March 5, 1947 – Centralia, Illinois –

Centralia No. 5 Mine ExplodesCentralia No. 5 Mine Explodes 65 miners fatally burned.65 miners fatally burned. 45 additional die from afterdamp.45 additional die from afterdamp.

Public Law 80-326Public Law 80-326 passed in 1947 passed in 1947– First Code of Federal Regulations for First Code of Federal Regulations for

mine safety for bituminous and lignite mine safety for bituminous and lignite mines. mines.

– NO enforcement provisions, law expired NO enforcement provisions, law expired in one year.in one year.

1951 – Explosions Continue 1951 – Explosions Continue to Kill…to Kill…

Reported explosions killed 163 Reported explosions killed 163 persons.persons.– 10 ignitions of gas or dust by electric arc.10 ignitions of gas or dust by electric arc.– 10 ignitions of gas or dust by open lights 10 ignitions of gas or dust by open lights

or smoking.or smoking.– 3 ignitions of gas and dust by blasting.3 ignitions of gas and dust by blasting.

This record led to further legislation in This record led to further legislation in 1952.1952.

Enforcement Begins to Enforcement Begins to IncreaseIncrease

1952 – 1952 – Federal Coal Mine Safety Act Federal Coal Mine Safety Act – Mandated annual inspections of Mandated annual inspections of

underground coal mines, with more underground coal mines, with more stringent standards for “gassy” mines.stringent standards for “gassy” mines.

– Power to issue violation notices and Power to issue violation notices and imminent danger withdrawal orders.imminent danger withdrawal orders.

– Mandated orders of withdrawal for failure to Mandated orders of withdrawal for failure to abate conditions of less serious violations.abate conditions of less serious violations.

– Surface mines and all mines < 15 people Surface mines and all mines < 15 people were exempt.were exempt.

23 more coal disasters killed 299 23 more coal disasters killed 299 persons from 1952 to 1966.persons from 1952 to 1966.

Public Law 89-376Public Law 89-376 – 1966 – 1966– Extended 1952 law to Extended 1952 law to allall

underground coal mines and underground coal mines and provided for orders of withdrawal for provided for orders of withdrawal for repeated repeated unwarrantable failuresunwarrantable failures to to comply with standards.comply with standards.

– Expanded education and training.Expanded education and training.

FarmingtonFarmington

November 20, November 20, 1968 - Consol No. 1968 - Consol No. 9 Farmington WV 9 Farmington WV

78 of 99 miners 78 of 99 miners underground died. underground died. Fifteen separate Fifteen separate explosions.explosions.

Disaster occurred less than five miles Disaster occurred less than five miles from Monongah.from Monongah.

Inspection provisions of both surface Inspection provisions of both surface and underground coal mines.and underground coal mines.

2 annual inspections of surface mines, 2 annual inspections of surface mines, 4 annual inspections of underground 4 annual inspections of underground mines.mines.

Increased enforcement powers.Increased enforcement powers. Monetary penalties and criminal Monetary penalties and criminal

penalties established.penalties established. Established black lung compensation Established black lung compensation

for disabilities due to the disease.for disabilities due to the disease.

1972 – 1972 – Buffalo Creek Buffalo Creek DisasterDisaster

08:05 a.m. February, 26, 1972 - Dam 08:05 a.m. February, 26, 1972 - Dam failure at Buffalo Creek, West Virginia failure at Buffalo Creek, West Virginia resulted in a deluge of water.resulted in a deluge of water.

132 million gallons of black water 132 million gallons of black water released.released.

126 people living below the dam were 126 people living below the dam were killed, 1,100 injured, and over 4,000 killed, 1,100 injured, and over 4,000 left homeless.left homeless.

Former Site of the Town of Saunders.Former Site of the Town of Saunders.

1973 – 1973 – Mining Mining Enforcement and Safety Enforcement and Safety Administration (MESA)Administration (MESA)

MESA is created by an administrative MESA is created by an administrative action. action.

Given the enforcement responsibilities Given the enforcement responsibilities that formerly belonged to the Bureau of that formerly belonged to the Bureau of Mines.Mines.

Basically a separation between research Basically a separation between research and enforcement.and enforcement.

1976 – 1976 – Scotia Mine Scotia Mine DisasterDisaster

March 9, 1976 – March 9, 1976 – Explosion occurred Explosion occurred at Whitesburg, at Whitesburg, Kentucky killing 15 Kentucky killing 15 miners. miners.

2 days later – A 2 days later – A second explosion second explosion kills 11 rescue kills 11 rescue workers.workers.

Scotia Mining Complex – Arrow Indicates Mine Portal

MESA moved to Department of Labor MESA moved to Department of Labor and changed to Mine Safety and and changed to Mine Safety and Health Administration.Health Administration.

Combined Coal and Metal/Nonmetal Combined Coal and Metal/Nonmetal health and safety laws.health and safety laws.

Established the Federal Mine Safety Established the Federal Mine Safety and Health Review Commission.and Health Review Commission.

Expanded the rights of miners.Expanded the rights of miners.

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2500

3000

3500

1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Dark Ages 1900-1934

Group Safety And Hazard Control Era

1969-2000

Personal Safety 2000-Present

Mechanization Era 1934-1969

Coal Mine Fatalities 1900-2003Coal Mine Fatalities 1900-2003

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50

100

150

200

250

300

350

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

1993-Annual

Fatalities Drop Below

50

1983-Annual

Fatalities Drop Below

100

2002-Record Low

27 Fatalities

Mechanization Era

1934-1969

Group Safety and Hazard Control Era

1969 - 2000

Major Fatality Events 1960-2003

1969 – Passage of

Coal Act

1977 – Mine Act

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Era

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Metal / Metal / Nonmetal Nonmetal HistoryHistory

Early 1900’sEarly 1900’s

June 8, 1917 – Fire at Granite Mountain June 8, 1917 – Fire at Granite Mountain Mine near Butte, Montana. Mine near Butte, Montana. – 163 persons died of smoke inhalation.163 persons died of smoke inhalation.

August 27, 1922 – Fire at Argonaut Mine, August 27, 1922 – Fire at Argonaut Mine, Jackson, California.Jackson, California.– 47 miners killed.47 miners killed.

November 3, 1926 – Fall of Ground at November 3, 1926 – Fall of Ground at Barnes-Hecker Mine, Ishpeming, Michigan.Barnes-Hecker Mine, Ishpeming, Michigan.– 51 miners killed, lone survivor climbed over 51 miners killed, lone survivor climbed over

800 feet of ladders to the surface. 800 feet of ladders to the surface.

Mining DisastersMining Disasters

Not as abundant as Coal; however….Not as abundant as Coal; however….– 1950’s:1950’s:

30 Miners were killed in 6 separate 30 Miners were killed in 6 separate disasters.disasters.

1961 – 1961 – Public Law 87-300Public Law 87-300– Gave right of entry to collect Gave right of entry to collect

information and study causes of and information and study causes of and prevention of accidents.prevention of accidents.

Between 1961 and Between 1961 and 1966…1966…

1070 miners were killed at a rate 1070 miners were killed at a rate of of

178 per year.178 per year.

August 28, 1963 – Texas Gulf August 28, 1963 – Texas Gulf Sulfur Co. - Moab, UT - 18 miners Sulfur Co. - Moab, UT - 18 miners killed in a gas explosion at a killed in a gas explosion at a Potash mine.Potash mine.

1966 – 1966 – Public Law 89-577Public Law 89-577The Federal Metal and The Federal Metal and

Nonmetallic Mine Safety ActNonmetallic Mine Safety Act

Provided for the promulgation of Provided for the promulgation of standards.standards.

Allowed inspections and Allowed inspections and investigations.investigations.

Minimal enforcement authority.Minimal enforcement authority.

Disasters Continued…Disasters Continued…

1968 – Mine Fire - Cargill Underground 1968 – Mine Fire - Cargill Underground Salt Mine – Belle Isle, Louisiana.Salt Mine – Belle Isle, Louisiana.– 21 miners died from carbon monoxide and 21 miners died from carbon monoxide and

head injuries.head injuries.

1972 – Mine Fire – Sunshine Mine – 1972 – Mine Fire – Sunshine Mine – Kellogg, Idaho.Kellogg, Idaho.– 92 Miners died from carbon monoxide 92 Miners died from carbon monoxide

poisoning. One of the worst metal and poisoning. One of the worst metal and non-metal mining disasters in history.non-metal mining disasters in history.

Two Men were Rescued 7 days Later from the

4800 Level

1973 – 1973 – Mining Mining Enforcement and Safety Enforcement and Safety Administration (MESA)Administration (MESA)

1977 – Public Law 95-1641977 – Public Law 95-164The Federal Mine Safety The Federal Mine Safety

and Health Actand Health Act

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800

1000

1200

1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001

Dark Ages 1911-

1932

Group Safety And Hazard Control Era 1969-2000

Personal Safety 2000-Present

Mechanization Era 1932-1969

Metal / Nonmental Mine Metal / Nonmental Mine Fatalities 1911-2003Fatalities 1911-2003

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001

Major Metal – Nonmetal Fatality Major Metal – Nonmetal Fatality Events 1911-2003Events 1911-2003

1966 – The Federal Metal

and Nonmetallic Mine Safety Act

1977 – The Federal Mine Safety and Health Act

1972 – Sunshine Mine Disaster

1917 – Granite Mountain Fire

kills 163

Black Wolf Coal Company Inc. – Quecreek #1 Black Wolf Coal Company Inc. – Quecreek #1

Mine – July 28, 2002Mine – July 28, 2002

Future ChallengesFuture Challenges Increased challenges from extreme mining conditions.Increased challenges from extreme mining conditions.

– Lower seam heights, poor roof/floor conditions.Lower seam heights, poor roof/floor conditions.– Overlying multiple coal beds / interseam interactions.Overlying multiple coal beds / interseam interactions.– Older existing mines developed towards depletion.Older existing mines developed towards depletion.

Equipment improvements including digital technology.Equipment improvements including digital technology. Information Technology.Information Technology. New Training Challenges.New Training Challenges. Renewal of an Aging Workforce.Renewal of an Aging Workforce. Further Reduction in Accident Rates.Further Reduction in Accident Rates. Judicial Use of Limited Budgets.Judicial Use of Limited Budgets. Teamwork – One MSHA.Teamwork – One MSHA. Increased Production due to High Oil Prices.Increased Production due to High Oil Prices. Meeting the Supervisory Needs of Industry.Meeting the Supervisory Needs of Industry. Behavior Based Initiatives.Behavior Based Initiatives.

Broad Opportunity for Broad Opportunity for MotivatedMotivated Leaders: Leaders:– Set achievable goals.Set achievable goals.– Communicate expectations to ensure goals Communicate expectations to ensure goals

are realized. are realized. – Set the pace for others to follow.Set the pace for others to follow.– Provide guidance to ensure daily hurdles are Provide guidance to ensure daily hurdles are

surpassed.surpassed.– Mentor workforce to develop skills.Mentor workforce to develop skills.– Challenge your people to achieve growth.Challenge your people to achieve growth.– Monitor your progress.Monitor your progress.– Assess development/progress and modify plan Assess development/progress and modify plan

as necessary.as necessary.

Good leaders and managersGood leaders and managersplan.plan.

The end.The end.

WESTERN COAL MINING WESTERN COAL MINING DISASTERS 1800-2000DISASTERS 1800-2000

ALASKAALASKA 10-26-3710-26-37 JonesvilleJonesville Jonesville, AKJonesville, AK 1414 EXPEXP 01-18-5701-18-57 Evan JonesEvan Jones Jonesville, AKJonesville, AK 55 EXPEXP ARKANSASARKANSAS 03-04-1897 Kansas & Texas No. 403-04-1897 Kansas & Texas No. 4 Huntington, ARHuntington, AR 1414 EXPEXP 11-20-0311-20-03 Bonanza No. 20 Bonanza No. 20 Bonanza, ARBonanza, AR 1111 EXPEXP 06-25-2206-25-22 Central Coal & Coke Central Coal & Coke Huntington, ARHuntington, AR 55 SUFFOCSUFFOC 02-24-2802-24-28 Mama No. 3 Mama No. 3 Jenny Lind, ARJenny Lind, AR 1313 EXPEXP 11-19-3611-19-36 Bates Bates Bates, ARBates, AR 55 EXPEXP 08-27-4008-27-40 No. 2No. 2 Bates, ARBates, AR 1010 EXPEXP 05-11-4205-11-42 Peerless No. 2Peerless No. 2 Excelsior, ARExcelsior, AR 66 EXPEXP 02-08-4802-08-48 Sun ExcelsiorSun Excelsior Excelsior, ARExcelsior, AR 88 EXPEXP CALIFORNIACALIFORNIA 07-24-1876 Black Diamond07-24-1876 Black Diamond Nortonville CANortonville CA 66 FIREFIRE 01-19-0901-19-09 Stone CanyonStone Canyon Chancellor, CAChancellor, CA 66 EXPEXP COLORADOCOLORADO 01-24-1884 Crested Butte01-24-1884 Crested Butte Crested Butte, COCrested Butte, CO 5959 EXPEXP 09-09-1889 White Ash09-09-1889 White Ash Greeley, COGreeley, CO 1010 Inun H2OInun H2O 01-10-1893 Como01-10-1893 Como King, COKing, CO 2424 EXPEXP 02-18-1896 Vulcan02-18-1896 Vulcan New Castle, CONew Castle, CO 4949 EXPEXP 09-03-1897 Sunshine09-03-1897 Sunshine Sunshine, COSunshine, CO 1212 EXPEXP 09-16-0109-16-01 Spring GulchSpring Gulch Spring Gulch, COSpring Gulch, CO 66 EXPEXP 08-07-0208-07-02 BowenBowen Bowen, COBowen, CO 1313 EXPEXP 10-28-0410-28-04 TercioTercio Tercio, COTercio, CO 1919 EXPEXP 02-19-0602-19-06 MaitlandMaitland Walsenburg, COWalsenburg, CO 1414 EXPEXP 04-22-0604-22-06 CuatroCuatro Tercio, COTercio, CO 1818 EXPEXP 01-23-0701-23-07 PrimeroPrimero Primero, COPrimero, CO 2424 EXPEXP 05-19-0705-19-07 EnglevilleEngleville Engleville, COEngleville, CO 55 FIREFIRE 07-06-0907-06-09 TollerToller Tollerville, COTollerville, CO 99 EXPEXP 01-31-1001-31-10 PrimeroPrimero Primero, COPrimero, CO 7575 EXPEXP

WESTERN COAL MINING DISASTERS WESTERN COAL MINING DISASTERS 1800-2000 (cont.)1800-2000 (cont.)

10-08-1010-08-10 StarksvilleStarksville Starksville, COStarksville, CO 5656 EXPEXP 11-08-1011-08-10 Victor American No. 3Victor American No. 3 Delagua, CODelagua, CO 7979 EXPEXP 12-11-1012-11-10 LeydenLeyden Leyden, COLeyden, CO 1010 FIREFIRE 02-09-1102-09-11 CokedaleCokedale Trinidad, COTrinidad, CO 1717 EXPEXP 06-18-1206-18-12 HastingsHastings Hastings, COHastings, CO 1212 EXPEXP 12-16-1312-16-13 VulcanVulcan New Castle, CONew Castle, CO 3737 EXPEXP 04-27-1704-27-17 HastingsHastings Hastings, COHastings, CO 121121 EXPEXP 03-31-1903-31-19 EmpireEmpire Aguilar, COAguilar, CO 1313 EXPEXP 08-18-1908-18-19 OakdaleOakdale La Veta, COLa Veta, CO 1818 EXPEXP 02-12-2102-12-21 Moffat No. 1 & 2Moffat No. 1 & 2 Oak Hill, COOak Hill, CO 55 EXPEXP 12-13-2112-13-21 SatanicSatanic Morrison, COMorrison, CO 66 FIREFIRE 03-24-2203-24-22 Sopris No. 2Sopris No. 2 Sopris, COSopris, CO 1717 EXPEXP 05-05-2305-05-23 SouthwesternSouthwestern Aguilar, COAguilar, CO 1010 EXPEXP 10-07-2310-07-23 MidwestMidwest Palisades, COPalisades, CO 66 EXPEXP 05-27-2705-27-27 DelaguaDelagua Delagua, CODelagua, CO 77 EXPEXP 01-20-3601-20-36 Monarch No. 2Monarch No. 2 Broomfield, COBroomfield, CO 88

EXPEXP 01-27-4201-27-42 WadgeWadge Mount Harris, COMount Harris, CO 3434 EXPEXP 12-28-6512-28-65 Dutch Creek MineDutch Creek Mine Redstone, CORedstone, CO 99 EXPEXP 03-02-6603-02-66 Burnwell No. 1Burnwell No. 1 Hesperus, COHesperus, CO 33 EXPEXP 09-19-6809-19-68 SomersetSomerset Somerset, COSomerset, CO 44 RFALLRFALL 04-15-8104-15-81 Dutch Creek No. 1Dutch Creek No. 1 Redstone, CORedstone, CO 1515 EXPEXP IOWAIOWA 02-14-1893 Chicago & Iowa02-14-1893 Chicago & Iowa Albia, IAAlbia, IA 88 EXPEXP 01-24-0201-24-02 Lost Creek No. 2Lost Creek No. 2 Oskaloosa, IAOskaloosa, IA 2020 EXPEXP 03-30-5303-30-53 O=BrienO=Brien Lovilia, IALovilia, IA 55 EXPEXP

WESTERN COAL MINING DISASTERS WESTERN COAL MINING DISASTERS 1800-2000 (cont.)1800-2000 (cont.)

KANSASKANSAS 11-09-1888 Shaft No. 211-09-1888 Shaft No. 2 Frontenac, KSFrontenac, KS 40 40 EXPEXP 12-20-0612-20-06 No. 1No. 1 Stone City, KSStone City, KS 77 EXPEXP 03-18-1103-18-11 No. 16No. 16 Mineral, KSMineral, KS 55 EXPEXP 01-14-1401-14-14 N0. 7N0. 7 Mulberry, KSMulberry, KS 66 HAULHAUL 12-13-1612-13-16 Fidelity No. 9Fidelity No. 9 Stone City, KSStone City, KS 2020 EXPEXP MISSOURIMISSOURI 03-29-1888 Keith & Perry No. 603-29-1888 Keith & Perry No. 6 Rich Hill, MORich Hill, MO 2424 EXPEXP 02-18-1502-18-15 New Home No. 2New Home No. 2 Rich Hill, MORich Hill, MO 55 EXPEXP MONTANAMONTANA 06-07-0606-07-06 Red LodgeRed Lodge Red Lodge, MTRed Lodge, MT 88 FIREFIRE 11-20-0811-20-08 Red LodgeRed Lodge Red Lodge, MTRed Lodge, MT 99 FIREFIRE 02-27-4302-27-43 SmithSmith Washoe, MTWashoe, MT 7474 EXPEXP NEW MEXICONEW MEXICO 02-27-1895 White Ash02-27-1895 White Ash Madrid, NMMadrid, NM 2424 EXPEXP 04-21-1899 Cook & White04-21-1899 Cook & White Madrid, NMMadrid, NM 55 EXPEXP 06-19-0306-19-03 Blassburg No. 3Blassburg No. 3 Blossburg, NMBlossburg, NM 55 EXPEXP 10-05-0610-05-06 DutchmanDutchman Blossburg, NMBlossburg, NM 1010 EXPEXP 12-31-0712-31-07 BernalBernal Carthage, NMCarthage, NM 1111 EXPEXP 10-22-1310-22-13 Stag Canyon No. 2Stag Canyon No. 2 Dawson, NMDawson, NM 263263 EXPEXP 04-14-2004-14-20 Stag Canyon No. 1 & 6Stag Canyon No. 1 & 6 Dawson, NMDawson, NM 55 EXPEXP 11-05-2211-05-22 #4 Anthracite#4 Anthracite Madrid, NMMadrid, NM 77 EXPEXP 11-25-2211-25-22 No. 4No. 4 Cerillos, NMCerillos, NM 1212 EXPEXP 02-08-2302-08-23 Stag Canyon No. 1Stag Canyon No. 1 Dawson, NMDawson, NM 120120 EXPEXP 12-06-3012-06-30 LambLamb Madrid, NMMadrid, NM 55 EXPEXP 12-07-3212-07-32 Morgan-JonesMorgan-Jones Madrid, NMMadrid, NM 1414 EXPEXP 07-28-4407-28-44 Brilliant No. 2Brilliant No. 2 Brilliant, NMBrilliant, NM 66 EXPEXP

WESTERN COAL MINING DISASTERS WESTERN COAL MINING DISASTERS 1800-2000 (cont.)1800-2000 (cont.)

OKLAHOMAOKLAHOMA 04-04-1887 Old Savanna No. 204-04-1887 Old Savanna No. 2 Savanna, OKSavanna, OK 1818 EXPEXP 01-07-1892 No. 1101-07-1892 No. 11 Krebs, OKKrebs, OK 100100 EXPEXP 03-13-1893 Choctaw03-13-1893 Choctaw Alderson, OKAlderson, OK 99 EXPEXP 01-04-1897 No. 101-04-1897 No. 1 Alderson, OKAlderson, OK 55 EXPEXP 04-29-0104-29-01 McAlester No. 5McAlester No. 5 Alderson, OKAlderson, OK 66 EXPEXP 12-28-0112-28-01 No. 1No. 1 Hartshorne, OKHartshorne, OK 66 HAULHAUL 01-13-0201-13-02 Milby & DowMilby & Dow Dow, OKDow, OK 1010 FIREFIRE 04-12-0304-12-03 Central Slope 77Central Slope 77 Carbon, OKCarbon, OK 66 EXPEXP 04-30-0504-30-05 No. 19No. 19 Wilburton, OKWilburton, OK 1313 EXPEXP 01-24-0601-24-06 Poteau No. 6Poteau No. 6 Witteville, OKWitteville, OK 1414 EXPEXP 08-26-0808-26-08 Hailey-Okla No. 1Hailey-Okla No. 1 Haileyville, OKHaileyville, OK 2929 FIREFIRE 10-21-0910-21-09 Rock Island No. 8Rock Island No. 8 Hartshorne, OKHartshorne, OK 1010 EXPEXP 03-31-1003-31-10 Great Western No. 2Great Western No. 2 Wilburton, OKWilburton, OK 66 EXPEXP 02-22-1202-22-12 Western No. 5Western No. 5 Lehigh, OKLehigh, OK 99 FIREFIRE 03-20-1203-20-12 San Bois No. 2San Bois No. 2 McCurtain, OKMcCurtain, OK 7373 EXPEXP 09-04-1409-04-14 No. 1No. 1 Adamson, OKAdamson, OK 1313 R FALLR FALL 06-30-1906-30-19 Alderson No. 5Alderson No. 5 Alderson, OKAlderson, OK 1515 EXPEXP 08-21-2008-21-20 No. 19No. 19 Degnan, OKDegnan, OK 1010 EXPEXP 10-11-2210-11-22 No. 11 ProgressiveNo. 11 Progressive McCurtain, OKMcCurtain, OK 88 EXPEXP 01-13-2601-13-26 No. 21No. 21 Wilburton, OKWilburton, OK 9191 EXPEXP 09-03-2609-03-26 TahonaTahona Tahona, OKTahona, OK 1616 EXPEXP 09-27-2909-27-29 CovingtonCovington Tahona, OKTahona, OK 88 EXPEXP 12-17-2912-17-29 Old TownOld Town McAlester, OKMcAlester, OK 6161 EXPEXP 10-27-3010-27-30 Wheatley No. 4Wheatley No. 4 McAlester, OKMcAlester, OK 3030 EXPEXP 11-29-3011-29-30 Lutie No. 5Lutie No. 5 Lutie, OKLutie, OK 1515 EXPEXP 01-17-4501-17-45 Bond ValleyBond Valley Haileyville, OKHaileyville, OK 99 EXPEXP UTAHUTAH 05-01-0005-01-00 Winter Quarters 1 & 4Winter Quarters 1 & 4 Scofield, UTScofield, UT 200200 EXPEXP 03-08-2403-08-24 No. 2No. 2 Castle Gate, UTCastle Gate, UT 172172 EXPEXP 09-21-2409-21-24 RainsRains Rains, UTRains, UT 55 EXPEXP

WESTERN COAL MINING DISASTERS WESTERN COAL MINING DISASTERS 1800-2000 (cont.)1800-2000 (cont.)

02-06-3002-06-30 StandardStandard Standardville, UTStandardville, UT 2323 EXPEXP 03-08-3003-08-30 New PeerlessNew Peerless Lynn, UTLynn, UT 55 EXPEXP 03-14-4503-14-45 KennilworthKennilworth Kennilworth, UTKennilworth, UT 77 EXPEXP 05-09-4505-09-45 No. 1No. 1 Sunnyside, UTSunnyside, UT 2323 EXPEXP 12-16-6312-16-63 Carbon Fuel No. 2Carbon Fuel No. 2 Helper, UTHelper, UT 99 EXPEXP 05-12-7505-12-75 Deer CreekDeer Creek Huntington, UTHuntington, UT 33 RFALLRFALL 08-24-7908-24-79 Star Point No. 1Star Point No. 1 Wattis, UTWattis, UT 44 RFALLRFALL 12-19-8412-19-84 Wilberg MineWilberg Mine Orangeville, UTOrangeville, UT 2727 FIREFIRE WASHINGTONWASHINGTON 05-10-1892 Roslyn05-10-1892 Roslyn Roslyn, WARoslyn, WA 4545 EXPEXP 08-24-1894 Franklin08-24-1894 Franklin Franklin, WAFranklin, WA 3737 FIREFIRE 04-08-1895 Blue Canyon04-08-1895 Blue Canyon Lake Whatcom, WALake Whatcom, WA 2323 EXPEXP 12-09-1899 Carbon Hill No. 712-09-1899 Carbon Hill No. 7 Carbonado, WACarbonado, WA 3131 EXPEXP 08-21-0008-21-00 IssaquahIssaquah Issaquah, WAIssaquah, WA 55 FIREFIRE 10-01-0210-01-02 LawsonLawson Black Diamond, WABlack Diamond, WA 1111 EXPEXP 12-07-0412-07-04 No. 5No. 5 Burnett, WABurnett, WA 1717 EXPEXP 04-26-0704-26-07 MorganMorgan Black Diamond, WABlack Diamond, WA 77 EXPEXP 10-03-0910-03-09 NorthwesternNorthwestern Roslyn, WARoslyn, WA 1010 EXPEXP 11-06-1011-06-10 LawsonLawson Black Diamond, WABlack Diamond, WA 1616 EXPEXP 11-16-1511-16-15 NorthwesternNorthwestern Ravensdale, WARavensdale, WA 3131 EXPEXP 12-17-1712-17-17 WilkesonWilkeson Wilkeson, WAWilkeson, WA 66 INUNDINUND 08-28-1808-28-18 BurnettBurnett Burnett, WABurnett, WA 1212 EXPEXP 12-17-2412-17-24 BurnettBurnett Burnett, WABurnett, WA 77 EXPEXP 12-14-2512-14-25 WilkesonWilkeson Tacoma, WATacoma, WA 55 EXPEXP 04-08-2704-08-27 CarbonadoCarbonado Carbonado, WACarbonado, WA 77 INUNINUN 04-12-3004-12-30 CarbonadoCarbonado Carbonado, WACarbonado, WA 1717 EXPEXP

WESTERN COAL MINING DISASTERS WESTERN COAL MINING DISASTERS 1800-2000 (cont.)1800-2000 (cont.)

WYOMINGWYOMING 03-04-1881 Almy03-04-1881 Almy Almy, WYAlmy, WY 3838 EXPEXP 01-13-1886 Almy No. 401-13-1886 Almy No. 4 Almy, WYAlmy, WY 1313 EXPEXP 03-20-1895 Red Canyon03-20-1895 Red Canyon Red Canyon, WYRed Canyon, WY 6060 EXPEXP 02-25-0102-25-01 Diamondville No. 1Diamondville No. 1 Diamondville, WYDiamondville, WY 2626 FIREFIRE 10-26-0110-26-01 DiamondvilleDiamondville Diamondville, WYDiamondville, WY 2222 FIREFIRE 06-30-0306-30-03 Hanna No. 1Hanna No. 1 Hanna, WYHanna, WY 169169 EXPEXP 12-02-0512-02-05 Diamondville No. 1Diamondville No. 1 Diamondville, WYDiamondville, WY 1818 EXPEXP 03-28-0803-28-08 Hanna No. 1Hanna No. 1 Hanna, WYHanna, WY 5959 EXPEXP 01-20-12 01-20-12 Kemmerer No. 4Kemmerer No. 4 Kemmerer, WYKemmerer, WY 66 EXPEXP 04-30-1404-30-14 No. 2No. 2 Cumberland, WYCumberland, WY 55 HAULHAUL 07-26-2007-26-20 No. 6No. 6 Sublet, WYSublet, WY 88 EXPEXP 08-14-2308-14-23 Frontier No. 1Frontier No. 1 Kemmerer, WYKemmerer, WY 9999 EXPEXP 09-16-24 09-16-24 Sublet No. 5Sublet No. 5 Sublet, WYSublet, WY 3939 EXPEXP 02-11-3802-11-38 Vail (Star Valley)Vail (Star Valley) Afton, WYAfton, WY 55 EXPEXP

WESTERN M/NM MINING WESTERN M/NM MINING DISASTERS FROM 1860 TO DISASTERS FROM 1860 TO

20002000 ALASKAALASKA 03-02-1003-02-10 Alaska-MexicanAlaska-Mexican Treadwell, AKTreadwell, AK 3737 GoldGold EXPEXP 09-28-1109-28-11 Shakespeare PlacerShakespeare Placer Dome Creek, AKDome Creek, AK 1414 GoldGold SHAFT CAVESHAFT CAVE 12-09-1212-09-12 Great Northern DevelopmentGreat Northern Development Cordova, AKCordova, AK 99 GoldGold

SNOWSLIDESNOWSLIDE 03-15-4303-15-43 Atkinson QuarryAtkinson Quarry Excursion Inlet, AKExcursion Inlet, AK 55 RockRock EXPEXP ARIZONAARIZONA 04-17-1304-17-13 MiamiMiami Miami, AZMiami, AZ 55 COPPCOPP CAVE INCAVE IN 08-13-1308-13-13 Coronado InclineCoronado Incline Clifton, AZClifton, AZ 99 COPPCOPP HAULAGEHAULAGE 11-24-2711-24-27 MagmaMagma Superior, AZSuperior, AZ 77 COPPCOPP FIREFIRE 02-20-4502-20-45 St. AnthonySt. Anthony Tiger, AZTiger, AZ 55 LeadLead Bnk House FIREBnk House FIRE 07-24-5207-24-52 Arizona Precast ConcreteArizona Precast Concrete Maricopa City, AZMaricopa City, AZ 55 RockRock Tun CollapseTun Collapse 06-11-5506-11-55 Miami CopperMiami Copper Miami, AZMiami, AZ 44 COPPCOPP Shaft AccShaft Acc 11-11-7111-11-71 Inspiration ConcentratorInspiration Concentrator Inspiration, AZInspiration, AZ 33 COPPCOPP

AsphxAsphx 05-10-8205-10-82 MagmaMagma Superior, AZSuperior, AZ 33 COPPCOPP Roof FallRoof Fall 08-10-9308-10-93 MagmaMagma Superior , AZSuperior , AZ 44 COPPCOPP Raise CollapseRaise Collapse CALIFORNIACALIFORNIA 05-30-1874 Amador05-30-1874 Amador Amador, CAAmador, CA 55 GoldGold Fall of CageFall of Cage 10-03-1879 Tioga10-03-1879 Tioga Bodie, CABodie, CA 66 GoldGold Cage accidentCage accident 11-30-0711-30-07 FremontFremont Drytown, CADrytown, CA 1111 GoldGold FIREFIRE 04-28-1704-28-17 Mountain KingMountain King Mariposa Co, CAMariposa Co, CA 77 GoldGold AsphxAsphx 08-27-2208-27-22 ArgonautArgonaut Jackson, CAJackson, CA 4747 GoldGold FIREFIRE 09-04-2909-04-29 CalaverasCalaveras Copperopolis, CACopperopolis, CA 55 COPPCOPP Cave InCave In

WESTERN M/NM MINING DISASTERS WESTERN M/NM MINING DISASTERS FROM 1860 TO 2000 (cont.)FROM 1860 TO 2000 (cont.)

07-14-3007-14-30 GlennGlenn Lost Chance, CALost Chance, CA 55 GoldGold FIREFIRE 11-12-3411-12-34 Rohl Connolly QuarryRohl Connolly Quarry Avalon, CAAvalon, CA 99 GranGran EXPEXP 02-19-3702-19-37 WalkerWalker Walkermine, CAWalkermine, CA 66 COPPCOPP EXPEXP 01-05-7101-05-71 El Dorado MineEl Dorado Mine Shingle Springs, CAShingle Springs, CA 44 LimesLimes

HoistingHoisting COLORADOCOLORADO 11-13-1885 Bull Domingo11-13-1885 Bull Domingo Silver Cliff, COSilver Cliff, CO 1010 Gd/SlGd/Sl EXPEXP 08-29-1895 Sleepy Hollow08-29-1895 Sleepy Hollow Sleepy Hollow, COSleepy Hollow, CO 1212 GoldGold InundationInundation 09-26-1895 Belgian09-26-1895 Belgian Leadville, COLeadville, CO 66 GoldGold EXPEXP 01-04-1896 Anna Lee01-04-1896 Anna Lee El Paso City, COEl Paso City, CO 88 GoldGold Cave InCave In 11-20-0111-20-01 Smuggler-UnionSmuggler-Union Pandora, COPandora, CO 3131 Gd/SlGd/Sl Bnk House FIREBnk House FIRE 01-26-0401-26-04 Stratton’s IndependenceStratton’s Independence Victor, COVictor, CO 1414 GoldGold CAGECAGE 06-07-3006-07-30 Climax MineClimax Mine Lake County, COLake County, CO 66 MolyMoly CAVE INCAVE IN 01-09-4201-09-42 PridePride Silverton, COSilverton, CO 88 Cp,GdCp,Gd suffocationsuffocation IDAHOIDAHO 02-25-1702-25-17 North StarNorth Star Hailey, IDHailey, ID 1616 Gd,SlGd,Sl SnowslideSnowslide 07-25-1907-25-19 HeclaHecla Burke, IDBurke, ID 55 LeadLead CAGECAGE 10-06-3610-06-36 Morning MineMorning Mine Mullan, IDMullan, ID 1010 LeadLead HoistingHoisting 05-02-7205-02-72 Sunshine Mining CoSunshine Mining Co Kellogg, IDKellogg, ID 9191 SilverSilver FIREFIRE 09-09-8109-09-81 Warrior MineWarrior Mine Riggins, IDRiggins, ID 33 GoldGold EXPEXP KANSASKANSAS 01-31-3901-31-39 SouthernSouthern Treece, KSTreece, KS 55 ZincZinc R FallR Fall LOUISIANALOUISIANA 04-15-2004-15-20 Jefferson IslandJefferson Island Delcambre. LADelcambre. LA 66 SaltSalt

EXPEXP 03-05-6803-05-68 Belle Island Salt MineBelle Island Salt Mine Calumet, LACalumet, LA 2121 SaltSalt FIREFIRE 02-19-7002-19-70 Jefferson Island MineJefferson Island Mine Jefferson Island, LAJefferson Island, LA 44 SaltSalt Roof FallRoof Fall 08-30-7808-30-78 Gramercy WorksGramercy Works Gramercy, LAGramercy, LA 33 BauxBaux MachMach 06-08-7906-08-79 Belle Isle Mine, Belle Isle Mine, Franklin, LAFranklin, LA 55 SaltSalt EXPEXP

WESTERN M/NM MINING DISASTERS WESTERN M/NM MINING DISASTERS FROM 1860 TO 2000 (cont.)FROM 1860 TO 2000 (cont.)

MISSOURIMISSOURI 02-26-0902-26-09 KeystoneKeystone Joplin, MOJoplin, MO 55 LeadLead CAVE INCAVE IN MONTANAMONTANA 02-16-1881 Belmont02-16-1881 Belmont Belmont. MTBelmont. MT 66 COPPCOPP FIREFIRE 11-23-1889 Neversweat-St.Lawrence11-23-1889 Neversweat-St.Lawrence Butte, MTButte, MT 66 COPPCOPP FIREFIRE 04-21-1893 Silver Bow #204-21-1893 Silver Bow #2 Butte, MTButte, MT 99 COPPCOPP FIREFIRE 04-08-1896 Hope04-08-1896 Hope Basin, MTBasin, MT 77 GoldGold FIREFIRE 04-11-1896 St. Lawrence04-11-1896 St. Lawrence Butte, MTButte, MT 66 COPPCOPP EXPEXP 11-06-0311-06-03 KoarsargeKoarsarge Virginia City, MTVirginia City, MT 99 GoldGold FIREFIRE 05-12-0505-12-05 CoraCora Butte, MTButte, MT 77 COPPCOPP EXPEXP 01-18-1101-18-11 KeatingKeating Radersburg, MTRadersburg, MT 66 GoldGold EXPEXP 09-03-1109-03-11 Butte & SuperiorButte & Superior Butte, MTButte, MT 66 ZINCZINC CAGECAGE 04-23-1304-23-13 LeonardLeonard Butte, MTButte, MT 55 COPPCOPP HoistingHoisting 10-19-1510-19-15 Granite Mountain ShaftGranite Mountain Shaft Butte, MtButte, Mt 1616 COPPCOPP EXPEXP 02-14-1602-14-16 PennsylvaniaPennsylvania Butte, MTButte, MT 2121 COPPCOPP FIREFIRE 06-08-1706-08-17 Granite MountainGranite Mountain Butte, MTButte, MT 163163 COPPCOPP FIREFIRE 07-17-1707-17-17 Three Forks QuarryThree Forks Quarry Trident, MTTrident, MT 88 GypsGyps EXPEXP 11-05-5311-05-53 American Gilsonite CoAmerican Gilsonite Co Bonanza, MTBonanza, MT 88 GilsGils EXPEXP NEVADANEVADA 04-07-1869 KY-Yellow Jacket04-07-1869 KY-Yellow JacketGold Hill, NVGold Hill, NV 3737 GoldGold FIREFIRE 09-20-1873 Yellow Jacket09-20-1873 Yellow Jacket Gold Hill, NVGold Hill, NV 66 GoldGold FIREFIRE 06-24-1887 Gould & Curry06-24-1887 Gould & Curry Virginia City, NVVirginia City, NV 1111 Gd/SlGd/Sl FIREFIRE 02-23-1102-23-11 BelmontBelmont Tonopah, NVTonopah, NV 1717 Gd/SlGd/Sl FIREFIRE 08-23-1108-23-11 GirouxGiroux Ely, NVEly, NV 77 COPPCOPP FIREFIRE 07-07-1207-07-12 Eureka PitEureka Pit Ely, NVEly, NV 1010 COPPCOPP EXPEXP 08-04-1408-04-14 Copper Flat Steam PitCopper Flat Steam Pit McGill, NVMcGill, NV 55 COPPCOPP EXPEXP

WESTERN M/NM MINING DISASTERS WESTERN M/NM MINING DISASTERS FROM 1860 TO 2000 (cont.)FROM 1860 TO 2000 (cont.)

11-09-1411-09-14 Sibley N0. 9 ShaftSibley N0. 9 Shaft Ely, NVEly, NV 55 IronIron Cave InCave In 08-13-3608-13-36 Mountain City CopperMountain City Copper Mountain City, NVMountain City, NV 66 COPPCOPP suffocationsuffocation 06-23-7006-23-70 TexavadaTexavada Pine Grove, NVPine Grove, NV 33 GoldGold FallFall NEW MEXICONEW MEXICO 03-10-1895 Old Abe03-10-1895 Old Abe White Oaks, NMWhite Oaks, NM 88 GoldGold FIREFIRE 03-31-5403-31-54 Santa Rita Open PitSanta Rita Open Pit Santa Rita, NMSanta Rita, NM 55 COPPCOPP EXPEXP OklahomaOklahoma 11-28-1011-28-10 JumboJumbo Durant, OKDurant, OK 1313 AsphltAsphlt EXPEXP OREGONOREGON 6-15-766-15-76 Silver Ridge MineSilver Ridge Mine Quartzville, ORQuartzville, OR 33 SilverSilver EXPEXP South DakotaSouth Dakota 03-21-7203-21-72 Homestake MineHomestake Mine Lead, SDLead, SD 33 GoldGold GR FallGR Fall TEXASTEXAS 02-15-7502-15-75 El Paso QuarryEl Paso Quarry El Paso, TXEl Paso, TX 33 StoneStone MachMach UTAHUTAH 07-15-0207-15-02 Park-UtahPark-Utah Park City, UTPark City, UT 3434 Ld,CpLd,Cp Powder FumesPowder Fumes 06-01-1006-01-10 Union QuarryUnion Quarry Devils Slide, UTDevils Slide, UT 2525 LimstnLimstn EXPEXP 01-21-1401-21-14 BostonBoston Bingham, UTBingham, UT 55 COPPCOPP FIREFIRE 09-17-1409-17-14 Centennial-EurekaCentennial-Eureka Eureka, UTEureka, UT 1111 GoldGold CAVE INCAVE IN 07-16-5007-16-50 Lark, U.S. SmeltingLark, U.S. Smelting Lark, UTLark, UT 55 Ld,ZnLd,Zn FIREFIRE 08-27-6308-27-63 Cane Creek MineCane Creek Mine Moab, UTMoab, UT 1818 PotashPotash EXPEXP WashingtonWashington 05-15-7005-15-70 Silver Eagle MineSilver Eagle Mine Stevens County, WAStevens County, WA 33 SilverSilver As As

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