History of Microbiology

Ankur

vashishtha

An organism that is so small that can not

be seen without the use of a microscope

Medical Microbiology

bull Deals with the causative agents infectious disease of man his reaction to such infections the way in which they produce disease and the method for their diagnosis

Plague

bull The Black Death a pandemic It reached Europe in the late 1340s killing an estimated 25 million people

bull The first well-documented pandemic which began in 541 AD it killed up to 10000 people a day in Istanbul

bull The first breakthrough came in Hong Kong in 1894 when researchers isolated the rod-shaped bacillus responsiblemdashYersinia pestis

Galileo Galilei (1609)

An organism that is so small that can not

be seen without the use of a microscope

Medical Microbiology

bull Deals with the causative agents infectious disease of man his reaction to such infections the way in which they produce disease and the method for their diagnosis

Plague

bull The Black Death a pandemic It reached Europe in the late 1340s killing an estimated 25 million people

bull The first well-documented pandemic which began in 541 AD it killed up to 10000 people a day in Istanbul

bull The first breakthrough came in Hong Kong in 1894 when researchers isolated the rod-shaped bacillus responsiblemdashYersinia pestis

Galileo Galilei (1609)

Medical Microbiology

bull Deals with the causative agents infectious disease of man his reaction to such infections the way in which they produce disease and the method for their diagnosis

Plague

bull The Black Death a pandemic It reached Europe in the late 1340s killing an estimated 25 million people

bull The first well-documented pandemic which began in 541 AD it killed up to 10000 people a day in Istanbul

bull The first breakthrough came in Hong Kong in 1894 when researchers isolated the rod-shaped bacillus responsiblemdashYersinia pestis

Galileo Galilei (1609)

Plague

bull The Black Death a pandemic It reached Europe in the late 1340s killing an estimated 25 million people

bull The first well-documented pandemic which began in 541 AD it killed up to 10000 people a day in Istanbul

bull The first breakthrough came in Hong Kong in 1894 when researchers isolated the rod-shaped bacillus responsiblemdashYersinia pestis

Galileo Galilei (1609)

bull The first breakthrough came in Hong Kong in 1894 when researchers isolated the rod-shaped bacillus responsiblemdashYersinia pestis

Galileo Galilei (1609)

Galileo Galilei (1609)

Galileo says the Earth revolves around the Sun

Antony van Leeuwenhoek

(1632-1723)

This marks the beginning of

Microbiology

One of the first scientists to use a microscope and identify microbes

His simple single-lens microscope which could amplify the object being viewed 50 ndash 300 times

1673-1723 he wrote a series of letters to the Royal Society of London describing the microbes he observed from the samples of rainwater and human mouth

Leeuwenhoekrsquos

drawings of bacteria

from the human

mouth

A drawing of one of the

microscopes showing

the lens mounting pin

and focusing screws a

lens

Object

being

viewed

Adjusting

screw

bull (1678) Robert hook developed Compound microscope and confirmed Leeuwenhoekrsquos observation

bull For earliest time people had believed in spontaneous generation

bull Needham (1745) an Irish priest believed in spontaneous generation

bull needhamrsquos experiment pick

Theodore Schwann (1810ndash1882)

Louis Pasteur working in his laboratory

Louis Pasteur (1822 ndash 1895)

He established that

fermentation was caused

by microbial agents

Father of Microbiology

Pouchet claimed in 1859 who was a proponent of spontaneous generation theory of microbe

This claim provoked Louis Pasteur by his experiments performed in the swan neck flask

Pasteurrsquos swan neck flasks used in his experiments

on the spontaneous generation of microorganisms

Conclusion

Microorganisms are not

spontaneously generated from

inanimate matter but are produced

by other microorganisms

Pasteur developed anthrax vaccine cholera vaccine

Pasteurization of food

Introduction of sterilization techniques steam sterilizer autoclave and hot air oven

The importance of microorganisms in disease

was not immediately obvious to people and it took many years for scientists to establish the connection between microorganisms and illness

ndash Joseph lister Professor of surgery

Indirect evidence that microorganisms were

agents of human disease came from the work on the prevention of wound infections

Lister impressed with Pasteurrsquos studies

developed a system of antiseptic surgery

designed to prevent microorganisms from entering wounds Instruments were heat sterilized and phenol was used on surgical dressings and at times sprayed over the surgical area

The first direct demonstration of the role of

bacteria in causing disease came from the

study of anthrax by the German physician

Robert Koch

1843-1910

Figure 143 steps 1ndash2

Figure 143 steps 3ndash4

Figure 143 step 5

Association-The microorganisms must be present in

every case of the disease but absent from healthy

organisms

Isolation-The suspected microorganisms must be

isolated and grown in a pure culture

Inoculation-The disease must result when the isolated

microorganisms is inoculated into a healthy host

Re-isolation-The same microorganisms must be isolated

again from the diseased host

GERM THEORY OF DISEASE

Bacteriological techniques and methods for

isolation of pure strains of bacteria

Staining techniques

Identified the specific causative agents of tuberculosis cholera and anthrax

Koch phenomenon

bull He observed that guinea pigs already infected with tubercle bacillus responded with an exaggerated inflammatory response when injected with the tubercle bacillus or its protein This hypersensitivity reaction is called Kochrsquos Phenomenon

Invention of the vaccine

Edward Jenner Advising a Farmer to

Vaccinate His Family

One of the first scientists to use a microscope and identify microbes

His simple single-lens microscope which could amplify the object being viewed 50 ndash 300 times

1673-1723 he wrote a series of letters to the Royal Society of London describing the microbes he observed from the samples of rainwater and human mouth

Leeuwenhoekrsquos

drawings of bacteria

from the human

mouth

A drawing of one of the

microscopes showing

the lens mounting pin

and focusing screws a

lens

Object

being

viewed

Adjusting

screw

bull (1678) Robert hook developed Compound microscope and confirmed Leeuwenhoekrsquos observation

bull For earliest time people had believed in spontaneous generation

bull Needham (1745) an Irish priest believed in spontaneous generation

bull needhamrsquos experiment pick

Theodore Schwann (1810ndash1882)

Louis Pasteur working in his laboratory

Louis Pasteur (1822 ndash 1895)

He established that

fermentation was caused

by microbial agents

Father of Microbiology

Pouchet claimed in 1859 who was a proponent of spontaneous generation theory of microbe

This claim provoked Louis Pasteur by his experiments performed in the swan neck flask

Pasteurrsquos swan neck flasks used in his experiments

on the spontaneous generation of microorganisms

Conclusion

Microorganisms are not

spontaneously generated from

inanimate matter but are produced

by other microorganisms

Pasteur developed anthrax vaccine cholera vaccine

Pasteurization of food

Introduction of sterilization techniques steam sterilizer autoclave and hot air oven

The importance of microorganisms in disease

was not immediately obvious to people and it took many years for scientists to establish the connection between microorganisms and illness

ndash Joseph lister Professor of surgery

Indirect evidence that microorganisms were

agents of human disease came from the work on the prevention of wound infections

Lister impressed with Pasteurrsquos studies

developed a system of antiseptic surgery

designed to prevent microorganisms from entering wounds Instruments were heat sterilized and phenol was used on surgical dressings and at times sprayed over the surgical area

The first direct demonstration of the role of

bacteria in causing disease came from the

study of anthrax by the German physician

Robert Koch

1843-1910

Figure 143 steps 1ndash2

Figure 143 steps 3ndash4

Figure 143 step 5

Association-The microorganisms must be present in

every case of the disease but absent from healthy

organisms

Isolation-The suspected microorganisms must be

isolated and grown in a pure culture

Inoculation-The disease must result when the isolated

microorganisms is inoculated into a healthy host

Re-isolation-The same microorganisms must be isolated

again from the diseased host

GERM THEORY OF DISEASE

Bacteriological techniques and methods for

isolation of pure strains of bacteria

Staining techniques

Identified the specific causative agents of tuberculosis cholera and anthrax

Koch phenomenon

bull He observed that guinea pigs already infected with tubercle bacillus responded with an exaggerated inflammatory response when injected with the tubercle bacillus or its protein This hypersensitivity reaction is called Kochrsquos Phenomenon

Invention of the vaccine

Edward Jenner Advising a Farmer to

Vaccinate His Family

Leeuwenhoekrsquos

drawings of bacteria

from the human

mouth

A drawing of one of the

microscopes showing

the lens mounting pin

and focusing screws a

lens

Object

being

viewed

Adjusting

screw

bull (1678) Robert hook developed Compound microscope and confirmed Leeuwenhoekrsquos observation

bull For earliest time people had believed in spontaneous generation

bull Needham (1745) an Irish priest believed in spontaneous generation

bull needhamrsquos experiment pick

Theodore Schwann (1810ndash1882)

Louis Pasteur working in his laboratory

Louis Pasteur (1822 ndash 1895)

He established that

fermentation was caused

by microbial agents

Father of Microbiology

Pouchet claimed in 1859 who was a proponent of spontaneous generation theory of microbe

This claim provoked Louis Pasteur by his experiments performed in the swan neck flask

Pasteurrsquos swan neck flasks used in his experiments

on the spontaneous generation of microorganisms

Conclusion

Microorganisms are not

spontaneously generated from

inanimate matter but are produced

by other microorganisms

Pasteur developed anthrax vaccine cholera vaccine

Pasteurization of food

Introduction of sterilization techniques steam sterilizer autoclave and hot air oven

The importance of microorganisms in disease

was not immediately obvious to people and it took many years for scientists to establish the connection between microorganisms and illness

ndash Joseph lister Professor of surgery

Indirect evidence that microorganisms were

agents of human disease came from the work on the prevention of wound infections

Lister impressed with Pasteurrsquos studies

developed a system of antiseptic surgery

designed to prevent microorganisms from entering wounds Instruments were heat sterilized and phenol was used on surgical dressings and at times sprayed over the surgical area

The first direct demonstration of the role of

bacteria in causing disease came from the

study of anthrax by the German physician

Robert Koch

1843-1910

Figure 143 steps 1ndash2

Figure 143 steps 3ndash4

Figure 143 step 5

Association-The microorganisms must be present in

every case of the disease but absent from healthy

organisms

Isolation-The suspected microorganisms must be

isolated and grown in a pure culture

Inoculation-The disease must result when the isolated

microorganisms is inoculated into a healthy host

Re-isolation-The same microorganisms must be isolated

again from the diseased host

GERM THEORY OF DISEASE

Bacteriological techniques and methods for

isolation of pure strains of bacteria

Staining techniques

Identified the specific causative agents of tuberculosis cholera and anthrax

Koch phenomenon

bull He observed that guinea pigs already infected with tubercle bacillus responded with an exaggerated inflammatory response when injected with the tubercle bacillus or its protein This hypersensitivity reaction is called Kochrsquos Phenomenon

Invention of the vaccine

Edward Jenner Advising a Farmer to

Vaccinate His Family

bull (1678) Robert hook developed Compound microscope and confirmed Leeuwenhoekrsquos observation

bull For earliest time people had believed in spontaneous generation

bull Needham (1745) an Irish priest believed in spontaneous generation

bull needhamrsquos experiment pick

Theodore Schwann (1810ndash1882)

Louis Pasteur working in his laboratory

Louis Pasteur (1822 ndash 1895)

He established that

fermentation was caused

by microbial agents

Father of Microbiology

Pouchet claimed in 1859 who was a proponent of spontaneous generation theory of microbe

This claim provoked Louis Pasteur by his experiments performed in the swan neck flask

Pasteurrsquos swan neck flasks used in his experiments

on the spontaneous generation of microorganisms

Conclusion

Microorganisms are not

spontaneously generated from

inanimate matter but are produced

by other microorganisms

Pasteur developed anthrax vaccine cholera vaccine

Pasteurization of food

Introduction of sterilization techniques steam sterilizer autoclave and hot air oven

The importance of microorganisms in disease

was not immediately obvious to people and it took many years for scientists to establish the connection between microorganisms and illness

ndash Joseph lister Professor of surgery

Indirect evidence that microorganisms were

agents of human disease came from the work on the prevention of wound infections

Lister impressed with Pasteurrsquos studies

developed a system of antiseptic surgery

designed to prevent microorganisms from entering wounds Instruments were heat sterilized and phenol was used on surgical dressings and at times sprayed over the surgical area

The first direct demonstration of the role of

bacteria in causing disease came from the

study of anthrax by the German physician

Robert Koch

1843-1910

Figure 143 steps 1ndash2

Figure 143 steps 3ndash4

Figure 143 step 5

Association-The microorganisms must be present in

every case of the disease but absent from healthy

organisms

Isolation-The suspected microorganisms must be

isolated and grown in a pure culture

Inoculation-The disease must result when the isolated

microorganisms is inoculated into a healthy host

Re-isolation-The same microorganisms must be isolated

again from the diseased host

GERM THEORY OF DISEASE

Bacteriological techniques and methods for

isolation of pure strains of bacteria

Staining techniques

Identified the specific causative agents of tuberculosis cholera and anthrax

Koch phenomenon

bull He observed that guinea pigs already infected with tubercle bacillus responded with an exaggerated inflammatory response when injected with the tubercle bacillus or its protein This hypersensitivity reaction is called Kochrsquos Phenomenon

Invention of the vaccine

Edward Jenner Advising a Farmer to

Vaccinate His Family

bull needhamrsquos experiment pick

Theodore Schwann (1810ndash1882)

Louis Pasteur working in his laboratory

Louis Pasteur (1822 ndash 1895)

He established that

fermentation was caused

by microbial agents

Father of Microbiology

Pouchet claimed in 1859 who was a proponent of spontaneous generation theory of microbe

This claim provoked Louis Pasteur by his experiments performed in the swan neck flask

Pasteurrsquos swan neck flasks used in his experiments

on the spontaneous generation of microorganisms

Conclusion

Microorganisms are not

spontaneously generated from

inanimate matter but are produced

by other microorganisms

Pasteur developed anthrax vaccine cholera vaccine

Pasteurization of food

Introduction of sterilization techniques steam sterilizer autoclave and hot air oven

The importance of microorganisms in disease

was not immediately obvious to people and it took many years for scientists to establish the connection between microorganisms and illness

ndash Joseph lister Professor of surgery

Indirect evidence that microorganisms were

agents of human disease came from the work on the prevention of wound infections

Lister impressed with Pasteurrsquos studies

developed a system of antiseptic surgery

designed to prevent microorganisms from entering wounds Instruments were heat sterilized and phenol was used on surgical dressings and at times sprayed over the surgical area

The first direct demonstration of the role of

bacteria in causing disease came from the

study of anthrax by the German physician

Robert Koch

1843-1910

Figure 143 steps 1ndash2

Figure 143 steps 3ndash4

Figure 143 step 5

Association-The microorganisms must be present in

every case of the disease but absent from healthy

organisms

Isolation-The suspected microorganisms must be

isolated and grown in a pure culture

Inoculation-The disease must result when the isolated

microorganisms is inoculated into a healthy host

Re-isolation-The same microorganisms must be isolated

again from the diseased host

GERM THEORY OF DISEASE

Bacteriological techniques and methods for

isolation of pure strains of bacteria

Staining techniques

Identified the specific causative agents of tuberculosis cholera and anthrax

Koch phenomenon

bull He observed that guinea pigs already infected with tubercle bacillus responded with an exaggerated inflammatory response when injected with the tubercle bacillus or its protein This hypersensitivity reaction is called Kochrsquos Phenomenon

Invention of the vaccine

Edward Jenner Advising a Farmer to

Vaccinate His Family

Theodore Schwann (1810ndash1882)

Louis Pasteur working in his laboratory

Louis Pasteur (1822 ndash 1895)

He established that

fermentation was caused

by microbial agents

Father of Microbiology

Pouchet claimed in 1859 who was a proponent of spontaneous generation theory of microbe

This claim provoked Louis Pasteur by his experiments performed in the swan neck flask

Pasteurrsquos swan neck flasks used in his experiments

on the spontaneous generation of microorganisms

Conclusion

Microorganisms are not

spontaneously generated from

inanimate matter but are produced

by other microorganisms

Pasteur developed anthrax vaccine cholera vaccine

Pasteurization of food

Introduction of sterilization techniques steam sterilizer autoclave and hot air oven

The importance of microorganisms in disease

was not immediately obvious to people and it took many years for scientists to establish the connection between microorganisms and illness

ndash Joseph lister Professor of surgery

Indirect evidence that microorganisms were

agents of human disease came from the work on the prevention of wound infections

Lister impressed with Pasteurrsquos studies

developed a system of antiseptic surgery

designed to prevent microorganisms from entering wounds Instruments were heat sterilized and phenol was used on surgical dressings and at times sprayed over the surgical area

The first direct demonstration of the role of

bacteria in causing disease came from the

study of anthrax by the German physician

Robert Koch

1843-1910

Figure 143 steps 1ndash2

Figure 143 steps 3ndash4

Figure 143 step 5

Association-The microorganisms must be present in

every case of the disease but absent from healthy

organisms

Isolation-The suspected microorganisms must be

isolated and grown in a pure culture

Inoculation-The disease must result when the isolated

microorganisms is inoculated into a healthy host

Re-isolation-The same microorganisms must be isolated

again from the diseased host

GERM THEORY OF DISEASE

Bacteriological techniques and methods for

isolation of pure strains of bacteria

Staining techniques

Identified the specific causative agents of tuberculosis cholera and anthrax

Koch phenomenon

bull He observed that guinea pigs already infected with tubercle bacillus responded with an exaggerated inflammatory response when injected with the tubercle bacillus or its protein This hypersensitivity reaction is called Kochrsquos Phenomenon

Invention of the vaccine

Edward Jenner Advising a Farmer to

Vaccinate His Family

Louis Pasteur working in his laboratory

Louis Pasteur (1822 ndash 1895)

He established that

fermentation was caused

by microbial agents

Father of Microbiology

Pouchet claimed in 1859 who was a proponent of spontaneous generation theory of microbe

This claim provoked Louis Pasteur by his experiments performed in the swan neck flask

Pasteurrsquos swan neck flasks used in his experiments

on the spontaneous generation of microorganisms

Conclusion

Microorganisms are not

spontaneously generated from

inanimate matter but are produced

by other microorganisms

Pasteur developed anthrax vaccine cholera vaccine

Pasteurization of food

Introduction of sterilization techniques steam sterilizer autoclave and hot air oven

The importance of microorganisms in disease

was not immediately obvious to people and it took many years for scientists to establish the connection between microorganisms and illness

ndash Joseph lister Professor of surgery

Indirect evidence that microorganisms were

agents of human disease came from the work on the prevention of wound infections

Lister impressed with Pasteurrsquos studies

developed a system of antiseptic surgery

designed to prevent microorganisms from entering wounds Instruments were heat sterilized and phenol was used on surgical dressings and at times sprayed over the surgical area

The first direct demonstration of the role of

bacteria in causing disease came from the

study of anthrax by the German physician

Robert Koch

1843-1910

Figure 143 steps 1ndash2

Figure 143 steps 3ndash4

Figure 143 step 5

Association-The microorganisms must be present in

every case of the disease but absent from healthy

organisms

Isolation-The suspected microorganisms must be

isolated and grown in a pure culture

Inoculation-The disease must result when the isolated

microorganisms is inoculated into a healthy host

Re-isolation-The same microorganisms must be isolated

again from the diseased host

GERM THEORY OF DISEASE

Bacteriological techniques and methods for

isolation of pure strains of bacteria

Staining techniques

Identified the specific causative agents of tuberculosis cholera and anthrax

Koch phenomenon

bull He observed that guinea pigs already infected with tubercle bacillus responded with an exaggerated inflammatory response when injected with the tubercle bacillus or its protein This hypersensitivity reaction is called Kochrsquos Phenomenon

Invention of the vaccine

Edward Jenner Advising a Farmer to

Vaccinate His Family

Pouchet claimed in 1859 who was a proponent of spontaneous generation theory of microbe

This claim provoked Louis Pasteur by his experiments performed in the swan neck flask

Pasteurrsquos swan neck flasks used in his experiments

on the spontaneous generation of microorganisms

Conclusion

Microorganisms are not

spontaneously generated from

inanimate matter but are produced

by other microorganisms

Pasteur developed anthrax vaccine cholera vaccine

Pasteurization of food

Introduction of sterilization techniques steam sterilizer autoclave and hot air oven

The importance of microorganisms in disease

was not immediately obvious to people and it took many years for scientists to establish the connection between microorganisms and illness

ndash Joseph lister Professor of surgery

Indirect evidence that microorganisms were

agents of human disease came from the work on the prevention of wound infections

Lister impressed with Pasteurrsquos studies

developed a system of antiseptic surgery

designed to prevent microorganisms from entering wounds Instruments were heat sterilized and phenol was used on surgical dressings and at times sprayed over the surgical area

The first direct demonstration of the role of

bacteria in causing disease came from the

study of anthrax by the German physician

Robert Koch

1843-1910

Figure 143 steps 1ndash2

Figure 143 steps 3ndash4

Figure 143 step 5

Association-The microorganisms must be present in

every case of the disease but absent from healthy

organisms

Isolation-The suspected microorganisms must be

isolated and grown in a pure culture

Inoculation-The disease must result when the isolated

microorganisms is inoculated into a healthy host

Re-isolation-The same microorganisms must be isolated

again from the diseased host

GERM THEORY OF DISEASE

Bacteriological techniques and methods for

isolation of pure strains of bacteria

Staining techniques

Identified the specific causative agents of tuberculosis cholera and anthrax

Koch phenomenon

bull He observed that guinea pigs already infected with tubercle bacillus responded with an exaggerated inflammatory response when injected with the tubercle bacillus or its protein This hypersensitivity reaction is called Kochrsquos Phenomenon

Invention of the vaccine

Edward Jenner Advising a Farmer to

Vaccinate His Family

Pasteurrsquos swan neck flasks used in his experiments

on the spontaneous generation of microorganisms

Conclusion

Microorganisms are not

spontaneously generated from

inanimate matter but are produced

by other microorganisms

Pasteur developed anthrax vaccine cholera vaccine

Pasteurization of food

Introduction of sterilization techniques steam sterilizer autoclave and hot air oven

The importance of microorganisms in disease

was not immediately obvious to people and it took many years for scientists to establish the connection between microorganisms and illness

ndash Joseph lister Professor of surgery

Indirect evidence that microorganisms were

agents of human disease came from the work on the prevention of wound infections

Lister impressed with Pasteurrsquos studies

developed a system of antiseptic surgery

designed to prevent microorganisms from entering wounds Instruments were heat sterilized and phenol was used on surgical dressings and at times sprayed over the surgical area

The first direct demonstration of the role of

bacteria in causing disease came from the

study of anthrax by the German physician

Robert Koch

1843-1910

Figure 143 steps 1ndash2

Figure 143 steps 3ndash4

Figure 143 step 5

Association-The microorganisms must be present in

every case of the disease but absent from healthy

organisms

Isolation-The suspected microorganisms must be

isolated and grown in a pure culture

Inoculation-The disease must result when the isolated

microorganisms is inoculated into a healthy host

Re-isolation-The same microorganisms must be isolated

again from the diseased host

GERM THEORY OF DISEASE

Bacteriological techniques and methods for

isolation of pure strains of bacteria

Staining techniques

Identified the specific causative agents of tuberculosis cholera and anthrax

Koch phenomenon

bull He observed that guinea pigs already infected with tubercle bacillus responded with an exaggerated inflammatory response when injected with the tubercle bacillus or its protein This hypersensitivity reaction is called Kochrsquos Phenomenon

Invention of the vaccine

Edward Jenner Advising a Farmer to

Vaccinate His Family

Conclusion

Microorganisms are not

spontaneously generated from

inanimate matter but are produced

by other microorganisms

Pasteur developed anthrax vaccine cholera vaccine

Pasteurization of food

Introduction of sterilization techniques steam sterilizer autoclave and hot air oven

The importance of microorganisms in disease

was not immediately obvious to people and it took many years for scientists to establish the connection between microorganisms and illness

ndash Joseph lister Professor of surgery

Indirect evidence that microorganisms were

agents of human disease came from the work on the prevention of wound infections

Lister impressed with Pasteurrsquos studies

developed a system of antiseptic surgery

designed to prevent microorganisms from entering wounds Instruments were heat sterilized and phenol was used on surgical dressings and at times sprayed over the surgical area

The first direct demonstration of the role of

bacteria in causing disease came from the

study of anthrax by the German physician

Robert Koch

1843-1910

Figure 143 steps 1ndash2

Figure 143 steps 3ndash4

Figure 143 step 5

Association-The microorganisms must be present in

every case of the disease but absent from healthy

organisms

Isolation-The suspected microorganisms must be

isolated and grown in a pure culture

Inoculation-The disease must result when the isolated

microorganisms is inoculated into a healthy host

Re-isolation-The same microorganisms must be isolated

again from the diseased host

GERM THEORY OF DISEASE

Bacteriological techniques and methods for

isolation of pure strains of bacteria

Staining techniques

Identified the specific causative agents of tuberculosis cholera and anthrax

Koch phenomenon

bull He observed that guinea pigs already infected with tubercle bacillus responded with an exaggerated inflammatory response when injected with the tubercle bacillus or its protein This hypersensitivity reaction is called Kochrsquos Phenomenon

Invention of the vaccine

Edward Jenner Advising a Farmer to

Vaccinate His Family

Pasteur developed anthrax vaccine cholera vaccine

Pasteurization of food

Introduction of sterilization techniques steam sterilizer autoclave and hot air oven

The importance of microorganisms in disease

was not immediately obvious to people and it took many years for scientists to establish the connection between microorganisms and illness

ndash Joseph lister Professor of surgery

Indirect evidence that microorganisms were

agents of human disease came from the work on the prevention of wound infections

Lister impressed with Pasteurrsquos studies

developed a system of antiseptic surgery

designed to prevent microorganisms from entering wounds Instruments were heat sterilized and phenol was used on surgical dressings and at times sprayed over the surgical area

The first direct demonstration of the role of

bacteria in causing disease came from the

study of anthrax by the German physician

Robert Koch

1843-1910

Figure 143 steps 1ndash2

Figure 143 steps 3ndash4

Figure 143 step 5

Association-The microorganisms must be present in

every case of the disease but absent from healthy

organisms

Isolation-The suspected microorganisms must be

isolated and grown in a pure culture

Inoculation-The disease must result when the isolated

microorganisms is inoculated into a healthy host

Re-isolation-The same microorganisms must be isolated

again from the diseased host

GERM THEORY OF DISEASE

Bacteriological techniques and methods for

isolation of pure strains of bacteria

Staining techniques

Identified the specific causative agents of tuberculosis cholera and anthrax

Koch phenomenon

bull He observed that guinea pigs already infected with tubercle bacillus responded with an exaggerated inflammatory response when injected with the tubercle bacillus or its protein This hypersensitivity reaction is called Kochrsquos Phenomenon

Invention of the vaccine

Edward Jenner Advising a Farmer to

Vaccinate His Family

The importance of microorganisms in disease

was not immediately obvious to people and it took many years for scientists to establish the connection between microorganisms and illness

ndash Joseph lister Professor of surgery

Indirect evidence that microorganisms were

agents of human disease came from the work on the prevention of wound infections

Lister impressed with Pasteurrsquos studies

developed a system of antiseptic surgery

designed to prevent microorganisms from entering wounds Instruments were heat sterilized and phenol was used on surgical dressings and at times sprayed over the surgical area

The first direct demonstration of the role of

bacteria in causing disease came from the

study of anthrax by the German physician

Robert Koch

1843-1910

Figure 143 steps 1ndash2

Figure 143 steps 3ndash4

Figure 143 step 5

Association-The microorganisms must be present in

every case of the disease but absent from healthy

organisms

Isolation-The suspected microorganisms must be

isolated and grown in a pure culture

Inoculation-The disease must result when the isolated

microorganisms is inoculated into a healthy host

Re-isolation-The same microorganisms must be isolated

again from the diseased host

GERM THEORY OF DISEASE

Bacteriological techniques and methods for

isolation of pure strains of bacteria

Staining techniques

Identified the specific causative agents of tuberculosis cholera and anthrax

Koch phenomenon

bull He observed that guinea pigs already infected with tubercle bacillus responded with an exaggerated inflammatory response when injected with the tubercle bacillus or its protein This hypersensitivity reaction is called Kochrsquos Phenomenon

Invention of the vaccine

Edward Jenner Advising a Farmer to

Vaccinate His Family

Indirect evidence that microorganisms were

agents of human disease came from the work on the prevention of wound infections

Lister impressed with Pasteurrsquos studies

developed a system of antiseptic surgery

designed to prevent microorganisms from entering wounds Instruments were heat sterilized and phenol was used on surgical dressings and at times sprayed over the surgical area

The first direct demonstration of the role of

bacteria in causing disease came from the

study of anthrax by the German physician

Robert Koch

1843-1910

Figure 143 steps 1ndash2

Figure 143 steps 3ndash4

Figure 143 step 5

Association-The microorganisms must be present in

every case of the disease but absent from healthy

organisms

Isolation-The suspected microorganisms must be

isolated and grown in a pure culture

Inoculation-The disease must result when the isolated

microorganisms is inoculated into a healthy host

Re-isolation-The same microorganisms must be isolated

again from the diseased host

GERM THEORY OF DISEASE

Bacteriological techniques and methods for

isolation of pure strains of bacteria

Staining techniques

Identified the specific causative agents of tuberculosis cholera and anthrax

Koch phenomenon

bull He observed that guinea pigs already infected with tubercle bacillus responded with an exaggerated inflammatory response when injected with the tubercle bacillus or its protein This hypersensitivity reaction is called Kochrsquos Phenomenon

Invention of the vaccine

Edward Jenner Advising a Farmer to

Vaccinate His Family

developed a system of antiseptic surgery

designed to prevent microorganisms from entering wounds Instruments were heat sterilized and phenol was used on surgical dressings and at times sprayed over the surgical area

The first direct demonstration of the role of

bacteria in causing disease came from the

study of anthrax by the German physician

Robert Koch

1843-1910

Figure 143 steps 1ndash2

Figure 143 steps 3ndash4

Figure 143 step 5

Association-The microorganisms must be present in

every case of the disease but absent from healthy

organisms

Isolation-The suspected microorganisms must be

isolated and grown in a pure culture

Inoculation-The disease must result when the isolated

microorganisms is inoculated into a healthy host

Re-isolation-The same microorganisms must be isolated

again from the diseased host

GERM THEORY OF DISEASE

Bacteriological techniques and methods for

isolation of pure strains of bacteria

Staining techniques

Identified the specific causative agents of tuberculosis cholera and anthrax

Koch phenomenon

bull He observed that guinea pigs already infected with tubercle bacillus responded with an exaggerated inflammatory response when injected with the tubercle bacillus or its protein This hypersensitivity reaction is called Kochrsquos Phenomenon

Invention of the vaccine

Edward Jenner Advising a Farmer to

Vaccinate His Family

The first direct demonstration of the role of

bacteria in causing disease came from the

study of anthrax by the German physician

Robert Koch

1843-1910

Figure 143 steps 1ndash2

Figure 143 steps 3ndash4

Figure 143 step 5

Association-The microorganisms must be present in

every case of the disease but absent from healthy

organisms

Isolation-The suspected microorganisms must be

isolated and grown in a pure culture

Inoculation-The disease must result when the isolated

microorganisms is inoculated into a healthy host

Re-isolation-The same microorganisms must be isolated

again from the diseased host

GERM THEORY OF DISEASE

Bacteriological techniques and methods for

isolation of pure strains of bacteria

Staining techniques

Identified the specific causative agents of tuberculosis cholera and anthrax

Koch phenomenon

bull He observed that guinea pigs already infected with tubercle bacillus responded with an exaggerated inflammatory response when injected with the tubercle bacillus or its protein This hypersensitivity reaction is called Kochrsquos Phenomenon

Invention of the vaccine

Edward Jenner Advising a Farmer to

Vaccinate His Family

Figure 143 steps 1ndash2

Figure 143 steps 3ndash4

Figure 143 step 5

Association-The microorganisms must be present in

every case of the disease but absent from healthy

organisms

Isolation-The suspected microorganisms must be

isolated and grown in a pure culture

Inoculation-The disease must result when the isolated

microorganisms is inoculated into a healthy host

Re-isolation-The same microorganisms must be isolated

again from the diseased host

GERM THEORY OF DISEASE

Bacteriological techniques and methods for

isolation of pure strains of bacteria

Staining techniques

Identified the specific causative agents of tuberculosis cholera and anthrax

Koch phenomenon

bull He observed that guinea pigs already infected with tubercle bacillus responded with an exaggerated inflammatory response when injected with the tubercle bacillus or its protein This hypersensitivity reaction is called Kochrsquos Phenomenon

Invention of the vaccine

Edward Jenner Advising a Farmer to

Vaccinate His Family

Figure 143 steps 3ndash4

Figure 143 step 5

Association-The microorganisms must be present in

every case of the disease but absent from healthy

organisms

Isolation-The suspected microorganisms must be

isolated and grown in a pure culture

Inoculation-The disease must result when the isolated

microorganisms is inoculated into a healthy host

Re-isolation-The same microorganisms must be isolated

again from the diseased host

GERM THEORY OF DISEASE

Bacteriological techniques and methods for

isolation of pure strains of bacteria

Staining techniques

Identified the specific causative agents of tuberculosis cholera and anthrax

Koch phenomenon

bull He observed that guinea pigs already infected with tubercle bacillus responded with an exaggerated inflammatory response when injected with the tubercle bacillus or its protein This hypersensitivity reaction is called Kochrsquos Phenomenon

Invention of the vaccine

Edward Jenner Advising a Farmer to

Vaccinate His Family

Figure 143 step 5

Association-The microorganisms must be present in

every case of the disease but absent from healthy

organisms

Isolation-The suspected microorganisms must be

isolated and grown in a pure culture

Inoculation-The disease must result when the isolated

microorganisms is inoculated into a healthy host

Re-isolation-The same microorganisms must be isolated

again from the diseased host

GERM THEORY OF DISEASE

Bacteriological techniques and methods for

isolation of pure strains of bacteria

Staining techniques

Identified the specific causative agents of tuberculosis cholera and anthrax

Koch phenomenon

bull He observed that guinea pigs already infected with tubercle bacillus responded with an exaggerated inflammatory response when injected with the tubercle bacillus or its protein This hypersensitivity reaction is called Kochrsquos Phenomenon

Invention of the vaccine

Edward Jenner Advising a Farmer to

Vaccinate His Family

Association-The microorganisms must be present in

every case of the disease but absent from healthy

organisms

Isolation-The suspected microorganisms must be

isolated and grown in a pure culture

Inoculation-The disease must result when the isolated

microorganisms is inoculated into a healthy host

Re-isolation-The same microorganisms must be isolated

again from the diseased host

GERM THEORY OF DISEASE

Bacteriological techniques and methods for

isolation of pure strains of bacteria

Staining techniques

Identified the specific causative agents of tuberculosis cholera and anthrax

Koch phenomenon

bull He observed that guinea pigs already infected with tubercle bacillus responded with an exaggerated inflammatory response when injected with the tubercle bacillus or its protein This hypersensitivity reaction is called Kochrsquos Phenomenon

Invention of the vaccine

Edward Jenner Advising a Farmer to

Vaccinate His Family

Bacteriological techniques and methods for

isolation of pure strains of bacteria

Staining techniques

Identified the specific causative agents of tuberculosis cholera and anthrax

Koch phenomenon

bull He observed that guinea pigs already infected with tubercle bacillus responded with an exaggerated inflammatory response when injected with the tubercle bacillus or its protein This hypersensitivity reaction is called Kochrsquos Phenomenon

Invention of the vaccine

Edward Jenner Advising a Farmer to

Vaccinate His Family

Koch phenomenon

bull He observed that guinea pigs already infected with tubercle bacillus responded with an exaggerated inflammatory response when injected with the tubercle bacillus or its protein This hypersensitivity reaction is called Kochrsquos Phenomenon

Invention of the vaccine

Edward Jenner Advising a Farmer to

Vaccinate His Family

Invention of the vaccine

Edward Jenner Advising a Farmer to

Vaccinate His Family

1749 ndash 1823 bull Scientist who was the pioneer of smallpox

vaccine the worldrsquos first vaccine

bull Jenner had used vaccination with material from cowpox lesions to protect people against smallpox

bull Jenner is often called the father of immunology

Alexander Fleming

(1881-1955)

Sir Alexander Fleming

discovered the antibiotic

penicillin He had the

insight to recognize the

significance of the

inhibition of bacterial

growth in the vicinity of a

fungal contaminant

bull In 1921 fleming discovered an enzyme called Lysozyme found in tears saliva

bull In 1928 fleming discovered Penicillin produced by a fungus Penicillium notatum

bull Fleming wrote numerous papers on bacteriology Immunology and chemotherapy including original description of Lysozyme

Paul Ehrlich (1854-1915)

o Father of chemotherapy

o Applied stains to cells and tissues for study of their function

o Reported the acid-fast nature of tubercle bacillus

o Introduced methods of standardizing toxin and antitoxin

o Proposed side chain theory of antibodies

Alexander Fleming

(1881-1955)

Sir Alexander Fleming

discovered the antibiotic

penicillin He had the

insight to recognize the

significance of the

inhibition of bacterial

growth in the vicinity of a

fungal contaminant

bull In 1921 fleming discovered an enzyme called Lysozyme found in tears saliva

bull In 1928 fleming discovered Penicillin produced by a fungus Penicillium notatum

bull Fleming wrote numerous papers on bacteriology Immunology and chemotherapy including original description of Lysozyme

Paul Ehrlich (1854-1915)

o Father of chemotherapy

o Applied stains to cells and tissues for study of their function

o Reported the acid-fast nature of tubercle bacillus

o Introduced methods of standardizing toxin and antitoxin

o Proposed side chain theory of antibodies

bull In 1921 fleming discovered an enzyme called Lysozyme found in tears saliva

bull In 1928 fleming discovered Penicillin produced by a fungus Penicillium notatum

bull Fleming wrote numerous papers on bacteriology Immunology and chemotherapy including original description of Lysozyme

Paul Ehrlich (1854-1915)

o Father of chemotherapy

o Applied stains to cells and tissues for study of their function

o Reported the acid-fast nature of tubercle bacillus

o Introduced methods of standardizing toxin and antitoxin

o Proposed side chain theory of antibodies

Paul Ehrlich (1854-1915)

o Father of chemotherapy

o Applied stains to cells and tissues for study of their function

o Reported the acid-fast nature of tubercle bacillus

o Introduced methods of standardizing toxin and antitoxin

o Proposed side chain theory of antibodies