The first piston syringes were used in Roman times during the 1st century AD. In the 9th century AD the Iraqi/Egyptian surgeon, Ammar ibn 'Ali al-Mawsili', created a syringe using a hypodermic needle, a hollow glass tube, and suction to remove cataracts from patients' eyes. This practice remained in use until at least the 13th century, but it came into renewed use in the 20th century. During 1650, Blaise Pascal invented a syringe (not necessarily hypodermic) as an application of what is now called Pascal's law. In 1760 forms of intravenous injection and infusion began. In 1884, Irish physician Francis Rynd invented the hollow needle and used it to make the first recorded subcutaneous injections, specifically a sedative to treat neuralgia. During 1853 Charles Pravaz and Alexander Wood developed a medical hypodermic syringe with a needle fine enough to pierce the skin. Shortly thereafter, the first recorded fatality from a hypodermic-syringe induced overdose was Wood's wife, from self administered morphine. In 1946, Chance Brothers in Smethwick, Birmingham, England produced the first all-glass syringe with interchangeable barrel and plunger, thereby allowing mass-sterilization of components without the need for matching them. During 1956, New Zealand pharmacist and inventor, Colin Murdoch, granted New Zealand and Australian patents for a disposable plastic syringe. Finally, in 1974 the first US patent for a plastic disposable syringe received by African American inventor, Phil Brooks, U.S. patent #3,802,434 received on April 9, 1974.