History of Exploration & Marine Science Have humans seen much of the oceans?.
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Transcript of History of Exploration & Marine Science Have humans seen much of the oceans?.
History of History of ExplorationExploration
& Marine Science& Marine Science
Have humans seen much of the Have humans seen much of the oceans?oceans?
..
First Voyages of DiscoveryFirst Voyages of Discovery
Explorers and Explorers and NavigatorsNavigators•The first vessels-The first vessels-
3000 B.C.3000 B.C.•Merchants 2000 Merchants 2000
B.C.B.C.•Fall of the Roman Fall of the Roman
EmpireEmpire
5000 B.C to 800 A.D5000 B.C to 800 A.D EgyptiansEgyptians- made the first sailboats- made the first sailboats
PhoeniciansPhoenicians- made the first trade routes - made the first trade routes (Mediterranean)(Mediterranean)
PolynesiansPolynesians- made primitive maps and were - made primitive maps and were the first to have long distance open ocean the first to have long distance open ocean voyages.voyages.
Greeks- Greeks- Major advancements in navigationMajor advancements in navigation• Pytheas- mapped out latitude using the North StarPytheas- mapped out latitude using the North Star• Eratosthenes- calculated Earth’s circumference. Eratosthenes- calculated Earth’s circumference.
Latitude and LongitudeLatitude and Longitude
What is a parallel?What is a parallel?What is a meridian?What is a meridian?
Latitude lines never intersect, so Latitude lines never intersect, so they are called “parallels”.they are called “parallels”.
The equator is at zero degrees The equator is at zero degrees parallel.parallel.
Longitude lines are called meridians. Longitude lines are called meridians. Zero degrees meridian is called the Zero degrees meridian is called the prime meridian and it runs through prime meridian and it runs through Greenwich, England. Greenwich, England.
Stage 2 – The Middle AgesStage 2 – The Middle Ages
VikingsVikings- Improved sailboats- Improved sailboats• Bigger sailsBigger sails• Oarsmen if no windOarsmen if no wind• Flat-bottom boats (get closer to land)Flat-bottom boats (get closer to land)
Sea exploration was only done by Sea exploration was only done by VikingsVikings•This lasted from about 800-1100 A.D. (the middle of the dark ages)This lasted from about 800-1100 A.D. (the middle of the dark ages)
800 A.D to 1400 A.D
Major Viking discoveriesMajor Viking discoveries 99thth century: warming climate led to century: warming climate led to
melting N. Atlantic ice, this allowed melting N. Atlantic ice, this allowed more Viking voyages through more Viking voyages through previously frozen area.previously frozen area.
Discoveries:Discoveries:1.1. Iceland (mild climate)Iceland (mild climate)
2.2. Greenland (frozen land)Greenland (frozen land)
3.3. North America (Newfoundland North America (Newfoundland Canada) led by Leif ErikssonCanada) led by Leif Eriksson
Leif Eriksson day is Oct. 9Leif Eriksson day is Oct. 9thth
Middle Ages = Dark AgesMiddle Ages = Dark AgesIn EuropeIn Europe
Any thoughts on why they were Any thoughts on why they were called the dark ages? called the dark ages?
Knowledge of geography and science Knowledge of geography and science entered an intellectual “darkness” entered an intellectual “darkness” there was also, poor communication there was also, poor communication and lack of education. and lack of education.
Meanwhile… In China…Meanwhile… In China…
During the European “Dark Ages” During the European “Dark Ages” other parts of the world, were other parts of the world, were making intellectual progress. making intellectual progress.
In 1125 the magnetic compass was In 1125 the magnetic compass was invented and being used by the invented and being used by the Chinese sailors.Chinese sailors.
Stage 3Stage 3European Discovery (1400-European Discovery (1400-
1700)1700)
The End of the Dark AgesThe End of the Dark Ages Bartholomeu DiasBartholomeu Dias
•A Portuguese navigatorA Portuguese navigator•1487-Sailed around the tip of 1487-Sailed around the tip of
Africa, which he called: "Cape Africa, which he called: "Cape of Storms" (of Storms" (Cabo das Cabo das TormentasTormentas). Later named the ). Later named the Cape of Good HopeCape of Good Hope
Christopher ColumbusChristopher Columbus •1492 went to sea to find a 1492 went to sea to find a new route to India for trade, new route to India for trade, he headed west and crossed he headed west and crossed the Atlantic and landed in the Atlantic and landed in the Bahamasthe Bahamas
•Later he reached South and Later he reached South and Central AmericaCentral America
Later ExpeditionsLater Expeditions John Cabot-John Cabot- 1497 left England and sailed to what 1497 left England and sailed to what
is now Delaware.is now Delaware. Vasco Nunez de Balboa Vasco Nunez de Balboa – 1500s crossed the – 1500s crossed the
Isthmus of Panama, first to see the East coast of Isthmus of Panama, first to see the East coast of the Pacificthe Pacific
Amerigo VespucciAmerigo Vespucci explored 9600 km of coastline explored 9600 km of coastline from North to South Americafrom North to South America• Mapmakers in Europe named the Americas after Mapmakers in Europe named the Americas after
himhim• First to recognize S. America as it’s own First to recognize S. America as it’s own
continentcontinent
Later Expeditions Cont. Later Expeditions Cont.
Ferdinand MagellanFerdinand Magellan, a Portuguese , a Portuguese navigator , was the first to attempt to navigator , was the first to attempt to circumnavigate the earthcircumnavigate the earth
Francis DrakeFrancis Drake- 1577 second - 1577 second successful circumnavigation of the successful circumnavigation of the world, his purpose was to raid world, his purpose was to raid Spanish ships for treasure.Spanish ships for treasure.
Stage 4:Stage 4:Scientific ExplorationsScientific Explorations
Modern Marine ScienceModern Marine Science
Science – Using observation Science – Using observation and experimentation to find and experimentation to find
answers (empirical evidence).answers (empirical evidence).
Scientific ExplorationScientific Exploration
James Cook:James Cook: Mid 1700’s Mid 1700’s• Figured out how to prevent scurvy (A Figured out how to prevent scurvy (A
crippling disease caused by vitamin C crippling disease caused by vitamin C deficiency)deficiency)
• 11stst to use chronometer (accurate clock to use chronometer (accurate clock or watch) to determine longitude. or watch) to determine longitude.
• Mapped many islands in the Pacific Mapped many islands in the Pacific including Australia and New Zealand.including Australia and New Zealand.
James Harrison: James Harrison: Invented the Invented the chronometer.chronometer.
• The chronometer is a clock invented to The chronometer is a clock invented to be used specifically at sea. This allowed be used specifically at sea. This allowed sailors to accurately comparing sailors to accurately comparing Greenwich Mean time to the local time.Greenwich Mean time to the local time.
Cornelis DrebbelCornelis Drebbel- 1620 1- 1620 1stst submarinesubmarine
http://www.dutchsubmarines.com/specials/special_drebbel.htm
Benjamin FranklinBenjamin Franklin, US postmaster, , US postmaster, wanted to know why it took longer wanted to know why it took longer for mail to come from Europe to for mail to come from Europe to America than vice versaAmerica than vice versa•Later he drew an accurate map of Later he drew an accurate map of
the Gulf Streamthe Gulf Stream
Ben Franklin’s Gulf Stream- Image 1
Drebbel’s 1st Submarine
Matthew Fontaine MauryMatthew Fontaine Maury:: American Naval OfficerAmerican Naval Officer•““The Father of Oceanography”The Father of Oceanography”•1855 analyzed the logbooks of 1855 analyzed the logbooks of
navy ships and published the navy ships and published the first books on oceanography first books on oceanography called called The Physical Geography of The Physical Geography of the Seathe Sea
More ExplorationMore Exploration
•Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson: 1807 authorized : 1807 authorized Survey of the Coast Survey of the Coast (the predecessor to (the predecessor to NOAA)NOAA)
•NOAA- National Oceanic and NOAA- National Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationAtmospheric Administration
•Charles WilkesCharles Wilkes: 1836 the Wilkes : 1836 the Wilkes Expedition (U.S. Exploring Expedition) Expedition (U.S. Exploring Expedition) proved the existence of Antarctica. proved the existence of Antarctica.
Charles Darwin Charles Darwin Marine ContributionsMarine Contributions
naturalistnaturalist• 1831, sailed on the HMS 1831, sailed on the HMS Beagle Beagle • Studied coral reef construction Studied coral reef construction
and theorized that corals build and theorized that corals build upward as the seafloor receded upward as the seafloor receded (this is still accepted today)(this is still accepted today)
• Found new species of plants and Found new species of plants and animals.animals.
• Proposed Theory of Natural Proposed Theory of Natural Selection Selection in his publication the “Origin in his publication the “Origin of Species”of Species”
Galapagos Tortoise
Marine Iguana
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qd-1_CjgGCQ&safe=active
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VfZQfCkKuKM&safe=active
HMS HMS Challenger- Challenger- 1873-18761873-1876• First exploration mission devoted entirely to First exploration mission devoted entirely to
marine sciencemarine science• Led by Sir Charles ThompsonLed by Sir Charles Thompson• Led the most successful ocean expedition Led the most successful ocean expedition
devoted exclusively to scientific studydevoted exclusively to scientific study• Collected water, sediment, and temp dataCollected water, sediment, and temp data• Identified more than 4700 new species of Identified more than 4700 new species of
marine organismsmarine organisms• Challenger II expedition discovered the Challenger II expedition discovered the
“Challenger Deep” in the Mariana’s trench. “Challenger Deep” in the Mariana’s trench. (over 35,000 ft. deep, deepest ocean trench)(over 35,000 ft. deep, deepest ocean trench)
Technology Advancements Technology Advancements in Marine Sciencein Marine Science
Exploring the OceanExploring the Ocean
Under world called Under world called Inner SpaceInner Space
2500 B.C., glass 2500 B.C., glass was discovered was discovered and the first mask and the first mask was madewas made
In the 17In the 17thth century century a diving a diving chamber/bell was chamber/bell was inventedinvented
Later came a Later came a diving suitdiving suit
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oxWFqwFHXoo&safe=active
Diving BellDiving Bell
1797 1837
1855
The Modern Scuba TankThe Modern Scuba Tank
1943- 1943- Jacques Cousteau and Emile Jacques Cousteau and Emile Gagnan Gagnan made final improvements made final improvements
A tank with compressed air was developed A tank with compressed air was developed that was strapped on the diver’s backthat was strapped on the diver’s back
air breathed through a regulatorair breathed through a regulator marketed as the marketed as the aqua-lungaqua-lung S.C.U.B.AS.C.U.B.A- Self Contained Underwater - Self Contained Underwater
Breathing Apparatus.Breathing Apparatus.
1880 to 19501880 to 1950
V. Walfrid EkmanV. Walfrid Ekman – Figured out the Ekman – Figured out the Ekman Spirals and Ekman LayerSpirals and Ekman Layer
Fridtjof NansenFridtjof Nansen – Made the Nansen Bottle. – Made the Nansen Bottle. Now people could take samples of water Now people could take samples of water from from differentdifferent depths of water. depths of water.
Beebe and BartonBeebe and Barton – First – First bathyspherebathysphere to to 4,000 feet4,000 feet• Steel sphere at the end of a long cable Steel sphere at the end of a long cable
(tethered)(tethered)
The Bathysphere
Diving VesselsDiving Vessels
Also called submersiblesAlso called submersibles
1.1.BathysphereBathysphere, allowed aquanauts to go to , allowed aquanauts to go to deeper depthsdeeper depths
2.2.BathyscapheBathyscaphe is a steel untethered is a steel untethered submersible that could be controlled. submersible that could be controlled. Deepest dive in history (1960).Deepest dive in history (1960).
3.3.AlvinAlvin is a self-propelled machine with is a self-propelled machine with mechanical arms that can pick up specimens mechanical arms that can pick up specimens and can carry three humansand can carry three humans
4.4.JASONJASON, a robot, does not carry people, a robot, does not carry people
JasonJason AlvinAlvin
BuoyancyBuoyancy
Discovered around 200 B.C. by Discovered around 200 B.C. by ArchimedesArchimedes
DefinitionDefinition: The force on any object is : The force on any object is equal to the weight of the liquid that equal to the weight of the liquid that the object displacesthe object displaces• Buoyancy was the reason the Titanic Buoyancy was the reason the Titanic
sanksank
Marie Thorp and Bruce HeezenMarie Thorp and Bruce Heezen – – made the first map of the ocean made the first map of the ocean bottom and provided evidence for bottom and provided evidence for the theory of Continental Drift.the theory of Continental Drift.
Auguste PiccardAuguste Piccard – First bathyscaphe – First bathyscaphe to reach the bottom of the Mariana's to reach the bottom of the Mariana's Trench at 35,800 feet.Trench at 35,800 feet.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dC0hXmO9Phs&safe=active
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5XX7WdfCgnM&safe=active
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0mBG0LbAoqk&safe=active
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FGzaUiutuRk&safe=active
This trip was made in 1960 and never Repeated!! The decent took 4 hours and 48 minutes.
Don Walsh and Jacques Piccard inside Trieste
The The Meteor, Meteor, aa German ship, 25 German ship, 25 months on Atlantic ocean using months on Atlantic ocean using sonarsonar
•Sonar- Sonar- sosound und nanavigation vigation rranginganging•mapped the ocean floor mapped the ocean floor revealing many different depths revealing many different depths and featuresand features
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4dftaWQLtPQ&safe=active
Put everything except a notebook and pen/pencil up front where it says “backpacks here”
FAU Human powered subFAU Human powered sub
http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BowxagcXpho&safety_mode=truev=BowxagcXpho&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=activ&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=active e
Watch the following clip and Watch the following clip and note down the major note down the major
contributions in each section.contributions in each section.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aMWJIOyiY8o&safety_mode=true&v=aMWJIOyiY8o&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=active persist_safety_mode=1&safe=active
The 5 Oceans The 5 Oceans ArcticArctic- smallest, covered in ice- smallest, covered in ice PacificPacific- largest, ring of fire- largest, ring of fire IndianIndian- warm latitudes, whale - warm latitudes, whale
sanctuary sanctuary AntarcticAntarctic- lots of krill and marine life - lots of krill and marine life
(aka- Southern Ocean) (aka- Southern Ocean) AtlanticAtlantic- growing @ mid-ocean ridge- growing @ mid-ocean ridge
Mediterranean SeaMediterranean Sea- not an ocean but connected - not an ocean but connected to Atlantic. Pollution is a huge problem.to Atlantic. Pollution is a huge problem.
OceansOceans
There is really only ONE ocean!!There is really only ONE ocean!!
This makes navigating difficult so we This makes navigating difficult so we subdivide it into several smaller subdivide it into several smaller ones.ones.
The 5 OceansThe 5 Oceans
ArcticArctic PacificPacific IndianIndian AntarcticAntarctic AtlanticAtlantic
Arctic OceanArctic Ocean
Smallest oceanSmallest ocean Covered in pack iceCovered in pack ice Attracts migrating animals, like Attracts migrating animals, like
whaleswhales
Pacific OceanPacific Ocean
1/3 of the globe is covered by this ocean1/3 of the globe is covered by this ocean• Half of the planet’s seawaterHalf of the planet’s seawater
Has the highest mountain – Mauna Kea Has the highest mountain – Mauna Kea Volcano (10,200m)Volcano (10,200m)
Has the deepest trench – Mariana’s Has the deepest trench – Mariana’s Trench (11,034m)Trench (11,034m)
Shrinking because of subduction zone Shrinking because of subduction zone causing the “Ring of Fire”.causing the “Ring of Fire”.
Nuclear Testing during the 40’s and 50’sNuclear Testing during the 40’s and 50’s
Indian OceanIndian Ocean
Warm latitudesWarm latitudes Tropics and coral reefsTropics and coral reefs Subtropics have monsoons (reverse Subtropics have monsoons (reverse
currents)currents) Whale sanctuaryWhale sanctuary Red SeaRed Sea
Antarctic OceanAntarctic Ocean
Marine life flourishes hereMarine life flourishes here Krill, planktonKrill, plankton Cold goes north to balance the Cold goes north to balance the
tropicstropics
Atlantic OceanAtlantic Ocean
Icy northern region, but includes the Icy northern region, but includes the CaribbeanCaribbean
North Atlantic Drift CurrentNorth Atlantic Drift Current• The Gulf StreamThe Gulf Stream
Spreading and growing b/c of the Spreading and growing b/c of the Mid-Atlantic RidgeMid-Atlantic Ridge
Abundant sea life, suitable habitatsAbundant sea life, suitable habitats
Quiz: History of Marine…Quiz: History of Marine…
1. How many oceans are there? 1. How many oceans are there? Name them.Name them.
2. Who is known as the “father of 2. Who is known as the “father of oceanography”?oceanography”?
3. What did Cornelis Drebbel do?3. What did Cornelis Drebbel do? 4. Who mapped out the Gulf Stream?4. Who mapped out the Gulf Stream? 5. Who figured out how to prevent 5. Who figured out how to prevent
scurvy?scurvy?
Quiz: History of Marine…Quiz: History of Marine…
6. Which expedition discovered the 6. Which expedition discovered the deepest point in the ocean?deepest point in the ocean?
7. Who created the first sailboats?7. Who created the first sailboats? 8. What was named after A. 8. What was named after A.
Vespucci?Vespucci? 9. What group of people used the 9. What group of people used the
North Star to figure out latitude?North Star to figure out latitude? 10. Who found a route around the 10. Who found a route around the
Cape of Good Hope?Cape of Good Hope?
Did You Know?Did You Know?
Horseshoe crabs have existed in Horseshoe crabs have existed in essentially the same form for the essentially the same form for the past 135 million years. Their blood past 135 million years. Their blood provides a valuable test for the provides a valuable test for the toxins that cause septic shock, which toxins that cause septic shock, which previously led to half of all hospital-previously led to half of all hospital-acquired infections and one-fifth of acquired infections and one-fifth of all hospital deaths. all hospital deaths.
Sept. 19Sept. 19thth 2014 2014
ObjectiveObjective: I will prove that I have : I will prove that I have mastered the skill of buoyancy by mastered the skill of buoyancy by showing my boat can hold the most showing my boat can hold the most passengers.. passengers..
AgendaAgenda::-15-20 minutes to build-15-20 minutes to build
- Test - Test
HomeworkHomework::• Have a happy weekendHave a happy weekend GO CUDAS!!!! GO CUDAS!!!!
Boat BuildingBoat Building
Teams of 3-4 people pleaseTeams of 3-4 people please
1. 1 boat per team1. 1 boat per team 2. Please listen to the rules before you 2. Please listen to the rules before you
beginbegin
3. Boat that holds the most max without 3. Boat that holds the most max without drowning them will receive 5 points drowning them will receive 5 points extra formative credit.extra formative credit.
Titanic ConclusionTitanic Conclusion don’t need to write don’t need to write
Theories of why the Theories of why the ship sank could not ship sank could not be proven because be proven because for 73 years the ship for 73 years the ship could not be locatedcould not be located
In 1985 the ship was In 1985 the ship was found with the help found with the help of sonar and an of sonar and an underwater robotunderwater robot
With modern technology With modern technology scientists concluded that scientists concluded that the ship sank due to water the ship sank due to water flowing over the bulkheads flowing over the bulkheads and causing the ship to and causing the ship to lose buoyancy.lose buoyancy.