BOLIVARIAN REPUBLIC OF VENEZUELA

ALEXANDER VON HUMBOLDT UNIVERSITY

ENGLISH

ENGINEERING IN HISTORY

TEACHER:

MSc. Alan Santos PérezCaracas, June 2017

II PART

Engineering history is divided into four main

times in the world history:

History of Engineering

Ancient Era

Renaissance

Modern Era

Medieval

Medieval

Characteristics

Medieval Muslim engineers employed gears in mills and water-

raising machines,

Medieval Islamic World

Gear

Two meshing gears transmitting rotational motion.

Note that the smaller gear is rotating faster. Since

the larger gear is rotating less quickly, its torque is

proportionally greater. One subtlety of this

particular arrangement is that the linear speed at

the pitch diameter is the same on both gears.

A gear or cogwheel is a rotating machine part

having cut teeth, or cogs, which mesh with

another toothed part to transmit torque

Geared devices can change the speed, torque,

and direction of a power source

Gear

Medieval

Characteristics

They used dams as a source of water power to provide additional power to

watermills and water-raising machines

Medieval Islamic World

Dam

A dam is a barrier that stops

or restricts the flow of water

or underground streams.

Reservoirs created by dams

not only suppress floods but

also provide water for

activities

Hydropower is often used in

conjunction with dams to

generate electricity

MedievalCharacteristics Medieval Islamic World

Dams generally serve the primary

purpose of retaining water, while other

structures such as floodgates or levees

(also known as dikes) are used to manage

or prevent water flow into specific land

regions.

Hydropower or water power is

power derived from the energy of

falling water or fast running water,

which may be harnessed for useful

purposes

A levee, dike, dyke, is an

constructionelongated

naturally occurring ridge or

artificially made it to fill or

add it as a wall, which

regulates water levels.

Medieval

Characteristics

In 1206, al-Jazari

Crank

Animation showing

piston and crankshaft

motion in an internal

combustion engine such

as an automobile engine

Medieval

Characteristics China 13 th Century

Rocket Engine A rocket engine is a type of jet engine that uses only stored rocket

propellant mass for forming its high speed propulsive jet. Rocket

engines are reaction engines, obtaining thrust in accordance with

Newton's third law.

Driven by gunpowder, this, the simplest form of internal

combustion engine was unable to deliver sustained power, but

was useful for propelling weaponry at high speeds towards

enemies in battle and for fireworks

Fireworks

Renaissance

Characteristics

Renaissance technology is the set of European artifacts

and customs which span the Renaissance period,

roughly the 14th century through the 16th century.

The era is marked by profound technical

advancements such as the printing press, linear

perspective in drawing, patent law, doubl and

Bastion fortresses. Sketchbooks from artisans of

the period (Taccola and Leonardo da Vinci,

example) give a deep insight into the mechanical

phones then known and applied.

Artes Mechanicae or mechanical arts, are a

medieval concept of ordered practices or skills,

often juxtaposed to the traditional seven liberal

arts Artes liberales. Also called "servile" and

"vulgar", from antiquity they had been deemed

unbecoming for a free man, as ministering to

baser needs.

Artes Mechanicae

Liberal arts

Grammar, logic, and rhetoric were the core

liberal arts, while arithmetic, geometry, the

theory of music, and astronomy also played a

(somewhat lesser) part in education.

Mechanical Arts

architectura (architecture, masonry)

vestiaria (tailoring, weaving)

metallaria (blacksmithing, metallurgy)

Johannes Scotus Eriugena (9th century)

divides them somewhat arbitrarily into

seven parts:

militia and venatoria (warfare and hunting

Mechanical Arts

agricultura (agriculture)

coquinaria (cooking)

Military education, "martial arts")

With the rise of engineering as a profession in the 18th century, the term became

more narrowly applied to fields in which mathematics and science were applied to

these ends. Similarly, in addition to military and civil engineering, the fields then

known as the mechanic arts became incorporated into engineering.

Each card includes a caption explaining the

purpose of the instrument:

The following images are samples from a deck of cards illustrating engineering

instruments in England in 1702.

Mechanical Arts

They illustrate a range of engineering specializations, that would eventually

become known as civil engineering, mechanical engineering, geodesy and

geomatics, and so on.

Mechanical Arts

Invents

1698 Thomas Savery

First steam engine mechanism

Condensation or vapor engine

1679 Denis Papin

Steam digester

The steam digester (or bone

digester, and also known as

Papin’s digester) is a high-

pressure cooker invented. It is

a device for extracting fats

from bones in a high-pressure

steam environment, which also

renders them brittle enough to

be easily ground into bone

meal. It is the domestic

pressure cooker

In 1698, patented the first practical, atmospheric pressure,

steam engine of 1 horsepower (750 W). It had no piston or

moving parts, only taps. It was a fire engine, a kind of

thermic syphon, in which steam was admitted to an empty

container and then condensed. The vacuum thus created

was used to suck water from the sump at the bottom of the

mine. The "fire engine" was not very effective and could

not work beyond a limited depth of around 30 ft (9 m)

Invents

James Watt, in 1781, patented a that produced continued rotary

motion with a power of about 10 horsepower (7,500 W). It was the first type of steam

engine to make use of steam at a pressure just above atmospheric to drive the piston

helped by a partial vacuum. It was an improvement of Newcomen’s engine.

James Watt, 1781

Industrial Revolution

A Watt steam engine. James Watt transformed

the steam engine from a reciprocating motion

that was used for pumping to a rotating motion

James Watt, 1781The Spinning Jenny

James Watt, 1781

A locomotive or engine is a rail transport vehicle that

provides the motive power for a train. The word

originates from the Latin loco – "from a place",

ablative of locus, "place" + Medieval Latin motivus,

"causing motion", and is a shortened form of the term

locomotive engine,

Locomotive Engine

Locomotive Engine

James Watt, 1781

Screw Propeller

A propeller is a type of fan that

transmits power by converting

rotational motion into thrust.

Modern EraCharacteristics

The inventions of Thomas Savery and the Scottish engineer James Watt

gave rise to modern Mechanical Engineering.

Electrical engineering became a profession late in the 19th century.

Practitioners had created a global electric telegraph network and the first

electrical engineering institutions

The later inventions of the vacuum tube and the transistor further

accelerated the development of Electronics to such an extent that

electrical and electronics engineers

The discipline of Electrical Engineering was shaped by the experiments of

Alessandro Volta in the 19th century, the experiments of Michael Faraday,

Georg Ohm and others and the invention of the electric motor in 1872.

The work of James Maxwell and Heinrich Hertz in the late 19th century

gave rise to the field of Electronics

Battery,electric generators, arc lamp, internal combustion engine,

panning machine, electric telegraph, strirling engine, bycicle, mechanical

computer, electromagnet, reaping machine, air compressor, electric

motor, electomechanical relay, solar cell, fuel cell, electrical generator

gramme machine, diesel engine, gas turbine, motorized aircraft Wilbur

Wright, The Yagi-Uda Antenna, quartz clock, turbo jet frank whittle,

nuclear fission,.

Inventions

German nuclear energy proyect manhattan project, V-2 rocket, atomic

bomb, ejector seat, holography, transitor, atomic clock, basic axygen

steelmaking, PC by IBM , laser, pocket calculator, Email ray Tomlinson,

video game console Magnavox Odyssey, touchscreen CERN,

microcomputer revolution by altarir 8800, internet protocol suite Vinton

Cerf DARPA, flash memory, CD-rom, cellphone Motorola,

Invents

The World Wide Web Sir Tim Berners- Lee, mosaic (web browser), DVD

Phillips, Sony Toshiba and Panasonic in 1995, usb interface by Compaq,

DEC, IBM, Intel, Microsoft, NEC and Nortel.

Inventions

QUIZ II PART

1. How does History of Engineering is divided?

2. Name Medieval Engineering Technology

3. Name The Mechanical Arts in Renaissance

4. Who had invented the Steam Engine in the

Industrial Revolution?

5. Name 10 inventions of the Modern Era

6. What is the meaning of WWW?

EVALUATION

DICTATION II PART

1. ENGLISH-ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

2. ENGINEE- ENGINEER- ENGINEERING

3. HISTORY- ANCIENT ERA-MEDIEVAL- RENAISSANCE-

MODERN ERA

4. GEAR- COMPUND GEAR- DRIVE- DRIVER- DRIVEN

5. ROTATING-ROTATION-ROTATE-MACHINE

6. MEDIEVAL- ROTATION MACHINE-DAM-HYDROPOWER

7. POWER GENEATION-TURBINE-GENERATOR-

8. POWER TRANSMISSION-TRANSFORMER

9. DIKE-ARTIFICIAL- WALL

10. CRANK-PISTON-MOTION-INTERNAL COMBUSTION

11. ROCKET ENGINE- GUN POWDER-FIREWORKS

EVALUATION

DICTATION II PART

1. RENAISSANCE- MECHANICAL ARTS

2. AGRICULTURE-TAILORING-WEAVING-COOKING

3. WARFACE-HUNTING-METALLURGY-MARTIAL ARTS

4. ARCHITECTURE-MASONRY

5. MECHANICAL ARTS- SEA QUADRANT- DYALS

6. CIRCUMFERENTOR- THE COMPASS-SPHERES

7. SURVEYING WHEEL AND CHAINS-LEAVELL

8. MATHEMATICAL INSTRUMENTS- PROJECTIONS OF

THE SPHERE- ASTRONOMICAL QUADRANT-GAUGER

9. THE THEODOLET AND SEMI –CIRCLE

10. JAMES WATT- STEAM ENGINE-CONDENSATION-VAPOR

11. THE SPINNING JENNY- LOCOMOTIVE ENGINE

12. STEAM LOCOMOTIVE- SCREW PROPELLER

EVALUATION

DICTATION II PART

1. MODERN ERA- ELECTRICITY-TELEGRAPH-LAMP

2. ELECTROMAGNET- ELECTRIC MOTOR-

ELECTROMECHANICAL- MECHANICAL COMPUTER

3. DIESEL-OIL-GAS-NUCLEAR FISSION

4. ATOMIC BOMB-CALCULATOR- WWW WORLD WIDE

WEB

5. VIDEO GAME- TELEVISION-RADIO-FLASH MEMORY

6. CELLPHONE-CD-ROM-USB-PC-LAPTOP

7. ENGINNERING-MATHEMATICS-SCIENTIFIC-ECONOMIC

8. SOCIAL KNOWLEDGE-INVENT-INNOVATE-DESIGN-

BUILD-MAINTAIN-STRUCTURES-MACHINE TOOLS-

SYSTEMS- MATERIALS

EVALUATION