History of digital week4

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History of the Digital Revolu3on Week #4: Audio Compression and Mp3 File Format

Transcript of History of digital week4

Page 1: History of digital week4

History  of  the  Digital  Revolu3on  

Week  #4:    Audio  Compression  and  Mp3  File  Format  

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COMPETING  FORMATS  

•  33  1/3  and  45’s  versus  78  RPM  •  VHS  versus  BETA  •  NTSC  &  PAL  &  SECAM  •  AC/DC  •  Laserdisc  &  DVD  •  DVD  versus    Blu-­‐Ray  

•  Often:    hardware  driven  

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Types  of  Digital  Audio  

•  Uncompressed  •  Lossless  Compression  •  Lossy  Compression  

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Types  of  Digital  Audio  

•  Uncompressed:  • WAV  “Waveform  AudioRile  Format  (Microsoft/IBM)  •  AIFF  “Audio  Interchange  File  Format”  (Apple)  •  AU  (Sun  Microsystem)  8k  rate  •  PCM  “Pulse  Code  Modulation”  

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Types  of  Digital  Audio  

•  Lossless  Compression  (2:1):  •  FLAC  “Free  Lossless  Audio  Codec”  (2001)  

•  ATRAC  Lossless  “Adaptive  Transform  Acoustic  Coding”  (Sony)  (1999)  

•  ALAC  (.m4a)  “Apple  Lossless  Audio  Codec”  (Apple)  (2004)  

•  MPEG-­‐4  SLS/ALS/DST  •  Monkey’s  Audio  (2000)  •  WMA  Lossless  (Microsoft  (2003)  

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Types  of  Digital  Audio  

•  Lossy  Compression  (~10:1):  •  Opus  (Internet  Engineering  Task  Force)    2012  

•  MP3  (1993)  •  Musepack/MPC    (based  on  MP2)  (1997)  •  Vorbis  •  AAC  (Bell/Fraunhofer/Dolby/Sony/Nokia)  (1997)  

•  ATRAC  (lossy)  (1992)  •  Musicam  (MP2)  (1993)  •  WMA  (lossy)  (1998)    

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MP3  Stereo,  16bit  audio  at  44.1KHz  =    

 44.1k  x  16  x  2  =  1411kbits/s      (or  172  kbyte/s)    Mp3  Standard  based  on  128kbit/s  (or  16kbyte/s)  

1411  ÷  128  =  11:1  compression  160  kbits/s  =  9:1  192  kbits/s  =  7:1  320  kbits/s  =  4.4:1  

 Mono,  8  bit  @  44.1kHz  =  352  kbits/s  

128  kbits/s  =    2.75:1  160  kbits/s  =  2.2:1  192  kbits/s  =  1.8:1  320  kbits/s  =  ~1:1  

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Audio  Compression  Audio  compression  is  the  reduction  in  the  transmission  bandwidth  and  storage  

requirements  of  audio  data.  Methods:  •  Reduce  Sampling  Frequency  

•  Nyquist  Limit  •  Reduce  Bit  Depth  (notches  in  the  ruler)  

•  8  bit  has  only  256  possible  values  •  48dB  dynamic  range  

•  16  bit  has  65,536  possible  values  •  96dB  dynamic  range  (noise  Rloor  can  reduce  it  to  78dB  or  ~13  

bit)  •  24  bit  has  1,048,576  possible  values!  

•  144dB  dynamic  range  (noise  Rloor  can  reduce  it  to  126dB  or  ~21bit)  

•  Perceptual  Coding  

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Audio  Compression  So…  

Size  and  Quality  are  directly  proportional  to  each  other  

SIZE  

QUALITY  

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Perceptual  Coding  •  Doesn’t  digitally  reproduce  the  exact  signal  (as  does  PCM)  

•  Models  how  we  listen  and  hear  music  •  Determines  what  factors  are  most  important  to  the  quality  of  music  

•  Creates  a  psychoacoustic  model  of  what  is  and  what  is  not  important  to  the  listener  in  order  to  perceive  quality.  •  Redundancy  •  Irrelevancy  •  Masking  •  Exploits  the  limitations  of  human  hearing  

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Perceptual  Coding  

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Audio  Compression  

•  Audio  Algorithms  are  the  “secret  sauce”  –  psychoacoustic    

 •  Codecs  contain  one  or  more  algorithms  

•  Containers  are  a  codec  with  other  information  (e.g.,  metadata,  tags,  headers,  etc.)    

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The  Players  

•  International  Organization  for  Standards  (ISO)  •  Moving  Pictures  Expert  Group  (MPEG)  •  Fraunhofer  Institut  (aka  Fraunhofer  Society)  •  Karlheinz  Brandenburg  •  ATT  Bell  Labs  •  Thompson  (TMS)  •  Phillips  •  Suzanne  Vega  

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Timeline  •  1982:    Brandenburg  is  asked  to  help  his  PhD  advisor  to  solve  the  problem  of  transmission  of  audio  over  ISDN  lines  

•  1988:    ISO’s  recommendations,  MPEG  is  formed  •  1988:    First  sale  of  Mp3  encoder  (to  a  radio  station  in  Micronesia  Saipan)  

•  1991:    Musicam  (Mp2)  chosen  over  Mp3  by  MPEG  •  1992:    ISO  includes  MP3  as  one  of  approved  codecs  •  1994:    Fraunhofer  releases  Rirst  Mp3  encoder,  L3enc.  •  1995:    File  extension  changed  from  “.bit”  to  “.mp3”  •  1995:    First  Mp3  player  released,  WinPlay3  •  1997:    Microsoft  incorporates  Mp3  into  Windows  Media  Player  

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Timeline  •  1997:    Hacked,  free  version  of  mp3  encoder  named  “Thank  You  Fraunhofer”  is  widely  released  

•  1997:    Mp3.com  created  •  1997:    Winamp  released  •  1998:    First  portable  players  released,  MPMan  and  the  Rio.  

•  1999:    Napster  invented  •  2000:    Standalone  version  of  LAME  released  •  2003:    Pirate  Bay  created  •  2003:    Mp3.com  sold  and  effectively  shuts  down  •  2005:    Megaupload  created  •  2009:    Pirate  Bay  founders  sent  to  jail  •  2017:    Mp3  patents  will  expire  

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Audio  Tests  STAX  Headphones  

$2000  each  

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Audio  Tests  •  1812  Overture  (relatively  easy  to  encode)  •  Tracey  Chapman  •  Gloria  Estefan  •  “Tom’s  Diner”  (Suzanne  Vega)  

•  Solo  instruments  very  hard  to  encode  without  errors  (“the  lonely  voice”)  

•  Fewer  predictable  patterns  •  Subtle  variations  abound  in  speech  (e.g.,  implosives,  glottal  stops,  etc.)  

•  Left/Right  Channels  so  similar  that  any  Rlaws  in  the  encoding  are  accentuated  

•  Bell  Labs’  volunteer  listeners  rebelled  after  listening  100’s  of  times  to  the  same  4  sec  snippet  

•  Hockey  Sounds  (instrumental  in  becoming  Rirst  large  scale  licensee  in  the  US  by  NHL  for  radio  broadcasts)  

•  Steely  Dan  (Instrumental  in  convincing  Telos  to  become  Rirst  enterprise  customer)  

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Audio  Tests  •  MPEG  Audio  Tests:  •  Ornette  Coleman  Solo  •  “Fast  Car”  •  Trumpet  Solo  •  Glockenspiel  •  Fireworks  •  Two  bass  solos  •  Castanet  •  Newscast  •  “Tom’s  Diner”  

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Discussion  Topics  1.  Did  the  Mp3  Rile  format  kill  the  music  business?  

2.  Do  you  think  that  quality  is  important  to  the  average  listener?  

3.  What  do  you  think  will  happen  once  the  patents  expire?  

4.  Do  you  think  that  improvements  in  bandwidth  and  storage  will  make  Mp3’s  obsolete?