History of Conservation Biology
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Transcript of History of Conservation Biology
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History of Conservation Biology
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Development of Western Conservation Attitudes
• philosophies and ideals may be traced to the late 1800s
• pragmatic utilitarianism- natural resource disciplines and government agencies
• romantic preservationists- wilderness advocacy
• science/ecology- The Nature Conservancy
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Western conservation philosophy is rooted in Judeo-Christian view of nature as created to serve the human race.
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Political, economic, and intellectual attitudes stem from a democratic view - increased access of individuals to natural resources; incentive to exploit nature.
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Impacts of Industrial and Scientific Revolutions
Provided new means of exploiting resources and a new concept of nature.
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Cycles of Crisis and Activity
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Transcendentalism (1850-1865)
The alteration of the eastern landscape stimulated and aesthetic appreciation of the natural areas that remained.
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Ralph Waldo Emerson• rejected material goals and sought
harmony through the contemplation of nature.
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Henry David Thoreau• naturalist, author, and philosopher
• "In wilderness is the preservation of the world."
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Closing of the Western Frontier (1890-1905)
By the end of the 19th century settlement in North America had reached the Pacific Ocean.
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Federal Agencies Were Established
• National Park system- 1872
• Forest Service- 1889
• Bureau of Reclamation- 1902
• National Refuge system- 1903
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John Muir (1838-1914)• naturalist and writer who stimulated interest in
the natural history of the western mountains.
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Muir’s Accomplishments• Established Sierra Club
• Met with government officials
• Wrote to inform the public. Sacramento Record-Union
• believed that land had recreational and cultural significance.
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Theodore Roosevelt Established 86 wildlife refuges in
17 states and three territories
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Gifford Pinchot• Prussian trained forester
• 1st director of Forestry in US
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Dust Bowl Era (1930-1940)• Agriculture spread into marginal lands
• Water erosion and flooding plagued the Midwest while drought and wind erosion plagued the Central Plains.
• Economic Depression
• Widespread recognition of new concepts in Ecology.
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Population Explosion & Environmental Pollution (1960-1975)• Economic expansion
• Explosive growth of technology
• Human population growth - post-war baby boom
• Industrial growth
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Increased Environmental Awareness
• Wilderness Act- 1964
• Environmental Protection Agency- 1970
• Endangered Species Act- 1973
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The Biodiversity Crisis (1990- ?)• Geographic Information Systems
• National Biological Service- 1993 Consolidated research personnel from various federal bureaus.
• Emergence of Conservation Biology as a discipline
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Results of European Colonization of N America:
Rapid Alteration of Natural Ecosystems dam building
predator elimination species introductions
logging forests mining
overgrazing erosion
litter and pollution
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”The Pioneer Spirit"
wilderness was an enemy that needed to be conquered
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Initially, reservations were created mainly for the preservation of timber and for recreational uses rather than for the protection of native species.
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It was not until the mid 1900's that people began to consider species preservation an end in itself
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Conservationists -vs- Environmentalists
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Idealism vs Realism• conservationists are idealistic
• Idealism- Land has inherent aesthetic value to man.
• Realism- Most people only see as land having economic value.
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Rachel Carson