1. History of Computersand its Types

2. Reedy (1984) quoted Aldous Huxleythus:that men do not learn very muchfrom the lessons of history is themost important of all the lessonsthat history has to teach.This therefore emphasizes theneed tostudy history of the 3. What is a Computer? 4. A computer is any device which aids humans in performing various kinds of computations or calculations.In that respect the earliest computer was the abacus, used to perform basic arithmetic operations.Every computer supports some form of input, processing, and output.We input information, the computer processes it according to its basic 5. IntroductionThe word computer is an old wordthat has changed its meaning severaltimes in the last few centuries.The American Heritage Dictionary (1980) gives its first computer definition as a person who computes.Websters Dictionary (1980) defines it as a programmable electronicdevice that can store, retrieve, and process data 6. Devices that comprise aComputer system Monitor Speaker(output)(output)System unit (processor, memory) Printer (output) Storage devices (CD-RW, Floppy, Hard disk, zip,) Mouse (input)ScannerKeyboard(input)(input) 6 7. Computers can perform four generaloperations, which comprise the information processing cycle.InputProcess Output Storage 7 8. Computers can be classified according to their CAPACITY Volume of work or the data processing capability a computer can handle.PERFORMANCEData that can be Amount and type of Speed ofsoftwarestored in memory Number and type internalavailable for use of peripheral operation devices 9. Modern computers do this electronically, which enables them to perform a vastly greater number of calculations or computations in less time.Graphics, sound etc. are merely abstractions of the numbers being crunched within the machine; in digital computers these are the ones and zeros, representing electrical on and off states, and endless combinations of those.In other words every image, every sound, and every word have a corresponding binary code. 10. HISTORYKonrad Zuse John Mauchly & J Eckert Sir Frederick Williams & Tom KilburnInventor of Modern Computer EINAC William Kilburn Tube - RAM 1939 1942 1946 1948XXX XXXJohn von Newman Dr Eckert & John MauchlyJohn AtanasoffEINAC ModifiedUNIVACDigital Computer 11. HISTORY OFCOMPUTERS First electronic computers used vacuum The second generation of computers tubes, and they were huge and complex.came about thanks to the invention of the transistor, which then started The first general purpose electronic replacing vacuum tubes in computer design. computer was the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer). The first transistor computer was created at the University of It was programmed using plugboards and Manchester in 1953 switches, supporting input from an IBM card reader, and output to an IBM card IBM also created the first disk drive punch. in 1956, the IBM 350 RAMAC It took up 167 square meters, weighed 27 tons, and consuming 150 kilowatts of Transistor computers consumed far power. It used thousands of vacuum tubes, less power, produced far less heat, crystal diodes, relays, resistors, andand were much smaller compared to capacitors. the first generation, albeit still big by todays standards. 12. First generationcomputers 13. Second generationcomputer 14. Third FourthGenerationGenerationComputers (1960)Computers (1971) The invention of the integrated circuits First microchips-based central(ICs), also known as microchips, paved processing units consisted of multiplethe way for computers as we know themmicrochips for different CPUtoday. components. Making circuits out of single pieces ofsilicon, which is a semiconductor, The drive for ever greater integration andallowed them to be much smaller andminiaturization led towards single-chipmore practical to produce. CPUs, where all of the necessary CPU This also started the ongoing process of components were put onto a singleintegrating an ever larger number of microchip, called a microprocessor.transistors onto a single microchip. During the sixties microchips started The first single-chip CPU, or amaking their way into computers, but microprocessor, was Intel 4004.the process was gradual, and secondgeneration of computers still held on. The advent of the microprocessor Minicomputers can be seen as a bridgebetween mainframes and spawned the evolution of themicrocomputers, which came later as themicrocomputers, the kind that wouldproliferation of microchips in computers eventually become personal computersgrew.that we are familiar with today. 15. 3rd generationcomputer 16. 4th generationcomputer 17. First Generation ofMicrocomputers (1971 1976) First microcomputers often came in kits, and many were just boxes withlights and switches, usable only to engineers and hobbyists who couldunderstand binary code. Some, however, did come with a keyboard and/or a monitor, bearingsomewhat more resemblance to modern computers. The reason some might consider it a first microcomputer is because itcould be used as a de-facto standalone computer, it was small enough,and its multi-chip CPU architecture actually became a basis for the x86architecture later used in IBM PC and its descendants. However, if we are looking for the first microcomputer that came with aproper microprocessor, was meant to be a standalone computer, anddidnt come as a kit then it would be Micral N, which used Intel 8008microprocessor. 18. 1st generationmicrocomputer 19. Second GenerationMicrocomputers (1977) As microcomputers continued to evolve they became easier tooperate, making them accessible to a larger audience. They typically came with a keyboard and a monitor, or could beeasily connected to a TV, and they supported visualrepresentation of text and numbers on the screen. Famous early examples of such computers include CommodorePET, Apple II, and in the 80s the IBM PC. The nature of the underlying electronic components didntchange between these computers and modern computers weknow of today, but what changed was the number of circuits thatcould be put onto a single microchip. Intels co-founder Gordon Moore predicted the doubling ofthe number of transistor on a single chip every two years, whichbecame known as Moores Law, and this trend has roughlyheld for over 30 years . 20. 2nd generationcomputer 21. Types ofcomputers 22. Portable Computers 23. MINICOMPUTERS In the 1960s, the growing demand for a smaller stand-alonemachine brought about the manufacture of the minicomputer Minicomputer systems provide faster operating speeds andlarger storage capacities than microcomputer systems Operating systems developed for minicomputer systemsgenerally support both multiprogramming and virtual storage. 5Minicomputers usually have from 8k to 256k memorystorage The PDP-8, the IBM systems 3 and the Honeywell 200 and 1200computer are typical examples of minicomputers. 24. MEDIUM-SIZE COMPUTERS Medium-size computer systems provide fasteroperating speeds and larger storage capacities. They can support a large number of high-speedinput/output devices and several disk drives. Medium-size computer can support a managementinformation system. IBM System 370, Burroughs 3500 System and NCRCentury 200 system are examples of medium-sizecomputers. They usually have memory sizes ranging from 32k to512k. 25. LARGE COMPUTERS Large computers are next to Super Computers andhave bigger capacity than the Mediumsize computers. Large computers have storage capacities from 512k to8192k. Expandability to 8 or even 16 million characters ispossible with some of these systems. They are used in complex modeling, or simulation,business Operations, product testing, design and engineeringwork and in the development of space technology. 26. SUPERCOMPUTERSThe supercomputers are the biggest and fastest machines todayThese machines are applied in nuclear weapon development, accurate weather forecasting and as host processors for local computerSuper computers have capabilities far beyond even the traditional large-scale systemsSupercomputers may need the assistance of a medium-size general purpose machines (usually called front-end processor) to handle minor programs or perform slower speed or smaller volume operation. 27. Classification by their basicperating PRINCIPLE ANALOGDIGITALHYBRID COMPUTERS COMPUTERSCOMPUTERS 28. ANALOG COMPUTERSAnalog computers were well known in the 1940s they are now uncommon.In such machines, numbers to be used in some calculation were represented by physical quantities such as electrical voltages.The computing units of analog computers respond immediately to the changes which they detect in the input variables.Analog computers excel in solving differential equations and are faster than digital computers. 29. DIGITAL COMPUTERSMost computers today are digital. They represent information discretely and use a binary system.The Pocket Webster School & Office Dictionary (1990) simply defines Digital computers as a computer using numbers in calculating.They process data in numerical form and their circuits perform directly the mathematical operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.Digital information is discrete, it can be copied exactly but it is difficult to make exact copies of analog information. 30. HYBRID COMPUTERSThese are machines that can work as both analog and digital computers. 31. WHAT HAPPENS WHEN GREATMINDS COME TOGETHER? 32. Bill GatesInspiring the era of the home computerCommercialising the operating system Launching Windows 95Evolution of microsoft 33. Steve jobs 34. Apple I, 1976Apple Computer was founded on April1, 1976 by a small group headed byJobs, engineer Steve Wozniak andindustry vet Ronald Wayne 35. Apple II, 1977The company hit the jackpot one year later with 1977s Apple II, a fully assembled desktop computer in a handsome case.Hackers still took to it because of its expandability. Schools used it to teach programming (it ran Integer BASIC) and offices started snatching them up once VisiCalc launched on the nascent platform. 36. Macintosh, 1984The Macintosh arrived in 1984, and it was the first computer to successfully integrate two things that are now commonplace: a graphical user interface and a mouse. Little pictures of folders, the piece of paper denoting a file, the trash can most of us learned how all of these things worked when we sat down at the Mac.Apple launched the Macintosh with a massive media campaign spearheaded by a minute-long TV commercial (riffing on Orwells 1984) that aired during the Super Bowl. 37. Apple IIc,1984 the Apple IIc, a slimmed-down version Apple releasedof the Apple II that was much more portable. It had a handle on the back so you could carry itaround comfortably with one hand. It wasnt quite alaptop the monitor and power supply werentattached and the guts werent a whole lot differentthan what you got in the bigger Apple II models. It was one of the first small-form-factor PCs to hit themarket, signaling the industry-wide move towardcompact. It was an era when computers beginning to creep intomiddle-class homes, and first-time buyers found the IIca "friendly" and appealing option. It looked equally attractive in the family room as itdid in the office. 38. Apple IIc, 1984 39. LaserWriter, 1985 The LaserWriter wasnt the firstdesktop laser printer to hit the market,but it was the first created for theMacintosh, and the first to use thecutting-edge PostScript language It was announced on the same day asits killer app, Aldus PageMaker. the LaserWriter wasnt the first shotfired in the desktop publishingrevolution, it was the first to drawblood as it costs $7,000. 40. LaserWriter,1985 41. Pixar, 1986 Steve Jobs bought Pixar in 1986.Jobs paid $5 million toGeorge Lucas and sank $5 million of his own money intothe company. His original vision for Pixar was to develop graphics-rendering hardware and software, but the businesseventually evolved into an animation studio. Jobs signed a distribution deal with Disney and Pixar began cranking out a string of hit family films, all of them computer-animated. 1995s Toy Story was the first blockbuster. Toy Story 2, Monsters, Inc., Finding Nemo, The Incredibles, Cars, WALL-E and Upfollowed. Accolades and Oscars came rolling in, along with massive mountains of cash. In 2006, Jobs flipped his original $10 million investment,selling Pixar to Disney for $7.4 billion in stock. 42. Pixar,1986 43. NeXT, 1988 After the success of the Macintosh, Jobs wasmarginalized by Apples board of directors, so he leftto found a new computer company called NeXT. Jobs launched a new computer system at NeXT. Itsmost famous workstation was an austere black cubethat cost $6,500. It ran a new operating system,NeXTSTEP, which was based on Unix. It was fast and especially adept at math functions,and it had a built-in Ethernet port in an age whenmost computers still needed a network interface card. Tim Berners-Lee used one to write the first web serverand the first web browser. The first server node on the World Wide Web was aNeXT box. 44. NeXT, 1988 45. iMac, 1998After NeXT failed to gain traction, Jobs sold the company to Apple and came back into the fold in 1996.Two years later, the company released a complete rewrite of the desktop PC the candy-colored iMac.The first iMac was a runaway hit, and the all-in-one design is still used by todays iMac (and widely copied by other PC manufacturers). 46. iMac, 1998 47. Power Mac G4 Cube, 2000Jobs wasnt ready to let go of his dream of a cube-shaped computer, which he first tried at NeXT.He encouraged Apple designer Jonathan Ive to work the shape into the Power Mac line, and the company pumped out the eight-inch clear acrylic cube in 2000.It didnt do so hot. It was $1,800, the disk drive had problems, and the case developed stress cracks easily. 48. Power Mac G4 Cube,2000 49. iPod, 2001The first iPod was a $400 MP3 player with a 5- gigabyte hard drive and a mechanical scroll wheel that didnt sync to Windows machines.The iPods all-white design was minimalist compared to other players that came before and, more importantly, the user interface was remarkably easy for anyone who picked it up to figure out.The hardware had its quirks if you got sand in the scroll wheel, youd get stuck listening to Spin Doctors all day the touch-wheel, a color screen for watching videos and eventually, the industry-standard touchscreen. 50. iPod, 2001 51. BY:-SALMA.KSAEEL.D BINALI.K SAGAR.K JYOTSNA.SHITEN.S