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Computers In Society More impact than any other invention

Changed work and leisure activities Used by all demographic groups

Computers are important because: Provide information to users Information is critical to our society Managing information is difficult

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Computers In Society Computers at home

Many homes have multiple computers Most American homes have Internet Computers are used for

Business Entertainment Communication Education

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Computers In Society Computers in education

Computer literacy required at all levels Computers in small business

Makes businesses more profitable Allows owners to manage

Computers in industry Computers are used to design products Assembly lines are automated

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Computers In Society Computers in government

Necessary to track data for population Police officers Tax calculation and collection

Governments were the first computer users

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Computers In Society Computers in health care

Revolutionized health care New treatments possible Scheduling of patients has improved Delivery of medicine is safer

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Computers For Individual Use Desktop computers

The most common type of computer Sits on the desk or floor Performs a variety of tasks

Workstations Specialized computers Optimized for science or graphics More powerful than a desktop

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Computers For Individual Use Notebook computers

Small portable computers Weighs between 3 and 8 pounds About 8 ½ by 11 inches Typically as powerful as a desktop Can include a docking station

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Computers For Individual Use Tablet computers

Newest development in portable computers

Input is through a pen

Run specialized versions of office products

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Handheld computers Very small computers Personal Digital Assistants (PDA) Note taking or contact management Data can synchronize with a desktop

Smart phones Hybrid of cell phone and PDA Web surfing, e-mail access

Computers For Individual Use

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Computers For Organizations Network servers

Centralized computer All other computers connect Provides access to network resources Multiple servers are called server farms Often simply a powerful desktop

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Computers For Organizations Mainframes

Used in large organizations

Handle thousands of users

Users access through a terminal

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Computers For Organizations Minicomputers

Called midrange computers Power between mainframe and desktop Handle hundreds of users Used in smaller organizations Users access through a terminal

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Computers For Organizations Supercomputers

The most powerful computers made

Handle large and complex calculations

Process trillions of operations per second

Found in research organizations

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EVOLUTION OF

CCOMPUTERS

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NEED FOR COMPUTERS Basic ‘Arithmetic Functions’.

Processing Data.

Storage Data.

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GENESIS OF THE COMPUTERS

1. Earliest Computer – (Abacus) used for addition and subtraction.

2. These are analog computers which have been replaced in modern times by pocket calculators.

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Contd…8. 1939

The first semi-electronic digital computing device is constructed by John Atanassoff.

The "Mark I" Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator, the first fully automatic calculator, is begun at Harvard by mathematician Howard Aiken. Its designed purpose was to generate ballistic tables for Navy artillery.

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Contd…10. Controlled Calculator or Harvard Mark I (1944)-first information-

processing machine An electromechanical computer with 760,000 wheels, 500 miles of

wire, and a panel 51 ft long and 8ft high

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GENERATION OF COMPUTERS First Generation Computers: (1950-1959)

Second Generation Computers:(1959-1969)

Third Generation Computers(1969-1977)

Fourth Generation Computers(1977-Present)

Fifth Generation Computers (Yet to come)

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COMPUTER NETWORK The idea of computer networking started in the1960s when time-

sharing services were first available to the public. Computer networking has been developed at three levels:

Local area network (LAN) that interconnect computers located within a relative small area such as a college campus

metropolitan area network (MAN) representing LAN technologies optimized for a metropolitan area such as a city

wide area network (WAN) providing communication services over several kilometres, across the nation, or around the globe

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CONTD… ISDN : Came into existence in1970’s : regarded as an all-purpose

digital network in that it will provide an integrated access that will support a wide variety of applications in a flexible and cost-effective manner. ISDN-Integrated service digital network

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Robotics And Artificial Intelligence “A robot is a reprogrammable, multifunctional manipulator

designed to perform functions ordinarily ascribed to human beings” Robot age began in 1954 when George C.Devol, who is regarded

as the "father of robot," patented the first manipulator with a playback memory.

In 1969 and 1970,researchers at Stanford Research Institute (SRI) produced a mobile robot, known as Shakey, which had some vision capability

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Contd… By the year 1978,there were about 2,500 industrial robots in the

United States. University1980 witnessed the establishment of the largest

university laboratory on robotics at Carnegie Mellon.

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FIRST GENERATION COMPUTERS(1941-1956) Operating instructions built with specific

task in mind

Only machine language possible

Difficulty and malfunctions

Vacuum tubes and magnetic drums

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EXAMPLES OF 1ST GEN ENIAC-Electronic Numerical Integrator and

computer

University of Pennsylvania and The US Government

John Presper Eckert and John W Mauchly-general purpose computer

18,000 vacuum tubes, 7000 resistors

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Contd.. EDVAC- Electronic Discrete Variable

Automatic Computer

Stored programme and data

Von Neumann

Single source control

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Contd… UNIVAC I- Universal Automatic Computer

Remington Rand

US Census Bureau and General Electric

The amazing prediction!

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SECOND GENERATION COMPUTERS (1956-1963) Invention of transistors

Shift from vacuum

Large scale machines made-atomic energy labs

Machine language replaced

Assembly vs binary

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contd Showed modern day comp characteristics Modern day utilities

Financial information processed

Instructions stored in memory

COBOL and FORTRAN were used (still in use for some applications)

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THIRD GENERATION COMPUTERS(1964-1971) Faults of the transistor IC (Integrated Circuit) -1958-Jack Kilby Electronic components combined into

silicon chip- quartz Advancement-more components Operating systems advantageous Memory monitoring

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The ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) is the world's first electronic computer

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BRIEF HISTORY In 1946, John Mauchly and J PresperEckert developed the ENIAC I(Electrical Numerical Integrator And Calculator).

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Contd… It was a war time effort by the University of Pensylvania's

Moore School of Electrical Engineering for the U.S Army's Ballistics Reseach Lab at Aberdeen Maryland.

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Contd…

The U.S. military sponsored their research; they needed a calculating device for writing artillery-firing tables (the settings used for different weapons under varied conditions for target accuracy).

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PHYSICAL FEATURES It spanned 150 feet in width with twenty banks of flashing

lights indicating the results of its computations.

• Weighed 30 tons, consumed 160 kilowatts of electrical power

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Contd…. The ENIAC contained 17,468 vacuum tubes. 70,000 resistors, 10,000 capacitors, 1,500 relays, 6,000

manual switches and 5 million soldered joints.

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PERFORMANCE ENIAC could perform

5,000 additions, 357 multiplications or 38 divisions.

The use of vacuum tubes instead of switches and relays created the increase in speed

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Contd…. It was a 4 digit decimal arithmetic unit based on

vacuum tubes. It could store 4 digits in memory (2 digits each on the left and

right). Add and subtract 2 digits + 2 digits, perform transfer in

200É sec, and display results or store them in memory.

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LIMITATIONS It was unable to store program.

• It had to be manually wired to execute a particular program.

• It could not be reprogrammed easily

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EDSAC contained 3,000 vacuum tubes and used mercury delay lines for memory. Programs were input using paper tape and output results were passed to a teleprinter. Additionally, EDSAC is credited as using one of the first assemblers called "Initial Orders," which allowed it to be programmed symbolically instead of using machine code. a

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it seemed obvious that there were a few large defects. The most significant one was how long it would take to reprogram it. Previously, mechanical computers had been programmed with cards or punched tape, but the Eniac would operate too fast for that to be feasible, so there wasn’t any apparent alternative to internal programming- where a programmer would have to go rewire things to change the program. This could take hours or even

days for a new program to be ‘written

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Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer, or EDVAC

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The actual ENIAC Type Arithmetic System and binary vacuum tube electronic computer are currently preserved in the Special Materials Room of the Faculty of Engineering of Osaka University.

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The Moore School computer nonetheless provided a crucial step in a progression of technological advances; it also served to convince military scientists and technical experts of the value and practicability of electronic computation. The resulting enthusiasm was compounded by the advent of the Cold War;

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The rate of change in artillery designs and the changing patterns of warfare created demands that exceeded their computational capacity. At any other time, the ideas worked out by John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert--only 32 and 23 years old at the time that they met--would have been dismissed as impractical. Under other circumstances, their ideas would have been rejected for the simple reason that the ENIAC would cost too much to build

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Supercomputers

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History Designed by Ceymour Cray for CDC (1960). Left CDC to form a new company; Cray

research. Manufactured supercomputers with new

designs and became the top spot in the market (1985 – 90).

Today the pioneers in this field are IBM and HP.

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Processors

Scalar processors (before 1985) Vector processors (1985 – 1990) Parallel processing (1990 onwards)

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Classifications Specific purpose General purpose

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Challenges Costly Protection from dust Needs large storage capacity Produces large amount of heat Protection from external heat Huge machine

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Uses Weather forecasting Military purposes Molecular modeling Nuclear research Physical simulations Scientific research

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Future computers What will computers be like in the future? The computers of tomorrow won’t be on top of desks and

won’t have a monitor, keyboard and case. They may look like a pen ,box, sun glasses etc.

The near future, crystal holographic memory is coming on line

at MCC.

Computers may be in a 2 or 3 part unit. Stationary semi-stationary and mobile.

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How will we communicate with future computers?Get rid of keyboards We don’t have to use our keyboard instead just

sit before the monitor and tell the password or just speak to your monitor. That will light up your files on the internet. Our monitor will recognize our voice.

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How will the future computers look

like ?

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Some looks like a pen

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It produces both the monitor as well as the key board on flat surfaces from where you can just carry out the

normal operations .

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Some computers look like boxes in which laser beams produces on the flat surface from where you can do your operations.

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