History of Chemistry Teresa Galloway JFKS. If I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders...
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Transcript of History of Chemistry Teresa Galloway JFKS. If I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders...
![Page 1: History of Chemistry Teresa Galloway JFKS. If I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of giants. Sir Isaac Newton.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070409/56649e9d5503460f94b9d62c/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
History of Chemistry
Teresa Galloway
JFKS
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If I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of giants.
Sir Isaac Newton
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Chemistry through the Years- 18th Century: Gas
Chemistry
- 19th Century: Organic Chemistry
- 20th Century: Nuclear Chemistry
- 21st Century: Quantum Chemistry
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More on the Periodic Table:
• Daniel Radcliffe sings the Element Song
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Historical Outline of Atomic Theory Website
• History Website
• Corrosion Doctors Website
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Greek View
Democritus: 470-380 BCCoined the term “atom”
Aristotle: 384-322 BCFour Element Concept
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Ancient Philosophers
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21 Centuries Later………..
• Robert Boyle: (1627-1691 Ireland)
• In 1665 in Oxford, along with his assistant Robert Hooke devised the vacuum chamber
• First prominent scientist to perform controlled experiments and publish his work
• Boyles Law: P1V1 = P2V2
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Antoine Lavoisier (1743-1794 France)
• First person to make good use of the balance changing chemistry from qualitative to quantitative
• Disproved Phlogiston Theory/instead proposed Combustion Theory
• Law of Conservation of Mass
• Beheaded by guillotine in 1794
• Antoine Lavoisier YouTubeVideo
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Joseph Proust (1754-1826 France)
• Law of Constant Proportions 1799– The proportions of the components of a
chemical compound are always the same no matter how it is prepared
– became more clear to scientists in 1803 with the help of John Dalton
– FYI: First to identify the sugar that comes from grapes as glucose
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Amadeo Avogadro (1776-1856 Italy)
• Avogadro’s Hypothesis: 1811
• At the same temperature and pressure, equal volumes of gases contain the same number of molecules
• Extremely radical for the time period, was not accepted for another 50 years (Karlsruhe Conference 1860)
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A Mole is a Unit
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John Dalton (1766-1844 England)
• Daltons Atomic Theory: (1803)• Elements are made of tiny particles called atoms• All atoms of the same element are identical
(later to be revised)• The atoms of a given element are different from
those of any other element• Elements combine to form compounds• Mass is neither created or destroyed in a
chemical reaction, but can be rearranged.
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Events Leading to the Periodic Table:
• Johann Dobereiner (1817)
• Law of Triads
• Proposed that nature contains triads of elements where the middle element has properties that were an average of the other two members when ordered by the atomic weight (Li,Na,K)
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John Newlands (1863 England)
• Law of Octaves
• Any given element will exhibit analogous
behavior to the 8th element following it in the periodic table.
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Dmitri Mendeleev (1834-1907 Russia)
• Late 1860’s, arranged the 63 known elements (known by atomic weights) into groups based on chemical and physical properties
• Where a gap existed, he predicted a new element would be found and its properties, Ga (1875), Sc (1879), Ge (1886) were found during his lifetime
• YouTubeVideo on Mendeleev
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Lothar Meyer
• Meyer’s 1864 textbook included an abbreviated version of the periodic table consisting of appx ½ of the elements listed in order by atomic weight and demonstrated periodic valence changes as a function of atomic weight.
• In 1868 he constructed an extended table and gave it to a colleague to evaluate
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Meyer vs Mendeleev
http://www.chemheritage.org/discover/chemistry-in-history/themes/the-path-to-the-periodic-table/meyer-and-mendeleev.aspx
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Discovery of the Noble Gases
• 1904 Chemistry Nobel Prize for Ramsey and physics for Rayleigh
• Lord Rayleigh was studying nitrogen in the air and noted that the weight was always greater than that of N2 in other compounds thus Argon was found.
• Discovery of the other noble gases then quickly followed
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Glenn Seaborg
• Starting with his discovery of plutonium in 1940, he discovered all the transuranium elements (94-102)
• He reconfigured the periodic table by placing the actinide series below the lanthanide series
• 1951 received Nobel Prize in chemistry for his work
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• Glenn Seaborg and the discovery of 10 elements
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J.J. ThomsonBritish 1856-1940
• Nobel Prize in physics 1906
• 1871 became a professor at the Cavendish Laboratories in Cambridge England
• Experimented with electrical currents inside empty glass tubes (cathode rays)
• Bold proposal that these mysterious rays are streams of particles much smaller than atoms
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• Proposed the first model of the atom with subatomic particles
• Credited with the discovery of the electron based from his work with cathode ray tubes
• Plum Pudding Model: the atom is made up of a positively charged pudding with negative electrons distributed throughout to neutralize the atom
• cathode ray tube
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• Sir JJ Thomson
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Robert Millikan Oil Drop Experiment
• Performed in 1909 determined the size of the charge of an electron
• Oil Drop Experiment
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Ernest Rutherford
• New Zealand, 1871-1937, physicist
• Awarded a scholarship to Cambridge University (1894) where he was influenced by JJ Thomson to study the recently discovered x-rays
• Coined the terms: alpha, beta and gamma rays, half-life, proton
• Given credit for the proton, and nucleus
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• 1907 went to Univ. of Manchester to work with Hans Geiger
• 1908 received Nobel Prize in chemistry for his work with radiation and the atomic nucleus
• Appx1909 discovered the atomic nucleus and proposed a model of the atom
• Gold Foil Experiment (1909)-the atom is mainly empty space through which electrons move and there is a tiny dense region “nucleus” centrally located that contained all of an atom’s positive charge
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• Rutherfords Gold Foil Experiment
• Another Look at Gold Foil
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H G J Moseley
• Died at the age of 27, shot through the head by a Turkish bullet at Gallipoli in 1915.
• “ein schwerer Verlust für die Naturwissenschaften”
• Studied the frequency of x-rays given off by cathode ray tubes when electrons strike the anode.
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• Found that there was a relationship between the frequencies (v) of the x-rays given off by the cathode ray tube and the atomic number of the metal used to form the anode.
• Conclusion: The atomic number was equal to the positive charge (charge on the nucleus) of an atom. (1914)
• This then caused the periodic table to be reorganized based on atomic number of the element, not atomic weight.
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James Chadwick1891-1974, British
• 1911 spent two years working with Ernest Rutherford
• Main studies were with radioactivity
• Along with Rutherford and others noticed that the proton did not account for all the mass of an atom, that the atomic mass was always more than the atomic number
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• Hypothesis of the time was that there was a proton-electron pairing in the nucleus making up for the difference of the mass
• Influenced by the work of Frederick and Marie –Joliot Curie and their work with radiation
• 1932 neutron discovered to be the “neutral” particle that weighed 0.1% more than the proton accounting for the mass
• 1935 Nobel Prize for his work
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• Bill Nye the Science Guy: Atoms
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Neils Bohr
• Quantum Mechanics The Structure of Atoms
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Niels Bohr 1885-1962, Danish
• 1922 Nobel Prize in physics for his work on the atomic structure
• Studied under Rutherford in Manchester
• Expanded Rutherfords theory that electrons could travel in certain orbits and that the outer orbits determined the chemical properties of the atom
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• Also described the way atoms emit radiation by suggesting that if an electron gains energy it can jump from ground state to a higher energy level “excited” state. And when the electron loses energy and falls back to a lower energy level, it gives off a photon of light.
• 1939 visited the USA and relaid news that German scientists were working on splitting the atom, which spurred the creation of the Manhattan Project
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Werner Heisenberg 1901-1976, German Physicist
• Influenced by the work of James Chadwick
• 1927 Uncertainty Principle: It is impossible to know both the exact location & velocity of an electron at any given time.
• Nobel Prize in Physics in 1932 for the creation of quantum mechanics, the application which has led among other things to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen
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Ich bin Werner Heisenberg
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Quantum Mechanics
Where are we today?