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History of books 1
History of books
"Modern Book Printing" sculpture, showing a
pile of modern codex books.
The history of the book is an academic discipline that studies the
production, transmission, circulation and dissemination of text from
antiquity to the present day. The scope of the history of the book, or
book history as it is also known, includes the history of ideas, history
of religion, bibliography as well as practices of conservation and
curation.
Origins and antiquity
Writing is a system of linguistic symbols which permit one to transmit
and conserve information. Writing appears to have developed between
the 7th millennium BC and the 4th millennium BC, first in the form of
early mnemonic symbols which became a system of ideograms or
pictographs through simplification. The oldest known forms of writing
were thus primarily logographic in nature. Later syllabic and
alphabetic or segmental writing emerged.
The book is also linked to the desire of humans to create lasting
records. Stones could be the most ancient form of writing, but wood
would be the first medium to take the guise of a book. The words biblos and liber first meant "fibre inside of a tree".
In Chinese, the character that means book is an image of a tablet of bamboo. Wooden tablets (Rongorongo) were
also made on Easter Island.
Silk, in China, was also a base for writing. Writing was done with brushes. Many other materials were used as bases:
bone, bronze, pottery, shell, etc. In India, for example, dried palm tree leaves were used; in Mesoamerica anothertype of plant, Amate. Any material which will hold and transmit text is a candidate for use in bookmaking.
Clay tablets
Clay tablets were used in Mesopotamia in the 3rd millennium BC. The calamus, an instrument in the form of a
triangle, was used to make characters in moist clay. The tablets were fired to dry them out. At Nineveh, 22,000
tablets were found, dating from the 7th century BC; this was the archive and library of the kings of Assyria, who had
workshops of copyists and conservationists at their disposal. This presupposes a degree of organization with respect
to books, consideration given to conservation, classification, etc. Tablets were used right up until the 19th century in
various parts of the world, including Germany, Chile, and the Saharan Desert.
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History of books 2
Papyrus
Egyptian Papyrus
After extracting the marrow from the stems, a series of steps
(humidification, pressing, drying, gluing, and cutting), produced media
of variable quality, the best being used for sacred writing. In Ancient
Egypt, papyrus was used for writing maybe as early as from First
Dynasty, but first evidence is from the account books of KingNeferirkare Kakai of the Fifth Dynasty (about 2400 BC).[1] A calamus,
the stem of a reed sharpened to a point, or bird feathers were used for
writing. The script of Egyptian scribes was called hieratic, or
sacredotal writing; it is not hieroglyphic, but a simplified form more
adapted to manuscript writing (hieroglyphs usually being engraved or
painted).
Papyrus books were in the form of a scroll of several sheets pasted together, for a total length of up to 10 meters or
even more. Some books, such as the history of the reign of Ramses III, were over 40 meters long. Books rolled out
horizontally; the text occupied one side, and was divided into columns. The title was indicated by a label attached tothe cylinder containing the book. Many papyrus texts come from tombs, where prayers and sacred texts were
deposited (such as the Book of the Dead, from the early 2nd millennium BC).
These examples demonstrate that the development of the book, in its material makeup and external appearance,
depended on a content dictated by political (the histories of pharaohs) and religious (belief in an afterlife) values.
The particular influence afforded to writing and word perhaps motivated research into ways of conserving texts.
East Asia
A Chinese bamboo book
Writing on bone, shells, wood and silk existed in China long before the 2nd
century BC. Paper was invented in China around the 1st century AD. Thediscovery of the process using the bark of the blackberry bush is attributed to
Ts'ai Louen, but it may be older. Texts were reproduced by woodblock printing;
the diffusion of Buddhist texts was a main impetus to large-scale production. The
format of the book evolved with intermediate stages of scrolls folded
concertina-style, scrolls bound at one edge ("butterfly books") and so on.
The first printing of books started in China and was during the Tang Dynasty
(618907), but exactly when is not known. The oldest extant printed book is a
Tang Dynasty work of the Diamond Sutra and dates back to 868. When the
Italian Catholic missionary Matteo Ricci visited Ming China, he wrote that there
were "exceedingly large numbers of books in circulation" and noted that they
were sold at very low prices.
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History of books 3
Pre-columbian codices of the Americas
Dresden Codex (page 49)
The only currently deciphered complete writing system in the Americas is the
Maya scroll. The Maya, along with several other cultures in Mesoamerica,
constructed concertina-style books written on Amatl paper. Nearly all Mayan
texts were destroyed by the Spanish during colonization on cultural and religious
grounds. One of the few surviving examples is the Dresden Codex.
Although only the Maya have been shown to have a writing system capable of
conveying any concept that can be conveyed via speech (at about the same level
as the modern Japanese writing system), other Mesoamerican cultures had more
rudimentary ideographical writing systems which were contained in similar
concertina-style books, one such example being the Aztec codices.
Wax tablets
Woman holding wax tablets in the form of the
codex. Wall painting from Pompeii, before 79
AD.
Romans used wax-coated wooden tablets (pugillares) upon which they
could write and erase by using a stylus. One end of the stylus was
pointed, and the other was spherical. Usually these tablets were used
for everyday purposes (accounting, notes) and for teaching writing to
children, according to the methods discussed by Quintilian in his
Institutio Oratoria X Chapter 3. Several of these tablets could be
assembled in a form similar to a codex. Also the etymology of the
word codex (block of wood) suggest that it may have developed from
wooden wax tablets.[2]
Parchment
Parchment progressively replaced papyrus. Legend attributes its
invention to Eumenes II, the king of Pergamon, from which comes the
name "pergamineum," which became "parchment." Its production
began around the 3rd century BC. Made using the skins of animals
(sheep, cattle, donkey, antelope, etc.), parchment proved easier to conserve over time; it was more solid, and allowed
one to erase text. It was a very expensive medium because of the rarity of material and the time required to produce a
document. Vellum is the finest quality of parchment.
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History of books 4
Greece and Rome
The scroll of papyrus is called "volumen" in Latin, a word which signifies "circular movement," "roll," "spiral,"
"whirlpool," "revolution" (similar, perhaps, to the modern English interpretation of "swirl") and finally "a roll of
writing paper, a rolled manuscript, or a book." In the 7th century Isidore of Seville explains the relation between
codex, book and scroll in hisEtymologiae (VI.13) as this:
A codex is composed of many books (librorum); a book is of one scroll (voluminis). It is called codex by way of metaphor from the trunks
(caudex) of trees or vines, as if it were a wooden stock, because it contains in itself a multitude of books, as it were of branches.
Description
The scroll is rolled around two vertical wooden axes. This design allows only sequential usage; one is obliged to
read the text in the order in which it is written, and it is impossible to place a marker in order to directly access a
precise point in the text. It is comparable to modern video cassettes. Moreover, the reader must use both hands to
hold on to the vertical wooden rolls and therefore cannot read and write at the same time. The only volumen in
common usage today is the Jewish Torah.
Book culture
The authors of Antiquity had no rights concerning their published works; there were neither authors' nor publishing
rights. Anyone could have a text recopied, and even alter its contents. Scribes earned money and authors earned
mostly glory, unless a patron provided cash; a book made its author famous. This followed the traditional conception
of the culture: an author stuck to several models, which he imitated and attempted to improve. The status of the
author was not regarded as absolutely personal.
From a political and religious point of view, books were censored very early: the works of Protagoras were burned
because he was a proponent of agnosticism and argued that one could not know whether or not the gods existed.
Generally, cultural conflicts led to important periods of book destruction: in 303, the emperor Diocletian ordered theburning of Christian texts. Some Christians later burned libraries, and especially heretical or non-canonical Christian
texts. These practices are found throughout human history but have ended in many nations today. A few nations
today still greatly censor and even burn books.
But there also exists a less visible but nonetheless effective form of censorship when books arereserved for the elite;
the book was not originally a medium for expressive liberty. It may serve to confirm the values of a political system,
as during the reign of the emperor Augustus, who skillfully surrounded himself with great authors. This is a good
ancient example of the control of the media by a political power. More importantly, private censorship of books has
occurred and continues today. What books one chooses to privately read, to destroy, to throw away, to not sell, and
what to pass along to one's children involves choosing some books over others. Private individuals can and do censor
themselves and others, with little or no support and approval from the governing bodies of their time.
Proliferation and conservation of books in Greece
Little information concerning books in Ancient Greece survives. Several vases (6th and 5th century BC) bear images
of volumina. There was undoubtedly no extensive trade in books, but there existed several sites devoted to the sale of
books.
The spread of books, and attention to their cataloging and conservation, as well as literary criticism developed during
the Hellenistic period with the creation of large libraries in response to the desire for knowledge exemplified by
Aristotle. These libraries were undoubtedly also built as demonstrations of political prestige:
The Library of Alexandria, a library created by Ptolemy Soter and set up by Demetrius Phalereus (Demetrius ofPhaleron). It contained 500,900 volumes (in theMuseion section) and 40,000 at the Serapis temple (Serapeion).
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History of books 5
All books in the luggage of visitors to Egypt were inspected, and could be held for copying. The Museion was
partially destroyed in 47 BC.
The Library at Pergamon, founded by Attalus I; it contained 200,000 volumes which were moved to the
Serapeion by Mark Antony and Cleopatra, after the destruction of the Museion. The Serapeion was partially
destroyed in 391, and the last books disappeared in 641 CE following the Arab conquest.
The Library at Athens, thePtolemaion, which gained importance following the destruction of the Library at
Alexandria ; the Library of Pantainos, around 100 CE; the library of Hadrian, in 132 CE.
The Library at Rhodes, a library that rivaled the Library of Alexandria.
The Library at Antioch, a public library of which Euphorion of Chalcis was the director near the end of the 3rd
century.
The libraries had copyist workshops, and the general organisation of books allowed for the following:
Conservation of an example of each text
Translation (the Septuagint Bible, for example)
Literary criticisms in order to establish reference texts for the copy (example : The Iliad and The Odyssey)
A catalog of books
The copy itself, which allowed books to be disseminated
Book production in Rome
Book production developed in Rome in the 1st century BC with Latin literature that had been influenced by the
Greek.
This diffusion primarily concerned circles of literary individuals. Atticus was the editor of his friend Cicero.
However, the book business progressively extended itself through the Roman Empire; for example, there were
bookstores in Lyon. The spread of the book was aided by the extension of the Empire, which implied the imposition
of the Latin tongue on a great number of people (in Spain, Africa, etc.).
Libraries were private or created at the behest of an individual. Julius Caesar, for example, wanted to establish one inRome, proving that libraries were signs of political prestige.
In the year 377, there were 28 libraries in Rome, and it is known that there were many smaller libraries in other
cities. Despite the great distribution of books, scientists do not have a complete picture as to the literary scene in
antiquity as thousands of books have been lost through time.
Paper
Papermaking has traditionally been traced to China about AD 105, when Cai Lun, an official attached to the Imperial
court during the Han Dynasty (202 BC-220 AD), created a sheet of paper using mulberry and other bast fibres along
with fishnets, old rags, and hemp waste.While paper used for wrapping and padding was used in China since the 2nd century BC,[] paper used as a writing
medium only became widespread by the 3rd century.[3] By the 6th century in China, sheets of paper were beginning
to be used for toilet paper as well.[4] During the Tang Dynasty (618907 AD) paper was folded and sewn into square
bags to preserve the flavor of tea. The Song Dynasty (9601279) that followed was the first government to issue
paper currency.
An important development was the mechanization of paper manufacture by medieval papermakers. The introduction
of water-powered paper mills, the first certain evidence of which dates to the 11th century in Crdoba, Spain, [5]
allowed for a massive expansion of production and replaced the laborious handcraft characteristic of both
Chinese[6][7] and Muslim[8] papermaking. Papermaking centres began to multiply in the late 13th century in Italy,
reducing the price of paper to one sixth of parchment and then falling further. [9]
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parchmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paper_millhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Middle_Ageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banknotehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Song_Dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tea_baghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tang_Dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toilet_paperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hemphttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fishnetshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bast_fibrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mulberryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Han_Dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cai_Lunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Julius_Caesarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Libraryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lyonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cicerohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Titus_Pomponius_Atticushttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Odysseyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Iliadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Septuaginthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Euphorion_of_Chalcishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antiochhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Library_of_Alexandriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhodeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hadrianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Library_of_Pantainoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Library_at_Alexandriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Library_at_Alexandriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Athenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arabhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleopatrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mark_Antonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attalus_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pergamon -
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History of books 6
Middle Ages
The codex Manesse, a book from the Middle
Ages
By the end of antiquity, between the 2nd and 4th centuries, the codex
had replaced the scroll. The book was no longer a continuous roll, but a
collection of sheets attached at the back. It became possible to access a
precise point in the text directly. The codex is equally easy to rest on a
table, which permits the reader to take notes while he or she is reading.The codex form improved with the separation of words, capital letters,
and punctuation, which permitted silent reading. Tables of contents and
indices facilitated direct access to information. This form was so
effective that it is still the standard book form, over 1500 years after its
appearance.
Paper would progressively replace parchment. Cheaper to produce, it
allowed a greater diffusion of books.
Books in monasteries
A number of Christian books were destroyed at the order of Diocletian
in 304 AD. During the turbulent periods of the invasions, it was the
monasteries that conserved religious texts and certain works of
Antiquity for the West. But there would also be important copying
centers in Byzantium.
The role of monasteries in the conservation of books is not without some ambiguity:
Reading was an important activity in the lives of monks, which can be divided into prayer, intellectual work, and
manual labor (in the Benedictine order, for example). It was therefore necessary to make copies of certain works.
Accordingly, there existed scriptoria (the plural of scriptorium) in many monasteries, where monks copied anddecorated manuscripts that had been preserved.
However, the conservation of books was not exclusively in order to preserve ancient culture; it was especially
relevant to understanding religious texts with the aid of ancient knowledge. Some works were never recopied,
having been judged too dangerous for the monks. Morever, in need of blank media, the monks scraped off
manuscripts, thereby destroying ancient works. The transmission of knowledge was centered primarily on sacred
texts.
Copying and conserving books
An author portrait of Jean Milot writing his
compilation of theMiracles of Our Lady, one of
his many popular works.
Despite this ambiguity, monasteries in the West and the EasternEmpire permitted the conservation of a certain number of secular texts,
and several libraries were created: for example, Cassiodorus ('Vivarum'
in Calabro, around 550), or Constantine I in Constantinople. There
were several libraries, but the survival of books often depended on
political battles and ideologies, which sometimes entailed massive
destruction of books or difficulties in production (for example, the
distribution of books during the Iconoclasm between 730 and 842). A
long list of very old and surviving libraries that now form part of the
Vatican Archives can be found in the Catholic Encyclopedia.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Encyclopediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iconoclasmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constantinoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constantine_I_%28emperor%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cassiodorushttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AEscribano.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean_Mi%C3%A9lothttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benedictinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Byzantiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Classical_antiquityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diocletianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scrollhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Codexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ACodex_Manesse_Ulrich_von_Singenberg.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Codex_Manesse -
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History of books 7
The scriptorium
The scriptorium was the workroom of monk copyists; here, books were copied, decorated, rebound, and conserved.
The armarius directed the work and played the role of librarian.
The role of the copyist was multifaceted: for example, thanks to their work, texts circulated from one monastery to
another. Copies also allowed monks to learn texts and to perfect their religious education. The relationship with the
book thus defined itself according to an intellectual relationship with God. But if these copies were sometimes madefor the monks themselves, there were also copies made on demand.
The task of copying itself had several phases: the preparation of the manuscript in the form of notebooks once the
work was complete, the presentation of pages, the copying itself, revision, correction of errors, decoration, and
binding. The book therefore required a variety of competencies, which often made a manuscript a collective effort.
Transformation from the literary edition in the 12th century
The revival of cities in Europe would change the conditions of book production and extend its influence, and the
monastic period of the book would come to an end. This revival accompanied the intellectual renaissance of the
period. The Manuscript culture outside of the monastery developed in these university-cities in Europe in this time. Itis around the first universities that new structures of production developed: reference manuscripts were used by
students and professors for teaching theology and liberal arts. The development of commerce and of the bourgeoisie
brought with it a demand for specialized and general texts (law, history, novels, etc.). It is in this period that writing
in the common vernacular developed (courtly poetry, novels, etc.). Commercial scriptoria became common, and the
profession of book seller came into being, sometimes dealing internationally.
There is also the creation of royal libraries as in the case of Saint Louis and Charles V. Books were also collected in
private libraries, which became more common in the 14th and 15th centuries.
The use of paper diffused through Europe in the 14th century. This material, less expensive than parchment, came
from China via the Arabs in Spain in the 11th and 12th centuries. It was used in particular for ordinary copies, while
parchment was used for luxury editions.
Printing press
The invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg around 1440 marks the entry of the book into the
industrial age. The Western book was no longer a single object, written or reproduced by request. The publication of
a book became an enterprise, requiring capital for its realization and a market for its distribution. The cost of each
individual book (in a large edition) was lowered enormously, which in turn increased the distribution of books. The
book in codex form and printed on paper, as we know it today, dates from the 15th century. Books printed before
January 1, 1501, are called incunables. The spreading of book printing all over Europe occurred relatively quickly,
but most books were still printed in Latin. The spreading of the concept of printing books in the vernacular was asomewhat slower process.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vernacularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Incunablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Gutenberghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Printing_presshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parchmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arabshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parchmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_V_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louis_IX_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Librarieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manuscript_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bookbindinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=God -
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History of books 8
List of notable modern innovations
Handwritten notes by Christopher Columbus on
the Latin edition of Marco Polo'sLe livre des
merveilles.
First printed book in Georgian was published in
Rome, in 1629 by Niceforo Irbachi.
1377:Jikji or Selected Teachings of Buddhist Sages and Seon
Masters, the earliest known book printed with movable type
1455: The Gutenberg Bible was the first major book printed in
Europe with movable metal type by Johannes Gutenberg.
1461:Der Ackermann aus Bohmen printed by Albrecht Pfister, thefirst printed book in German, and also the first book illustrated with
woodcuts.
1470:Il Canzoniere by Francesco Petrarca, the first book printed in
the Italian language.
1472: Sinodal de Aguilafuente was the first book printed in Spain
(at Segovia) and in Spanish language.
1474: Obres e trobes en llaor de la Verge Santa Maria was the first
book printed in Catalan language, at Valencia.
c. 1475:Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye was the first book
printed in the English language.
1476:La lgende dore printed by Guillaume LeRoy, the first book
printed in the French language.
1476: Grammatica Graeca, sive compendium octo orationis
partium, probably the first book entirely in Greek by Constantine
Lascaris.
1477: The first printed edition of the Geographia, probably in 1477
in Bologna, was also the first printed book with engraved
illustrations.
1477: The Delft Bible, the first book printed in the Dutch language. 1485:De Re Aedificatoria, the first printed book on architecture
1494: Oktoih was the first printed Slavic Cyrillic book.
1495: The first printed book in the Danish language.
1495: The first printed book in the Swedish language.
1499: Catholicon, Breton-French-Latin dictionary, first printed
trilingual dictionary, first Breton book, first French dictionary
1501:Harmonice Musices Odhecaton, printed by Ottaviano Petrucci, is the first book of sheet music printed from
movable type.
1501: "Aldus Manutius" printed the first portable Octavos, also inventing and using italic type.
1511: Hieromonk Makarije printed the first books in Wallachia (in Slavonic) 1512: Hakob Meghapart printed the first book in Armenian - Urbatagirk.
1513:Hortulus Animae, polonice believed to be the first book printed in the Polish language.
1516: A reprint of the Lisbon edition of the Sefer Aburdraham is printed in Morocco, the first book printed in
Africa.[10]
1517:Psalter, first book printed in the Old Belarusian language by Francysk Skaryna on 6 August 1517
1539:La escala espiritual de San Juan Clmaco, first book printed in North America - Mexico
1541:Bovo-Bukh was the first non-religious book to be printed in Yiddish
1544:Rucouskiria by Mikael Agricola, the first book printed in the Finnish language.
1545:Linguae Vasconum Primitiae was the first book printed in Basque
1547: Martynas Mavydas compiled and published the first printed Lithuanian book The Simple Words of
Catechism
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martynas_Ma%C5%BEvydashttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Basque_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finnish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mikael_Agricolahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yiddishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bovo-Bukhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francysk_Skarynahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old_Belarusian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abudarham%23Contents_of_Sefer_Abudrahamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hortulus_Animae%2C_polonicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urbatagirkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armenian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hakob_Meghaparthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wallachiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hieromonk_Makarijehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aldus_Manutiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheet_musichttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ottaviano_Petruccihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harmonice_Musices_Odhecatonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Breton_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swedish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Danish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyrillichttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slavic_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oktoihhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dutch_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Delfthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geographiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constantine_Lascarishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constantine_Lascarishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=French_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Recuyell_of_the_Historyes_of_Troyehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valencia%2C_Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catalan_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spanish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Segoviahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francesco_Petrarcahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Il_Canzonierehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Woodcuthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albrecht_Pfisterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Gutenberghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gutenberg_Biblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jikjihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ADittionario_Giorgiano_e_Italiano.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nikoloz_Cholokashvilihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georgian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AColombusNotesToMarcoPolo.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marco_Polohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Columbus -
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History of books 9
1550:Abecedarium was the first printed book in the Slovene language, printed by Primo Trubar.
1561: The first printed books in the Romanian language, Tetraevanghelul andntrebare cretineasc (also known
as Catehismul) are printed by Coresi in Braov.
1564: the first book in Irish was printed in Edinburgh, a translation of John Knox's 'Liturgy' by John Carswell,
Bishop of the Hebrides.
1564: the first dated Russian book,Apostol, printed by Ivan Fyodorov
1568: the first book in Irish to be printed in Ireland was a Protestant catechism, containing a guide to spelling and
sounds in Irish.
1577:Lekah Tov, a commentary on the Book of Esther, was the first book printed in the land of Israel
1581: Ostrog Bible, first complete printed edition of the Bible in Old Church Slavonic
1584: first book printed in South America - Lima, Peru
1593:Doctrina Christiana was the first book printed in the Philippines
1629: Nikoloz Cholokashvili helped to publish a Georgian dictionary, the first printed book in Georgian
1640: TheBay Psalm Book, the first book printed in British North America
1651:Abagar - Filip Stanislavov, first printed book in modern Bulgarian
1678-1703:Hortus Malabaricus included the first instance of Malayalam types being used for printing 1798: The first printed book in Ossetic
1802:New South Wales General Standing Orders was the first book printed in Australia, comprising Government
and General Orders issued between 1791 and 1802
1909: Nisthananda Bajracharya authored and printed the first printed book in Nepal Bhasa calledEk Binshati
Pragyaparmita.[11]
Aurora Australis, the first book published in Antarctica.
See alsoEditio princeps, Spread of the printing press
Contemporary era
The demands of the British and Foreign Bible Society (founded 1804), the American Bible Society (founded 1816),
and other non-denominational publishers for enormously large and impossibly inexpensive runs of texts led to
numerous innovations. The introduction of steam printing presses a little before 1820, closely followed by new
steam paper mills, constituted the two most major innovations. Together, they caused book prices to drop and the
number of books to increase considerably. Numerous bibliographic features, like the positioning and formulation of
titles and subtitles, were also affected by this new production method. New types of documents appeared later in the
19th century: photography, sound recording and film.
Typewriters and eventually computer based word processors and printers let people print and put together their own
documents.
Among a series of developments that occurred in the 1990s, the spread of digital multimedia, which encodes texts,images, animations, and sounds in a unique and simple form was notable for the book publishing industry. Hypertext
further improved access to information. Finally, the internet lowered production and distribution costs.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypertexthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Typewriterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sound_recordinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Photographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Bible_Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_and_Foreign_Bible_Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spread_of_the_printing_presshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Editio_princepshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aurora_Australis_%28book%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nepal_Bhasahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_South_Wales_General_Standing_Ordershttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ossetic_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hortus_Malabaricushttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bulgarian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filip_Stanislavovhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abagarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bay_Psalm_Bookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georgian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nikoloz_Cholokashvilihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old_Church_Slavonichttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ostrog_Biblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Fyodorov_%28printer%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acts_and_Epistles_of_the_Apostleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bra%C5%9Fovhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coresihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romanian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Primo%C5%BE_Trubarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slovene_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abecedarium_%28Trubar%29 -
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History of books 10
E-Resources
It is difficult to predict the future of the book.[12] A good deal of reference material, designed for direct access
instead of sequential reading, as for example encyclopedias, exists less and less in for the form of books and
increasingly on the web. Leisure reading materials are increasingly published in e-reader formats.
Although electronic books, or e-books, had limited success in the early years, and readers were resistant at the outset,
the demand for books in this format has grown dramatically, primarily because of the popularity of e-reader devicesand as the number of available titles in this format has increased. Another important factor in the increasing
popularity of the e-reader is its continuous diversification. Many e-readers now support basic operating systems,
which facilitate email and other simple functions. The iPad is the most obvious example of this trend, but even
mobile phones can host e-reading software.
E-book readers such as the Sony Reader, Barnes & Noble's Nook, and the Amazon Kindle have increased in
popularity each time a new upgraded version is released. The Kindle in particular has captured public attention not
only for the quality of the reading experience but also because users can access books (as well as periodicals and
newspapers) wirelessly online (a feature now available in all other e-reader devices). Apple has also entered this
arena with applications for the iPhone and iPad which enable e-book reading.
Gallery
European output of manuscripts
5001500
European output of printed books c.
14501800
European output of books 5001800
Academic programs
Drew University, Department of Modern History and Literature [13] MA, PhD in one of three streams including
Book History.
Mainz Gutenberg University [14] Mainzer Institut fur Buchwissenschaft
Texas Tech University, Department of English [15]. MA, PhD emphasis in History of the Book
University of Edinburgh[16]
Postgraduate Degree (MA) in The History of the Book School of Book Science [17] at University of Erlangen-Nuremberg. BA and MA program with specialisation in the
history of the Book
University of London, Institute of English Studies [18] Postgraduate MA in the History of the Book.
University of Mnster, Germany [19] MA Program Book Studies
University of Toronto [20]. MA, PhD Program in Book History / Print Culture.
University of Amsterdam, Department of cultural studies [21]. BA and MA program with specialisation in the
history of the Book
Curtin University [22]. Master of Information Management - Librarianship stream.
http://handbook.curtin.edu.au/units/31/312761.htmlhttp://www.uva.nl/http://bookhistory.fis.utoronto.ca/http://www.uni-muenster.de/Buchwiss/Studieren/master_of_arts.htmlhttp://ies.sas.ac.uk/study/MAHOB/index.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Erlangen-Nuremberghttp://www.buchwiss.uni-erlangen.de/http://www.hss.ed.ac.uk/chb/postgraduatestudy.htmhttp://www.english.ttu.edu/grad_degrees/BH_default.asphttp://www.buchwissenschaft.uni-mainz.de/http://www.drew.edu/grad-content.aspx?id=2352http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AEuropean_Output_of_Books_500%E2%80%931800.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AEuropean_Output_of_Printed_Books_ca._1450%E2%80%931800.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AEuropean_Output_of_Manuscripts_500%E2%80%931500.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amazon_Kindlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barnes_%26_Noble_nookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IPadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encyclopedia -
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History of books 11
Selected Resources
Books
The Cambridge history of the book in Britain. Cambridge UK ; New York: Cambridge University Press.
1998-2002. ISBN 0-521-57346-7 (v. 3), ISBN 0-521-66182-X (v. 4) Check |isbn= value (help). Contents: v. 1
ed. Richard Gameson (publication forthcoming 2008), v. 2 eds. Nigel Morgan and Rod Thomson (publicationforthcoming 2007), v. 3 1400-1557 eds. Lotte Hellinga and J.B. Trapp, v. 4 1557-1695 eds. John Barnard and
D.F. McKenzie, with the assistance of Maureen Bell.
Histoire de l'dition franaise. Paris: Fayard : Cercle de la Librairie. 1989-. ISBN 2-213-02399-9 (v. 1) Check
|isbn= value (help). v. 1-4 ; eds. Roger Chartier and Henri-Jean Martin.
Histoire des bibliothques franaises. Paris: Promodis-d. du Cercle de la Librairie. 1988-. ISBN 2-903181-72-1
(v. 1) Check |isbn= value (help). v. 1-4 ; eds. Andr Vernet, Claude Jolly, Dominique Varry, Martine Poulain.
Blair, Ann (2010). Too Much to Know: Managing Scholarly Information before the Modern Age. Yale University
Press. ISBN 978-0300165395.
Chartier, Roger (c. 2005).Inscrire et effacer : culture crite et littrature (XIe-XVIIIe sicle). Paris: Gallimard :Le Seuil. ISBN 2-02-081580-X.
Chow, Kai-Wing (2004).Publishing, Culture, and Power in Early Modern China. Stanford: Stanford University
Press. ISBN 0-8047-3368-6.
Craughwell, Thomas J., and Damon Smith (2004). Q.P.B. Short History of the Paperback, and Other Milestones
in Publishing. New and updated ed. New York: Quality Paperback Book Club. ISBN 1-58288-104-9
Dane, Joseph (2003). The Myth of Print Culture: Essays on Evidence, Textuality, and Bibliographical Method.
Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-8020-8775-2 9780802087751 Check |isbn= value (help).
Darnton, Robert (1985, c1984). The great cat massacre and other episodes in French cultural history.
Harmondsworth: Penguin. ISBN 0-14-055089-5. Diringer, David (1982). The book before printing : ancient, medieval, and oriental. New York: Dover.
ISBN 0-486-24243-9.
Eisenstein, Elizabeth (2005). The printing revolution in early modern Europe. Cambridge UK ; New York:
Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-84543-2, ISBN 0-521-60774-4 Check |isbn= value (help).
Febvre, Lucien; and Henri-Jean Martin (1997). The coming of the book : the impact of printing 1450-1800.
London: Verso. ISBN 1-85984-108-2. tr. by David Gerard ; ed. by Geoffrey Nowell-Smith and David Wootton ;
Note : reprint, other reprints by this publisher 1990 & 1984, originally published (London : N.L.B., 1976) ;
Translation of L'apparition du livre.
Finkelstein, David (2005).An introduction to book history. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-31442-9, ISBN
0-415-31443-7 Check |isbn= value (help).
Hall, David (1996). Cultures of Print: Essays in the History of the Book. Amherst: University of Massachusetts
Press. ISBN 0585142076 9780585142074 Check |isbn= value (help).
History of the book in Canada. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 2004-2007. ISBN 0-8020-8943-7 (v. 1),
ISBN 0-8020-8012-X (v. 2), ISBN 978-0-8020-9047-8 (v. 3) Check |isbn= value (help). Contents: v. 1 eds.
Patricia Fleming and Fiona Black (2004), v. 2 eds. Patricia Fleming, Yvan Lamonde, and Fiona Black (2005), v. 3
eds. Carole Gerson and Jacques Michon (2007).
Howsam, Leslie (2006). Old Books and New Histories: An orientation to studies in book and print culture.
Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-9438-4.
Johns, Adrian (1998). The Nature of the Book: Print and Knowledge in the Making. Chicago: The University of
Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-40122-5.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/978-0-226-40122-5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-9438-4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:CS1_errors%23bad_isbnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/0-8020-8943-7_%28v._1%29%2C_ISBN_0-8020-8012-X_%28v._2%29%2C_ISBN_978-0-8020-9047-8_%28v._3%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/0-8020-8943-7_%28v._1%29%2C_ISBN_0-8020-8012-X_%28v._2%29%2C_ISBN_978-0-8020-9047-8_%28v._3%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:CS1_errors%23bad_isbnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/0585142076_9780585142074http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Massachusetts_Presshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Massachusetts_Presshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:CS1_errors%23bad_isbnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/0-415-31442-9%2C_ISBN_0-415-31443-7http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/0-415-31442-9%2C_ISBN_0-415-31443-7http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/1-85984-108-2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henri-Jean_Martinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lucien_Febvrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:CS1_errors%23bad_isbnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/0-521-84543-2%2C_ISBN_0-521-60774-4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth_Eisensteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/0-486-24243-9http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Diringerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/0-14-055089-5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Darntonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:CS1_errors%23bad_isbnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/0-8020-8775-2_9780802087751http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/0-8047-3368-6http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/2-02-081580-Xhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ann_M._Blairhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:CS1_errors%23bad_isbnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/2-903181-72-1_%28v._1%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/2-903181-72-1_%28v._1%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henri-Jean_Martinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:CS1_errors%23bad_isbnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/2-213-02399-9_%28v._1%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:CS1_errors%23bad_isbnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/0-521-57346-7_%28v._3%29%2C_ISBN_0-521-66182-X_%28v._4%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Number -
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History of books 12
Katz, Bill (1998). Cuneiform to computer : a history of reference sources. Lanham Md.: Scarecrow Press.
ISBN 0-8108-3290-9. Series : History of the book, no. 4.
Martin, Henri-Jean (c. 2004).Les mtamorphoses du livre. Paris: Albin Michel. ISBN 2-226-14237-1. Series :
Itinraires du savoir.
McKitterick, David (2003).Print, Manuscript and the Search for Order, 1450-1830. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press. ISBN 0-521-82690-X. Price, Leah (2012).How to Do Things with Books in Victorian Britain. Princeton University Press. ISBN
978-0691114170.
Thiollet, Jean-Pierre (2005).Je m'appelle Byblos, H & D, Paris. ISBN 2-914266-04-9
Warner, Michael (1990). The Letters of the Republic: Publication and the Public Sphere in Eighteenth-Century
America. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-52785-2.
Periodicals
The Library: Transactions of The Bibliographical Society. London: Bibliographical Society. 1889-. ISSN
0024-2160. The Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America. New York: Bibliographical Society of America. 1899-.
ISSN 0006-128X.
The Papers of the Bibliographical Society of Canada. Toronto, Canada: The Bibliographical Society of Canada.
1962-. ISSN 0067-6896.
Studies in Bibliography. Charlottesville, VA: The Bibliographical Society of the University of Virginia. 1948-.
ISSN 0081-7600.
Archiv fr Geschichte des Buchwesens. Frankfurt am Main: Buchhndler-Vereinigung. 1956-. ISSN 0066-6327.
Annual bibliography of the history of the printed book and libraries. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. 1970-. ISSN
0303-5964. Script & Print. Australia: Bibliographical Society of Australia and New Zealand. 1970-. ISSN 1834-9013. Note:
previouslyBulletin of the Bibliographical Society of Australia and New Zealand.
Quaerendo. Amsterdam: Theatrum Orbis Terrarum Ltd. 1971-. ISSN 0014-9527. Note "A quarterly journal from
the low countries devoted to manuscripts and printed books."
Revue franaise d'histoire du livre. Bordeaux: Socit des bibliophiles de Guyenne. 1971-. ISSN
0037-92120048-8070.
Book History. United States of America: Society for the History of Authorship, Reading & Printing. 1998-. ISSN
1098-7371.
References
[1] Leila Avrin. Scribes, Script and Books. The Book Arts from Antiquity to the Renaissance. American Library Association / The British Library
1991, p. 83.
[2] Bernhard Bischoff.Latin Palaeography: Antiquity and the Middle Ages, Cambridge University Press 2003 [reprint], p. 11.
[3][3] Needham, V 1
[4][4] Needham, V 1, p. 123
[5] Burns, Robert I.: "Paper comes to the West, 8001400", in: Lindgren, Uta:Europische Technik im Mittelalter. 800 bis 1400. Tradition und
Innovation, 4th ed., Gebr. Mann Verlag, Berlin 1996, ISBN 3-7861-1748-9, pp. 413422 (418)
[6] Thompson, Susan: "Paper Manufacturing and Early Books",Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 314 (1978), pp. 167176
(169)
[7] Lucas, Adam Robert: "Industrial Milling in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds. A Survey of the Evidence for an Industrial Revolution in
Medieval Europe", Technology and Culture, Vol. 46, No. 1 (2005), pp. 130 (28, fn. 70)
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technology_and_Culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quaerendohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/0-674-52785-2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean-Pierre_Thiollethttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leah_Pricehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/0-521-82690-Xhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/2-226-14237-1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henri-Jean_Martinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/0-8108-3290-9http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Number -
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History of books 13
[8] Burns, Robert I.: "Paper comes to the West, 8001400", in: Lindgren, Uta:Europische Technik im Mittelalter. 800 bis 1400. Tradition und
Innovation, 4th ed., Gebr. Mann Verlag, Berlin 1996, ISBN 3-7861-1748-9, pp. 413422 (414417)
[9] Burns, Robert I.: "Paper comes to the West, 8001400", in: Lindgren, Uta:Europische Technik im Mittelalter. 800 bis 1400. Tradition und
Innovation, 4th ed., Gebr. Mann Verlag, Berlin 1996, ISBN 3-7861-1748-9, pp. 413422 (417)
[10] Judaic Treasures of the Library of Congress: First Book in Africa (http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/loc/Africa.html)
[11] Nepal Bhasa Manka Khala (http://guthi.net/mankakhala/learn_famouswriter.html)
[12] Robert Darnton, The Case for Books: Past, Present and Future , New York, Public Affairs, 2009. ISBN 978-1-58648-826-0.
[13] http://www.drew.edu/grad-content.aspx?id=2352[14] http://www.buchwissenschaft.uni-mainz.de
[15] http://www.english.ttu.edu/grad_degrees/BH_default.asp
[16] http://www.hss.ed.ac.uk/chb/postgraduatestudy.htm
[17] http://www.buchwiss.uni-erlangen.de/
[18] http://ies.sas.ac. uk/study/MAHOB/index. htm
[19] http://www.uni-muenster.de/Buchwiss/Studieren/master_of_arts.html
[20] http://bookhistory.fis.utoronto.ca/
[21] http://www.uva. nl
[22] http://handbook.curtin.edu.au/units/31/312761. html
External links
Society for the History of Authorship, Reading and Publishing (http://www.sharpweb.org/)
History of the Book at the American Antiquarian Society (http://www.americanantiquarian.org/hob.htm)
Toronto Centre for the Book (http://bookhistory.fis. utoronto.ca/TCB.html)
Development of the Printed Page (http://www.sc.edu/library/digital/collections/printedpage.html) at the
University of South Carolina Library's Digital Collections Page
Consortium of European Research Libraries (http://www.cerl.org)
12 - 17th century manuscripts, including Vulgates, Books of Hours, Wills, Legal Contracts and Medicinal Texts,
Center for Digital Initiatives, University of Vermont Libraries (http://cdi.uvm.edu/collections/getCollection.
xql?pid=manuscripts&title=Medieval and Renaissance Manuscripts)
Fischer, Ernst: The Book Market(http:/
/
nbn-resolving.de/
urn:nbn:de:0159-20100921223), European HistoryOnline, Mainz: Institute of European History, 2010, retrieved: June 14, 2012.
The Atlas of Early Printing (http://atlas.lib.uiowa.edu/)
The European Society for Textual Scholarship. (http://www.textualscholarship.eu/index.html)
Society for Textual Scholarship. (http://textualsociety.org/)
http://textualsociety.org/http://www.textualscholarship.eu/index.htmlhttp://atlas.lib.uiowa.edu/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_European_Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_History_Onlinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_History_Onlinehttp://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0159-20100921223http://cdi.uvm.edu/collections/getCollection.xql?pid=manuscripts&title=Medieval%20and%20Renaissance%20Manuscriptshttp://cdi.uvm.edu/collections/getCollection.xql?pid=manuscripts&title=Medieval%20and%20Renaissance%20Manuscriptshttp://www.cerl.org/http://www.sc.edu/library/digital/collections/printedpage.htmlhttp://bookhistory.fis.utoronto.ca/TCB.htmlhttp://www.americanantiquarian.org/hob.htmhttp://www.sharpweb.org/http://handbook.curtin.edu.au/units/31/312761.htmlhttp://www.uva.nl/http://bookhistory.fis.utoronto.ca/http://www.uni-muenster.de/Buchwiss/Studieren/master_of_arts.htmlhttp://ies.sas.ac.uk/study/MAHOB/index.htmhttp://www.buchwiss.uni-erlangen.de/http://www.hss.ed.ac.uk/chb/postgraduatestudy.htmhttp://www.english.ttu.edu/grad_degrees/BH_default.asphttp://www.buchwissenschaft.uni-mainz.de/http://www.drew.edu/grad-content.aspx?id=2352http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Darntonhttp://guthi.net/mankakhala/learn_famouswriter.htmlhttp://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/loc/Africa.html -
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Article Sources and Contributors 14
Article Sources and ContributorsHistory of books Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=588515515 Contributors: Aethralis, Alan Liefting, Alansohn, Alcmaeonid, Ananda01, Angrysockhop, Angusmclellan,Antandrus, Anthony Appleyard, Apparition11, Arnaud Bourgeois, Aweedon, BD2412, Being blunt, Bgochuico, Bobblewik, Bobo192, Bongwarrior, Bookcentreuk, Borisblue, Brendanfredwards,Canterbury Tail, Capricorn42, Carturo222, Celefin, Charles Matthews, CharlesMartel, Cherubinirules, Cmdrjameson, Coelacan, Cold Season, CommonsDelinker, CultureDrone, CyrilB,DavidLeighEllis, Dobie80, Dodger67, Donner60, Download, Dp462090, Dpzuberbier, Dr.K., Drmies, Dthomsen8, Dukemeiser, Ekotkie, Eleassar, Erhudy, Faye.thompson12, Federico Tortorelli,Fluffernutter, Flyer22, GUllman, Gaius Cornelius, GenQuest, Gilgamesh, Godardesque, Gun Powder Ma, Harburg, Hasan toha, Herr Lennartz, Hillbillyholiday, Hmains, Hopeandreason, I dreamof horses, I'm not human, Ian.thomson, Iimimform, J Crow, J.delanoy, JBVaughan, JLCA, Jamescbehrens, Jaqeli, Jeff3000, Jen.cooper, Jfurr1981, John, Johnbod, Josephprymak, JrChurchXtrM,
Juliana 8, Juliancolton, Kessler, Kevinalewis, Klnasy, KnowledgeOfSelf, KolyaFrankovich, Ktr101, LSpinks, Langbein Rise, Lawilkin, Lawrencekhoo, Leo Hicks, Lpress, MCTales,Madkayaker, MakeRocketGoNow, Man vyi, Mandarax, MarcK, Marechal Ney, Materialscientist, Mens.E11, Michael93555, Mild Bill Hiccup, Monterey Bay, Mytwosense, Mywiiman,Nedrutland, Neko-chan, Neurolysis, Ninj, Ntsimp, Olaf Simons, Ombudswiki, PZFUN, Palaeography Room, Paularblaster, Pegship, Pepper, Petrvs, Philippe, Pnm, Polylerus, Pompilos,Pontificalibus, Prm 1302, Pustelnik, Pwiener, Quadalpha, Qxz, Rbellin, Redlentil, RicardoSignes, Rich Farmbrough, Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ), Riventree, SDC, Saddhiyama, Samsara,SandyWambold, SarahStierch, Scholargipsy, SchreiberBike, Shape84, ShelfSkewed, Shii, SimonTrew, Sonjaaa, Spedding, StephenBuxton, Stephenb, Sxhpb, The Thing That Should Not Be,TheStripdOne, Trace.murphy, TwistOfCain, Twthmoses, Ubach, Ulrich68, Uvmcdi, VMS Mosaic, Vald, Vegaswikian, Wayne Slam, WereSpielChequers, Wicoloser, Xymox12, , 224anonymous edits
Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Printing3 Walk of Ideas Berlin.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Printing3_Walk_of_Ideas_Berlin.JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0Unported Contributors: Lienhard Schulz
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Contributors: vlasta2, bluefootedbooby on flickr.comFile:Dresden codex, page 2.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Dresden_codex,_page_2.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Hydrargyrum, Kilom691, Linear77,Odder, Pimlottc
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File:ColombusNotesToMarcoPolo.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:ColombusNotesToMarcoPolo.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Marco Polo withhandwritten notes and sketches by Christopher Columbus
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