History of Astronomy How have ideas about the solar system and our place in it changed?
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Transcript of History of Astronomy How have ideas about the solar system and our place in it changed?
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History of AstronomyHistory of Astronomy
How have ideas about the solar system How have ideas about the solar system and our place in it changed?and our place in it changed?
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EgyptiansEgyptians
Saw patterns in the Sun, moon, and Saw patterns in the Sun, moon, and VenusVenus
Called the sun “Ra” (Sun god) – rode in Called the sun “Ra” (Sun god) – rode in his boat across the sky dailyhis boat across the sky daily
Developed 365 day year solar calendarDeveloped 365 day year solar calendar
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Ra (on right)
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GreeceGreece
Eudoxus, born 400 B.C.Eudoxus, born 400 B.C.saw objects that moved in skysaw objects that moved in skycalled planets, sun, and moon “wanderers”called planets, sun, and moon “wanderers”Earth motionless and at the center of universeEarth motionless and at the center of universe
Ptolemy, AD 140Ptolemy, AD 140Leading astronomerLeading astronomer ““geocentric” theory – geocentric” theory – earth is center of is center of
universe. Lasted for 1400 years.universe. Lasted for 1400 years.
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PtolemyPtolemy
“epicycles”
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ArabsArabs
Caliph Harun-al-Rashid, rulerCaliph Harun-al-Rashid, rulerScholars translated Greek texts into Arabic Scholars translated Greek texts into Arabic
and preserved in “House of Wisdom” and preserved in “House of Wisdom” library – in Baghdadlibrary – in Baghdad
Measured positions of stars and planets Measured positions of stars and planets with fine instruments, astrolabe, can with fine instruments, astrolabe, can perform calculationsperform calculations
Named the red giant Betelgeuse, in OrionNamed the red giant Betelgeuse, in Orion325 light years away325 light years away
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Betelgeuse – “shoulder”Betelgeuse – “shoulder”
Orion constellation
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PolandPoland
Copernicus – 1540Copernicus – 1540First to suggest “heliocentric model” – First to suggest “heliocentric model” – sunsun is is
center of universecenter of universeObjects orbit sun in perfect circlesObjects orbit sun in perfect circlesStill not a perfect modelStill not a perfect model
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CopernicusCopernicus
from book De Revolutionibus The English version…
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What do you think?What do you think? Why do you think it was difficult for people to Why do you think it was difficult for people to
accept a heliocentric model (sun centered) over accept a heliocentric model (sun centered) over the geocentric model (Earth centered)?the geocentric model (Earth centered)?
Geocentric model Heliocentric model
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DenmarkDenmarkTycho Brahe – 1576Tycho Brahe – 1576
Collected data of position of planets for 20 Collected data of position of planets for 20 yearsyears
Able to make accurate predictions of positions Able to make accurate predictions of positions without telescopeswithout telescopes
Had own “Tychonic Universe” – combination Had own “Tychonic Universe” – combination of Ptolemy and Copernicusof Ptolemy and Copernicus
Earth is stationary Earth is stationary Believed in circular orbitsBelieved in circular orbits
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Tychonic UniverseTychonic Universe
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Why the Circles?Why the Circles?
Why do you think these astronomers Why do you think these astronomers believed in circular orbits?believed in circular orbits?
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KeplerKepler
Works with Tycho – after Tycho’s death, Works with Tycho – after Tycho’s death, Tycho’s family sued to recover instruments Tycho’s family sued to recover instruments and books of observationsand books of observations
Why?Why?Kepler was a Copernican, and they knew he Kepler was a Copernican, and they knew he
wouldn’t follow the Tychonic systemwouldn’t follow the Tychonic systemKepler kept the books! Began to study Kepler kept the books! Began to study
motion of Mars …motion of Mars …
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KeplerKepler
Elliptical orbits
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Kepler’s First LawKepler’s First Lawof Planetary Motionof Planetary Motion
Orbits are elliptical (oval shaped),Orbits are elliptical (oval shaped),
sun is at the focussun is at the focus
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Kepler’s Second LawKepler’s Second Lawof Planetary Motionof Planetary Motion
A line from a planet to the sun sweeps A line from a planet to the sun sweeps over equal areas in equal timesover equal areas in equal times
Planets travel at different speeds – due to Planets travel at different speeds – due to pull of gravitypull of gravity
Same time, moves slower
Closer to Sun, moves faster…
Why?
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Kepler’s Unanswered QuestionKepler’s Unanswered Question
What keeps planets in orbit?What keeps planets in orbit?
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Galileo GalileiGalileo Galilei
Born in 1564Born in 1564Supports Copericus’ theory of heliocentric Supports Copericus’ theory of heliocentric
universeuniverseUsed telescope to observe:Used telescope to observe:
surface of Moon – was not perfect (like surface of Moon – was not perfect (like Ptolemaic model)Ptolemaic model)
Phases of VenusPhases of VenusMilky Way was made up of many starsMilky Way was made up of many starsMoons of JupiterMoons of Jupiter
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GalileoGalileo
Moon surface
Phases of Venus
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Isaac NewtonIsaac Newton
Born in 1654 (year Galileo dies)Born in 1654 (year Galileo dies)Three Laws of MotionThree Laws of Motion
Review from exam! Review from exam! These laws help us understand orbital These laws help us understand orbital
motionmotion11stst law – law –22ndnd law – law –33rdrd law – law –
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Newton answersNewton answersKepler’s Question…Kepler’s Question…
What keeps planets in orbit?What keeps planets in orbit?
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Tying it all up…Tying it all up…
MythsMythsSee patternsSee patternsPtolemyPtolemyCopernicusCopernicusKeplerKeplerGalileoGalileoNewtonNewton
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HomeworkHomework
Timeline – list at least Timeline – list at least fourfour models of models of relationship between sun and planets.relationship between sun and planets. Include: dates, astronomer, modelInclude: dates, astronomer, model
Read – Chapter 16.1: pp. 526 – 530.Read – Chapter 16.1: pp. 526 – 530.