History of American Education Coach Snell's 1st pd class The mediocre teacher tells. The good...

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History of American Education Coach Snell's 1st pd class The mediocre teacher tells. The good teacher explains. The superior teacher demonstrates . The great teacher inspires! ~William

Transcript of History of American Education Coach Snell's 1st pd class The mediocre teacher tells. The good...

Page 1: History of American Education Coach Snell's 1st pd class The mediocre teacher tells. The good teacher explains. The superior teacher demonstrates. The.

History of American EducationCoach Snell's 1st pd class

The mediocre teacher tells.The good teacher explains.The superior teacher demonstrates.The great teacher inspires!~William Arthur Ward

Page 2: History of American Education Coach Snell's 1st pd class The mediocre teacher tells. The good teacher explains. The superior teacher demonstrates. The.

 Early National Period(1776-1840)

 

By Amanda and Kiley

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amanda ash

Benjamin Franklin• Born Jan. 17, 1706 in Boston.• He spent most of his extra time educating

himself.• He was the founder of the first public

library in Philadelphia. • He made a plan for a grammar school that

would teach English, provide knowledge, and be full of hands-on objects.

• The school never came about, because the administrator did not want to put forth the effort of making the school happen.

                                                                                                 

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Thomas Jefferson• Born Albemarle County, Virginia, April, 13,

1743.• Created the University of Virginia at

Charlottesville provided electives for the students to fit

their academic needs also having the right to acquire

knowledge He surveyed the site, planned the

buildings, and was a supervisor during construction

Opened March 1825• By doing this he set a basis for universities and

colleges to come.

amanda ash

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Noah Webster    

amanda ash

• Born in West Hartford, Connecticut in 1758.• He mastered 20 languages.• He is recognized in education for

writing,"The American Spelling Book."• He is known as the world's greatest

lexicographer.• A lexicographer is someone that writes,

compiles, or edits a dictionary.• His greatest accomplishment was writing "An

American Dictionary of the English Language."

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Benjamin Rush• He was one of the Founders of

Dickenson College.• He was a big advocate for reforms,

his main reform was American education.

• He made a speech entitiled, "Thoughts Upon Female Education."

• This speech was a turning point in the education of women for the better.

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The Land Ordinance of 1785

• The ordinance discussed how the government would measure, divide, and distribute the land it had acquired from Great Britain at the end of the American Revolution.

• The land was divided and put up for sale to settlers, because the government was having money problems due to the war.

• Division of Land: divided into townships or city is 36 square miles, which were then divided into one-square mile. 

• Each section recieved a number, and Section 16 was reserved only for public schools.

• This was right in the middle of the town, so that all children could go to school and make it required.

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The NorthWest Ordinance of 1787

• It includes the land in Michigan, Indiana, Wisconsin, Ohio, and Illinois.

• This was a means of states joining the union through the admission process.

• The government wanted to admit new states, instead of expanding the existing states. 

• Requirements        - had to have a population of at least 60,000        - had to have a governor, secretary, and three judges        - bill of rights        - a drafted states constitution

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       Monitorial Instruction  • During this time, education was not a

priority •  Many children were forced to work under

very challenging conditions. • Children as young as 6 years old were

forced to work 12 hour shifts with no breaks for 6 days a week. 

• many children were treated as machines, rather than children.

• Churches were trying hard to allow children to have the right to education, but they were losing their authority in society. • Many people feared education because they didn’t want to step outside their social classes.• Joseph Lancaster brought a system into society trying to give children the education they deserved. There would be a “monitor” assigned that would help with crowd control. This is where the word Monitorial came from. •Although this program was not successful, it opened a window for many more ideas to come.

           Kiley Jarck

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         Early American Colleges      •Two reason established:  most were established by religious denominations and 2nd- colleges were the pride in the community. •Almost anyone could “found” a college- they were very small.•The ratio of college students to the population in 1810 was 1 to 1500. The ratio in 1988 was 1 to 30. New England's population in the nineteenth century was one and one-half million. •Less than 10 thousand students were attending college • Math, Moral Philosophy, Latin, and Greek were labeled as the classical studies.  •The "Parallel Program" was perfected in 1828. It allowed more modern language, science, political economy, and math.           Kiley Jarck

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 Dartmouth College Case  • Established in the year 1754 atLebanon,

Connecticut by Reverand Eleazar Wheelock. • Wheelock was a minister.•  On December 13, 1769, a college "for the

education and instruction of Youth of the Indian Tribes in this Land in reading, writing, and all parts of Learning which shall appear necessary and expedient for civilizing and Christianizing Children as well as in all liberal arts and sciences and also of English Youth and any others" was established.

•  Wheelock decided to use his small log home for the school which was later named after William Legge. The first class consisted of four students.

• The New Hampshire legislature believed that the majority of the funds to run the college were from the public sector and that the college should be a University and a public institution.

• The Dartmouth College case shows the importance of   the Supreme Courts' decisions.

Kiley Jarck

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      The Yale Report of 1828• The issues in controversy include, 1.

Church versus state control of higher education, 2. the value of the college versus the university, and 3. classical curriculum versus the principle of election.

• The Yale Report of 1828 was a major historical happening in the debate about curriculum in education.

• The Yale Report of 1828 was written to challenge critics who were questioning the authority of the curriculum..

• Education had to act as parental control mental discipline, and mental faculties.

• Reform of curriculum began to change by the end of the nineteenth century.

Kiley Jarck

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        Education In New Harmony, Indiana  •Established in 1825 and was an experiment in cooperative living. •Robert Owen founded the community in or to provide a model town based on the principle of common ownership. •All people were to be treated the same and every member was to be given the same opportunity for education. •Owen believed that getting rid of social classes would benefit society most affectively. •Industrial and agricultural classes were mostly involved in this program. •William MaClure (Owen’s associate) wanted to better the lives of the working classes through education. •MaClure felt that every child must feel secure in their enviroment before they can learn. •By 1827 the experiment in New Harmony had begun to fail because of disagreements between Owen and MaClure over education and finance. •In 1828 Owen was forced to sell New Harmony.

Kiley Jarck

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Common School Period1840-1880

Horace Mann

Kimberly Long and Katie Farr

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Horace Mann

• "Father of American Education"• Born in Franklin, Mass. (1796)• Schooling lasted in period of eight

to ten weeks a year• He felt common school would be

the "great equalizer"• His Theory: crime and poverty

would surely decline if people had the opportunity to get an education

• 1827 - law establishing high schools

• 1839- state of Mass. must have at least a 6 month schol year

 

Kimberly Long Katie Farr

• Education Background: o reading volumes of Franklin Town

Libraryo Sophomore class of Brown University

(1816)o maintained a thriving law practice

(Dedham and Boston)o (1837) left his law practice to become

Secretary of Educationo (1848) U.S. House of Representatives o (1852) President of Antioch College

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Mary Lyon• (1797-1849)• School teacher from Massachusetts.• An American pioneer and a remarkable woman

who founded the worldwide model of higher education for women - Mount Holyoke College

• She was 17 when she aquired her first teaching job at a summer school in Shelburne Falls (1814). Her pay was 75 cents a week.

• Even though money was scarce and she had a busy schedule, she did anything she could to further her education

• She opened her school, Mount Holyoke College, in 1837

• Mary Lyon proved that women were able to learn just as well as men

kimberly long and katie farr

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The Catholic Controversy

• From 1830 to 1850 more than one millioin Catholic immigrants came to the eastern seaboard of the U.S.

• Discrimination in the U.S. against Catholics led to the development of the Catholic School System

• The reason for discrimination is because almost all schools were still focused on the church and controlled by Protestants

• The only thing standing in the way of Catholic schools being built was a lack of money

kimberly long and katie farr

• Governor William H. Seward and Bishop John Huges of New York both attempted to help the Catholics.

• Their efforts led to many riots, outbreaks, and even deaths.

• Denial for the request to use their own Bible and prayers. The public schools left no other alternative for the leaders of the Catholic church. The schools had to be built.

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The McGuffey Readers• In 1833, a small publishing company,

Truman and Smith, became interested in school texts. They happened upon Rev. William Homes McGuffey.

• First: Introduced the ethical code. (prompt, good, kind, honest, and truthful)

• Second: 85 lessons of rading and spelling. (History, Biology, Astronomy, Zoology, botany, table manners, behavior toward friends and family, attitude toward God, the poor, the great, and the good) 

• Third:rules for oral reading. (junior high level)

• Fourth: intro. to good literature (highest grades)

 

kimberly long and katie farr

• Fifth: Exercises to increase articulation, inflection, pitch, accent, rate, emphasis, and gesture

• Sixth: Composition, description,  narration, argumentation, and exposition.

• All were White, Anglo-Saxon, Prostestant

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Compulsory Attendance• Compulsory Act of 1852 enacted by the state of Mass.• ages 8-14 must attend school atleast 3 months out of each

year•  Penalty for not sending children to school- a fine not greater

than $20.00• 1873, the law was revised- age limit reduced to 12, but

annual attendance was increased to 20 weeks per year• Presently children are required to have a physical before

entering school and again before enrolling in high school. They must also have a regulated  number of immunizations in order to control disease and attain the best level of health for each child, thus helping to make them physically able to attend school

kimberly long and katie farr

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African American Education• W.E.B DuBois:

o the first African American to receive a Ph.D. from Harvard 

o Founder of NAACP and successful writero 19 books in his lifetimeo ended his life as a communist in Ghana

• Booker T. Washingtono born a slave in Franklin County, VAo He taught newly freed African Americans to be teachers,

craftsmen, and businessmen• They both made significant changes in the lives of African

Americans kimberly long and katie farr

 

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The Morrill Act of 1862• Land Grant College Act• Originally set up to establish institutions in

 each state that would educate people in agriculture, home economics, meachanical arts, and other professions that were practical at the time• Bill was signed by Abraham Lincoln on July 2• This gave each state 30,000 acres of public land for each

Senator and Representative. The land was to be sold. Then, they were told to use that money to fun colleges in each state.

• Made room for our growing and ever changing country• Ensured that there would always be money to finance

educational facilities 

Kimberly Long and Katie Farr

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The National Education Association• Started out as NTA in 1857 founded by 43 educators in

Philadelphia• Now the largest educational association in the world• "To elevate the character and advance the interest of the

teaching profession and to promote the cause of popular education in the US"

• 1870 - NTA merged with National Association of School Superintendents and the American Normal School Association

• This combination formed the NEA• Wants to benefit teachers and children, but also make the

education of all Americans better• Became a union in the 20th century to represent the

members in salary and benefit negotiationskimberly long and katie farr

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The Kalamazoo Case

• In 1875, a lawsuit was filed in Kalamazoo, Michigan• Collect public funds for the support for a village highschool• The town had used taxes to support the school for 13 years

without complaint• Townships were required by the law to maintain the schools

under threat of a large penalty for non-complianceo schoolmastero 100 families - schoolmaster for a yearo 200 families - grammar schoolmaster 

    Kimberly Long and Katie Farr

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Normal Schools• July 3, 1839, 3 young women reported to Lexington, Mass. with hopes of attending

the first state school specifically established for teacher education (normal schools)• 2 motives to provide public education:

o teach devote and moral principles o educate for social, economic, democratic, and national reasons

• The upper class thought a teaching education was not worthy of their attention• Teachers at the time were only paid $30 a month. So, common schools were in bad

shape because few thought it was worth it• Spread of normal schools is due to the 26 graduate of the 3rd Mass. Normal School,

1840.• They went on to become normal school heads as far as Illinois and Michigan

        Kimberly Long and Katie Farr

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Development of Kindergarten• Consists of children ages 3 to 7 years

 of age• Programs range from half days to full

 days• This is usually the first step towards

developing independent social skills• Objectives:

o social skillso self-esteemo academic ability

• 1st kindergarten was established to help children of poverty or who had special needs

• Through play time children are able to learn to discriminate, anazlyze, and solve problems

• 1872- kindergarten gained support from the National Education Association

• 1884 - NEA established a department of kindergarten instructionKimberly Long and Katie Farr

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Progressive Period

1880-1920Sarah Reeder & Kyle

Martin

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DEVELOPMENT OF THE ROLE OF THE PRINCIPAL

 -There are more principals than any other administrative officers in education.-Originally students of all ages and ability levels were in one classroom with one teacher.- Their main focus is on leadership and the managing of the school. (Except Bitterman, whose main focus is Instruction, Curriculum, and Assessment)

Sarah Reeder &

Kyle Martin

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Progressive Period: Business and Industry

-As business and industry increased, so did the amount of immigrants.-Mr. Friedrich Winslow Taylor helped the expansion of “efficiency movement”-The school was viewed as a workplace and learning considered as productivity.-Teachers referred to as factory workers and students as raw materials-The children who could not be processed to completion were considered as scraps.-Due to the large size of immigrant families, children were starting to work instead of go to school lead to Compulsory Attendance and Child Labor Laws

Sarah Reeder&

Kyle Martin

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Development of Superintendent -Horace Mann developed a practical approach to education where teachers are helped by student aides or advanced students to teach other students- The first training program for administrators was not established until at Teachers College of Columbia University. Until then administration was a part of teaching.- “Superintendent of Schools" came from the “Superintendent of the Railroad and (Industrial) Plant Superintendent.”

Sarah Reeder&

Kyle Martin 

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 AMERICAN FEDERATION OF TEACHERS

- The American Federation of Teachers, or the AFT, is a union that goes along with American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organization.- The members in this union are teachers, counselors, school custodians, and bus drivers.-  It was formed in 1916.- This formation was formed for teacher's to have a say in what goes on. - One of the main founders was John Dewey. 

 

Kyle Martin&

Sarah Reeder

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NEA: Committee of Ten

-Teachers saw high school as a college prep school, so that divided the students, often based on economic, social, and ethnic backgrounds.-Others believed high school was to prepare students for life so it had more practical classes- The National Education Association established a standardized curriculum to keep this from happening.-The Committee of Ten was headed by Charles Eliot, the president of Harvard University.-It is the NEA that suggested 8 years elementary and 4 years secondary education.-The classes included classical and Latin-scientific classes, and modern language and English courses.-The goal of high school was to prepare all students to do well in life.

Kyle Martin&

Sarah Reeder

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Division of the Schools Into Grades- Schools use to be for the rich and smart kids.- After the Revolotionary War kids were encourged to go to school.-  The Land Ordinance of 1785 and Northwest Ordinance of 1787 bought land to make a school for all kids.- One room schools usually holds 30 to 40 students.- Teacher came acountable for there students and had to take classes to better themselves.-  At first 1st, 2nd, and 3rd grades were put together and 4th through 8th were seperated.- As population grew larger the need for bigger schools came about.- Middle schools were added years later. Kyle

Martin&Sarah Reeder

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THE CARDINAL PRINCIPLES OF SECONDARY EDUCATION  

- There are seven key points to Secondary Education and they are:1. Health2. Command of Fundamental Process3. Worthy Home Membership4. Vocation5. Civic Education 6. Worthy Use Of Leisure 7. Ethical Character

Kyle Martin & Sarah Reeder

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Manual Training Program 

- Was first used to train engineers, but spread quickly to education.- Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi was one of the main people educators turned to for help.- Calvin M. Woodward made the first Manual training class for boys.- Some people didnt believe that training should be taken place at school.

Kyle and Sarah

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Child Labor Pictures 

a boy working in a factory  a demonstration by children

children doing agricultural work in

the South

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Modern Period

By: Hallye, Morgan, Jessica

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• Graduated from the University of Vermont in 1879  • 1884-1888 and 1889-1894 worked at University of Michigan 

 • In 1888 he worked at University of Minnesota for one term

 • 1905 he worked at Columbia University until he retired in 1929

Morgan Nash

John Dewey

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• Recieved his phD from John Hopkins University in 1884 • 1899 he was elected president of the American Psychological Association

 • 1905 became president of the American Philosophical Association

  

John Dewey'sAccomplishments

Morgan Nash

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Buses of the Modern Period

A Horse-drawn Bus An Early Motorized School Bus

A School Bus from the 1950s

Morgan Nash

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Brown v. Board of Education

• Case in 1951 that involved the 14th Amendment-denying education in specific school due to race

 • 14th states that no person, who is a citizen of the US should

have equal protection under the law and have the right to life, liberty and property

 • Parents tried to enroll there children

     in school close to their homes • Schools refused to enroll the

     students and told them to enroll in      segregated schools

Hallye Jerkins

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Ruling of Brown v. Board

• Parents filed a class action suit     against the Board of Education      of Topeka, Kansas in 1951 •  Courts ruled that segregated

      schools were inherently       unequal • This decision overturned the

     ruling of Plessy v. Ferguson in     1896 • This decision paved the way

     to integration and the civil      rights movement         Hallye Jerkins

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Education of Handicapped Children Act

• Twenty- one years ago: President Ford along with congress passed legislation that was intended to inprove opportunities for handicapped childern.

 • This law provided that handicapped childern and adults

ages 3-21 can be educated in the "least restrictive environment" to maximum extent appropriate.

 • Once a child's evaluation is complete and its determined

that the child is indeed is eligible for placement in special education an Individual Education Plan (I.E.P)must be writen to meet the needs of that child.

Jessica Dean

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Education of Handicapped Childern cont.

• The child has to meet some criterias - the educational diagnosis category that best descrides a child's disability. - Whether a child has a phyiscal or mental disability that substantially limits learning. - strengths and weaknesses of a child in physical, emotional, social, vocational and intellectual areas. - Reasonable predictions of the child's academic, social and vocational potential.

Jessica Dean

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Education of Handcapped Childern Cont.

• Parents should be provided training through a not-for-profit agency to enable them to effectively with professionals in meetings.

• this traing should enable parents to:  -better understandingnature and needs of the handcapped conditions of the child.  -provide follow-up support for child's educational program.  

Jessica Dean

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 Education of Handcapped Childern Pictures

Jessica Dean

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Colonial Period

By Trevor and Patrick

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The Hornbook   

• The Hornbook is a wooden paddle with lessons tacked onto it, and covered with a transparent horn.

• The paddle was 2 3/4" by 5" that the students wore around their necks and waist. 

• The transparent horn was used to laminate the lessons and to keep them from getting spoiled.

• The Hornbook was used for many centuries after the colonial period.

• As time went on hornbooks were made of many different materials: ivory, various metals, and cardboard.

   Trevor 

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Massachutes Education Laws

• Massachutes act of 1642- Stated parents and masters of children were responsible for their education

• Education was not in the mind of the foundind fathers but became a necessity because people needed to be able to read the colonial codes

• Law of 1647- Required towns of 50 or more families were required to hire a schoolmaster

• -Town of a 100 or more families were required to hire a grammar school master

patrick

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Puritans

• A group from England who worked for religious,moral, and social reforms

•  To escape persecution the came to America• Believe Bible is God's true law• had over 100,000 people• believed hard work was an honor to God and it would lead

to a prosperous reward• The devil was behind every evil deed and everything that

went wrong    patrick

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Harvard University

• Oldest insititution of higher learning in the United States• 6 presidents are graduates• in 1708 University President John Leverett was elected and

moved the college towards independence from the Puritan church

      Patrick

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Latin Grammar School

• In the 1600's Puritan families were concerned that their very educated leaders would die and they would be left without direction

• This caused them to stress a higher education for for every person• They created Latin Grammar Schools and Harvard college• The entrance exam to Harvard which was manditory for admission was

written in either Latin or Greek• First Latin Grammar School was established in 1635• Girls wernt allowed to attend• The schools are the modern day equivelent to a high school

  Trevor 

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Massachutes Education Laws

• Massachutes act of 1642- Stated parents and masters of children were responsible for their education

• Education was not in the mind of the foundind fathers but became a necessity because people needed to be able to read the colonial codes

• Law of 1647- Required towns of 50 or more families were required to hire a schoolmaster

• -Town of a 100 or more families were required to hire a grammar school master

patrick

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The Dame School

• Dame schools were like informal day care centers• Parents would leave there childeren with a neighborhood

lady (Dame) who would teach the childeren their alphabet, numbers, and prayers.

                  

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New England Primer• Was a textbook used by children in

New England and in other American Settlements 

• It was first published in 1690 by Benjamin Harris

• 5 million copies are sold • In the 1700's schools were greatly

influenced by religion and they believed children needed to learn to read so they could study the scriptures

• The New England Primer followed a tradition of combining the study of the alphabet with the bible

• The emphasis was on fearing God and sin  

• The "Now I lay do to sleep" prayer originated from here

 

  

Trevor

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EUROPEAN INFLUENCES ON AMERICAN EDUCATIONAL HISTORY

by:Tricia Warbington and Laura Rodriguez

 

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    MEDIEVAL UNIVERSITIES

laura =]

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MEDIEVAL UNIVERSITIES

• What is a Medieval University?• The "university" as an institution or entity was

established during the middle the ll00's, universities broke into specialty areas, like Bologna - Law, Paris - Theology, and Salerno - Medicine. Moreover universities were a group of faculty not a group of buildings.

• medieval educators developed Scholasticism by around the eleventh century

• students wore

on a daily basis was a cap and gown.

laura =]

Page 58: History of American Education Coach Snell's 1st pd class The mediocre teacher tells. The good teacher explains. The superior teacher demonstrates. The.

  Jan Amos Comenius

Page 59: History of American Education Coach Snell's 1st pd class The mediocre teacher tells. The good teacher explains. The superior teacher demonstrates. The.

      Jan Amos Comenius   • What has Jan Amos Comenius done for us?• Jan Amos Comenius lived from 1592-1670. • He was a Protestant Bishop who reformed the educational system. •   his family died from a plague in 1604•  he was the first person to put pictures in text.  •  He thought it was necessary for children to see what the world looks like with the

help of pictures. •  Comenius believed that schools should be organized in stages from easy to hardest,

He also thought teachers should be kinder to the children instead of harsh. tricia:]         

Page 60: History of American Education Coach Snell's 1st pd class The mediocre teacher tells. The good teacher explains. The superior teacher demonstrates. The.

 

 FREIDRICH FROEBEL

Page 61: History of American Education Coach Snell's 1st pd class The mediocre teacher tells. The good teacher explains. The superior teacher demonstrates. The.

          FREIDRICH FROEBEL• Who is Freidrich Froebel?• Freidrich Wilhelm Froebel is best known as the founder of

      kindergarten.• Froebel's first kindergarten was founded in 1837 in Blakenburg Germany.• It had games, play, songs, stories,

      and crafts to stimulate imagination and       physical and motor skills.• The "spiritual mechanism" was the foundation of

early learning, according to freidrich.• Froebel decided to call his school

      kindergarten,which in German means       "child garden."• He believed that teachers should be 

      respected people.• The teacher should also be a sensitive,

      open, and easily approachable person.  laura =]

       

Page 62: History of American Education Coach Snell's 1st pd class The mediocre teacher tells. The good teacher explains. The superior teacher demonstrates. The.

JOHANN HERBART

Page 63: History of American Education Coach Snell's 1st pd class The mediocre teacher tells. The good teacher explains. The superior teacher demonstrates. The.

           JOHANN HERBART

• Who is Johann Herbart?• Johann Herbart is known as a German • Philosopher and educator.• Born in Oldenburg, and educated at theUniversity

     of Jena.• His belief was that educational methods should be based on

psychology and ethics.• In 1805 Herbart was selected to be a professor of philosophy at

the University of Gottingen.• Then in 1809 he left to to be a professor of philosophy in

Konigsberg.• He returned to Gottingen in 1833, were he stayed until his death. 

 tricia:]  

Page 64: History of American Education Coach Snell's 1st pd class The mediocre teacher tells. The good teacher explains. The superior teacher demonstrates. The.

HERBERT SPENCER

HERBERT SPENCER

Page 65: History of American Education Coach Snell's 1st pd class The mediocre teacher tells. The good teacher explains. The superior teacher demonstrates. The.

            HERBERT SPENCER

• What has he done for us?•  was known as one of the leading Social

Darwinists of the 19th century.• Spencer was an agnostic who believed that the only way to

gain knowledgewas through a scientific approach.

• He felt that religion was a futileattempt to gain knowledge of the unknown.

• he was a noted non-conformist who detested authority and strongly emphasized individualism

• He didn't believe in the public school system. His major criticism of the school system was that it didn't prepare children to live in the society.

 TRICIA:]