History Medicine Through Time

8/10/2019 History Medicine Through Time

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Treatments:

-Made charms to ward off evil spirits

-Mud casts for broken limbs

-Herbal remedies made from plants/herbs andhoney

-Trephining to release evil spirits

-Sweat lodges for pain/fevers

Injuries/illnesses:

-Broken limbs (mud casts)

-Headaches (Trephining)

-Soar throats/Cuts etc. (herbal remedies)

-Fevers

-Wounds

Why people died:

-Those who were ill were left behind because the tribe has to

keep moving to keep up with the herd (for food) - starvation

-People did not survive from Trephining

-Many died from gangrene (infected open wounds)

-Polluted water supplies (by animals)

-Severe bleeding and blood loss (hunting/war wounds)

-Fever (very common)

Who treated the ill:

-The medicine man (who could communicate

with the Gods)

-Women (made home remedies)

Hunter-gatherers (19-25)

Farmers(20-27)


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Treatments:

-Simple Surgery (cutting out swellings,

sewing up wounds, trephining to ease pain)

-Herbal remedies made from plants/herbshoney and trading ingredients (e.g cinnamon)

-Charms, Prayers and Chants

-Purging

Theories:

-Blocked Channels (natural theory), people stayed

healthy as long as blood, air and water flowed through

the channels around the body (undigested food would

cause blockage)

-Gods and spirits caused diseases

Specialist Doctorse.g eye diseases and stomach or

rectum etc

General Doctors

Priests

Developments:

-Discovered and developed writing

-Found many organs in the body (although did not know

function)

-Bronze surgical instruments (developed metal working skills)

-Purging

Factors Helping and Hindering:

-War allowed doctors to discover organs from wounded and

injured soldiersimproved knowledge of anatomy

-Religion prevented dissection (believed that the body isneeded for afterlife so should be preserved)

-However Religion encouraged cleanliness so youre

respectful and stay at peace with the gods.


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Treatments:

-Prayers

-Herbal remedies from minerals and animal parts

-Rest, diet, exercise (Asclepia)

-Purging and Bleeding

-Opium, Alcohol and Wine to stop infections

Anatomy:

-Aristotles work on the importance ofthe heart

-Discoveries at Alexandria about thebrain and the heart

Public Health:

-Doctors emphasises the value of good

cleanliness

-People took care of themselves

-A few toilets were maid

Theories:

-4 humours

-Gods and spirits caused diseases

Healers:

-Priests at Asclepia

-Priests at the temple

-Specialist doctors


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Public Health:

-Hard to keep towns clean because it was full of animals and

houses were overcrowded

-The government and the King did not do anything to impro

public health, they believed that their role was to protect thecountry and keep order

-Epidemic diseases (plague) could not be stopped

Discoveries about the body:

-Doctors knew about Greek and Roman discoveries but made

none of their own and dissection was only carried out to

illustrate what Galen had said

Treatments:

-Simple Surgery on visible tumours and wounds

-Trephining

-Opium Plants to dull pain

-Surgeons used wine, vinegar and honey to clean wounds but

could not prevent heavy bleeding or infections

-Prayers and Charms

-Herbal remedies

-Rest, diet, exercise

-Purging and Bleeding

Ideas about the causes of illness:

-No change, they still believed it was caused by God, and they

still followed Hippocrates theory of unbalanced humours

-But came up with a natural theory that miasma caused

disease-Some minority groups were blamed such as Jews


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Treatments:

-Rest, diet and exercise

-Herbal remedies made from plants/herbs honey and

new trading ingredients from abroad. Successful

remedies were written down and passed from mother

to daughter

-Smoking (tobacco used to cure toothaches, joint

pains, wounds and against the black plague)

-Purging, continued to believe illness was due to

unbalanced humours

-Prayer

Public Health:

-After the first plague (1348), it didnt completely disappear

and government did not issue any orders to clean the towns

which were overcrowded and dirty

-After the second plague (1665), houses were ordered to

sweep the street outside their door and animals were not to be

kept in the city. It only helped a little

Theories:

-Par, Harvey, Vesalius theories were learnt but was not fully

accepted till later on

-Galen and Hippocrates theory of humours were learnt and

essential to them. Still a very heavy influence. Also Ibn Sina

-Believed that God sent the plague on them so they prayed

often. But had a natural theory that miasma caused Black

plague so fires were often lit in the streets

Birth ofEnquiry

Developments:

-Invention of the microscope in the

1600s allowed scientists for the first

time to see tiny organisms but no one

connected this to disease


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Smallpox:

-Treatment was inoculation (spreading pus from a smallpox pustule into a

cut in the skin of a healthy personsome were lucky developing only a

weak form of smallpox (antibodies), they did not know how this worked)

-Inoculations became good business, making people wealthy because

treatment was costly, but there were dangers: There was a chance that

person could catch the full disease and dies, they could accidentally pass it

on to someone else and many could not afford inoculations

Theories:

-FADING THEORY: Disease was caused by God or was caused

because of unbalanced humours-Still believed miasma caused illness

-Spontaneous Generation (automatically generated by decay)

-Germ Theory (Pasteur believed illness was caused by bacteria)

Smallpox Treatment:

-Vaccination (Jenner) against smallpox

Changes - Healers:

-Nursing reform (Seacole and Nightingale,

improving conditions and hygiene, and

tending to the wounded on the battlefield)

-First women to become doctors (Elizabeth

Anderson and Elizabeth Blackwell (US))

Discoveries:

-Germ Theory

-Koch identified specific bacterium

-Pasteurs discovery of vaccinationmethod to treat a range of diseases

Koch

Pasteur

Blackwell

Anderson

Nightingale

Seacole

Jenner


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New Discoveries:

-James Simpsons chloroform was a new and

effective anaesthetic allowing longer and deeper

operations

-Listers Carbolic Acid was a very effective

antiseptic, starting aseptic surgery so less germs

were carried and death rates lowered

-Microscopes developed to study bacteria/germs in

detaillead to Koch, Pasteur and Jenner's

discoveries. Joseph Lister developed a much more

powerful microscope

Simpson

Lister


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Public Health:

-Passed a Public Health Act1848 setting up a national board of

health: Tried to improve water supply and sewers and medical

officers to inspect encouraged reform

-Most had to share outside toilets and got water from a street

pump

-Toilets cleaned by night men and waste was carried away by

carts

-Taxes to pay for cleaning streets and building sewers and

water pipes

-Government becomes more involved

-1875 enforces reform on towns with high death rates

New Discoveries:

-Chadwicks Public Health Act 1848

-Snows discovery that dirty water caused cholera

-Octavia Hills act of cleanliness led to similar

schemes and persuaded the government to pass the

1975 Artisans Dwelling Act

The Great Clean-Up:

-Based on 1875 Public Health Act

-Locals councils forced to provide clean water,

public toilets, and proper sewers/drains

-Councils forced to appoint a Medical Officer ofHealth and sanitary inspectors to inspect public

health facilities

-Other laws were passed helping improve standards

of housing, stopped pollution of rivers

Hill

Snow Chadwick


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Theories:

-Germ Theory

-Genetic Causes (Inherited - DNA)

Discoveries and Treatments:

-Chemical drugs (sulphonamides) e.g. magic bullet

-Antibiotic (Penicillin- discovered by Fleming and

developed and mass produced by Florey and Chain)

-Genetic Medicine (developed after the discovery ofDNA structure and what each part does)

Fleming

Florey and Chain


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Surgery:

-Discovery of blood type groups which enabled blood

transfusions

-McIndoe introduced plastic surgery to the world

(originally skin grafts for soldiers who were severely

disfigured), now used for a range of different purposes

(beauty)

-Transplants (after effective anaesthetics), surgeons

could perform more complex operations (first heart

transplant)

-Keyhole and micro surgery (better technology)

allowed surgery to be performed under a tiny hole

Knowledge of body:

-Discovery of DNA allowed to link with inherited

factors from parent to child

-Invented X-Rays to examine bones and fractures indetail

McIndoe

Crick and Watson Barnard


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Lloyd George

Beveridge

Rowntree

Booth

Bevan

Public Health:

-Government became increasingly concerned about

the welfare of citizens and became more involved

with public health schemes

-In the 1900s help was given to the poor, sick, and

unemployed (benefits), paid by tax-payers (1911

National Insurance Act) introduced by Lloyd George

-1942 Beveridge Report recommended the NHS

scheme (doctors, nurses etc. became governmentemployed and basically NHS set up today)

-1948 NHS was set up providing free healthcare for

all citizens, paid by the government and tax-payers

increasing life expectancy and decreasing death rates

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