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Transcript of History Final Exam Study Guide
7/31/2019 History Final Exam Study Guide
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NOTE - NUMBER 7 ON THE EXAM IS D
RECONSTRUCTION
Lincoln’s Assassination
Who? President Abraham Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth (an actor at the theater) -targets also included Vice President Johnson and Secretary of State Seward (take out whole administration!)
When? 4/14/1865 (April 14th) - War had just ended on April 9th
Reconstruction
What? Rebuilding the nation both socially and physically after the Civil War.
Ulysses S. Grant
Elected by whom? Elected by African Americans. Southern people HATE new governments, and can’t
deal with African Americans being in power. Try to return to “white man’s rule”. But with African Americansbeing able to vote, they wanted US grant
Irony? It was Ironic that USA life under Grant got even worse than before - with White Terrorism on th
rise. Two new laws were put into place: the Enforcement Acts (send troops to protect AA voters - ineffective b/
most of the military are XXX members) and Amnesty Act (gave former Confederates the right to vote - step in
returning to white man’s rule). AA rights will decrease greatly - with key to limiting rights being limiting votes
Describe Presidency: He was beloved but very ineffective as he surrounded himself with poorly chosen
advisors. Proves that military hero does NOT equal great President
Jim Crow Laws
What? Laws passed in 1880’s allowing for segregation (Forced Separation of Races) and said that
Everything in Society CAN be separated.
Lasted how long? Many weren’t overturned until the 1960’s
Plessy vs. Ferguson
What? Court Case involving separate segregated train cars (Jim Crow Laws). Homer Plessy (1/8 AA)
forced to move to “black care” and claimed that his 14th Amendment Rights were violated. Supreme court rule
at segregated facilities are OK as long as they’re EQUAL.
Standard Set? SEPARATE BUT EQUAL
Brown vs. Board
What? Linda Brown vs. Separate But Equal. Brown forced to walk miles to “black school” when white
school was only a few blocks away. Case was taken to Supreme Court, and Brown Wins!! School Segregation
violates the 14th Amendment. Plessy vs. Ferguson overturned. “Separate But Equal” in schools overturned!
Schools must now be integrated!
Lasting effect? Set the stage for the Civil Rights Movement and things becoming integrated!!! Now tim
for military, public places, etcetera.
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Little Rock Nine
Who? Most famous integration was LITTLE ROCK NINE.
Group of African-American students enrolled in Little Rock Central
High School in 1957.
What? Students were initially prevented from entering the
segregated school by the Arkansas governor. President Eisenhower intervened, however, and then they got an armed escort.
White Terrorism
What? White terrorism is on the rise. It is violence against African Americans
Examples? Some example include:
• Rise of the Klu Klux Klan (KKK) and other hate groups.
• Lynchings
• Public Harrasment
Methods of Dealing with Segregation/Oppression
Open Disobedience (William DuBois) Encouraged standing up against discrimination and demanding
equality. Go out and rise up PEACEFULLY without VIOLENCE
Self Help (Booker T. Washington) Encouraged education as the key to freedom. Educate yourself and
the rest will fall into place (founded the Tuskegee Institute)
Migration (Liberia)
13th Amendment
What? All slaves are free
14th Amendment
What? Slaves are citizens
15th Amendment
What? All men can vote
WESTWARD EXPANSION
Boomtown
What? When gold was found, or any other precious metal, boomtowns would pop up.
Long drives
What? Herding cattle overland to rail centers, or cowtowns.
Affected by what new invention? People could herd cattle to the cow towns, then they would be cut up
and refrigerated in cow towns, before heading off onto the railarods
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Issues with the Beef industry
Supply vs Demand? There was so much beef (supply), and not enough demand, so the price of beef
dropped
Effect on prices? Price of beef dropped, cattle boom ended
Challenges of the Frontier
List 3: CHALLENGES:
• No trees meant sod homes (houses made of grass)• Extreme Weather (snow, heat, fire, drought)
• Grasshoppers ate all the crops!
New Inventions to Help Westerners
Barbed Wire- Kept peoples stuff THEIRS
More-
• Windmills help irrigate
• Steel plow made planting crops FAST
• Reapers made harvesting crops FAST
Native Americans/Indian Wars
Who? Native Amerians VS the United States
Why? Americans wanted to expand but the
Details –
Ghost Dance - The buffalo supply, on which the native
americans relied, was dwindling, and the WACO tribe in south dakota,
which scared US troops. They feared war, and gathered the host dancers,
took them to Wounded Knee Creek where they gave up their weapons.
In the middle, a shot was fired, and the US army responded by killing
300 women, men, and children.
Red Cloud - Used hit and run tactics along the Bozeman
trail (resisted and fought for their land after the 1st treaty of Fort Laramie)
Little Big Horn - Only Native American victory. George A. Custer tried to move indians to
reservations but Sioux tribe defeated him.
Sand Creek Massacre - Part of the Cheyenne tribe had moved where told to move, they saw US
troops coming and waved the white flag of surrender. US troops opened fire and killed more than 150 peaceful
men women and children..sparked the indian wars.
Wounded Knee Massacre The buffalo supply, on which the native americans relied, was
dwindling, and the WACO tribe in south dakota, which scared US troops. They feared war, and gathered the
host dancers, took them to Wounded Knee Creek where they gave up their weapons. In the middle, a shot was
fired, and the US army responded by killing 300 women, men, and children.
Reservations
What? After growing hostility between N.A. and US troops the 2nd Treaty of Fort Laramie started mov
NA onto reservations, or land set aside for NA to have FOREVER. Would not be held accountable for US laws
almost independent nations.
Who? Native Americans - biggest was Great Sioux Reserve
Effects today? Terrible conditions in them today!
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INDUSTRIALISM
Corporation
What? Businesses owned by investors who by part of the company through stock
How financed? Financed through the investors who buy stock in the company (can sell stock to raise
money, investors don’t have risk)
Business Cycle
Booms Everything is wonderful: making money, people investing, hiring workersBusts Opposite end of the business cycle: everything is sad, not making money, people not investing, la
off workers
General “shape” of the market Rolling hills - not mountains because bigger the boom bigger the bust
Transcontinental Railroad
Why? Congress passed the two bills in 1862 because a) made travel to the west easier (6 month journey
now took 8 days!) and b) allowed for trade with Asia
Who? Two companies: Central Pacific (hired chinese and occasionally native americans - west) and
Union Pacific (hired former civil war soldiers, freedmen, irish immigrants, NA - east)
Problems Faced? Native Americans in the way, Possibility they may not meet in the middle, Dangerousdynamite to get through mountains.
Monopoly
What? Controlling all aspects of a business so that there is only ONE provider for a commodity.
Purpose? Lack of competition for a product means they can sell for whatever price they want.
How achieved? Through consolidation, one company buys up lots of smaller companies
Who is affected? Joe Schmo american - prices are high because of no competition, and no competition
means no innovations!
John D. Rockefeller
Who? Led the US oil industry with Standard Oil, created a monopoly
Business: Standard Oil - bought other refineries, made deals with railroads, bought his own pipelines.
Andrew Carnegie
Who? Led the U.S. Steel industry through controlling most of the STOCK - most famous trust which
became a monopoly
Business: Steel!!!!
Gospel of Wealth: Idea that with WEALTH comes RESPONSIBILITY. Carnegie publicized and lived
this idea - rockefeller also believed and participated
The “Gilded Age”
What? LITERALLY: To gold: make something common look more valuable by wrapping it in
something like gold - everything looked nice and good during the Gilded Age but in reality wasn’t.
Why? Because everything looked good on the outside - but not on the inside.
True meaning? Everything isn’t what it seems...
Sweatshops
What? Overcrowded factories with long hours, poor conditions. Mainly poor men, women, and children
workers mainly used in New England.
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Why? Smaller children + Smaller hands = easier to fix small things. Education decreases, injuries/death
increase
Child Labor
Who? Poor children
Why? Would do anything they were told for any amount, or no amount, of money.
Unions
What? Organization of workers fighting for protection of workers rights. Major ones:• Knights of Labor - Accepted all workers
• American Federation of Labor - Focused specifically on working conditions in industry
IMMIGRATION
New Immigrants
Details of the voyage? Arrived by ships (steamships took 12
days!), and many traveled in TERRIBLE conditions (steerage!)
Why were they coming? Overcrowding in Europe and Asia (no
jobs, help, support!). Some were round-trippers, came to make money,
then went back. Some were escaping persecution (anti-semitism!!).Shipping agents would market the voyage as awesomely amazingness
then would give free tickets to be repaid when the immigrants “found
worK” which they didn’t.
First stops?
• Angel Island - San Francisco (From Asia)
• Ellis Island - New York City (From Europe)
Cities
Urbanization? The movement of people into cities (shifting from farming nation to industrial nation). In
1900, 3 cities had more than 1 million.
Slums? Communities of tenements
Tenements? Horrible poor living spaces for people in cities that were rapidly and poorly built, thus
resulting in overcrowding and very dangerous conditions.
Social Gospel
Who? Normal, Joe Schmo people
What? Improving the lives of the poor through ACTION - giving time if you can’t give money.
How? Give your time (volunteer) if you can’t give money. Started as a religious movement but soon
spread: abolished child labor, opened settlement houses, helped poor improve their lives.
Political MachinesWhat? Groups that controlled enough votes to “swing” a larger government . Traded favors for votes,
and used the spoils system to gain votes (corruption much?)
Where? All over in big cities, such as NYC
Why? Got things done! Built parks, sewers, schools, roads, and orphanages
Examples? Tammany Hall (NYC) was most famous led by William Marcy Tweed (Boss Tweed)
PROGRESSIVISM
Progressivism
Definition Making things better: the nation grew so much in a short period of time that it’s time to catch
up with itself. Time to make progress in bringing the nation into the modern era. Social, Political, Economic
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Sherman Antitrust Act
What? Made trusts illegal - government didn’t enforce it right away though...needed a STRONG
president (roosevelt!)
Theodore Roosevelt
Focus of Presidency? Saw government as an umpire between business and people - purpose was to
ensure fairness for workers, consumers, and big business. E
Motto: “speak softly and carry a big stick”
16th Amendment
What? Gave congress the power to create income tax
17th Amendment
What? The direct election of US Senators (before state legislatures had chosen)
18th Amendment
What? Prohibition - thought alcohol was the root of all evil, would end up backfiring
19
th
AmendmentWhat? Women could vote (1919!)
Federal Reserve Act
What? Created the modern banking system
Why important? REGULATED the banks
Roles of Women
How are they changing? ROLE HAS MOVED FROM IN THE HOUSE TO OUT IN THE
COMMUNITY
• New tech made products women used to be making in homes
• Women were having fewer children+smaller families
• More education for women (college degrees in nursing, teaching)
• Women worked outside the home (factories, stores, telephone operators
Muckraker
Who? Journalists and Photographers who brought issues to light
Goal? Make things better by bringing out issues - firing people up!
Examples?
• Jacob Riis - Exposed life in tenements (photographed)
• Nellie Bly - Exposed terrible conditions in asylums by going undercover (led to betterness!)
• Upton Sinclar - Exposed gross conditions in meat packing plants (wrote the Jungle - led to theFDA and meat inspection act)
IMPERIALISM
Imperialism
What? Expansion overseas for...
3 reasons why?
1. Increased financial strength (raw materials!! new markets!!)
2. Military interests (establish military presence overseas)
3. Cultural Superiority (believed their government, religion, and race were superior and everyone
should have them!)
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Yellow Journalism
What? Sensationalism in the press filled with bias (found in the world and new york journal)
Why? SELLS PAPERS - get things done!
Voice of yellow journalism? “Newsies” were were it all started!
Joseph Pulitzer & William Randolph Hearst
Who? Were main “offenders” in yellow journalism (THE WORLD AND NEW YORK JOURNAL,
respectively).What effect on nation? Exaggerated truth to sell papers - will play a huge role in upcoming wars
William Seward
Who? Secretary of State under Lincoln/Johnson (strong backer of expansion!)
Bought what? Purchased Alaska from Russia in 1867 (ended up being a bargain!)
Spanish American War
Who? Spain and the United States
What? Cuba was controlled by spain and tried to revolt. Depression sparked one last attempt, and cuban
were placed in concentration, work, camps. Trade was affected, and yellow journalism got involved (showedstarving children and people dying). Senators went to cuba and saw it was no big deal. McKinley wanted to
avoid war, but bended to society and told spain to be nice to cuba. Spain didn’t obey and US sent USS Maine t
be a presence in Cuba. Maine exploded, yellow journalists freaked out, society blamed spain, spain didn’t agre
to US’s call for cuban independence, war was declared. First battle in manilla, then carrabian. US wins. Cuba
given independence but has to add platt amendment. Philipines became US colony. Puerto Rico became usa
territory.
Why? YELLOW JOURNALISM.
William McKinley
Who? President at the time
Position on War? DID NOT WANT WAR
Sphere of Influence
What? China. Many nations looking to imperialize china (mainly Japan). Frane, Germany, Russia,
Britain, and Japan were already there. Spheres of Influence were areas colonized by foreign countries. Had
control of land but responsible for improving it.
Where? China!
Effect on China? GREAT for china! Could make everything better!
Who NOT involved? USA..poor us :(
Open Door PolicyWhat? US wanted in. Wanted access to chinese resources/markets but had no sphere. Asked for Open
Door Policy which said no country can have a monopoly on chinese trade and everyone gets a chance at land/
resources.
Where? CHINA
Why? WANTED IT. Chinese got mad and had boxer rebellion (they lost...)
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WWICauses of the war
4 causes?
1. Imperialism - Everyone wants land in Africa and Asia (natural resources/markets)
2. Nationalism - Like USA’s cultural superiority
3. Militarism - Armed forces have expanded, waiting for a reason to fight
4. Alliances - Tons of alliances in europe, but many unknown. Attack one nation, you attack many
Why? Europe was an open keg of gunpowder, and the spark to blow it up was the assassination of
Archduke Franz Ferdinand (asutrian-hungary) by a Serbian. Austria declared war on Serbia, and serbia+russiahad an alliances, and Austria and germany did. Europe then joined sides and the “Great War” began.
New war tactics
Land Tanks: Smash through everything and everything as mobile killing machines with weapons/gas
Water? U-Boats: German submarines used to distribute trade routes
Air? Airplanes/Zeppelins: Airplanes and Zeppelins, or blimps, made this the first war in the air
Woodrow Wilson
Policy on war? President Wilson says U.S. WILL remain neutral
What caused him to change his mind? After the sinking of the Lusitania, and later, the Zimmermantelegraph, and finally, when Germany sunk 3 American ships (March 1917), Wilson asked for war.
War bonds
What? Loans from people+interest covered 2/3 of the War
How did they help? Payed for almost all of the war! Sold by movie stars, women, everyone.
Propaganda
What? Posters, news articles, etc. aimed at supporting the war and influencing people’s opinions.
• Demonization (make them look terrible)
• Emotional Appeals (emotion!)• Name Calling (stupid heads...)
• Patriotic Appeals (uncle sammm!)
• Half Truths/Lies (only tell part of the story)
• Catchy Slogan (We Want You!)
• Evocative Visual Symbols (can’t get out of your head)
• Humor (make it funny! BALANCE!)
Effects? Fuels prejudice against Germans
Espionage and Sedition Act
What/Why/Effects? People were speaking out against the wars. Would give fines and jail time for anti-
war activities (protest). Everybody has to support the war. Supreme court deemed that 1st Amendment rights
could be limited in times of war
Great Migration
What? So many people were off the war, there were no men to work in the factories! Oh my!. 500,000+
African Americans moved north to work in factories, escaping bigotry, discrimination, etc.
Who? African Americans and Women would join the work force...TEMPORARILY
Effects? Was only temporary...but showed they could do it!
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Fourteen Points
What? Wilson’s Fourteen Points - Wilson’s idea for German surrender. Included, for example, smaller
military forces, an end to secret treaties, freedom of seas, free trade, changes in natural boundaries, and the
League of Nations.
Who created? Woodrow Wilson
Treaty of Versailles
What? Treaty that ended the war. German had to pay for what they did (accept blame, give up army/
colonies).Where? Paris - Chateux Versailles
Decisions made? Blamed everything on Germany and said that it was all Germany’s fault and that they
had to pay for everything.
Effect on decisions on future? Led to WWII...
ROARING 20’s and GREAT DEPRESSION
Warren G. Harding
Why elected? He promised a “return to normalcy”
Philosophy on economy? Less government in business and more business in government
Isolationism
Define: US Should stay out of other nation’s affairs except in self defense (opposite of imperliasm
supported by Coolidge)
Laissez Faire
Define: Government action won’t help the economy, it would hurt it! We should let people figure out
things on their OWN and everything will work out!
Roles of Women in the 1920’s’
How have they changed? Women became flappers, with more personal freedom: they drove cars, playe
sports, went to college, and had jobs. GASP!
Prohibition
What? Illegality of alcohol
Why? The USA believed that alcohol was the root of all its problems
Made by what amendment? The 18th Amendment
Overturned by what amendment? The 21st Amendment
Effect on crime? Crime went UP! Organized Crime! Gangs battling for bootlegging operations! GANG
WARS! AL CAPONE! OH MY! BADNESS!
Herbert Hoover
Economic Philosophy? After the market crashed, he believed in doing nothing. Laissez faire, fearing
government interaction. He believed that the US shouldn’t help the people in this time of need.
Reaction to market crash? Hoover acted conservatively, not wanting to do anything big
Ways people protested him? Hoover Flags - Pockets turned inside out, Hoovervilles - Poor areas of
shacks grouped together
Crash of 1929
What? A series of events from September 3rd, 1929 to October 29th, 1929, resulting in the Great
Depression. Black Thursday - 12.9 million shares were traded, black Tuesday, investors sold 16.4 million share
at incredibly low prices.
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Why? People saw the stocks dip just a tad and freaked out unloading allllll their stocks and cashing them
Effect on banks? Banks had money on the market which had just crashed. Banks needed money, and
needed to get back all the loans. People couldn’t pay and banks ran out of money. People panicked and got thei
money out of the banks (which didn’t have money!)
Government reaction? Did nothing...
Great Depression
Describe: Terrible. No jobs. Homelessness. Hunger. Affecting almost everyone in the nation.
Effect on business Terrible for business, hundreds of thousands had to close downEffect on farmers Farmers lost their jobs because nobody could afford to buy their products
Effect on workers Lost all their jobs
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
Who? GREAT President! Laissez faire had failed the nation...time to try something new...wasn’t
concerned with popularity or legacy, but just wanted to help the nation
Economic Philosophy? Have to spend money to make money!
Communicated via? Fireside chats.
New DealWhat? FDR’s plan to fight the depression!
How? Goals of laws passed during the first hundred days were:
• Relief for the hungry and jobless
• Recovery for agriculture and industry
• Reform for the way government worked
Examples of programs? Public works, direct relief, etc
Dust Bowl
Who? Drought across the midwest, and “black blizzards” of topsoil flying across the plains. 52 dust
storms in TWO YEARS.
Where? Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Colorado (150,000 square mile region!)
Who’s fault? Nobodys...nature!
Why? 2.5 million people took route 66 towards California (why?)
WWII
Axis Powers
Who? Italy and Germany (Stalin and Hitler, respectively) were the two biggest. Japan later joined.
Allied Powers
Who? United States, England, France
Munich Agreement/Appeasement
Who? Germany and Great Britain (Neville Chamberlain)
Outcome? Germany got the sudatenland if they promised not to take any more land. England agreed, bu
Germany later broke their promise and invaded the rest of Czech.
Non-Aggression Pact
Between whom? Russia and Germany signed the non-aggression pact, saying they wouldn’t declare wa
on each other
Successful? NO! Germany lied...surprisingly...
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Pearl Harbor
What? Japan attacked the US Naval Headquarters at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. (2/3 panned waves of attack
executed). Entire US fleet taken by surprise on the Sunday morning.
Who? Japan attacked USA
Where? Pearl Harbor, Hawaii
Why? The US wasn’t on good relations with Japan for quite a while. Japan needed resources, and
wanted them by fighting GB, NETHERLANDS, and USA. USA was in the way (navy in hawaii) so attack!
When? December 7th, 1941
Roosevelt’s Response? “A Sleeping Giant” had been awoken, day of infamy speech given. War isdeclared on Japan by USA.
Roles of Women in WWII
What? More than 300,000 women in the Women’s Army Corps.
Why? Had jobs as mechanics, drivers, clerks, and nurses
Example: “Rosie the Riveter” although she wasn’t a real person. (WE CAN DO IT!)
Africa
Why important? Britain had battled Axis for control of northern Africa because they wanted access to
the Suez Canal - the shortest sea route to Asia and Middle Eastern OIL.Allied General? General Dwight D. Eisenhower brought troops to help.
Success? November 1942, he fell to Axis but regrouped and gained the land. Could now establish bases
to attack southern Europe (italy!)
Italy
Why important? Italy goes right into mainland Europe (GERMANY!).
How won? Invaded Sicily through Suez Canal in July of 1943. Allies forced Germans out of Sicily then
Italy...PATTON!
D-Day
Who? Allied forces VS. Germany
Where? Normandy Beach (Northern France)
What? Allied forces invaded beaches of France
When? June 6th, 1944
Result? Largest seaborne invasion in history - battled through France and liberated Paris (NO MORE
GERMANY)
Yalta Conference
Who? The “BIG THREE” - USA, France, Great Britain
What? Plan for surrender
Where? Yalta, CrimeriaWhen? February 1945
Why? Needed post-war peacekeeping and type of government for eastern europe
Goals? Stalin (italy) promised to declare war on Japan after Germany surrenders. Agree to United
Nations and discussed type of government for Eastern Europe.
Holocaust
Who? Mainly focused on attacking Jews (blamed them for post WW1 problems), but also African
Americans and Homosexuals, among others, by the Nazi’s and Germany
What? Eliminating unwanted races.
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Why? Nazi’s goal was to create a “master race” of Aryans (white, protestant, strong, healthy, straight),
and those who didn’t “Fit into the mold” would be eliminated.
Result? Nazi’s had eliminated 2/3 of the entire Jewish population in Germany. Concentration Camps an
Death camps were liberated after news of them hit Europe and USA newspapers (we got involved!)
Nuremburg Trials? Court to try Nazi leaders for roles in WWII. Trial began in November 1945 in
Nuremberg, Germany. After a year long trial, only 19 were found guilty, and twelve sentenced to death.
Surrender in the European Theater
When? May 8th, 1945Referred to as? V-E Day (Victory in Europe Day)
Kamikaze
What? Suicide missions (fly planes into targets! Getting desperate!)
Used by? Japanese against USA!
Effective? Not as effective as hoped...
Island Hopping
Who? Allies :)
What? Allies needed bases closer to homeland...chose Iwo Jima and Okinawa. “Hopping” from oneisland to the next, eventually getting closer and closer without having to use aircraft carriers.
Why? Didn’t want to get their carriers in there, so island hopped.
Successful? YES!
Battle of Midway
What theater? Pacific
What happened? USA intelligence ruined Yamamoto’s plan to lure
carriers. U.S. destroys 4 Japanese carriers and 250 planes, equalizing Japanese
and US Pacific forces
Why a turning point? EQUALIZED.
Iwo Jima
Where? Island in the pacific. Not jungle, but volcanic rock. Japanese
were in the island. Bombed the island for 3 days, then went in on troops.
Why important? Allowed us to go to Okinawa, our final destination.
5,885 Americans killed, 17,272 wounded, but very helpful.
Lasting legacy? Famous flag raising picture taken!
Navajo Indians
Played what role in war? Were “code talkers”
Give details: Nobody even knew the Navajo language existed, so were used as code talkers. There woube a navajo indian on either side of the radio, and they would communicate by decoding what they said.
Atomic Bomb
Project name? The Manhattan Project - Mission: create and test atomic weapons to use in WWII if
necessary. J. Robert Oppenheimer was in charge.
Ordered by? FDR ordered research for an Atomic Bomb immediately after the war began
Tested at? First successful test was in Trinity, NW (July 16th, 1945)
Dropped 1st: First dropped on Hiroshima (Little Boy) - August 6th, 1945
Dropped 2nd: Second dropped on Nagasaki (Fat Man) - August 9th, 1945
Result:
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Surrender in Pacific
When? August 14th - 1945 (Japan Surrenders).
Formal Surrender signed 9/2/45
Where? Tokyo Harbor aboard the USS Missouri
VOILA. US
HISTORY :D
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