History Ecology of the river in the past and in the present Colorado River Compact 1922 Past and...

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Page 1: History Ecology of the river in the past and in the present Colorado River Compact 1922 Past and present use – major projects along the river Physical.
Page 2: History Ecology of the river in the past and in the present Colorado River Compact 1922 Past and present use – major projects along the river Physical.

History

Ecology of the river in the past and in the present

Colorado River Compact 1922

Past and present use – major projects along the river

Physical history – climate and its effect over the last century (Link Group 2)

Page 3: History Ecology of the river in the past and in the present Colorado River Compact 1922 Past and present use – major projects along the river Physical.

Flow Measurement & Distribution

Control and measurement of flow

Water rationing – equitable distribution (Who gets the water?)

Irrigation (Link Group 4)

Diversions and canals

Output to Mexico (What can be done about it?)

Page 4: History Ecology of the river in the past and in the present Colorado River Compact 1922 Past and present use – major projects along the river Physical.

Implementation

Legislative policies, treaties, laws (Link Group 3)

Economic implications – financing management (Link Group 8)

Negative externalities – pollution/misuse upriver negatively affecting downriver locations

Page 5: History Ecology of the river in the past and in the present Colorado River Compact 1922 Past and present use – major projects along the river Physical.

Management

Dams (Link Group 7)

Diversions

Levees and embankments

Uses of water – purification, irrigation, etc.

Present efforts to reduce pollution – ecology of river

Page 6: History Ecology of the river in the past and in the present Colorado River Compact 1922 Past and present use – major projects along the river Physical.

Improvement & Goals for the Future

Ensure equitable distribution of water – treaties and legislation

Proper management and use of water

Reducing pollution

Increasing sustainability

Page 7: History Ecology of the river in the past and in the present Colorado River Compact 1922 Past and present use – major projects along the river Physical.

Group 2- ProgressGroup 2- Progress

Population and Climate ChangePopulation and Climate Change

Page 8: History Ecology of the river in the past and in the present Colorado River Compact 1922 Past and present use – major projects along the river Physical.

Tentative TimelineTentative Timeline

• Data collection: Define and assign subtopics for research. Gather information, build database, create relevant graphs/charts. (2 weeks, ends on Monday Sep 29nd)

• Data analysis: implications of data, synthesis of information under different topics, information sharing with other groups (1 week, ends on Monday, Oct 6th)

• Specific and detailed definition of the causes/problems to be tackled. Any additional research needed is assigned. (2 weeks, ends on Monday, Oct 20th)

• Solution(s): Development of solution(s) for the problems defined in the previous step. Presentation polishing, etc. (The rest of the term)

Page 9: History Ecology of the river in the past and in the present Colorado River Compact 1922 Past and present use – major projects along the river Physical.

Information-gathering StageInformation-gathering Stage

• Population Trends (Past/Future) [Amanda & Ivana] – Causes – Specifically: CA, TX, AZ, NV, CO, Mexico, Canada – North America as a whole – Location of population centers in west

• Water used by area/region [Cat] – Locations where water is not a problem (Canada/per capita water use) – Incentives to move (where has this worked?) – Water pollution as dependent on population– Other options

• Effects of climate change on agriculture/irrigation [Fan] – How much more water is needed?– Climate change= effect on efficiency of water use

• Changes of precipitation, changing state of reservoirs/lakes/rivers [John] – Geographical distribution of water

• Pollution/State of water as it reaches Mexico [Chidi] – Acid rain

Page 10: History Ecology of the river in the past and in the present Colorado River Compact 1922 Past and present use – major projects along the river Physical.

Research HighlightsResearch Highlights

• Climate Change and Agriculture• Change in temperature/preciptation rates affects plant

distribution

• CO2 and humidity changes biological functions

• Changes in plants’ natural enemies

• Population Changes• Population in western US has been growing steadily since

the 1880s

• Disputes over water began in the early 1800s

• Selected groundwater basins currently available to Southern California: Raymond Basin, West Basin, Central Basin, Main San Gabriel Basin, San Fernando Valley, Mojave River Basin, Orange County, Chino Basin

Page 11: History Ecology of the river in the past and in the present Colorado River Compact 1922 Past and present use – major projects along the river Physical.

Research HighlightsResearch Highlights

• State of water to Mexico

• Desertification• Caused by over-

irrigation, over-grazing, or other land abuse

• Measures to prevent desertification developed in 1960s; only partially successful

• 22 of the 50 largest cities in the U.S. are located in the desert

Desertification of North America

Page 12: History Ecology of the river in the past and in the present Colorado River Compact 1922 Past and present use – major projects along the river Physical.

Group 3:Group 3:Trans-Boundary Trans-Boundary

IssuesIssuesUpdate as of 9/18/08Update as of 9/18/08

Page 13: History Ecology of the river in the past and in the present Colorado River Compact 1922 Past and present use – major projects along the river Physical.

Our Mission/ObjectivesOur Mission/Objectives Analyze current water legislation in the Analyze current water legislation in the

US, Canada, and MexicoUS, Canada, and Mexico Investigate water regulations that will Investigate water regulations that will

provide resources for the next 100+ provide resources for the next 100+ yearsyears

Develop the most equitable/fair future Develop the most equitable/fair future water legislation by taking into account:water legislation by taking into account: PopulationPopulation EconomyEconomy Future developmentFuture development

Page 14: History Ecology of the river in the past and in the present Colorado River Compact 1922 Past and present use – major projects along the river Physical.

Exploratory Research Group:Exploratory Research Group: NAFTA?NAFTA?

NAFTA = North American Free Trade NAFTA = North American Free Trade AgreementAgreement

Removed trade and investment barriers Removed trade and investment barriers between Mexico, the United States, and between Mexico, the United States, and CanadaCanada

Includes sections on both environmental Includes sections on both environmental and trade issuesand trade issues

Page 15: History Ecology of the river in the past and in the present Colorado River Compact 1922 Past and present use – major projects along the river Physical.

NAFTA and WaterNAFTA and Water

Due to geographic imbalances of water, Due to geographic imbalances of water, private companies want to sell water private companies want to sell water internationallyinternationally

National legislation may prevent this- National legislation may prevent this- currently disputed as to whether this is currently disputed as to whether this is allowed under NAFTA or notallowed under NAFTA or not

ISSUE: Is water allowed to be sold as a ISSUE: Is water allowed to be sold as a privately owned good?privately owned good?

Page 16: History Ecology of the river in the past and in the present Colorado River Compact 1922 Past and present use – major projects along the river Physical.

Exploratory Research Group: Exploratory Research Group: United StatesUnited States

Focusing on the disputes across borders Focusing on the disputes across borders within the United States. within the United States.

Current legislation regulating water Current legislation regulating water between state and county borders.between state and county borders.

The information will be used as a The information will be used as a comparison to the boundary disputes comparison to the boundary disputes between nations. between nations. How does United States policy alter between its How does United States policy alter between its

states and neighboring sovereign countries?states and neighboring sovereign countries? How could current legislation infer future How could current legislation infer future

equitable water distribution problems?equitable water distribution problems? How can we improve current legislation?How can we improve current legislation?

Page 17: History Ecology of the river in the past and in the present Colorado River Compact 1922 Past and present use – major projects along the river Physical.

Potential SourcesPotential Sources Journal ArticlesJournal Articles

Impact of Politics on the Colorado River Basin Impact of Politics on the Colorado River Basin Water Agreement: In-Depth Administrative Water Agreement: In-Depth Administrative AnalysisAnalysis by Polly Walker by Polly Walker

Overarching legislation governing Overarching legislation governing transboundary sources of watertransboundary sources of water

El Paso County of ColoradoEl Paso County of Colorado City of Colorado Springs, ColoradoCity of Colorado Springs, Colorado

Local legislation on city and county water rightsLocal legislation on city and county water rights Reflects the opinions of individuals in a Reflects the opinions of individuals in a

particular area, rather than the opinion of their particular area, rather than the opinion of their representativesrepresentatives

Page 18: History Ecology of the river in the past and in the present Colorado River Compact 1922 Past and present use – major projects along the river Physical.

Exploratory Research Group:Exploratory Research Group:MexicoMexico

Analyze current water distribution with Analyze current water distribution with MexicoMexico Does it provide enough clean water?Does it provide enough clean water? How do relations with Mexico compare with How do relations with Mexico compare with

relations with more developed countries?relations with more developed countries? To what extent should future legislation To what extent should future legislation

account for potential growth/development?account for potential growth/development? What responsibility does the US have to What responsibility does the US have to

encourage that growth/development?encourage that growth/development? How do border disputes affect water How do border disputes affect water

regulation?regulation?

Page 19: History Ecology of the river in the past and in the present Colorado River Compact 1922 Past and present use – major projects along the river Physical.

Exploratory Research Group:Exploratory Research Group:CanadaCanada

Analyze current water regulation Analyze current water regulation with Canadawith Canada

Are there any border disputes that Are there any border disputes that complicate water distribution?complicate water distribution?

How should pollution (beginning in How should pollution (beginning in Canada, then US) be managed in Canada, then US) be managed in future legislation?future legislation?

Page 20: History Ecology of the river in the past and in the present Colorado River Compact 1922 Past and present use – major projects along the river Physical.

IRRIGATION!!!Group 4

^.^

Page 21: History Ecology of the river in the past and in the present Colorado River Compact 1922 Past and present use – major projects along the river Physical.

0|_||2 />|_@|\| = (our plan)hosted by :1337 5p33(#

1. Sources of water used/how much is used (Jen-group 1, 5, 6)

2. The types of crops grown (Jen, John)3. What's done with the water after it is used

(Megan - group 6)4. Environmental effects (Sondra, Michelle)5. Irrigation methods (Ashley, John)6. How much will all of this cost??? (Tyler, Krupa -

group 8)

Page 22: History Ecology of the river in the past and in the present Colorado River Compact 1922 Past and present use – major projects along the river Physical.

Group 5: Groundwater Reserves (including Ogallala Aquifer)

Page 23: History Ecology of the river in the past and in the present Colorado River Compact 1922 Past and present use – major projects along the river Physical.

Case study of solutions and approaches to groundwater shortage

•India: Problem: pollution and population

Solution: rainwater harvesting and filtration during monsoon season.

Result: higher water quality than before 1

•Yemen: Problem: fast population growth, variable rainfall, pollution, limited alternative resource.

Solution: rainwater harvesting, surface runoff collection, improved pumping controls, improve irrigation systems, public awareness, desalination. 1

•Prague: Problem: over extended sewer and water distribution system

Solution: Creation of a master plan that integrates sewer and distribution systems, so that clean water does not seep into sewer system. 2

1Howard, Ken. Urban Groundwater-Meeting the Challenge . 8th ed. London: Taylor and Francis/Balkema, 2007.

2Arsov, Roumen, Jiri Marsalek et al. Urban Water Management . Vol. 25. London: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2003.

Page 24: History Ecology of the river in the past and in the present Colorado River Compact 1922 Past and present use – major projects along the river Physical.

Sources of depletion of natural groundwater resources

-Drinking water for 50% of public population, nearly all of rural population1

-50 Billion Gallons/Day for Agricultural Use1 (21 Million acre-feet total in 20002)

-Industrial use makes up 4% of total groundwater withdrawals1

Sources:

1. http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/

2. http://geology.com/usgs/high-plains-aquifer.shtml

This text box serves the purpose of covering the text underneath it

Page 25: History Ecology of the river in the past and in the present Colorado River Compact 1922 Past and present use – major projects along the river Physical.

Artificial Aquifer Recharge

Purpose: Store excess water while improving aquifer water quality

Methods:

Infiltration Basins and Canals

Water Traps Cutwaters...

Question: Where do we get this excess water?

Source: http://www.oas.org/dsd/publications/unit/oea59e/ch18.htm

Page 26: History Ecology of the river in the past and in the present Colorado River Compact 1922 Past and present use – major projects along the river Physical.

Natural Recharge

Recharge is promoted by: Natural vegetation cover

Flat topography

Permeable soil

A deep water table

Ogallala Aquifer Almost all water comes from rainfall

and snowmelt

Less than 25 millimeters (1 inch) annually

No longer water recharge from Rockies

Question: With very little recharge, how will the Ogallala Aquifer continue to provide water to the West at its current usage?

Page 27: History Ecology of the river in the past and in the present Colorado River Compact 1922 Past and present use – major projects along the river Physical.

Ground Water Contamination and Water Quality

Sources: Point sources: factories, landfills, disposal sites Non-point sources: chemical (agricultural), runoff Natural: sediments

Effects of Contamination: Water quality Environment

Cost: Cleanup process

Prevention: Resource Conservation and Recovery Act Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and

Liability Act Containment, Removal, Remediation

Page 28: History Ecology of the river in the past and in the present Colorado River Compact 1922 Past and present use – major projects along the river Physical.

1 Banner, Fryar, Mehta (2000)

Environmental Concerns

Presently there is a saline plume in the Ogallala aquifer in the Southern High Plains (Texas).

In the southern half of the Southern High Plains, the high salinization is associated with evaporation of ground water and dissolution of salts.

As of 1995 the region’s total dissolved solids [TDS] ranged from 400-3000 mg/l, while in the Central High Plains, the TDS is < 400 mg/l.(1)

It is imperative that pumping is monitored as there is a possibility that the water salinity will in increase with further pumping.

Page 29: History Ecology of the river in the past and in the present Colorado River Compact 1922 Past and present use – major projects along the river Physical.

Group Six

Desalinization (however you feel like spelling it) and Sewage Treatment

Page 30: History Ecology of the river in the past and in the present Colorado River Compact 1922 Past and present use – major projects along the river Physical.

ToO

Page 31: History Ecology of the river in the past and in the present Colorado River Compact 1922 Past and present use – major projects along the river Physical.

Key Questions:Desalination Sewage Treatment

Economic Viability

At what point and what level is the solution profitable? Who should fund it?

Engineering/Tech Developments

Which existing technologies are most effective for a particular purpose? How can we plan for new technologies and their potential impacts?

Environmental Impact/Energy

Do the advantages of not using groundwater outweigh damage due to energy use and plant production?

How does the increasing amount of waste effect ecosystems and humans?

Scalability How do the economics and production levels change when scaled up or down?

Sustainability How long will this solution be effective and what are the assumptions behind this prediction?

Page 32: History Ecology of the river in the past and in the present Colorado River Compact 1922 Past and present use – major projects along the river Physical.

Improvement & Goals for the Future

• Ensure equitable distribution of water – treaties and legislation

• Proper management and use of water• Reducing pollution• Increasing sustainability

Page 33: History Ecology of the river in the past and in the present Colorado River Compact 1922 Past and present use – major projects along the river Physical.

Water and EnergyGroup 007

Page 34: History Ecology of the river in the past and in the present Colorado River Compact 1922 Past and present use – major projects along the river Physical.

Our Strategy...

Division of research into 5 subgroups

Types of fuel

Energy Trends

Technology and Research

Water Treatment

Infrastructure & Policy

Page 35: History Ecology of the river in the past and in the present Colorado River Compact 1922 Past and present use – major projects along the river Physical.

EconomicsPoints of Interest

➲ Pricing West Coast: Colorado

River

Irrigation

Desalinization

➲ Environment Climate Change

Groundwater [email protected]

➲ Conservation/Regulation Colorado River

Population Growth

Policies to Regulate

➲ H20 Supply & Demand Energy

Groundwater Reserves

Desalination & sewage

[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]
Page 36: History Ecology of the river in the past and in the present Colorado River Compact 1922 Past and present use – major projects along the river Physical.

Pricing

➲Externalities Ecosystem functions

➲Rationing Price (taxes and user fees)

Quantity (permits)

➲Current research

Page 37: History Ecology of the river in the past and in the present Colorado River Compact 1922 Past and present use – major projects along the river Physical.

Environment/Conservation

➲ Contamination

➲ Awareness and education

Irrigation

➲ Biodiversity

➲ Population and livestock use of and

impact upon water availability

Page 38: History Ecology of the river in the past and in the present Colorado River Compact 1922 Past and present use – major projects along the river Physical.

Regulation & Conservation➲ Controlling water use

Some water plan (e.g. increased rates for excess

consumption)

Work with Pricing group

➲ Protecting current resources

Evaluate current federal and state laws

Laws on usage (amount, which sources)

Limiting damage from industry, recreation, etc

Page 39: History Ecology of the river in the past and in the present Colorado River Compact 1922 Past and present use – major projects along the river Physical.

Infrastructure

➲ H2O Supply

➲ Public vs. Private

➲ Water sharing (Canada, Mexico)

➲ Current research


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