history buddhism in Ceylon

oD&dvuFmEdkifiHum; pdwf0ifpm;zG,f aumif;onf/ EdkifiHi,f

oavmuf pmay? ,Ofaus;rIESihf ordkif;tpOftvm &Snfvsm;

jrifhrm;onf/ ,aeY jrefrmEdkifiHwGif pmoifom; &[ef;awmf

rsm; oifMum;aeMu&aom jrwfAk'¨\ rl&if; ygVdawmfrsm;udk

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usrf;rsm;rS at'D ig;&mpk tcsdefu ygVdbmomodkY jyefqdkcJhaom

usrf;rsm;jzpfonf/

oD&dvuFmAk'<bmomordkif;

0gvfydkvm &m[kvm History of Buddhism in Ceylon

by Walpola Rahula

t&Sifauvmo

"rRmp&d,/ B.A. (Philo) M.A. (Buddhism) jrefrmjyefonf

C t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;

oD&dvuFmAk'<bmomordkif;tEk&m"yk&acwf (bDpD 3 &mpk - at'D 10 &mpk)

0gvfydkvm &m[kvm History of Buddhism in Ceylon

The Anuradhapura Period 3rd Century BC – 10th Century AC

by Walpola Rahula

t&Sifauvmo "rRmp&d,/ B.A (Philo) M.A. (Buddhism)

jrefrmjyefonf

tcef; 8

bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufrsm; 1

wnfaqmufykH 219-256

tcef; 9

bkef;BuD;ausmif;wkdufrsm; 2

ausmif;wdkuftkyfcsKyfa&; 255-282

tcef; 10

&[ef;awmfrsm;\ vlrIb0 1

wdk;wufrIrsm; 285-315

tcef; 11

&[ef;awmfrsm;\ vlrIb0 2 317-354

vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;

tcef; 12

&[ef;awmfrsm;\ vlrIb0 3 357-382

NcKd;NcHpGmusihfokH;jcif;

tcef; 13

oD[dkVf &[E Åmrsm; 385-404

tcef; 14

vl0wfaMumifrsm;\ b0 1

vlrIa&; 407-447

tcef; 15

vl0wfaMumifrsm;\ b0 2

bmoma&; 449-460

tcef; 16

tcrf;tem;rsm;ESihf yGJawmfrsm; 463-493

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254 N Wickiup Road Apache Junction, AZ 85219

rmwdum

bmomjyefol\ rdwfquf i-ps

usrf;jyKol\ trSmpm 1-6

ABBREVIATIONS 7

ed'gef;

usrf;udk;&if;jrpfrsm; 9-43

tcef; 1

tdEd,ordkif;aemufcH 54-64

tcef; 2

Ak'¨0g'rwdkifrD oD[dkVfEdkifiH 1

vlrIa&;tajctae 67-94

tcef; 3

Ak'¨0g'rwdkifrD oD[dkVfEdkifiH 2

bmoma&;tajctae 19-117

tcef; 4

Ak'0g' jyefYyGm;vmjcif; 119-139

tcef; 5

Ak'0g' EdkifiHawmfbmom jzpfvmjcif; 141-163

tcef; 6

wdk;wufrIESpfumvrsm; 1 165-184

tcef; 7

wdk;wufrIESpfumvrsm; 2 187-216

Z t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif; rmwdum i

tcef; 17

ynma&; 495-518

aemufqufwGJ 1

r[m0d[m&[lonf 521-523

aemufqufwGJ 2

acwftvdkuf ordkif;jzpfpOfrsm; 524-527

aemufqufwGJ 3

oD[dkVf rif;qufrsm; 528-532

ESihf tjcm; twk,lzG,f oD[dkVfjzpf&yfrsm;ESihf tvGefyif &if;ESD;Mu

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rSm Ak'¨0g'D jrefrmwdkY\ ESvkH;om;ü tenf;ESihftrsm; ae&m,l

vTrf;rdk;vsuf &Sdonf/ ,if;wdkY\ aqmif½Gufrsm;tay: av;pm;

twk,lvsufvnf; &SdMuonf/ oD&dvuFmEdkifiHum; pdwf0ifpm;zG,f aumif;onf/ EdkifiHi,f

oavmuf pmay? ,Ofaus;rIESihf ordkif;tpOftvm &Snfvsm;

jrifhrm;onf/ ,aeY jrefrmEdkifiHwGif pmoifom; &[ef;awmfrsm;

oifMum;aeMu&aom jrwfAk'¨\ rl&if; ygVdawmfrsm;udk t"dy Üm,f

zGifhqdkonhf t|uxmusrf;rsm; tm;vkH;eD;yg;rSm wkdif;wpfyg;om;

wdkY em;vnfEdkifap&ef &nf½G,fí a&S;a[mif; oD[dkVfbmomjzihf

a&;om;xm;onhf rl&if; oD[dkVft|uxmusrf;rsm;rS at'D ig;

&mpktcsdefu ygVdbmomodkY jyefqdkcJhaom usrf;rsm;jzpfonf/ wpf

enf;tm;jzihfqdkrl ax&0g' tpOftvmu vufcHxm;onhf jrwf

Ak'¨\ w&m;awmfrsm;tay: t"dy Üm,faumuf,lrI tm;vkH;rSm

oD[dkVfynm&SifwdkY oD[dkVfbmomjzihf a&;om;jyKpkxm;aom ydkYcs

pOfjzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifh oD[dkVf vlrsKd;wdkY\ pmaytqifhtwef;udk

cefYrSef;MunhfEdkifonf/ ,if;ydkYcspOfonfvnf; bDpD 3 &mpku oD&D

vuFmEdkifiHodkY Ak'¨omomoemudk ,laqmifoGm;cJhol tdEd,{u

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y&dedA Ámef pHawmfrlcsdefrSpí rjywfvyfaom rax&f tpOftquf

wdkY\ ydkYcspOfyif jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumihf oD&dvuFmEdkifiHtm; ax&

0g' tpOftvmudk rysuf,Gif;atmif aumif;pGm xdef;odrf;xm;

cJhonhf EdkifiHtjzpf *kPf,lav;pm;&rnf jzpfonf/

,if;odkY ordkif;ESihf ,Ofaus;rI tpOftvm BuD;rm;ívnf;

oD&dvuFmonf tEÅ&m,f taESmihft,Suf trsKd;rsKd;? usL;ausmf

bmomjyefol\ rdwfqufpum;

jrefrmEdkifiH Ak'¨omoem ordkif;onf oD&dvuFmEdkifiH Ak'¨bmom

ordkif;ESihf acwftqufqufwGif ywfoufrI&SdcJhonf/ jrefrmEdkifiH

ü ax&0g' tkwfjrpfudk csay;cJhonhf &Sift&[Honfyif oD&d

vuFmEdkifiHrS <uvmoljzpfaMumif; tqdk& Sdonf/ yk*HacwfrSonf

,aeY acwfwkdifatmifyif jrefrm&[ef;awmfrsm;onf oD&dvuFm

odkY <ua&mufNyD; tcsKdU ynmoif,l? tcsKdUrSm Ak'¨"r® jyefYyGm;a&;

twGuf aqmif½Gufvsuf&SdMuonf/ rGefbk&if "r®apwDrif;onf

jrefrmEdkifiHrS yÍöif;avmif; omraPrsm;udk oD&dvuFmEdkifiH&Sd

uvsmPDjrpftwGif; a&odrfü &[ef;cHNyD; jrefrmEdkifiHü pifMu,f

oefY&Sif;onhf omoemrsKd;qufopfwpf&yfudk wnfaxmifcJhonf/

oD&dvuFmrS ynmwwf &[ef;awmfrsm;vnf; jrefrmEdkifiHodkY <u

a&mufNyD; omoemjyKjcif;? odu©mopfcH,ljcif;rsm; &SdcJhMuonf/

'Dy0if? r[m0if? aAm"d0ifpaom ygVdrS jrefrmjyefqdkxm;

onhf usrf;rsm;? ,if;usrf;wdkYudk tajccHonhf Zdew¬yumoeD

ponfESihf jrefrm&mZ0ifrsm;\ ed'gef;ydkif;ponhf jrefrmbmom

usrf;pmrsm;udk zwf&jcif;? xdkxdk "r®uxdu q&mawmfrsm;u

,if;usrf;*efrsm;rS Zmwf0w¬K taMumif;t&mrsm;udk xkwfazmfNyD;

erlemjyK a[majymjcif;rsm;aMumihf Ak'¨0g'D jrefrmvlrsKd;wdkYonf

t&Sifr[dE? t&SifroCFrdw åm? taomu? a'0geHyd,wdó? 0¥

*grPd? 'k|*grPd? jAm[®Pwdóolykefab;? r[m0d[m&ausmif;

wdkufpaomtrnfrsm;? &[EÅmt&SifjrwfwdkY\ taMumif;t&mrsm;

wdkufcdkufcH&rI taxGaxGESihf vufatmufjyKcH&rI tBudrfBudrf

&Sdvihfum; EdkifiHESifh vlrsKd; ,aeYwdkif tajcrysufbJ wnfwHhae

Edkifjcif; jzpfonf/ oD&dvuFmonf 'wfcsf? ay:wl*DESihf NAdwdoQwdkY

\ udkvdkeDb0odkY ESpfaygif; ig;&mavmuf usa&mufcJhonhf wdkif

atmif ,aeYacwfwGif Ak'¨bmom0ifOD;a& &Spfq,f &mEIef;

&Sdaeao;jcif;rSm tHhMozG,fjzpfonf/ ,aeYwdkifvnf; ,Ofaus;rI

udk pepfwus xdef;odrf;NyD; jyKpkysKd;axmifrIrsm; &Sdonf/

jrefrmedkifiHESihf ywfoufrI&SdNyD; av;pm;zG,f aumif;onhf

ax&0g' Ak'¨bmomEdkifiHwpfck\ ordkif;jzpfpOfudk acwftjrifjzihf

okH;oyfjcif;rSm vdktyfonf/ jrefrmwdkY em;vnfaom 'Dy0if?

r[m0if ponfESihf ygVdawmf t|uxmusrf;rsm;\ tqdkudk

acwfrDpGm awG;jrifokH;oyfrIrsm;rSm &Sdvnf;&Sdoifhonf/ taemuf

wdkif; ynmoifMum;rIwGif a0zefqef;ppfonhf tawG;tjrifjzihf

okH;oyfjcif; (Critical Thinking) udk txl; OD;pm;ay;onf/ ygVd

awmf t|uxmusrf;wdkY\tqdkudk ,kHMunfrItajccHrQjzihf r[kwf

bJ orkdif;tjrif? vlrIa&;½IaxmihfESihf aMumif;usKd; qDavsmfrI&Sdr&Sd

[laom ,kw ådenf;rsm;jzihf avhvm qef;ppfonf/ ,if;odkY qef;

ppfjcif;jzifh trSefw&m;twGuf trsm;oabmwl vufcHEdkifonhf

tajz wpf&yfudk &&SdEdkifonf/ ocFef;pmvnf; &,lEdkifonf/

oD&dvuFm ynm&Sif ur Çmausmf a'gufwm 0gvfydkvm &m[k

vmt&Sifjrwf a&;om;aom History of Buddhism in Ceylon - The

Anuradhapura Period usrf;onf oD&dvuFmedkifiH\ Ak'¨bmom

ordkif;udk avhvmqef;ppfrI jzpfaomfvnf; Ak'¨0g'qdkif&m ,kHMunf

csufESihf awG;ac: ,lqcsufwpfcsKdUudk acwfrD a0zefqef;ppf

onhf tjrifjzifh aMumif;usKd;udk azmfxkwfNyD; okH;oyfcsufrsm; yg&Sd

onf/ orm;½dk;us tjrifrS cGJxGufNyD; acwfrD qef;opfaom

tawG;tjrifrsm;jzihf ordkif;jzpfpOftay: csOf;uyfonf/ ,if;odkY

aom avhvmqef;ppfrIrsKd;rSm jrefrmEdkifiH Ak'¨bmomqdkdif&m pmay

wGifvnf; &Sdoifhonfom jzpfonf/ txl;ojzihf Ak'¨omoemqdkif

X t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif; bmomjyefol\ rdwfqufpum; ps

r[m0Ho#Dum? aAm"d0Ho#Dum? &o0g[deDESihf oD[dkVfbmomjzihf

a&;om;onhf edum,o*F[usrf;rsm;rSm rl&if;usrf;wdkY\ pmrsuf

ESmtwkdif; jzpfygonf/ r[m0Hopmudk,fudk udk;um;&mü yxr

*Pef;rSm tcef;udk &nfñTef;NyD; 'kwd, *Pef;rSm *gxmyk'f

eHygwfudk qdkvdkonf/ Oyrm r[m0Ho 35;46 [kqdkvQif r[m0H

o tcef; 35? *gxm trSwf 46 [k em;vnf&ef jzpfonf/ 'Dy0H

ousrf;udk udk;um;&müvnf; xdkenf;twl jzpfonf/

pmayokawoDrsm;taejzihf oD&dvuFm Ak'¨bmomordkif;udk

avhvmrIrSwpfqihf ppfrSefonhf Ak'¨bmomqdkif&m A[kokw t

axGaxGudk &&SdNyD; xdkxdk ygVdawmf t|uxmusrf;rsm;ü yg&Sdonhf

azmfjycsufrsm;tay: tawG;tjrifopfrsm;jzihf ydkrdkem;vnfvmEdkif

vdrhfrnf[k arQmfvifhygonf/

t&Sifauvmo

t&DZdk;em;jynfe,f? tar&duefjynfaxmifpk/

30 Zlvdkif? 2008/ n 11;37 em&D/

a'gufwm 0gvfydkvm &m[kvmu ]]Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfonf

pMu0aw;rif;üvnf; Ak'¨jzpfvmrnfh yk*¾KdvfuJokdY vu©Pm 32

yg; yg&SdaMumif;ESihf Ak'udka&m pMu0aw;rif;udkyg apwDwnfxdkuf

aMumif; a[mawmfrlonf/ ,if;,lqcsufudk tajccHíyif ]tEk

Zmemrd bdu ©a0 &mZleH tEk0w ådwkH = bk&ifrif;wdkY\ tvdkodkY

vdkufpdrfhaomiSm cGihfjyK\}[k bk&if;rif;wdkYudk OD;pm;ay;ívnf;

a[mawmfrlonf}}[k rSwfcsufay;onf/

odkY&mwGif ynm&Sif &m[kvmtaejzihf t|uxmusrf;rsm;\

tqdkudk rsm;pGm udk;um;ouJhodkY þae&müvnf; t|uxmzGifhudk

aocsmpGm pdppfNyD; qdkoihfonf/ t|uxmü ]rif;wdkY\ tvdkodkY

vdkufpdrfhaomiSm cGifhjyK\[lonf aemufodkY (wpfv) qkwfNyD;

0gqdk 0guyf&mü &[ef;awmfrsm;rSm rnfonhf tusKd;qkwf,kwfrI

r&SdEdkifaomaMumihf rif;tvdkodkYvdkuf&ef cGifhjyKjcif;jzpf\/ odkYjzpfí

"r®ESifh nDaom udp örsKd;ü rif;tvdkodkY vkduf&rnf/ t"r®udp örsKd;

jzpfvQifum; (bk&ifrif;rsm; tygt0if) rnfol\ tvdkodkYrQ vdkuf

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pmwrf;rsm; jyKpkwifjy&efom jzpfonf/

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rsm;rSm oD[dkVfrljzpfojzihf ,if;wdkYudk yd#uwfokH;ykH pD'D½Grf (*dktif

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bmomjyefol\ rdwfqufpum; #

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zwftm; enf;awmfrlMuonhf jrefrmEdkifiHu q&mawmf oHCm

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jzpf\[laom "r®uxdu rax&fwdkY\ tqdkrSmvnf; 0gvfydkvm

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azmfjyonf/ xdkacwfu &[EÅmtcsKdUrSm bmoma&;ESihf trsKd;om;

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ojzihf &Hzef&Hcg &nfñTef;csufrsm;ESihf erlemykHpHrsm;udk jzpfEdkiforQ

tusOf;rQudkom azmfjyygonf/ odkYwap tcsKdUae&mrsm;ü &mpkESpf

aygif; rsm;pGmtvGefu rwljcm;em;onhf NrdKUjy,Ofaus;rItwGif;

aexdkifcJhMuaom vlrsKd;wpfrsKd;\b0udk em;vnfNyD; ESpfoufrI

twGuf vkdtyfonhf tydkif;tjcm;wpfckudk pmzwfol\ pdwfxJü

zefwD;ay;vdkonhf txl;&nf½G,ffcsufjzihf tawmftwef &Snfvsm;

onhf 0w¬Kjzpf&yfrsm;udk azmfjyygonf/

þusrf;ü rMumcPyif 0dquf (ygVd a0omc)? 0ofpf (ygVd

0ó)? ayg, (ygVd Oaygox)? twqDvf (ygVd t|*FoDv)?

aAm (ygVd aAm"d)? yD&dwf (ygVd y&dwå)? 'ga*gb (ygVd apwd,)

ponhf oD&dvuFma0g[m&rsm;udk okH;EIef;xm;ygonf/ taMumif;

rl ,if;a0g[m&rsm;rSm tjynfjynfqdkif&m Ak'¨bmom txl;a0g

[m&rsm;tjzpf 0ifa&muf ae&m,lxm;NyD; jzpfaomaMumihfwnf;/

tdyfcsf urf; (H. Kern) udk,fwdkifyif apwd,ESifh pwly a0g[m&

rsm;twGuf 'ga*gb[laom a0g[m&udk okH;pGJcJhonf/ (Manual of

Indian Buddhism, pp. 91-92)/ zm[D[ef\c&D;pOfusrf;udk bm

omjyefcJhol a*s v*f*sD (J. Legge) onf r[marm*¾v’m,e [l

aom tqifhjrifhtoHxGuftpm; rk*vef[laom ½dk;½dk; oD&dvuFm

a0g[m&udk okH;pGJNyD; ]þAk'¨om0u\ oD&dvuFmtrnf rk*vef

[laom a0g[m&rSm ydkrdk toHxGuf& vG,fulonf} (p. 44, n.4)[k

qdkcJhonf/ odkYjzpfí oD&dvuFmokH; Ak'¨bmoma0g[m& trsm;pk

rSm ygVdouúw a0g[mrsm;xuf ydkrdktoHxGuf& vG,fulonf/

vef'ef ygVdawmftoif;rS xkwfa0onhf ygVdusrf;pm ig;ck

ajcmufckrSwpfyg; þusrf;ü tokH;jyKonhf usefygVdusrf;rsm;rSm

oD[dkVfrl ygVdusrf;rsm; jzpfMuonf/

uREfkfyf\q&mjzpfol oD&dvuFmwuúodkvf? ygVdXme ygarmu©

*sDyD rmvmvmaqau&tm; uREkfyftay: ulnDrItm;vkH; t

wGuf aus;Zl;pum;udk xkwfazmfajymqdk&ef cufcJavmufatmif

yif aus;Zl; BuD;rm;ygonf/ þusrf;ü azmfjyonhf tcsuf t

4 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;

&if;jrpfusrf; trsm;pkudk a&S;OD;ynm&Sifrsm;u tao;pdwf a0

zefokH;oyfxm;NyD;jzpfí uREkfyftaejzihf vuf&Sd&nf½G,fcsufESihf

oufqkdifonfh tcsuftvuf tenf;i,frQudkom okH;oyfyg

onf/ odkYwap a&S;OD;ynm&Sifrsm;taejzihf o[ó0w¬KESihf &o

0g[deD ESpfusrf;? txl;ojzifh ,cktcsdefxd

* ykHrESdyf&ao;onhf

o[ó0w¬Kusrf;udk avhvmqef;ppfrI rjyKxm;aomaMumihf xdk

ESpfusrf;ESihfywfoufí ydkrdk&Snfvsm;pGm azmfjy&efvdkygonf/

yxr tcef;okH;ckwGif Ak'0g'c&D;pwifcJh&m taomurif;\

tdEd,EdkifiHESihf oD&dvuFmEdkifiHodkY Ak'0g'ysHUESHYvmykH aemufcHordkif;

udk azmfjyonf/ ,if;aemuf tcef;av;wGif oD&dvuFmEdkifiHü

Ak'¨0g'tajcusoGm;ykHESihf tcef;ig;wGif Ak'¨0g'onf EdkifiHawmf\

bmomw&m; vsifjrefpGm jzpfoGm;ykHwdkYudk azmfjyonf/ tcef;

ajcmufESifh ckepfwdkYü avhvmaeqJ acwftydkif;tjcm;twGif; Ak'¨

0g' twuftusjzpfykHrsm;odkY pmzwfoltm; cyfokwfokwf qGJac:

oGm;onf/ tcef;&SpfESihfudk;wGif Ak'¨0g',Ofaus;rI\ wnf&mjzpf

onhf bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufrsm;ESihf ywfoufí zGJUpnf;ykHoGifjyif?

avmuDa&;udpörsm;ESihf tkyfcsKyfykHrsm;udk ½IaxmifhrsKd;pkHrS aqG;aEG;

xm;onf/ Ak'¨0g'ordkif;ESihf Ak',Ofaus;rI wdk;wufcJhonhf bkef;

BuD;ausmif;b0tay: ½IaxmifhokH;rsKd;udk tcef;okH;ck cGJjcm;í azmf

jyonf - tcef;wpfq,fjzihf &mpkESpfrsm; wpfavQmufvkH; vlrI

a&; pD;yGm;a&; vTrf;rdk;rIrsKd;pkHatmufwGif Ak'¨0g'\ wdk;wufrIjzpf

pOfudk qef;ppfNyD;? tcef;wpfq,fhwpfjzihf Ak'¨0g'\ ykHrSefaqmif

½GufpOfudk okH;oyfvsuf? tcef;q,fhESpfwGif Ak'¨0g'&Sd a&S;a[mif;

oljrwfusihfpOf0g' jzpfay:vmykHudk aqG;aEG;onf/ tcef;q,fhokH;

wGif a&S;acwfoD[kdVfü &[EÅmrsm;tjzpf &nfñTef;jcif;cH&onhf

olawmfpif &[ef;awmfrsm;\ ta&;ygrIudk BudK;pm; azmfxkwf

onf/ tcef;q,fhav;jzihf tcef;q,fhig;wGif wifjyrnhf vl0wf

*1959 – ckESpf? (oD[dkVfftu©&mjzihf) atyD Ak'¨'wårax&f wnf;jzwfxkwf

a0onhf tcsdefrwdkifrDtxd (udk &nf½G,fonf)/


aMumif Oygoumrsm;\ bmoma&;b0aemufcHtjzpf pD;yGm;a&;

ESihf vlrIa&;ZmwfckHrS ¤if;wdkY\vlrIb0taMumif;udk azmfjyonf/

tcef;q,fhajcmuf wpfckvkH;jzihf xif&Sm;vmonhf Ak'¨w&m;awmf

\ ta&;BuD; tpdwftydkif;wpfck jzpfvmonhf bmoma&;

taqmifta,mifrsm;? tcrf;tem;rsm;ESihf yGJawmfrsm;taMumif;

udk azmfjyonf/ a&S;acwf oD&dvuFm\ ynma&;ESihfywfoufí

tenf; i,frQomod&NyD; wpfpkHwpf&m a&;om;csufrsm; rawGU&

acs/ aemufqkH;cef;ü a&S;a[mif;oD[dkVf\ avmuD avmukwå&m

ynma&; pepftaMumif;udk BudK;pm;í aqG;aEG;xm;onf/ aemuf

qufwGJtjzpf oD&dvuFm Ak'¨bmomordkif;wGif ta&;BuD;onhf

tcef; wpfcktjzpfyg0ifonhf r[m0d[m&[laom a0g[m&udk

&Sif;vif; &ef aqmif;yg;wdk wpfyk'fudk xnhfoGif;xm;onf/

oD&dvuFm r[m,meAk'¨bmomtaMumif;udkrl BuKH&mtcef;

rsm;ü Mum;ñSyf taMumif;t&mtjzpfom aqG;aEG;ygonf/ odkY&m

wGif oD&dvuFmodyÜH*sme,f Ceylon Journal of Science, Section G,

Vol. II wGif a'gufwm tufpf y&e0dwe (Dr. S. Paranavitana)

yk*¾Kdvfu tvGefjynhfpkH aumif;rGefonhf ]oD[dkVfr[m,meAk'¨0g'}

aqmif;yg;jzihf azmfjyxm;NyD;jzpfí oD&dvuFm r[m,meAk'¨0g'

ESifhywfoufí oD;jcm;tcef;wpfck xnhfoGif;azmfjy&efrl uREfkyf

wrifoufouf csefxm;cJhonf/

þusrf;wGif pmaytEkynmESihf ywfoufí oD;oefY tcef;

zGJUí azmfjyxm;jcif; rjyKay/ ,if;taMumif;t&mESifh ywfoufí

a&;om;xm;csuf rsm;pGm &SdNyD;jzpfonf/ ykHpHtm;jzihf a'gufwm

rmvmvmaqau&\ ]oD[dkVfygVdpmayusrf;} jzpfonf/ odkYwap

owfrSwfacwf tydkif;tjcm;twGif; pmaywdk;wufrItaMumif;

jyqdkoihfonhf tcsuftvuftcsKdUudkrl &if;jrpfusrf;rsm; aqG;aEG;

rItcef;? bkef;BuD;ausmif;b0ESihf ynma&; tcef;rsm;ü tusOf;rQ

azmfjyygonf/ xdkYtwlyif tEkynmtaMumif;udk oD;oefYazmf

rjyaomfvnf; oufqdkifonhf ae&mrsm;ü &nfñTef;azmfjycsufrsm;

udk awGU&rnfjzpfonf/

usrf;jyKol\trSmpm 3

usrf;jyKol\trSmpm 5

vufwdkif;yif q&m\ *½kwpdkuf Munfh½Ijcif;rS rvGwfEdkifay/ ok

awoe tawGUtBuKHESihf pmayESHYpyfonhf q&m a'gufwm rm

vmvm aqau&ESihf twlwuGaqmif½Gufjcif;rSm ESpfoufzG,f

aumif;NyD; tusKd;&Sdaom pnf;urf;wpf&yfvnf; jzpfonf/

rdwfaqG &[ef;okH;yg;jzpfMuonfh (1) 0de,jyóemrsm;pGm

ESihf ywfoufí wefzdk;&Sdonhf aqG;aEG;rIrsm;jzihf uREkfyftm; ulnD

cJhonhf uG,fvGefol wdyd#ump&d, ['dy@v0dZÆmvuFm& 'kwd

, ausmif;tkyf ynmavmurax&f (2) ygVdbmomESifhpmay t

xl;ojzihf tzGifhusrf;rsm;qdkif&mwGif us,fajymonhf A[kkokwjzihf

uREkffyftm; ulnDcJhonhf 'kwd,ausmif;tkyfESihf ñTefMum;a&;rSL;

,u©'ka0od&d ynm&mr rax&fESihf (3) us,f0ef;onhf jyóem

tcsKdUESihf ywfoufNyD; aqG;aEG;cGifhay;cJhonfh ,if;ausmif;wdkuf\

ausmif;tkyfBuD; wdyd#ump&d, aum#a[ae ynmudwådrax&f

wdkYtm; aus;Zl; txl;wifygonf/

uREkfyf\ usrf;pmESihf ywfoufNyD; rqGuwnf;u pdwf0ifpm;

cJhol oD[dkVfwuúodkvf t*FvdyfpmXme ygarmu© a'gufwm tD;

tufzf pD vl'dk0pfuf (Dr. E.F.C. Ludowyk)onf t*Fvdyfpm

ta&;tom;wGifomru tzdk;wefonhf wdkufwGef;csuf rsm;pGmudk

vnf; ay;cJhonf/ uREkfyftaejzihf ulnDrItm;vkH;twGuf yg

armu©BuD;udkvnf; aus;Zl;txl;wifygonf/ þusrf;pmESihf ywf

oufí a0zefaqG;aEG;rI rsm;pGmESihf tzdk;wef wdkufwGef;csuf

tcsKdUay;cJhol ordkif;ygarmu© a'gufwm tdyfcsf pD a&; (Dr. H.C.

Ray) tm;vnf; aus;Zl;pum; qdkygonf/

a&S;acwf oD[dkVfajrykHudk jyifqifay;ol rpöwm pD 'AsL edudk

vufpf (Mr. C.W. Nicholas)ESihf oD&dvuFm a&S;a[mif;okaw

oeXmeu wnf;jzwfxm;aom tEk&m"yk&NrdKU ajrykHudk tokH;jyK

cGifhay;onhftwGuf a&S;a[mif;okawoeXme? XmerSL;udkvnf;

aus;Zl;wifygonf/

þusrf;pm\ tu©&mpOftñTef;udk MuifempGm pDpOfay;ol


yJ&pfNrKdUom; trf *sdrf; bmx&ef Adkuefa' (M. Jean Bertrand

Bocande) tm; aus;Zl;wifygonf/ aemufqkH;taejzihf enf;rsKd;

pkHjzihf MuifempGm ulnDtMuHay;cJhol oD&dvuFma0g[m&tbd"mef

t,f'DwmcsKyf rpöwm *sLvD,yfpf 'D vefem'dkvDESifh þusrf;pm

xGufay:vmatmif zefwD;cJhonhf a'[d0gvc½dkif? ae'drvNrdKU

Ak'¨,Ofaus;rIXmewdkYtm; aus;Zl;wifygonf/

0gvfydkvm &m[kvm

"r®,xe r0x

ygvDrefvrf;

od&d Z,0ga'eyk&? aumhawNrKdU

Mo*kwfv? 1993 ckESpf/

ABBREVIATIONS

CBhA Catubhnavartthakatha (Saratthasamuccaya) CJSc Ceylon Journal of Seience. DhAG Dhampiya-Atuva-Gatapadaya DPPN Dictionary of Pali Proper Names by G/)/ Malalasekera. EHBC Early History of Buddhism in Ceylon ERE Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics. EZ. Epigraphia Zeylanics. Fa Hein A Record of Buddhist Kingdoms: An Account of the

Chinese Monk Fa Hien of his Travels in India and Ceylontranslated by J. Legge.

HBT. History of Buddhist Thought by E.J. Thomas. HIL. History of Indian Literature by M. Winternitz. Hiuen Tsiang Buddhist Records of the Western World translated

from the Chinese of Hiuen Tsiang by Samuel Beal. JAG. Jataka-Atuva Gatapadaya. JRAS. (CB) Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (Beylon Branch). Manu Manusmrt MIB Manual of Indian Buddhism by H. Kern. Pjv. Pujavaliya PLC Pali Literature of Cehlon by G.P. Malalasekera (1928) RE. Rock Edicts of Asoka. Rjv. Rajavaliya RsvT. Rasavahini Tika Sat.Br. Satapatha Brahmana SBE Sacred Books of the East. Shv Sahassavatthu. UCR University of Ceylon Review.

jrefrm pmzwfy&dowfrsm;twGufjzpfí ygVdawmf t|uxm

usrf;ñTef; oauFwudk razmfjyawmhbJ t*Fvdyfbmom usrf;pm

rsm;ESihf jrefrmtu ©&mjzihf ykHrESdyf&ao;aom ygVdusrf;pmtcsKdU\

twdkdrSwf oauFwrsm;udkom azmjfyygonf/ tcsKdUusrf;rsm;rSm

tjynhftpkH azmfjyí usrf;ñTef;oauFw azmfjy&ef rvdktyfaom

aMumihf csefxm;cJhygonf/

ed'gef;

usrf;udk;&if;jrpfrsm;

þusrf;pm tajcjyKcJhonhf t"du&if;jrpfusrf;rsm;udk (ordkif;t&)

tkyfpkckepfrsKd; cGJjcm;Edkif&monf –

1/ ygVdawmfusrf;pmrsm;

2/ taomu ausmufpmrsm;

3/ oD&dvuFm ausmufpmrsm;

4/ ygVdordkif;usrf;rsm;

5/ ygVdbmom t|uxmusrf;rsm;

6/ tpOftvm Zmwf0w¬Krsm;ESihf

7/ ygVd oD[dkVf taxGaxGusrf;pmrsm;

1/ ygVdawmfusrf;pmrsm;

ygVdtzGifhESihf tjcm;usrf;rsm;wGif azmfjyonhftwkdif; Ak'¨bmom

taMumif; txl;ojzihf oHCmawmfrsm;taMumif; ½IaxmihfrsKd;pkHrS

aqG;aEG;&mü "r®0de,qdkif&m usrf;pmrsm;\ tultnDudk ,if;

wdkY\ ordkif;qdkif&m wdk;wufrIudk ajc&mcH&ef vdktyfonhf ae&m

wdkif;rS &,lonf/ tdE´d,ESifh oD&dvuFm Ak'¨bmom\ tapmydkif;

&mpkESpfrsm;twGif; ygVdawmfusrf;pmrsm; wdk;yGm;rIudk oufaojy

&ef taxmuftxm; &Sdaomfvnf; ,if;wdkY\ wdk;wufrIrSm uefY

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bmom ygVdawmf tzGifhusrf;rsm;udk ygVdbmomodkY jyefqdkvdkuf

rsm;udk udk;um;csufrsm; awGU&onf

1

/

'Dy0Hoyg taMumif;t&mrsm;onf jrwfAk'¨\jzpfawmfpOf

tusOf;? jrwfAk'¨ oD&dvuFmodkY a'opm&D <ua&mufykHESihf pNyD;

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xl;jcm;csufrsm;? xyfcgxyfcg jyqdkrIrsm;ESifh azmfjyykH tpDtpOf

rusrIwdkYonf pmzwfoltm; ,if;usrf;udk yk*¾Kdvfwpfa,mufu

tpOftwkdif; a&;om;onfr[kwfbJ oD[dkVfuRef; a'otoD;oD;

acwfumv tzkHzkHwGif aexkdifcJhMuonhf *gxmAEä&;zGJUrI ruRrf;

usifolwdkY\ xyfjznhf a&;om;csufrsm;tjzpf ,kHMunfaponf/

t&Sifr[mAk'äCmoonf ¤if;\ oreÅygom'dum 0de,|

uxmü ordkif;qdkif&m ed'gef;udkazmfjy&mü 'Dy0Housrf;udk rSDjirf;

jyKcJhaMumif; ygarmu© 0DvsH*dkif*gu ,lqcJhonf

2

/ odkY&mwGif ygVd

t|uxm usrf;rsm;a&m 'Dy0Housrf;yg tokH;rsm; xif&Sm;onhf

&if;jrpfusrf;wpfckrS &,lcJhonf[kqdkrl ydkí rSefuefzG,f&Sdonf/

ayg&mPuxmrsm;ESihf txl;razmfjyonhf tjcm;aom rl&if;usrf;

tcsKdUrS orEÅygom'dumü udk;um;cJhonhf *gxmtcsKdUrSm 'Dy0Ho

usrf;*gxmESihf tenf;i,fom uGJjym;onfudk awGU&onf

3

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a[mif; oD[dkVfbmom t|uxmusrf;rsm;onf 'Dy0Housrf;\

udk;um;&m &if;jrpfusrf;rsm; jzpfaMumif; rSef;qEdkif&monf/

r[m0Housrf;

4

- yxrydkif; (tcef; 1 rS tcef; 37 \

*gxmtrSwf 50 xd)udk at'D ig;&mpk cefYu tEk&m"yk&NrdKU? 'DC

1

0d-| 1? 56/ tbd-| 3? 107/

2

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3

'Dy0Ho tcef; 12? 35-39 *gxmESihf 0d-| 1? pm- 41 vm *gxmrsm;ESihf

'Dy0Ho tcef; 4? 50-51 *gxmrsm;/ 0d-| 1? pm- 19-20 *gxmrsm;udk

EIdif;,SOfMunfhyg/

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tcef; 1 rS tcef; 37 *gxmtrSwf 50 xdudkomvQif r[m0Husrf; t



csdef at'Dig;&mpkwGif ygVdawmfusrf;rsm;rSm pepfwus pDpOfNyD;

jzpfaMumif; oHo,jzpf&ef taMumif;r&Sdacs/

2/ taomuausmufpmrsm;

taomuausmufpmrsm;onf bDpDokH;&mpk tdEd,\ vlrIa&;ESihf

bmoma&;b0 jyefvnfwnfaqmufjcif;ESifhywfoufí av;pm;

&aom tcsuftvuftwGuf aus;Zl;wifxdkufonhf taxmuf

txm;rsm;jzpfvsuf ,if;ausmufpmrsm;udk þusrf;ü tdEd,

aemufcHordkif;udk azmfjy&mwGif us,fjyefYpGm tokH;jyKxm;onf/

3/ oD&dvuFm ausmufpmrsm;

bDpDokH;&mpk Ak'¨0g' a&muf&SdvmNyD;aemufrSom oDd[dkVfuRef;ü pm

ayta&;tom; rSwfwrf;rsm;udk awGU&onf/ ,if;wkdYteuf &

[ef;awmfrsm; aexdkifp&mtjzpf tokH;jyKaom*l0&Sd a&oa&muf

pGef;rsm; (Drip-ledges) atmufwGif a&;xGif;xm;aom pmwrf;

rsm;ü awGU&onhf tapmqkH; rSwfwrf;rsm;onf bDpD 3 &mpk odkY

r[kwf 2 &mpkcefYtxd a&S;usonf/

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tm;jzifh ]þrnfþrnfaom*ludk oHCmtm; vª'gef;\}[k azmfjy

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rsm; jzpfMuonf/

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rsm;? a&rS &onhftcGefrsm;? &[ef;oHCmESihf bkef;BuD;ausmif;rsm;

udk xdef;odrf;apmihfa&Smuf&ef tjcm;0ifaiGrsm;tm; ay;tyfrIudk

rSwfwrf;wifonfh ausmufxGif; ta&;tom;rsm;udk at'Dyxr

&mpk aemufydkif;wGif awGU&onf/ ,if;rSwfwrf;rsm;ü bkef;BuD;

ausmif;wkdufrsm; wnfaqmufrIESihf jyKjyifrIrsm; taMumif;udk

rMumcP awGU&onf/

bmoma&; &nf½G,fcsuftrsKd;rsKd;twGuf ulnDyHhydk;rIykHpHwpfck

tjzpf pyg;ESifh tjcm;oD;ESHwdk;rsm; ay;tyfrIudk at'D av;&mpkrS

pwif awGU&Sd&onf/ bmoma&;qdkif&m ulnDyHhydk;rItjzpf aiGaMu;

tyfESHrIrsm;udk ig;&m;pk aemufydkif;rSom awGU&Sd&onf/

bkef;BuD;ausmif;rsm;ESihf a'oqdkif&m tpkd;&tkyfcsKyfa&;? Oy

a'ESihf xkH;pHrsm;uJhodkYaom udpörsm;ESihf oufqdkifonhf &Snfvsm;NyD;

wefzdk;&Sdaom ausmufxGif; ta&;tom;rsm;udk at'Dudk;&mpk

aemufydkif;ü awGU&onf/

ausmufxGif;pmrsm;onf xkH;pHtwdkif;yif ,if;acwfu

yk*¾Kdvfrsm;ESihf vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk azmfjyygu wefzdk;t&SdqkH;

orkdif;qdkif&m &if;jrpfrsm; jzpfMuonf/ odkYwap ausmufpmrsm;

wGif twdwfjzpf&yfrsm;udk jyqdkaomtcgürl xdkrSwfwrf;rsm;\

ta&;ygrIrSm &mZ0ifusrf;rsm;xufydkí ta&;rygawmhacs/ q,f

&mpk rwdkifrDausmufpmrsm;ü q,fhESpf&mpkausmufpmrsm;wGif t

awGUrsm;onhf pum;wefqmqifí a&;om;rIrsKd;udk awGU&onf/

&mpkESpf apmapmydkif;umv tvGefwdkawmif;aom ausmuf

pmrsm;rSmyif taMumif;t&m tm;avsmfpGm pum;vkH;wpfvkH; odkY

r[kwf 0guswpfaMumif;yifjzpfap tzdk;wef owif;tcsuf t

vufrsm; yg0ifouJhodkY &mpkESpfaESmif;ydkif;umv ausmufpm&Snf

rsm;üvnf; ordkif;tcsuftvuf tajrmuftjrm;udk ay;xm;

onf/ a&S;acwf oD[dkVfausmufpmrsm;ü tpdk;&ydkif;qdkif&mESifh

yk*¾Kdvfa&;qdkif&m

1

rSwfwrf;rsm; yg0ifonf/

4/ ygVdordkif;usrf;rsm;

'Dy0Housrf;onf ,aeYwdkifwnf&Sdao;onhf a&S;tusqkH; oD&d

vuFmordkif;usrf;jzpfonf/ 'Dy0Housrf;\ ,aeYacwfykHpHusrf;udk

at'Dav;&mpk vuf&m[k ,cktcg oabmwlMuonf/ at'D

ig;&mpk tpydkif;wGif a&;om;cJhonfh t&Sifr[mAk'¨aCmo\ t|

uxm usrf;rsm;ü 'Dy0HotrnfESifh ,if; 'Dy0Housrf;rS *gxm

1

oD[dkVfausmufxGif; rSwfwrf;tm;vkH;udk r&Edkifawmhacs/ þusrf;ü twGJ

1 rS 4 xd ykHESdyfxm;aom ausmufpmrsm;udkom tokH;jyKxm;ygonf/

usrf;udk;&if;jrpfrsm; 11


oE´aoemywd\ausmif;wdkufü

1

oDwif;okH;cJhaom r[memrac:

onhf rax&fwpfyg; a&;om;cJhaMumif; od&onf/ 'kwd,ydkif;

(tcef; 37? *gxm 51 rS tcef; 49 txd)udk at'D 13 &mpkwGif

t&Sif"r®udwådrax&f a&;om;onf/ aygvkEé½k0NrdKUwGif jzpfzG,f&Sd

onf/ þusrf;ü r[m0Ho\ tjcm;tydkif;rsm;udk &Hzef&Hcg udk;

um;aomfvnf; usrf;tprS tcef; 52 txdaom tpdwftydkif;

udkomvQif t"duESifh cyfrsm;rsm; tokH;jyKxm;onf/

jzpf ,lqMuonf/ ,if;usrf;\ useftpdwftydkif;rsm;udk *dkif*gu ESpfwGJ

cGJí wnf;jzwf bmomjyefxm;onfhtwdkif; ¤if;wdkYu plV0Housrf;[k

ac:a0:Muonf/ odkY&mwGif ,if;odkY ydkif;jcm;owfrSwfjcif;ESihf ywfouf

í taMumif;wpfpkHwpf&m &SdykHr&acs/ *dkif*gu (plV0Ho twGJ 1? ed'gef;

pmrsufESm 1 wGif) tydkif; 2 ESihf 3 udk trnfay;&mü ñSdonhftaejzihf

r[m0Ho tcef; 99 ? *gxm 76 tm; plV0Hotjzpf &nfñTef;xm;onf/

odkYwap ,if;azmfjycsufrSm caemfceJYEdkifvGef;onf/ ,if;onf ]tpOf

tquf}ESifh ordkif;usrf;r[kwf[laom t"dyÜm,fjzihf ]r[m&mZm tpOf

tquf}(r[m0Ho)ESihf ]plV&mZmtpOftquf}(plV0Ho)udk &nf½G,fonf/

,if;tcef; *gxmtrSwf 78 wGif ]r[m0HoH ed|dwH} [kyif qdkonf/

r[m0Housrf;jyKq&mrsm;onf r[m0Ho plV0Ho[k cGJjcm;owfrSwf

jcif;rjyKcJhMuay/ ¤if;wdkYonf usrf;pmwpfckvkH;wGif tcef;toD;oD;\ ed*kH;

ü ykHaoazmfjyonfhpmaMumif;t& ,if;usrf;wpfusrf;vkH;udk tprStqkH;

wkdif r[m0Ho[kyif trnfay;cJhMuonf/ cGJjcm;ac:a0:&ef pwifcJhMu

olrsm;rSm edum,o*F[usrf;ESihf &mZm0vd, usrf;jyKyk*¾Kdvf rsm;uJhodkY

aom aESmif;acwf usrf;jyKyk*¾Kdvfrsm;om jzpfMuonf/ qef;onfrSm edum

,o*F[usrf;jyKq&monfyif *dkif*g cGJjcm;owfrSwfcJhonhf plV0Housrf;

rS tcef; 37 \ *gxm trSwf 75 udk r[m0Housrf;[k (edum,? pm-

13) udk;um;cJhjcif;jzpfonf/ edum,o*F[usrf;jyKq&monf tcef; 37

udk r[m0Housrf;ü xnfhoGif;cJhovm; qdkonfudkrl uREkfyfwdkY rod&ay/

þusrf;ü tcef; 1 rS tcef; 101 txd r[m&mZ0ifwpfckvkH;udk

,if;\usrf;jyKq&mwdkY rSnfhac:cJhonfhtwdkif; r[m0Ho[kyifac:a0:

xm;onf/ udkvHbdkNrdKUu ykHESdyfonhf pmtkyfüvnf; wpftkyfvkH;udk r[m

0Ho[kyif rSnhfac:onf/

1

r[m0Ho#Dum ac: 0How¬yÜumoeD? pm – 687/

yg&Sdonfh avmuDa&;&m ordkif;aMumif;onf bmoma&;ordkif;udk

avmuf tom;ray;acs/ (ordkif;q&m) um&fef

2

u ,if;ordkif;

usrf;rsm;onf oD&dvuFm Ak'¨bmomordkif;twGuf tvGefta&;

ygrIESihfywfoufí txl; todtrSwfjyKxdkufaMumif; qdkcJhonf/

ygarmu© *dkif*gu

3

,if;ordkif;usrf;ESpfapmiftm; orkdif; &if;jrpf

usrf;rsm;tjzpf owdrloihfaMumif; ,lqonf

4

/

r[m0Ho\tzGifhusrf;onf r[m0Ho#Dumtjzpf vlodrsm;

aomfvnf; ,if;trnfjzihf usrf;jyKq&mu rnfonhfae&mwGifrSm

ac:a0:jcif;rjyKacs/ usrf;jyKyk*¾Kdvf\ udk,fydkiftrnfrSm 0How¬

yumodeD jzpfNyD; &Sif;jyacgif;pOfrSm yZÆya'g½k0Ho0PÖem jzpf

onf/ usrf;jyKyk*¾KdvfrSm tpOftvmt& r[memr (r[m0Ho

usrf;jyK r[kwfol) rax&fwpfyg; a&;om;cJhaMumif; ,kHMunfMu

onf/ vef'efygVawmftoif; (Pali Text Society)twGuf ,if;

usrf;udk wnf;jzwfay;cJhol rmvmvmaqau&u r[m0Ho#D

umudk at'D 8 &mpkESihf 9 &mpkcefY[k ,lqcJhonf

5

/ r[m0Ho#D

umonf a&S;a[mif; oD[dkVft|uxm? tpOftvmpum; (ayg

&mP)? Owå&0d[m&t|uxm? 0de,|uxm? 'Dy0Ho|uxm?

oDrm|uxm? apwd,0Ho|uxm? r[maAm"d0Ho|uxm?

o[ó0w¬Kt|uxm? *P²dy'0PÖemuJhodkYaom &if;jrpfusrf;

rsm;rS tav;*½kjyKxdkufonhf tcsuftvufopf trsm;tjym;udk

&,lcJhaMumif; uREfkyfwdkY em;vnf&onf/ aemufqkH;azmfjycsufrSm

r[m0Hovm cufcJonhf pum;vkH;rsm;ESihf 0gusrsm;udk tusOf;

1

þusrf;? pm 329 udk ½Iyg/

2

Manual of Indian Buddhism by Kern, p 9. 3

*dkif*g\ r[m0Hot*Fvdyfbmomjyefed'gef;? pm – 9/

4

tao;pdwfrsm;udk Geiger \ 'Dy0HoESihf r[m0Ho? B.C. Law \ On the Chronicles of Ceylon usrf;rsm;udk ½Iyg/

5

r[m0Ho#Dum ed'gef;? pm- 109/



r[m0Husrf;um; &if;jrpfusrf; rsm;pGmudk tajccHonf/ usrf;

\tpqkH; (tcef; 1? *gxm2) wGif t&Sifr[memrrax&fu

a&S;q&m (ayg&mP)wdkY a&;om;NyD; xyfcgxyfcg jyqdkrIrsm; rvdk

tyfbJ tus,fcsJUum;csufrsm;uJhodkYaom rSm;,Gif;rIrsm; yg&Sdonhf

tvm;wl usrf;wpfapmif&SdaMumif; azmfjyonf/ ,if;usrf;rSm

vuf&Sd 'Dy0Husrf;jzpfap tjcm;usrf; wpfckjzpfap 'Dy0Hoonf

r[m0Housrf;jyKq&m\ rSDjirf;usrf; wpfcktjzpf oHo, rjzpf

oihfacs/ wpfzef t&Sifr[memronf tpOftvmajymqdkonfwdkY

(okwdawm p tm*wH)udkvnf; xnfhoGif;cJhonf/

ta&;ygonhf ukodkvftrsKd;rsKd; taMumif;udk a&;om;xm;

onf

1

h ]ukodkvfpmtkyf} (yknaygw¬u)[k ac:onhf bk&ihfrdom;pk

rsm;ESihf <u,f0olrsm;\tdrfü odrf;qnf;xm;aom tjcm;rSwf

wrf;rsm;vnf; &Sdao;onf/ ,if;rSwfwrf;rsm;ü trsm;pkrSm

ausmif;wdkuf? apwD? a&uefESihf wl;ajrmif;rsm; ponfESihf tjcm;

rsm;pGmaom bk&ifESihf rª;rwfrsm;\ tvª'gea&;&m aqmif½GufrI

rsm;udk tajcjyKMuonf

2

/ 'kwd, 'yÜKv [kvnf;ac:aom yxr

O',bk&if (793-797 at'D)onf ¤if;\ qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;udk

pmtkyfwGif a&;rSwfxm;apNyD; eef;awmfü vkHNcKHpGm odrf;qnf;xm;

aMumif; qdkonf

3

/ bk&iftcsKdU\ trdefYt& jyKpkxm;aom tpdk;&

aqmif½Gufcsuf rSwfwrf;rsm;vnf; &SdMuonf

4

/ xdkYjyif 'gXm"mwk

0Ho

5

? auo"mwk0Ho

6

ESihf tvm;wl usrf;rsm;pGm uJhodkYaom

ordkif;qdkif&m

7

a&S;OD; a&;om;csufrsm;vnf; &SdMuao;onf/

1

þusrf; pmrsufESm 444 udk ½Iyg/

2

Oyrm r[m0Ho? tcef; 32? 26 *gxm/ tcef; 38? 46 *gxm/ tcef;

79? 62 *gxm/

3

r[m0Ho? tcef; 59?20 *gxm/

4

,if;usrf;? tcef; 59? 7 *gxm/

5

,if;usrf;? tcef; 37? 93 *gxm/

6

,if;usrf;? tcef; 39? 49 ESifh 56 *gxm/

7

þusrf;? pmrsufESm – 81? 85 udkvnf;½I/

r[m0Housrf;onf uAsmAE¨ESihf pdwful;rsm;jzihf rGrf;rH csJU

um; xm;aomfvnf; usrf;jyKyk*¾Kdvfrsm;onf &Edkifonhf udk;um;

usrf;rsm;twdkif; tvGefopöm&SdpGm a&;om;xm;onf/ rl&if;usrf;

wdkYü azmfjyonhf tao;pdwf tcsuftvufrsm;udk r[m0Hoü

tvGef *½kwpdkuf xnhfoGif;azmfjyonf

1

/ &if;jrpfusrf;rsm;wGif

rygonfh tcsuftcsKdUudkyif azmfjyonfrSm aocsmonf

2

/

r[m0Ho yxrydkif;usrf;jyKyk*¾Kdvf\ bufrvdkuf rQwrIum;

pHwifavmufonf/ usrf;jyKyk*¾Kdvfonf EdkifiHjcm;om; wrDvfvlrsKd;

tkyfcsKyfolrsm;udkyif EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm; jzpfvihfupm; tu,fí

¤if;wdkYtaejzihf trSefwu,f aumif;rGefolrsm;jzpfvQif rQw

aumif;rGefaMumif; jyqdkcJhonf/ wrDvf tmPmodrf;olrsm; jzpf

Muonfh aoeESihf *kwådu yk*¾KdvfESpfa,mufudk "r®ESifhtnD tkyf

csKyfolrsm;jzpfaMumif; azmfjyonf

3

/ oD&dvuFmxD;eef;udk vuf

eufjzihf tEdkifodrf;,lcJhonfh apmVwdkif;om; {Vm&rif;om;rSmrl

vlBudKuf rrsm;cJhacs/ odkY&mwGif r[memrax&fu xdkrif;om;

onf rQwNyD; pDrHcefYcGJrIwGif bufrvdkufaMumif;ESihf jzpf&yfrsm;udk

axmufjyNyD; erlemrsm; xkwfjyonf

4

/

tcsKdUae&mrsm;wGif r[m0Hotm; ordkif;rSwfwrf;tjzpf,lq

&efcJ,Of;onf/ r[m0Housrf;onf oD&dvuFmordkif;usrf;r[kwf

vQif ,if;onf oD&dvuFm Ak'¨0g'ordkif;usrf;tjzpf aocsmayguf

qdkEkdifNyD; þoD&dvuFmAk'¨0g'ordkif;usrf;onf oD&dvuFmordkif;\

t"du tpdwftydkif;wpfcktjzpf ae&m,lonf/ 'Dy0Hoa&m r[m

0Hoyg ESpfusrf;vkH; Ak'¨0g'ordkif;rsm; jzpfMuonf/ ¤if;usrf;rsm;ü

1

Oyrm r[m0Ho? tcef; 14? 17? 21? 24? 30/ tcef; 38? 59 *gxm/

tcef; xlix ? 66-67 *gxmwdkYudk ½Iyg/

2

r[m0Ho? tcef; 19? 44 *gxm/ *Pem, y&dapäa'g? ayg&maP[d e

bmodawm (ta&twGuf tydkif;tjcm;udk a&S;q&mwdkY azmjy rxm;yg)/

3

,if; tcef; 21? 11 *gxm/

4

,if; tcef; 21? 14 *gxm/




'wGm taEÅ cD&,m*kH vbdwGm *wbdu©K0w¬Kapw¬ uaxwAÁH}

1

þae&mü tpwGif &&SdorQ tpm;tpmudk uav;rsm;tm;

ay;pGefYNyD; EdkY,m*kqGrf;udk &zdkYtwGuf xGufcGmoGm;aom &[ef;

0w¬Kudkvnf; azmfjyoihf\}/

,if;0w¬Kjzpf&yfrsm;udk azmfjyrxm;ojzihf ,cktcg ,if;wdkY

udk ajc&mcHvdkuf&ef rvG,fulawmhacs/ odkYwap ,if;jzpf&yf

rsm;rSm t|uxmusrf;rsm;udk a&;om;pOfu ,aeYacwfwGif

ajracG;ESihf pyspfoD;ykHjyifudk vltrsm; em;vnfouJhodkY xdkacwf

u vltrsm; odvG,fonfrSm xif&Sm;onf

2

/

6/ tpOftvm Zmwf0w¬Krsm;

o[ó0w¬Kt|uxm odkYr[kwf o[ó0w¬Kyu&P

3

usrf;

onf oD[dkVfwuúodkvfpmMunhfwdkufü "mwfykHrdwåL ESpftkyfESihf

vufa&;rlwpftkyf &Sdonf/

(1) o[ó0w¬Kyu&Pusrf;? NAdwdoQjywdkuf&Sd ay½Gufrl oD[dkVf

tu©&ma&; rdwåL t½Guf 40? ay½Gufa& 154 csyf &Sdonf/

pmvkH;yg pmrsufESmwpfck\ t&SnfrSm 16 vufrjzpfonf/ ay

wpf½GufvQif udk;aMumif;&Sdonf/ t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh ]þo[ó

0w¬Kyu&Pusrf;udk 1894 ckESpfwGif tEk&m"yk&NrdKU tpdk;&Xme

udk,fpm;vS,f tdyfcsf aeaAvD tDpfauG;vsm; (H. Neville Esquire)

xHodkY a*gavNrdKU? *ifawmw&yf? wdblrdum&mrausmif; wdkufae

tufpf ynmeE´ qxm0d& yk*¾Kdvfu vufaqmifay;onf}/

1

,if; pm? 29/ aemufxyf erlemrsm;udk 0dok'¨d 1? 120/ tH-| 1? 395

wdkYü ½Iyg/

2

rl&if;usrf;rsm;? obm0ESihf ygVdt|uxmusrf;rsm;ü yg0ifrIrsm;udk tao;

pdwfavhvmvdkygu t'du&rf (E. W. Adikaram)\ Early History of Buddhisn in Ceylone usrf;pm tydkif; 1 udk ½Iyg/

3

aemufxyf okawoetwGuf tvif;a&mifay;a&;twGuf jiif;ckHrI t

enf;rS wpfyg; þtaMumif;t&mudk Unversty of Ceylon Review twGJ 2?

pm-86-91 wGif awGU&onf/

csKyf &Sif;jycsufjzpfaMumif; xif&Sm;onf

1

/

5/ ygVdbmom t|uxmusrf;rsm;

at'D ig;&mpk tEk&m"yk&NrdKU r[m0d[m&ausmif;wkdufwGif a&;

om;onhf t&Sifr[mAk'aCmo\ ygVdawmftzGifhusrf;rsm;onf

bDpD 3 &mpkrS at'D 5 &mpktxd oD&dvuFm Ak'¨bmomordkif;udk

jyefvnf qef;ppfrItwGuf tm;xm;EdkifNyD; tqDtESpfjynfh0onhf

tcsuftvuf &if;jrpfrsm;jzpfonf/ t&Sifr[mAk'äCm\ vkyf

ief;rSm wnf;jzwfol bmomjyefyk*¾Kdvfjzpfaomfvnf; rdrdwm0efudk

jynhfpkHpGm aqmif½GufcJhykH&NyD; t&Sifjrwf\ wwfuRrf;rIESihf ta&;

ygrIaMumihf t&Sifjrwftm; ,ckacwfwGif t|uxmusrf; tm;

vkH; eD;yg;udk a&;om;cJholtjzpf ,lqcH&onf/ yd#uwfokH;ykH\

tzGifh t|uxmusrf;rsm;udk t&Sifr[dE´ oD&dvuFmodkY aqmif,l

cJhaMumif;ESihf oD[dkVfuRef;ol uRef;om;wdkY\ tusKd;twGuf ,if;

t|uxmusrf;rsm;udk rlvu oD[dkVfbmomjzihf a&;om;cJh

aMumif; t&Sifr[mAk'äCmorax&fu qdkonf

2

/

rlv odkYr[kwf r[mt|uxm? r[mypö&dt|uxmESihf

uk½kE´dt|uxmusrf;rSm ta&;ygonfh wdyd#uusrf;pm tm;vkH;

eD;yg;rQ\ tzGifhusrf;rsm;udk txnfudk,fjyKcJhonhf oD[dkVfbmom

tajccH tzGifhusrf;rsm; jzpfMuonf/ ,if;usrf;rsm;tjyif tvGef

ta&;rygonhf oD[dkVfbmomtzGifhusrf; trsm;tjym;vnf; &Sd

onf/ ,if; (oD[dkVfbmom) yd#uwfokH;ykH tzGihfusrf;rsm;udk a&S;

tusqkH;aom pmayvuf&mrsm;tjzpf ,lqEdkifonf/ ,aeYacwf

wGif ,if; (oD[dkVf) t|uxmusrf;rsm;tm;vkH; rwnf&SdMuawmh

acs/ tqdkyg oD[dkVfbmom rl&if;usrf;rsm;rS aumufEkwfcsuf

1

&Sif;vif;pGm avhvm&ef rmvmvmaqau&\ &Sif;vif;aumif;rGefonhf

r[m0Ho#Dumed'gef;udk ½Iyg/

2

t&Sifr[mAk'äCmo\ 'D-| 1? r-| 1? tH-| 1 odkYr[kwf oH-| 1

usrf;rsm;\tp yPmr*gxmrsm;udk ½Iyg/



twdktxGmrsm;udk "rÜd,mt#K0g*g#my', (oD[dkVfusrf;)ü

1

awGU

Edkifao;onf/

oD[dkVf t|uxmusrf;rsm;onf ykHpHwpfrsKd;wnf;jzihf wnf

NidrfrI r&SdcJhacs/ ,if;usrf;rsm;onf bDpD okH;&mpkwGif pwifcJh

aomfvnf; &mpkESpfrsm; Mumjrifhvmojzihf wjznf;jznf; wdk;yGm;

vmNyD; tcsuftvufopfrsm; pkaygif;vmcJhonf/ ,if;usrf;wdkY

\ wdk;yGm;vmrIoauFwudk tenf;qkH; at'D 2 &mpktxd awGU

&SdEdkifonf/ taMumif;rl t|uxmusrf;wpfapmif

2

ü at'D 127-

171 twGif; tkyfcsKyfcJhaom 0obrif;tm; &nfñTef;xm;

onfudk awGU&aomaMumihf jzpfonf/ topfxnhfoGif;aom t

csuftvufrsm;rSm tvGefobm0usonhf a'oqdkif&m wdkufqdkif

jzpf&yfrsm;ESihf uRef;aevlxk\ vlrIa&;ESihf bmoma&;b0rsm;

jzpfMuonf/ ,if;jzpf&yfopfrsm;udk xnfh&jcif;\ &nf½G,fcsufrSm

ordkif; odkYr[kwf a'oqdkif&m tajctaersm;udk oifcef;pm

ay;&ef r[kwfacs/ ,aeYacwfwGif ,if;azmfjycsufrsm;udk ordkif;

okdYr[kwf vlrIa&;&nf½G,fcsufjzihf tokH;jyKMuaomfvnf; trSef

aomf xda&muf ½kd;pif;onhf[efjzihf w&m;"r®ESihf ukd,fusihfw&m;

OD;wnfcsufrsm;jzihf o½kyfazmf &Sif;jy&efom &nf½G,fonf/

t&Sifr[mAk'äCmoonf ¤if;\ t|uxmed'gef; (yPm

r)rsm;ü rdrdtaejzihf oD[dkVfbmom t|uxmusrf;rsm;udk ygVd

bmomodkY jyefqdk½kHomjzpfNyD; ,if;odkYjyefqdk&müvnf; rvdktyfbJ

tus,fcsJUjcif;? xyfcgxyfcg jyqdkjcif;rsm;ESifh roufqdkifaom

taMumif;t&mrsm;udk csefxm;rnfjzpfaomfvnf; r[m0d[m&

0goDwdkY\ ydkYcsrItpOftvmudk aoGznfrnfr[kwfaMumif; qdk

onf/ t&Sifjrwf\ &nf½G,fcsufü tokH;rusí csefcJhaom t

csuftvuftcsKdUrSm oufqdkifrI r&Sdjcif;aMumihfyif jzpfvifhupm;

,if;wdkYudk xdef;odrf;xm;EdkifchJrl ,aeYacwfwGif tvGef tokH;0if

1

,if;usrf;? pm – 79? 80? 105? 136? 148? 149/

2

0d-| 2? 68/

0ifygvdrfhrnf

1

/ xdktcsdefu vlxktwGuf tvGefxif&Sm;aom

aMumihf csefxm;jcif;vnf; jzpfEdkifonf/

t|uxm usrf;jyKq&mrsm;a&m tjcm;yk*¾Kdvfrsm;yg tcsuf

tvufwpfckudk o½kyfazmf&ef? jiif;qdkrIwpf&yfudk vufcHap&ef?

odkYr[kwf MunfndKolrsm;tm; bmoma&; pdwf"mwf jyif;jyvm

rItwGuf qGJaqmif&ef jzpf&yf0w¬Kwpfck vdktyfonhf tcgwdkif;

vkHvkHavmufavmuf &,lEdkifonfh a&S;acwf oD[dkVfjzpf&yfxl;rsm;

udk &vG,fonhf ae&mwpfck&SdaMumif; ,kHMunf&ef taMumif;&Sd

onf

2

/ ,if;jzpf&yfrsm;rSm w&m;a[m yk*¾KdvftwGufa&m em,lol

y&dowftwGufyg tvGefodvG,faMumif; t&Sifr[mAk'äCmo

taejzifh ae&mrsm;pGmwdkYü ,if;wdkYudk ñTef;½kHom ñTef;NyD; tao;

pdwfazmfjyjcif; rjyKonfudk axmufí xif&Sm;ygonf/ Oyrmjy&rl

0dok'¨dr*fü ]awvuE´&du0w¬K apw¬ uaxwAÁH}

3

]þae&mü

awvuE´&du0w¬Kudkvnf; qdktyf\}/ ]pD0&*krÁ0godutrÁcg'u

r[mwdóaw¬&0w¬Kyd {w¬ uaxwAÁH

4

} þae&mü o&ufoD;udk

bkOf;ay;onhf pD0&*krÁt&yfae t&Sifr[mwdórax&f\ qdkoihf

\}/ ]tm'dawm y|m, v'¨H v'¨H bdu©H wMw wMw 'g&umeH

1

r[m0Ho#Dum? pm 193 ü rZÑdredum,f plVoD[em'okwftzGifh oD[dkVf

t|umü ZeomeESihf taomu("r®maomu)wdkY\ r,fawmf taMumif;

azmfjycsuf yg&SdaMumif; qdkonf/ odkYwap ,if;tcsuftvufrSm ,aeY

acwf t&Sifr[mAk'äCmo\ plVoD[em'okwft|uxmü rawGU&acs/

,if;onf t&Sifr[mAk'äCmotaejzifh oD[dkVfbmom t|uxmudk t

jynhftpkH bmomrjyefqdkaMumif; xif&Sm;aom om"u jzpfonf/ wpfcg

wpf&Hürl uk#uPÖ\jrif; *kV0PÖuJhodkYaom taMumif;udkyif tvGefpdwf

0ifpm;zG,f tao;pdwftcsufudkyif azmfjyonf (r-| 3? 112)/

2

tH-| 1? 395 ü vmaom 'g½kb@ur[mwdó rax&f\ jzpf&yfudk

&o0g[deD twGJ 2? pm- 33 ESihf 43 wdkYüvmaom wdóm,0w¬K ESifh

eukvó0w¬Krsm;udk NcKHikH Edkif;,SOf Munhfyg/

3

0dok'¨d 1? 27/

4

,if; 1? 44/



(2) o[ó0w¬Kyu&Pusrf;? NAdwdoQjywdkuf&Sd ayrl/ oD[dkVf

tu©&ma&;/ rdwåL½Gufa& 50/ ay½Gufa& 298/ pmyg ay½Guf

t&Snf 10 vufr&Sdonf/ pmwpfrsufESmwGif 7 aMumif; odkY

r[kwf 8 aMumif; &Sdonf/

(3) o[ó0w¬Kt|uxm? vufa&;rl? bm;e'fpmMunfhwdkuf?

&efukef? jrefrm? jrefrmtu©&ma&;/

usrf;jyKyk*¾Kdvf trnfrod&/ yPmrwGif Ak'¨? "r®? oHCmtm;

&Sdckd;NyD;aemuf usrf;jyKyk*¾Kdvfu oD[Vmp&d, (oD[dkVfq&m)rsm;udk

tav;*½kjyKaMumif;ESihf usrf;pmygtcsufrsm;udk oD[V|uxm

(oD[dkVfbmom tzGifhusrf;rsm;)ESihf q&mtpOftqufrS &&Sd

aMumif; qdkonf

1

/

usrf;jyKESpfESihf ywfoufí raocsmacs/ odkYwap o[ó

0w¬Kt|uxm[laomtrnfESihf ,if;usrf;udk r[m0Ho#Dumü

udk;um;jcif;aMumifh ,if;usrf;udk at'D 9 pkxuf apmaom acwf

wpfckwGif a&;om;aMumif; xif&Sm;onf/ t|uxm[laom a0g

[m&onf tEk&m"yk&acwf tapmydkif;umvwGif rsufarSmuff

acwfrSmxuf ydkrdkus,fjyefY cHhnm;onhf t"dyÜm,fudk aqmifonf/

,aeYacwfwGif ,if;a0g[m&onf wdyd#uygVdawmftzGifh t|

uxmusrf;udkom qdkvkdonf/ odkY&mwGif tEk&m"yk&acwfwGif

,if;a0g[m&onf wdyd#uygVdawmfrSwpfyg; tjcm;pmaytrsKd;

tpm;tm;vkH;udk t"dyÜm,f oufa&mufonf/ odkYjzpfí o[ó

0w¬KuJhodkYaom trsm;ajymykH0w¬Kusrf;pmwpfckudkyif t|uxm[k

ac:a0:xm;jcif;jzpfonf/ xdkacwfü wdyd#uygVdawmfudk txl;

&nf½G,fonhf ygVdawmfrsm;ESihf ,if;wdkY\tzGifh t|uxmusrf;

rsm;tygt0if r[maAm"d0Hot|uxm (r[maAm"dyif ordkif;

usrf;)? apwd,0Hot|uxm (apwDawmfrsm; ordkif;usrf;)?

r[mapwd,0Hot|uxm (r[mapwDordkif;usrf;)? 'Dy0Hot|

uxm (oD[dkVfuRef;ordkif;)? r[m0Hot|uxm (rif;qufrsm;

1

o[ó0w¬KH bmodóH? oD[V|uxme,H? *PSdwGm p&d,0g'ð p/

onhf ygVdbmomusrf; wpfapmifudk tajccHaMumif; yPmrü

qdkonf/ o[ó0w¬Kusrf;onf þü ñTef;qdkonfh tqdkyg ygVd

bmomusrf; jzpfEdkifygoavm/

uG,fvGefol [mh*f aeAD;vf (Hugh Nevill)u ¤if;pkaqmif;

xm;onhf ykHrESdyf&ao;onhf pmrlpm&if; (,ck NAdwdoQjywdkuf

trSwfpOf 115)wGif o[ó0w¬K yu&Ponf ygVdbmoma&;

&o0g[deDusrf;\ tajccH jzpfaMumif;ESihf ,if;usrf;onf "r®½kpd

*dkPf;\usrf;pm jzpfaMumif; rSwfcsufay;onf/ odkYwap rmvm

vmaqau&tvdkrl ,if;usrf;tm; tb,*d&d*dkPf;xGuf usrf;

jzpfaMumif; rSwfcsufjyK&ef taMumif;r&Sd[k ,lqonf

1

/

a*gX£rÁ&0w¬Kü awGU&onhf ]Owå&0d[m&0godaem ye {0H

0'EÅd

2

= Owå&0d[m&ausmif;ae yk*¾Kdvfrsm;u þodkY qdkMu\} [l

aom pmaMumif;t& o[ó0w¬Kusrf;onf "r®½kpd*dkPf;om;rsm;

[kqdkvdkonfh Owå&0d[m&0goD&[ef;wdkY\ usrf;pm r[kwfonf

rSm aocsmonf/

&o0g[deDusrf;ed'gef;ü t&Sif&|ygv\usrf;onf a&S;acwf

&[EÅmrax&fwdkY rdefYawmfrlcJhMuNyD; a&S;q&mwdkY oD[dkVfbmom

jzihf rSwfwrf;wifxm;onhf 0w¬Kjzpf&yfrsm;udk ygVdbmomodkY jyef

qdkjcif;jzpfaMumif; qdkonf/ &o0g[deDusrf;yPmrü usrf;jyK

yk*¾Kdvfu oD[Vt|uxmenf;udk rSDjirf;jyKaMumif; qdkonf/

o[ó0w¬Kudk zwf½Iygu ,if;usrf;onf oD[dkVfrl&if;\ wkduf

½dkuf wpfcgwav cyfMurf;Murf; ygVdbmomjyef jzpfaMumif; t

awmftwef &Sif;vif;pGm azmfjyonf/ o[ó0w¬Kü wpfcgwpf&H

o'´ga&; rrSef? racsmrGwf? <uyfqyfNyD; rnfonhf pmayawmuf

ajymifrI [efyefrQ r&Sdacs/ ,if;usrf;ü ]oD[dkVfygVd}[kyif ac:Edkif

avmufonhf oD[dkVfbmom wGJvkH;rsm;? tokH;tEIef;rsm;udk wdkuf

1

Pali Literature of Ceylon, pp. 128-129. 2

&o0g[dusrf;üvnf; ,if;pmaMumif;udk awGU&onf/

3

Rasavahini I, Intro. vv. 5-7.



ordkif;)uJhodkYaom tjcm;pmayusrf;*eftm;vkH; t|uxmusrf;

rsm;jzpfMuonf/ ,if;azmfjyNyD; usrf;tm;vkH;rSm oD[dkVfbmom

usrf;rsm;jzpfMuonf/ oD[Vt|uxm [laomtrnfonf a,

bk,stm;jzihf oD[dkVfbmomjzihfa&;aom usrf;tm;vkH;udk ac:

a0:okH;pGJjcif;jzpfonf/ xdktcsdefu #Dum[kac:onhf pmayykHpH

r&Sdao;ay/ #Dum[laom a0g[m&onf ouúwMoZm vTrf;rdk;

onhf at'D 10 &mpk ESihf 11 &mpk aygvkEé½k0acwf twGif;

usrSom a&yef;pm;vmjcif; jzpfonf/ uREkfyfwdkYod&orQ t&Sif

tmeE´m\ rlv#Dumonf yxrqkH;aom #Dumusrf;jzpfonf/

rlv#Dumudk at'D 10 odkYr[kwf 11 &mpkcefYwGif a&;om;onf/

t&SiftmeE´monf ½lyod'¨d ygVdo'´gusrf;jyK t&SifAk'¨yÜd,\ q&m

jzpfonf/ at'D 12 &mpk tv,fcefYwGif a&;onhf arm*¾v ’mef

usrf;jyKyk*¾Kdvfonf t&SifAk'¨yÜd,\ ½lyod'¨dusrf;udk odonf/ xdkY

aMumifh tu,fí t&SiftmeE´mudk at'D 10 odkYr[kwf 11 &mpk

wpfcsdefcsdefwGif owfrSwfygu tvGef rSm;zG,f&m r&SdEdkifacs/ odkY

jzpfí #Dumusrf; pmaytpydkif;udk tMurf;jzif;tm;jzihf at'D 10

&mpkESihf 11 &mpktwGif;[k owfrSwfEdkifonf/ ,if;acwfrwdkifrD

usrf;pmtm;vkH;udk a,bk,stm;jzihf t|uxm[laom trnf

atmufwGif todrsm;ykH&onf/ azmfjyyg tcsufrsm;t& o[ó

0w¬Kt|uxmudk tenf;qkH; at'D 9 &mpk xufapmaom acwf

[k owfrSwfEdkifonf/

o[ó0w¬Kt|uxmü r[m0HoESihf r[m0Hot|uxm

ESpfusrf;vkH;udk udk;um;xm;NyD; ]Owå&0d[m&0g'D}wdkY azmfjyonhf

,lqcsufwpf&yfudkvnf; &nfñTef;xm;onf/ r[m0Housrf;udk

udk;um;aomaMumifh ,if;usrf;onf at'D 5 &mpkxuf aemuf

usonf/ oD[Vt|uxm (ed'geuxm) ESihf r[m0Hot|uxm

(usrf;pmudk,f)wdkYudk udk;um;aomaMumihf o[ó0w¬Kt|uxm

taejzihf a&S;usaom usrf;wpfapmifjzpfaMumif; azmfjyonf/

taMumif;rl oD[Vt|xmusrff;tm; udk;um;rIudk 10 &mpk rwdkif

rDcefY a&;om;cJhonhf ygVdbmomESihf oD[dkVfbmom usrf;rsm;ü

rawGU&aomaMumihfjzpfonf/ o[ó0w¬Kt|uxmudk a&;om;

onhfcsdefwGif avhvmolrsm; r[m0Hot|uxmudk zwf½Iaom

tcsufonf o[ó0w¬Kusrf;jyKq&mu ¤if;\ pmzwfy&dowf

tm; aemufxyf tao;pdwfrsm;twGuf r[m0Hot|uxmusrff;

udk ñTef;qdkcsufaMumifhjzpfaMumif; xif&Sm;onf

1

/

txufwGif jyqdkcJhtwdkif; at'D 9 &mpkcefY[k ,lq&onfh

r[m0Ho#DumwGif o[ó0w¬Kt|xumrS udk;um;csuf okH;ckyg

onf

2

/ yxrESpfck (ok&medr®v0w¬KESihf a*gX,drÁ&0w¬K)udk vuf

a&;rlü awGU&onf/ wwd,0w¬K (omvDrif;om;0w¬K)udkrl rawGU

&/ trSefaomf vufa&;rlü omvDrif;om;0w¬K wpfckvkH;udk `rIyf

xm;onf/ ,if;ü omvdrif;om;ESihf ywfoufí ]omvd&mZ

ukrm&0w¬KH r[m0Hao 0kwåea,e a0'dwAÁH/ omvd&mZukrm&

0w¬K 'kwd,H} [laom 0guswpfaMumif;rQom ygonf/ þonfrSm

omvdrif;om;taMumif; awGU&orQjzpfonf/ rl&if;usrf;pmrS

a&;ul;olonf &Snfvsm;onhf 0w¬Kudk ul;,lrItwGuf 0efav;í

oufom&m&ap&ef pmzwfoltm; r[m0Houdk udk;um;vsuf

,if;0w¬Kudk `rSKyfxm;cJhovm; odkYr[kwf vufa&;rlonf o[ó

0w¬Krl&if;\ twdkcsKyfykHpHwpfckudk &cJhovm;[lonfudk vufa&;rl

aemufxyfwpfcsKdUudk rawGUrcsif; twdtus rqdkEkdifacs/ odkYwap

o[ó0w¬Kudk tajccHonf[k a,bk,stm;jzihf ,kHMunfxm;

onfh &o0g[deDusrf;wGif omvdrif;om;taMumif; azmfjycsufudk

r[m0Ho#DumwGif azmfjyonhftwdkif; awGU&onf

3

/

&o0g[eDusrf;jyK t&Sifa0a'[rax&fu ¤if;\usrf;onf

tEk&m"yk&NrdKU r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkuftwGif; *kwå0uFy&da0P

ausmif;ü oDwif;okH;onhf t&Sif&|ygv[kac:onhf rax&f a&;

1

t,H ye oacFayg? 0dw¬ma&m ye r[m0Ho|uxm,H 0kawåm/ tw¬d

au[d wawm *a[waAÁm ("r®maomur[m&mZó 0w¬K)/

2

Mahavamsa Tika, pp 451, 452, 607. 3

Rasavahini II, p. 116.



a,muf\ trnfrsm;udk azmfjyonf/ odkYwap eE´drdwå ('kwd,

0*f? 0w¬KtrSwf 6)ESihf a0VKokre0w¬K (pwkw¬0*f? 0w¬KtrSwf 9

üygNyD;)wdkYrSm qdkNyD;0w¬Krsm; jzpfMuonf/ odkYjzpfí 0w¬Krsm;udk

ol&edr®vjzifh pwifNyD; 0w¬Kav;ckNyD;aemuf qkH;oGm;onf/ wpfzef

q|r0*f\ yxrqkH; 0w¬Kü ]oacFaye 'k|*grPd&anm 0w¬KH

yXrH} [laom pum;&yf 0gusrQomygonf/ 'kwd,0w¬K omvd

rif;om;taMumif;udkvnf; azmfjyrxm;bJ pmzwfoltm; ,if;

0w¬Kudk r[m0HorS &,l&ef wdkufwGef;xm;onf - ]omvd&mZ

ukrm&0w¬KH r[m0Hao 0kwåea,e a0'dwAÁH/ omvd&mZukrm&

0w¬KH 'kwd,H/ odkYwap ,if;0w¬Kudkvnf; trSefwu,f azmfjy

ouJhodkY a&wGufxm;onf/

]tedpöm 0w ocFg&m} ("r®aom@u0w¬K? yxr0*f yxr

0w¬K) jzihf tpjyKonfh *gxmtzGifhonf tvGef tao;pdwfjzpfNyD;

ESpfoufzG,f aumif;onf/ xkdYjyif ,if;tzGifhü ]umv0drkwåH

edó&PH edAÁmeH} uJhodkYaom eufeJonhf 'óeqdkif&m t"dyÜm,f

zGifhqdkcsufrsm; yg&Sdonf/ usrf;pmwpfckvkH;wGif ,if;*gxm wpfyk'f

wnf;üom ,if;odkY tao;pdwf zGifhqdkonf/

tjcm; &nfñTef;usrf;rsm;ü rawGU&onfh ordkif;qdkif&m t

csuftvuf trsm;tjym;udk o[ó0w¬Kusrf;ü azmfjyonf/

ykHpHtm;jzihf &o0g[deDusrf;ü awGU&onhf ]'kAÁd|dr[m&mZ}\ Zpf

jrpfESihf ywfoufonhf oJvGefptcsKdUudk ,if;usrf;ü jyqdkonf/

]jAm[®Pwd,H apm&b,H}onf t|uxmusrf;rsm;ESihf ordkif;

usrf;rsm;üawGU&NrJ 0gusjywff jzpfaomfvnf; ]wd,H} [laom

a0g[m&udkrl &Sif;jy&ef cufcJonf/ o[ó0w¬Küum; ]jAm[®P

wdóaapm&b,H}[k (av;Budrf) twdtus qdkonf/ zkó

a'0aw¬&0w¬Konf &o0g[deDü rawGU&onhf tcsuftvuf

opf vkH;0jzpfonf/ &o0g[deDü zkóa'00w¬K ygaomfvnf;

'k|*grPdrif;BuD;\ xif&Sm;onhf ppfolBuD; jzpfonf/ o[ó

0w¬Kyg zkóa'0aw ¬&fum; o'gwdórif;BuD;\ ESrawmf\om;

(u#uem&0goD zkóa'0aw¬a&m emr o'¨gwdór[m&anm

½dkufbmomjyefrI rsm;pGm awGU &onf/ ykHpHtm;jzihf –

umvod*gvH ydrÁa&m t*¾a[od (umvod*gvó 0w¬K)

w0 o[m,uH ok0aygwuH rm&dwapma&mwd tm[

(As*¾ó 0w¬K)

{wó rEkóó a*['dEé rEkaóm

(apm&a*a[ 0godwrEkóó 0w¬K)

r,SH tm[m&H cg'dwGm tm*r'gvuH rH £awm rkÍöEkyg,H

ua&m[Dwd (apm&a*a[ 0godw rEkóó 0w¬K)

w0 uxeyapöuAka'¨g emr uD'daomwd

("r®maomu r[m&mZó 0w¬K)

oD[V'Day Owå&ypäd,H ('EÅuk#KrÁduó 0w¬K)

wH ylZH u&Pora, (uÍöea'0d,m 0w¬K)

ponfwdkY jzpfonf/

,if;odkYaom 0gusrsm; usrf;pmwpfckvkH; jynhfESufaeojzihf

,if;usrf;udk aumif;pGm zwf½Iem;rvnfEdkifbJ oD[dkVfbmom

pum;udk vkHavmufatmif rwwfuRrf;ygu rESpfoufEdkifacs/

wpfcgwpf&H ]ayg'H uDVdwkH} ]wdkufcdkuf odkYr[kwf eyef;vkH;&ef}

(a*gV£rÁ&0w¬K)uJhodkYaom tokH;tEIef;rsm;udk awGU&onf/ odkY

wap ,if;tokH;rsKd;udk ygVdbmomü awGU&rnfr[kwfacs/ ayg'

[laoma0g[m&onf wdkufckdufjcif; t"dyÜm,f&Sdonhf ygVdouf

oD[dkVfa0g[m& jzpfzG,f&Sdonf/ Oyrm pyg;BuD;a>rteufa[m

ydrÁa&m (okH;½dk;okH;pOf ygVda0g[m& tZ*&? oD[dkVf ydrÁK&m)? t&yf

odkYr[kwf e,fy,f a'o eHab; teufa[m ypäd,H (oD[dkVf yo?

ygVdrSef yó) paom a0g[m&rsm; jzpfonf/

o'´genf; a&;xkH;rrSefonhf 0gusrsm;udkvnf; awGU&onf/

ykHpHtm;jzihf -

MoavmauwGm twåaem *aw (apm&Cmwuó 0w¬K)

tx em0g owå'd0oH *wumav ork'´raZÑ bdZÆd

('EÅuk#KrÁduó 0w¬K)


&anm ykawåm 0dZm,d

(apm&a*a[ 0godwrEkóó 0w¬K) ponf/

,if;odkY o'´ga&;xkH;ESihf tokH;tEIef; rrSefonfwdkYudk awGU&

ouJhodkY aumif;rGefonhf wGJvkH;rsm;udkvnf; awGU&ao;onf/

ykHpHtm;jzihf –

,xm a"mawe yawåe (wdó'[&omraP&ó 0w¬K)

'ku©maywGm

1

(apm&Cmwu0w¬K)

,if;usrf;ü Zmwu|uxmwGif yg&Sdaom 0gusrsm; vTrf;rdk;

aeonfudkvnf; awGU&onf/

&o0g[deDyPmrü a&S;acwf&[EÅmt&SifjrwfwdkY oD[dkVfbm

omjzihf rdefYMum;onhf 0w¬Kjzpf&yfrsm;onf ae&mXme trsKd;rsKd;ü

(ww¬w¬LyyEémed 0kwåmed) pwifcJhaMumif; azmfjyonf/ o[ó

0w¬Kusrf;vm ykHpHrsm;pGmwdkYonf ae&mXmetrsKd;rsKd;rS EIwfajym

taMumif;t&mrsm;udk tajccHaMumif; xif&Sm;pGm azmfjyonf/

0w¬Kjzpf&yfwpfck odkYr[kwf wkdufqdkifrIwpf&yfESihf ywfoufí

wpfcgwpf&H ]£wd 0kwåmed} ]þodkY qdkukef\} [k tqkH;owfxm;

onf/ ykHpHtm;jzihf –

wm0wðoba0 edAÁwåðokEÅd 0'EÅd (umuó 0w¬K)

pwl[d rmao[d *awmwd 0'EÅd (plVem*aw¬&ó 0w¬K)

tv'¨|meH emr e|mwd 0'EÅd

(yl0yAÁw0goD wdóaw¬&ó 0w¬K)

&o0g[deDusrf;jyKyk*¾Kdvfu rdrd\usrf;pmrSm yke½kwåd (qdkNyD;

onfudk xyfqdkjcif;) uJhodkYaom trSm;rsm;jzihf jynhfaeonhf t&Sif

&|ygv\ ygVdbmomjyefudk jyefvnf rGrf;rH a&;om;jcif;rQom

jzpfaMumif; 0efcHxm;onf

1

/

o[ó0w¬Kusrf;udk xkwfcsif;ayguf zwfrdol rnfolrqdk

,if;usrf;rSm bmompum;t&a&m pDpOfrIt&yg jyefvnf rGrf;rH

1

oku©maywGm? Ze0obokwf? 'D 2? 182/

2

yke½kwåm'da'gao[d wrmod? oAÁH tmukvH temukvH u&dómrd/ &o-

0g[deD? yPmr*gxm? trSwf 7/


a&;om;&ef tvGefvdktyfonf[k cHpm;&onf/ o[ó0w¬Kusrf;

pDpOfykHü pnf;urf;a&m enf;vrf;yg r&Sdacs/

ykHrSeftm;jzihf wpf0*f (tcef;wpfck)pDü 0w¬K 10 ckpD &SdNrJjzpf

aomfvnf; (o[ó0w¬Kü) wpf0*fü 0w¬K 5 ck? tjcm;wpf0*fü

9 ck? aemufwpfckürl 11 ck &Sdonf/ 0w¬Ktpü 0w¬K\trnf

onf tqkH;üazmfjyonhf trnfESihfrwlonfudk rMumcPawGU&

onf/ 0w¬Kacgif;pOfrsm;rSm zGifhqdk&Sif;jyNyD; &Snfvsm;vsuf rmwd

um oabmjzifh azmfjy&ef &nf½G,fonf/ ykHpHtm;jzihf plv

*v ’&a| tmoeomvH Z*¢EÅó Oygouó 0w¬K? r[m*gar

wdór[m0d[ma& "r®okwaeom'ó 0w¬K – ponf/ ,if;

zGifhqdk&Sif;jy 0w¬Kacgif;pOfykHpHrSm oD[dkVfaus;vufae yk*¾Kdvfrsm;

twGif; 0w¬Kjzpf&yfrsm;ü ,aeYwkdifyif awGU&qJjzpfonf/

av;ckajrmuf0*f\ pmay[efrSm tjcm;tm;vkH;ESihf vkH;0

jcm;em;onf/ 0w¬Kwpfckonf ,if;0w¬K\vkd&if;udk tusOf; azmf

jyonhf *gxmwpfyk'fjzihf tpysKd;onf/ tqkH;wGif ]awe 0kwåH} [l

aom pum;ESpfvkH;tNyD; ,if;*gxmudk jyefqdkonf/ wpfcgwpf&H

tpysKd;*gxmNyD;aemuf 0w¬Kudk ]wH ,xmEkok,saw} jzihf zGifh

onf/ av;ckajrmuf0*fonf ouúw MoZmvTrf;rdk;rI &SdykH&onf/

0w¬Krsm;udk pDpOf&müvnf; pepfwusr&Sdacs/ 0w¬Ktm;vkH;

a&maxG;aeMuonf/ ZrÁK'Dy0w¬Krsm;udk oD[dkVf0w¬Krsm; tMum;ü

[dkwpfck'Dwpfck awGU&onf/ umu0PÖwdó0w¬K (9 ckajrmuf

0*f? 0w¬KtrSwf 5)onf trSefpifppf umu0PÖwdó? 'k|*grPD

ESihf a0VKokre trnf&onfh yk*¾KdvfokH;a,muftaMumif; jzpf

onf/ odkYwap ,if;0*ftqkH;ü ,if;udk azmfjyjcif;r&SdbJ q,fck

ajrmuf0w¬Ktjzpf 'k|*grPd0w¬K[k trnfay;xm;onf/ ,if;ü

]'k|*grPdtb,r[m&anm 0w¬K r[m0Hao 0dw¬m&dwar0/

wH wawm *a[wAÁH} [kom qdkonf/ odkYwap 0w¬KwpfckvkH;udk

azmfjyrSom aumif;rGefrnf[k ,lq&onf/ ig;ckajrmuf0*fü

usrf;jyKyk*¾Kdvfonf tpOftwkdif; wpfa,mufNyD; wpfa,muf

azmfjy&ef &nf½G,fonhftwdkif; 'k|*grPdrif;\ ppfolBuD; q,f



b*ded,m ykawåm) jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumihf ,if;rax&fonf 'k|

*grPdrif;BuD;\ wlawmfjzpfonf/ 'k|*grPd odkYr[kwf o'¨g

wdórif;wdkYü ESr&Sdonf[laomtcsufudk tjcm; rnfonhfusrf;

ürQ rawGU&acs/

zkóa'0 rax&ftaMumif;udk tjcm;usrf;*ef rsm;pGmwdkYü

awGU&onf/ orEÅygom'dum (0de,|uxm)

1

ü ,if;rax&f

taMumif;udk wHjrufvSnf;jcif;\ tusKd;udk o½kyfazmf&mü jyqdk

onf/ tjcm;tao;pdwf rsm;pGmudk `rIyfxm;cJhonf/ wHjruf

vSnf;jcif;ESihf ywfoufonhftaMumif;ESihf rm&fewf udk,fxifjy

onhf taMumif;rsm;udkom azmfjyonf/ o[ó0w¬Kü rm&fewf

wpf&ufom vmonf/ orEÅygom'dumü rm&fewfonf wpfaeY

wnf;ü arsmuftoGif? EGm;toGif? ajcqmaeaom a,musfm;

toGifjzihf okH;Budrf vmonf/ ,if;rax&fudk u#tEüm&0goD

zkóa'0rax&f[k ac:wGifonf/ om&o*F[usrf;

2

ü xdkrax&f

udk umvEümv0goD zkóa'0rax&f[k ac:wGifNyD; &nf½G,f

csufwlnDonf/ tao;pdwftcsuf trsm;tjym; csefvSyfxm;cJhNyD;

rm&fewf udk,fxifjyjcif;vnf; wlnDonf/ o'¨r®&wemu& (15

&mpk tapmydkif;a&; oD[dkVfbmomusrf;pm)

3

ü ,if;rax&fudk

umvuE´ zkóa'0rax&f ac:onf/ (,if; oD[dkVfusrf;t&

tqdkyg umvuEáusmif;wkdufonf ½k[kPt&yfü&Sdonf)/ ,if;

usrf;ü rm&fewfonf ykHpHwpfrsKd;wnf;jzihf wpfaeYwGif okH;Budrf

qufwdkuf vmaMumif; qdkonf/ þusrf;üvnf; rlv0w¬K\

tao;pdwf trsm;tjym;udk csefxm;cJhNyD; wHjrufvSnf;jcif;ESihf

ywfoufonfESihf rm&fewf vmaESmihf,SufonfwdkYudkom azmfjy

onf/ ,if;0w¬Kudk wHjrufvSnf;jcif;\ tusKd;udk csD;rGrf;&ef azmf

jyjcif;jzpfonf/ 0dok'¨dr*fusrf;ü

4

,if;rax&ftm; u#uE´&0goD

1

0d-| 4? 174/

2

Sārasangaha, p. 33. 3

Saddharmartnākara, p. 334.

4

0dok'dr*¾ 1? 221/ (jrefrmrlü u#tEum&0goD [k&Sdonf)/

avmufonfh oD[dkVf rSwfwrf;a[mif;tcsKdUudk rSDjirf;jyKcJhonf[l

aom tcsufudkrl oHo,jzpfzG,f rvdkacs/

&o0g[deDonf *gxmñSyf

1

ygVdpum;ajyjzifh a&;om;xm;

aom 0w¬K 103 yk'fudk pkpnf;xm;onhf usrf;jzpfonf/ ,if;

usrf;udk u@ESpfck cGJxm;onf/ yxru@ü ZrÁK'Dy (tdEd,)ESifh

oufqdkifonhf 0w¬K 40 yg0ifNyD; 'kwd,u@ü vuFm (oD[dkVf)

ESihf oufqdkifonhf 0w¬K 63 yk'fyg0ifonf/

yPmr*gxmt& &o0g[deDusrf;jyKyk*¾Kdvfonf 0e0goD*dkPf;

0if t&Sifa0a'[rax&fjzpfNyD; ,if;rax&fonf oD[dkVfuRef;&Sd

oD&dyg'taMumif; zGJUqdkonhf ygVduAsmausmf orEÅul#0PÖem

usrf;ESihf oD[Vo'´vu©Pmac: oD[dkVfo'´gusrf;rsm;udkvnf;

a&;om;cJhonf/ xdkrax&f\ q&mrax&ftm; tmeE´0e&we

tjzpf azmfjyxm;onf/ ,if;usrf;udk a,bk,stm;jzihf at'D 14

&mpk tapmydkif;wGif a&;om;aMumif; ,lqxm;Muonf/ odkYwap

xdkusrf;u rSDjirf;jyKcJhonhf EIwfajymESihf usrf;xGuf &if;jrpfrsm;rSm

,if;acwfxuf rsm;pGm apmykH&onf/

&o0g[deDusrf;udk rdwfquf&mü usrf;jyKyk*¾Kdvfu usrf;pm\

ordkif;udk azmfjyonf/ a&S;acwf &[EÅmrax&fjrwfwdkYonf txl;

xl;aom t&yfa'oü jzpfysufcJhonhf 0w¬KaMumif;rsm;udk oD[dkVf

bmompum;jzihf ajymjycJhMuonf/ ,if;wdkYudk a&S;q&mwdkYu

pkaqmif;xm;cJhMuonf/ r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkuf&Sd *kwå0uFy&d

1

at'D 14 &mpk *'vma'Pd0d[m&ü oDwif;okH;aexkdifcJhaom "r®udwåd

trnf&Sdrax&f a&;om;cJhonhf ]o'¨r®mvuFm&,} trnf&Sd oD[dkVfbm

omjzihf a&;om;xm;onhf usrf;wpfapmif&Sdonf/ ,if;usrf;onf &o

0g[deDusrf; bmomjyefjzpfonfrSm aocsmaomfvnf; &o0g[deDusrf;

wGif rygonhf arawå,s0w¬KESihf y'krm0wD0w¬KESpfck yg0ifonf/ ,if;

(oD[dkVf)usrf;onf wdkuf½dkufbmomjyef usrf;r[kwfbJ pum;tvuFm

qifí Oyrmrsm;jzihf jyefvnfa&;om;aom 0w¬Krsm;jzpfMuonf/ o'¨r®m

vuFm&, usrf;jyKyk*¾Kdvfonf &o0g[deDusrf;jyK yk*¾KdvfuJhodkYyif 0e0goD

*kdPf;0ifjzpfonf/



zkóa'0rax&ftjzpf qdkonf/ xdkrax&fonf rm&fewf zef

qif;jyonhf Ak'ÿkHawmfudk Munfh½I&if; &[EÅmtjzpfudk &onf/

tjcm; tao;pddwfrsm;udk azmfjyrxm;ay/ apwD,ifjyifudk wH

jrufvSnf;aMumif;ESihf ykHpHtrsKd;rsKd;jzihf rm&ewf vma&muf aESmihf

,SufaMumif;vnf; rjyqdkay/ &nfñTef;NyD; usrf;*efwdkYü azmfjy

onhf taMumif;t&mrsm;wGif o'¨gwdórif; ESrawmf\om; jzpf

aMumif; razmfjyMuaomfvnf; usrf;tm;vkH;ü zkóa'0 rax&f

onf rm&fewfzefqif;jyonhf Ak'ÿkHawmfudk zl;ajrmf&if; &[EÅmjzpf

oGm;aMumif; wlnDpGm azmfjyMuonf

1

/

o[ó0w¬K[laom trnft& ,if;usrf;ü 0w¬Kjzpf&yf

aygif; wpfaxmifyg&SdaMumif; qdkvdkonf/ trSefaomf 0w¬Ka& 94

yk'frQom yg&Sdonf/ wpfaxmifESihf ig;&muJhodkYaom cefYrSef; a&

wGufrIrsm;udk a,bk,stm;jzihf a&S;acwf ygVdpmayü ta&t

wGufrsm;rIudk azmfjy&ef okH;avh&Sdonf/ ,if;odkY okH;onfqdkaomf

vnf; 94 [laomta&twGufrSm o[ó[laom a0g[m&udk

okH;Edkif&ef enf;vGef;vSonf/

,if;ESihf ywfoufí rmvmvmaqau&u tvGefpdwf0if

pm;zG,faumif;aom azmfjycsufwpfckay;cJhonf/ ¤if;u o[ó

[laom a0g[m&onf ESpfoufzG,faumif;aom? thHMozG,f

aumif;aom? 0rf;ajrmufzG,f aumif;aom[k t"dyÜm,f&onfh

ouúwa0g[m& ]o[&S}ESihf nDaom ygVda0g[m& jzpfEdkifaMumif;

MuHqcJhonf

2

/ odkYjzpfygu usrf;acgif;pOf ]o[ó0w¬Kt|uxm

1

Zmwu|uxmü ,if;rax&ftm; u#uEüm&0goD zkóa'0rax&f[k

om azmfjyNyD; xdkrax&ftaMumif; rnfonfhtcsufudkrQ azmfjy rxm;ay

(Zm-| 4? 394)/

2

a0g[m&Zpfjrpf avhvmrIt& ]OwMu&S}udk OuúHo odkYr[kwf ]jy[&S}udk

]y[Ho}[k ygVda0g[m& ajymif;&ouJhodkY ]o[&S}udk ]o[Ho}[kom qdkEdkif

NyD; ]o[ó}[k rjzpfEdkifaMumif; jiif;qdkEkdif&monf/ odkYaomf ]0&f&S}ESihf

]0ó}? ]MuóQu} ]uóu} ykHpHrsm;rSm ]o[&S}rS ]o[ó} qif;oufvm

aMumif; tqdkudk jzpfEdkifajc ay;ygonf/ o[ó0w¬Kusrf;\ pmaytqihf

odkYr[kwf ]o[ó0w¬Kyum&P} [lonf ]Munf½TifzG,f 0w¬K

rsm;usrf;}[k t"dyÜm,fxGufrnfjzpfNyD; tawmftwef ESpfouf

zG,faumif;onf/ oó0w¬Kusrf;udk ]t&om&Sdaomjrpf} odkYr

[kwf ]&owdkYpD;qif;&m} odkYr[kwf ]MunfEl;zG,f zefwD;&Sif}[k

t"dyÜm,f&onhf ]&o0g[deDusrf;}ESihf EIdif;,SOfMunhfygu txuf

yg t"dyÜm,f zGifhqdkcsufrSmydkí aMumif;usKd;qDavsmfonfudk awGU&

onf/ odkYjzpfrl ]o[ó} ESihf ]&o0g[deD} acgif;pOfESpfckvkH;rSm

t"dyÜm,f wlnD&awmhrnf jzpfonf/ ,if;onf ]&o0g[deDusrf;}

onf ]oD[V0w¬Kusrf;}udk rDSjirf;jyKonf[laom tcsufudk

axmufcHjcif;jzpfonf/

&o0g[deDusrf;ü oD[V0w¬Kusrf;ESihf pum;vkH;rsm; wlnD

onhf 0gustrsm;tjym; yg&Sdonf/ &o0g[deDusrf;vm udÍöd

o*F[0w¬Kü bk&ifhxD;apmihfewf ½Gwfqdkaom *gxmonf pum;

vkH; wpfvkH;ESpfvkH;uvGJí o[ó0w¬Kü awGU&onhf *gxm

twdkif; jzpfonf/ a*g|£rÁ&rax&f &[EÅmjzpfNyD;aemuf ½Gwfqdk

aom*gxmonf &o0g[deDü ydkrdkaumif;rGefNyD; o'´ga&;rSefatmif

jyKjyifxm;onfuvGJí ESpfusrf;vkH;ü twlwljzpfonf/

txufyg ,lqcsufrsm;u ]tEk&m"yk&NrdKU? r[m0d[m&

ausmif;wdkuf? *kwå0*Fy&da0Pausmif;ae t&Sif&|ygvrax&f

a&;cJhaom o[ó0w¬Kusrf;onf at'D 14 &mpk t&Sifa0a'[

rax&fu &o0g[deDusrf;tjzpf jyefvnfjyKjyif rGrf;rHa&;om;cJh

aomusrf; rjzpfEdkifbl;vm;}[laomtar;udk jzpfay:vmaponf/

o[ó0w¬Kusrf;onf bmompum;rnufanm o'´ga&;

nHhaomfvnf; ordkif;wefzdk; rsm;pGm&Sdygonf/ ,if;usrf;onf xdk

acwftcsdefu usrf;jyKyk*¾Kdvf vufvSrf;rD &&SdEdkifaom rDScdktm;xm;

twef;rSqkH;jzwfvsuf a0g[m&Zpfjrpfwpfck taejzihfvnf; ,lqEdkifonf/

][ó}onf ][&f&S} rSjzpfap? ][m,S} rSjzpfap qif;oufvmEdkifonf/

vef'ef ygVdawmftoif; tbd"mefudkvnf; ½Iyg/ xdkYjyif ]awoH £'H

bmodwH [óuH a,0 orÜZÆwd (r 2? 234) udkvnf; ½Iyg/



a0P

1

ü oDwif;okH;aexdkifaom &|ygvtrnf&Sdrax&fu ,if;

oD[dkVfbmom 0w¬Krsm;udk ygVdbmomodkY jyefqdkcJhaomfvnf; ,if;

usrf;onf trSm;rsm;ESihf xyfcgwvJvJ jyqdkrIrsm; jynfhESufae

onf/ odkYjzpfí ]uREkfyf ,if;usrf;udk jyefvnfjyKjyif rGrf;rH a&;

om;ygtHh/ ,if;usrf;udk tm½kHpl;pdkufí em,lyg/ ,if;0w¬Krsm;udk

a&S;acwf &[EÅmyk*¾Kdvfrsm; ajym;jycJhonf jzpfaomaMumihf ,if;

ajymjycsufrsm;udk olawmfaumif;rsm; av;pm;&rnf}[k usrf;jyK

yk*¾Kdvfu qdkcJhonf/

14 &mpkwGif 0wf½kHopf qifjref;NyD; &o0g[deD emrnfopf

udk ay;cJhaomfvnf; ,if;usrf;yg taMumif;t&mrsm;onf a&S;

t&d,myk*¾Kdvfrsm;\ acwfqDodkY a&mufaeonf/ &o0g[deD usrf;

jyKq&m\ azmfjycsufrsm;tjyif ,if;usrfü vTrf;NcKHaeonhf tpOf

tvmrsm;\ a&S;usrIudk oufaojy&efvdkonhf pOf;pm;zG,f t

csufvuf rsm;pGm yg&Sdonf/

&o0g[deDusrf;onf o[ó0w¬Kusrf;udk rSDjirf;jyKaMumif;

a,bk,stm;jzihf okawoDynm&Sifrsm; oabmwlMuonf/ &o

0g[deDusrf; yPmrü &nfñTef;onhf t&Sif&|ygv\ usrf;onf

o[ó0w¬KjzpfEdkifaMumif; rSwfcsufay;xm;NyD; jzpfonf/ t&Sif

a0a'[rax&fu t&Sif&|ygonf a&S;acwf &[EÅmBuD;rsm;

oD[dkVfbmomjzihf ajymjycJhonfh 0w¬Kjzpf&yfrsm;udk ygVdbmomodkY

jyefqdk½kHrQom jzpfaMumif; jyqdkonf/ o[ó0w¬Kusrf;jyK yk*¾Kdvf

u ¤if;\usrf;onf oD[V|uxmusrf;ESihf q&mpOfajym½kd;

pum;udk

2

tajccHaMumif; twnfjyKonf/ ,cktcgwGif oD[V

|uxm[lonfudk &[EÅmyk*¾Kdvfrsm; oD[dkVfbmomjzihf a&;om;

xm;cJhonhf usrf;tjzpf a,bk,stm;jzihf ,lqMuonf/ odkYjzpfí

t&Sif&|ygvonf a&S;acwf &[EÅmyk*¾Kdvfrsm; oD[dkVfbmomjzihf

ajymjycJhaom 0w¬Krsm;udk ygVdbmomodkY jyefqdkonf[laom &o

1

(trnfem rxif&Sm;bJ aemufusEdkifzG,f&Sdonhf) a&S;q&mwpfyg; a&;onhf &o

0g[deD#Dumusrf;ü 0uFy&da0P[k azmfjyonf (,if;? pm-3)/

2

o[ó0w¬KH bmodóH? oD[V|uxme,H *PSdwGm p&d,0g'Íö/

onfrSm aocsmygonf/ ygVdt|uxm usrf;rsm;acwf at'D 5

&mpkxufyif a&S;usEdkifzG,f&Sdonf/ &o0g[deDusrf;vm 0w¬Krsm;

pGmonf Zmwfedygwfawmf tpOftvmü awGU&onhf Ak'¨&Sif

awmfjrwf\ twdwfb0 jzpf&yfrsm;ESihf ywfoufonf/ odkYwap

&o0g[deDESihf Zmwfawmfrsm;tMum;ü t"duESihf tajccH jcm;em;

csufrsm; &Sdonf/ Zmwfawmfrsm;ü wd&pämefrsm; pum;ajymonhf

0w¬K rsm;pGmygaomfvnf; &o0g[deDü usD;uef;iSuf wpfrsKd;om

¤if;\EIwfjzifh pum;ajymonfudk awGU&onf

1

/ Zmwu0w¬Krsm;ü

awGU&ouJhodkY vlom;bmompum;udk ajymqdkojzihf iSufrsm;udk

csD;rGrf;qdkjcif; r[kwfbJ iSufwdkY\ bmompum;udk em;vnfjcif;

twGuf vlom;tm; rGrf;qdkjcif; jzpfonf/ tjcm;aom wd&pämef

rsm;rSm ¤if;wdkY\ EIwfjzihfyif pum;rajymMuay/ 'k|*grPdrif;

BuD;\ jrif;ronf rdrd\tpm;tpmudk bdu©KoHCmtm; rQa0vkd

ojzihf rdrd\qE´udk yg;pyfrSrqdkbJ ajrBuD;cwfNyD; t&dyfedrdwfjyí

qdkonf

2

/ 'k|*grPd\qifonf BuD;jrwfonhf todynmESihf jynfh

pkHonf/ ¤if;tm; atmifajrudk &SmazGcGifhjyKaomfvnf; ¤if;tae

jzihf rdrd\r[mAsL[m tpDtpOfrsm;udk EIwfrS>ruf[í qdkEdkifpGrf;

r&Sday

3

/ avwGifysH0Jonhf Aka'¨eD\jrif;onfyif pum;rajymacs

4

/

tpOftvm a&S;usrIudk oufaojyKonhf &o0g[deDusrf;ü

awGU&onhf aemufwpfcsufrSm 0w¬Krsm;pGmwdkYü wefcdk;jym#d[mrsm;

udk awGU&jcif;jzpfonf

5

/ ewfa'0gwdkY vlom;a&SUwGif ay:vmNyD;

¤if;wdkYESihf wlnDonhf a0g[m&rsm;jzihf vGwfvyfpGm ajymqdkrIrsm;

yg0ifonfh tcsKdU0w¬Krsm;rSm 0drme0w¬Kudk owd&aponf

6

/

1

&o0g[deD 2? 52-64/

2

,if;? 67/

3

,if;? 75

4

&o0g[deD 1? 11/

5

ykHpHtm;jzihf &o0g[deD 2? 22?26? 41 wdkYudk ½Iyg/

6

ykHpHtm;jzihf &o0g[deD 2? 125? 169 wdkYudk½Iyg/



t0dZÆmoDoH p t[H 0demo,H} *gxmjzihf ,SOfMunhfyg/

odkYwap usrf;*efESpfckü txl;ojzihf trnfemrrsm;ESihfywf

oufí uGJjym;onhftcsufrsm;vnf; rsm;pGmyg&Sdonf/ ykHpHtm;jzihf

&o0g[deDusrf;vm r[m0gyd0d[m& trnfudk o[ó0w¬Kü

r[m0go0d[m&[k ac:xm;onf/ &o0g[deDü rif;BuD; uk¥&ZÆ

ESihf ckd;om;BuD; [m&Owdu trnfrsm;udk o[ó0w¬Kü uk@

&ZÆ? t&wd trnfrsm;jzifh awGU&onf/ ,if;odkYaom uGJjym;csuf

rsm;udk rsm;pGmawGUEdkifonf/ ,if;wdkYteuf tcsKdUrSm wpfqihf ul;

,lolrsm;\ trSm;rsm;jzpfEdkifonfrSm aocsmonf/

tcsuftvuf awmfawmfrsm;rsm;udk o[ó0w¬Kxuf &o

0g[deDusrf;u ydkrdk tao;pdwf azmffjyxm;NyD; ,if;udk aemufydkif;

wdk;wufrI\ oauFwtjzpf ,lqEdkifonf/ o[ó0w¬Kusrf;u

]{aum bkZa*g} a>rwpfaumif[k omrefqdkxm;ygu &o0g[deD

usrf;u ,if;udk ]a*geooayÜg} a>rayG; odkYr[kwf a>ra[muf[k

twdtus qdkonf/ o[ó0w¬Kü ]a*gvd,*gar p@mv

ykawåm}[k qdkonfudk &o0g[deDü ]a[av ’mvd *gar A[kavm

emr p@mvykawåm}[k twdtus qdkonf/ o[ó0w¬Kü

]owm&[*gxH 0wGm}[kqdkaomfvnf; &o0g[deDü ,if;*gxmudk

]uóy'oAave a'oem eE´jAm[®aPe p trSmuH okw

aomraAm"dowåó uxdwm y&rwK¬0EÅda,m owm&[ *gxm

a,m y&d0awåwGm} [k azmfjyonf/

wpfzefrl wpfcgwpf&H o[ó0w¬Kü jyqdkonfh xif&Sm;

onhf tcsufrsm;rSm &o0g[deDü aysmufaeonf/ odkYwap ,if;

jzpf&yfrsKd;rSm &Sm;&Sm;yg;yg; jzpfonf/

txufyg tcsuftvufrsm;t& tu,fí &o0g[deDusrf;

onf o[ó0w¬Kusrf;udk rDSjirf;rjyKvQif tenf;qkH; ,if;ESpf

usrf;vkH; wpfckwnf;aom rSDjirf;usrf;rS tcsuftvufrsm;udk &

,lonf[k qdkEdkifzG,f&Sdonf/ ,if;rDSjirf;usrf;rSm rnfodkYaom

usrf;jzpfrnfudk uREkfyfwdkY rajymEdkifacs/

&o0g[deDusrf;ü azmfjyonfhtpOftvmonf tvGefa&S;us

0g[deDusrf; azmfjycsuftm; þo[ó0w¬Kusrf;udk &nfñTef;rI

tjzpf ,lqEdkifonf/

usrf;pmESpfapmifvkH;udk aocsmpGm *½kpdkufzwf½I avhvmygu

,if;,lqcsufudk axmufcHygvdrfhrnf/ taMumif;t&mwGif om

ru 0gusrsm; wGJvkH;rsm; pmydk'fwpfckvkH;yif usrf;ESpfapmifvkH; wl

nDrI&SdMuonf/ &o0g[deD ta&;tom;onf o[ó0w¬Kxuf

ydkrdkpepfus acsmrGwfNyD; uspfvpfonfrSm oHo,jzpfzG,f rvdkacs/

odkYwkdifatmif &o0g[deDusrf;ü ]oD[dkVf-ygVd} tokH;tEIef;rsm;

1

ESihf

ygVdysuf oD[dkVfa0g[m&rsm;

2

yg0if aeqJjzpfonf/

usrf;pmESpfckvkH;ü pmvkH; wpfvkH;ESpfvkH;rSvGJí pmaMumif;csif;

xyfwlnDonhf *gxmrsm; yg&Sdonf/ ykHpHtm;jzihf &o0geDusrf;

udÍödo*F[0w¬Kvm –

]om"k om"k ukrm&dau? o'¨g, "r®ZD0deD/

wGH [d 'geH ''rmem? om"k ylZm o'g b0} *gxmESihf

o[ó0w¬K uk@doCFm0w¬Kvm –

]om"k om"k ukrm&dau? o'¨god "r®ZD0deD/

om"k 'geH t'god wGH? om"k ylZm o'g b0} *gxmwdkYudk

,SOfMunhfyg/ &o0g[deDusrf; a*gX,drÁ& 0w¬KwGif awGU&onhf

]o*Fgraoma@m y&owåKr'´aem?

ola&m p 0Da&m Av0g y&mbdbl/

½k'´ó ,u©óod&H 0demo,H?

udavooDoH p wawm 0demo,H} [laom *gxmESihf

o[ó0w¬Kvm ,if;0w¬Kü awGU&onfh

]o*Fgraoma@m y&owåK r'´aem?

ola&m p 0Da&m p Av0g y&mbdbl/

'kVK'´ó ,u©ó oDoH o,H 0demo,d?

1

ykHpHtm;jzihf ]&mZyk&daom oyÜð wkarS cg'dómrDwd waZÆaEÅm bm,m

ayod (&o0g[deD ? pm-33)/

2

Oyrm ]r[laev} (oD[dkVf rmaevf) &o0g[deD? pm- 62? ]aygaome}

(oD[dkVf aygaome) &o0g[deD? pm-11/

&o0g[deD0w¬Krsm;onf a&S;acwf tdE´d,ESihf oD[dkVfwdkY\ oGifjyif

"avhESifh vlrIa&;tajctaersm;ESihf ywfoufí opfvGifNyD; pdwf

0ifpm;zG,f tvif;a&mifwpfck ay;ojzihf ,aeYacwf uREfkyfwdkY

tzdkY tusKd;rsm;onf[k rSefuefpGm ½Ijrif,lqEdkifonf/ tcsKdU0w¬K

rsm;ü pdwful;,Of '@m&D wpf0ufavmufwGif ta&;ygonhf

ordkif;qdkif&m tcsuftvufrsm; yg0ifEdkif&monf

1

/

7/ ygVd oD[dkVf taxGaxGusrf;rsm;

bDpDokH;&mpku Ak'¨*,m r[maAm"dyifrBuD;rS ,laqmifvmcJhonhf

tEk&m"yk&NrdKU&Sd aAm"dyifordkif;udk azmfjyaom r[maAm"d0Ho

usrf;onf ,cktcg Oywdótrnf&Sdrax&f a&;cJhonf[k a,

bk,stm;jzihf vufcHxm;onhf ygVdpum;ajyusrf;jzpfonf/ usrf;

pma&;onhf acwfumvudkrl twdtus rowfrSwfEdkfifao;acs/

r[m0Ho#Dum (at'D 9 &mpkcefY)usrf;ü r[maAm"d0Houxm

[kac:aom usrf;wpfapmifudk &nfñTef;cJhonf

2

/ *dkif*g (Geiger)

onf ],aeYwdkif wnf&SdqJjzpfonfh r[maAm"d0Housrf;} tjzpf

,lqcJhonf

3

/ odkYwap rmvmvmaqau&url ,if; r[maAm"d

0Housrf;udk r[m0Ho#Dumxuf aemufusaMumif; ,lqonf

4

/

od&d"r®m&mrum; ,if;usrf;udk t&Sifr[mAk'äCmoESihf aygVKEé

½k0acwf t&Sifom&dykwå&mwdkY tMum;wGif xm;onf

5

/ acwft

ydkif;tjcm; rnfodkY&Sdap r[maAm"d0Housrf;onf a&S;acwf q&mh

q&mrsm; (ykAÁmp&d,auo&D[d) a&;om;cJhaom aAm"dyifordkif;

qdkif&m ydkrdka&S;usonhf usrf;pmwpfckudk tajccHcJhonf/ tqdkyg

rl&if;usrf;rSm ,cktcg aysmufqkH;oGm;NyD[k ,lq&onf/

1

Pali Leterature of Ceylon, p. 226. 2

r[m0Ho#Dum? pm-412/

3

'Dy0Ho ESihf r[m0Ho? pm-49/

4

r[m0Ho#Dum? ed'gef;? pm- 107/

5

Mahabodhivamsa-ganthipadavivaranaya, Preface, p.1

&o0g[deDüygonhf *gxmtrsm;pkrSm t&Sifa0a'[rax&f

\ a&;om;csufrsm; jzpfonf/ ]awem[k ayg&mPm? 0kwåH a[wH

ayg&maP[d? b0aEÅw¬? awe 0kwåH}ponhf ykHrSef pum;qufrsm;

jzihf usrf;pmwpfckvkH; ae&mtESHYtjym;wGif usrf;a[mif;rsm;rS *g

xmrsm;udk xnfhoGif;xm;onf

1

/ *gxmyk'frsm;udk &,lonhf usrf;

pmrsm;teuf r[m0Housrf;udkomvQif jyqkdonf

2

/

&o0g[deDusrf;vm oD[dkVfuRef;jzpf 0w¬Krsm;teuf ig;q,f

&mEIef;rSm a&m[et&yfrSjzpfNyD; q,fhig;&mEIef;rSm tEk&m"yk&

NrdKUrS jzpfonf/ usef0w¬Ktrsm;pkrSm em*'Dy? Owå&yó? 'u©dP

yóESihf ypädryó ponfjzihf jyefYusJaeonfh a'orsm;rS jzpf

onf/ 0w¬Kjzpf&yfrsm;\ jzpfay:&ma'oudk azmfjy&ef cufcJonhf

jzpf&yfrsm;vnf; yg&Sdonf/ txufü azmfjycJhonhf ae&ma'o

tm;vkH;rSm aemufqkH; bDpDokH;pkESihf at'Dyxr &mpkESpfrsm;twGif;

Ak'ömoemawmfxGef;um;cJhonhf ta&;ygonhf A[dkXmersm; jzpf

cJhonf/ txl;ojzihf a&m[PZeyk'ft&yf jzpfonf/ aemufay:

NrdKUawmfrsm; odkYr[kwf ae&ma'orsm; jzpfonfh ykvw¬dyk& (ayg

vkEé½k0) odkYr[kwf ZrÁKa'´gPd ('rÁa'Pd,)uJhodkYaom a'orsm;

udk &o0g[deDusrf;ü razmfjyacs/ þonfrSm pmaypkaqmif;rI

wpfckrSvmonfh 0w¬Kjzpf&yfrsm;onf tqdkygAk'ömoemESihf ywf

oufonhf tcsuftjcm ae&ma'orsm; rxif&Sm;vmrDuyif NyD;

pD;aeNyDjzpfaMumif; axmufjyEdkifzG,f&Sdonf/

&o0g[deDusrf;ü azmfjyonhf aemufqkH;bk&ifrSm tEk&m"

yk&NrdKUü at'D 249 rS 268 txd tkyfcsKyfcJhonhf od&dem*rif;

jzpfonf/ &o0g[deDusrf;vm c&pfay:NyD;aemuf tkyfcsKyfcJhonfh

aemufbk&if wpfyg;rSm 'kAÁd|d (r[m'gXdu r[mem*) at'D 67-

70 jzpfonf/ odkYwap xlyg&mr&Sd tod*¾g[uy&da0Pudk &nf

1

,if;? pm-116? 141? 143? 186/

2

,if;? pm-98? 101? 103? 122/



qdkNyD; vltaygif;tm; 'geponfü arGUavsmfapMuNyD}/ ]bdu©L

wó uxH okwGm *w*w|mae a'0 ykawåe uwur®H yum

aowGm A[kZae 'gem'Dok 'oukov uar®ok eda,maZokH

1

}/

]&[ef;awmfrsm;onf xkdyk*¾Kdvf\pum;udk Mum;NyD;aemuf a&muf

&mt&yfü ewfom; jyKvkyfonfhtrIudk azmfjyí vltaygif;tm;

'gepaom ukovur®yx 10 yg;ü arGUavsmfapMuNyD}/

tqdkyg Oyrmrsm;u ,if;0w¬Kjzpf&yfrsm;onf ae&ma'o

trsKd;rsKd;ü jzpfysufcJh(ww¬w¬LyyEémed)NyD; a&S;acwf &[EÅmt&Sif

jrwfwdkY oD[dkVfbmomjzihf ajymjycJhaMumif; (t&[m yka&

tbmokH 'Dybmom,) azmfjyonf/ tqdkyg0w¬Krsm;taejzihf

oD[dkVfvlxktMum; arG;zGm;&SifoefcJhonf [laomtcsufrSm rPd

ol&d,? ol&edr®vpaom tokH;rsm;onhf a0g[m&rsm;t& xif

&Sm;pGm od&onf

2

/ yk*¾Kdvfa&;trnfemrrsm;udk &Sif;jy&ef BudK;yrf;

rIrsm;rSm ,aeYacwf aus;vufae yk*¾Kdvfrsm;tm; tvGef vG,ful

onf/ &o0g[deDusrf;onf oD&dvuFm&Sd Ak'¨bmom bkef;BuD;

ausmif;rsm;ü ygVdoifausmif;om;rsm;\ yxrqkH;zwfpmtkyf

tjzpf ,aeYwkdifyif a&yef;pm;qJjzpfonf/

wpfcgwpf&H &o0g[deDusrf;onf r[m0HoESihf tjcm;wpf

ae&m&mü awGU&onfudk jznfhpGufNyD; tcsuftvufopfrsm;udk

ay;onf/ ykHpHtm;jzifh bk&ifod&em*udk tiftm;okH;í rif;jyKvm

onhf pGefYpm;olwpfa,muftjzpf r[m0Hoa&m &o0g[deDusrf;

yg oabmwlMuonf

3

/ r[m0Hoü od&dem*ukd uk@em*\

a,mufz[kqdkonf/ &o0g[deDt& od&dem*tm; ykPÖm;rsKd; vl

i,f[kod&ojzihf ¤if;taMumif; pdwf0ifpm;zG,ftcsuf jzpfonf/

tu,fí &o0g[deDtqdkudk vufcHrl uk@em*\ rdcif bk&ifr

onf ykPÖm; trsKd;orD;jzpfaMumif; xif&Sm;onf/

1

,if;? pm-26? 71? 84/

2

,if;? pm- 26? 71? 84/

3

r[m0Ho? tcef; 36? 21-23 *gxm/ &o0g[deD 2? pm-7/

ñTef;xm;onf

1

/ tod*¾g[u ]oefvsufudkifaqmifol} [laom

bJGUrSm tdEd,rS jrwfAk'¨\ auo"mwk qHawmf"mwfudk o,f

aqmifcJhonhf odvmumvudk *kPfjyK&ef yxr arm*¾v ’merif;(at'D 496-513)u *kPfjyKay;tyfonhf bGJUjzpfzG,f&Sdonf

2

/ odkY

jzpfí tod*¾g[uy&da0Pudk ,if;acwfrwdkifrD odkYr[kwf ,if;

acwfNyD;aemuf wnfaqmufcJhzG,f&Sdonf/ &o0g[deDusrf;ü azmf

jycJhonhf tjcm;rif;tm;vkH;rSm c&pfESpfrwkdifrDu rif;rsm; jzpfMu

onf/ umu0PÖwdó? 'k|*grPd? o'¨gwdóESihf vZÆdwdórif;

rsm;udk rMumcP azmfjyonf/

rmvmvmaqau&onf 0w¬Ktrsm;tjym;udk oD[dkVfwGif

yd#uwfokH;ykHudk ayxuftu©&mwifonhf 0¥*grPdrif; (bDpD

29-17) vufxufcefYtwGif; jzpfaMumif; rSwfcsufjyKcJhonf/ ¤if;

(rmvmvmaqau&)u rl&if;usrf;wpfckwGif xyfrH jznfhpGufjcif;

rsm;avm? odkYwnf;r[kwf xdk(0¥*grPdrif;)acwfNyD;aemuf rsm;

rMumrD rl&if;0w¬Kjzpf&yfrsm;udk pkpnf;cJhaMumif; azmfjyoavm[k

ar;cGef;xkwfcJhonf

3

/

&o0g[deDusrf;vm 0w¬Kjzpf&yfrsm;onf acwftqufquf

wGif oD[dkVfuRef;oluRef;om;rsm;twGif; tvGefYtvGef xif&Sm;cJhykH

&onf/ a&S;acwfrsm;ü &[ef;awmfrsm;onf rdrdwdkY<ua&muf&m

t&yfwdkif;wGif vl0wfaMumifrsm;tm; pm&dwå`rSifhwifa&;twGuf

a[majymñTefjycJhzG,f&Sdonf/ ]wó uxH okwGm bdu©L oEÅK|m

wawm y|m, *gred*r&mZ"meDok pm&duH p&rmem rEkómeH

wH orÜwåð 0aPÖwGm rEkaó 'gem'Dok a,m aZokH}

4

]xdkol\

jzpf&yfudk Mum;&NyD;aemuf &[ef;awmfrsm;onf ESpfoufyDwd jzpf

NyD; xdktcsdefrSpí NrdKU½GmZeyk'f rif;aejynfawmfwdkYü c&D;a'opm

&D<uMuaomtcg vltaygif;tm; ,if;0w¬Kjzpf&yfudk csD;rGrf;pum;

1

,if;? pm-123? 124/

2

r[m0Ho? tcef; 39? 49-56 *gxm/

3

Pali Literature of Ceylon, p. 225. 4

&o0g[deD 2? pm-13/




r[maAm"d0Housrf;um; tEkynmusrf;tjzpfa&m r[maAm

"dyif ordkif;usrf;tjzpfyg tNrJav;pm;jcif; cH&onf/ r[maAm"d

0Ho#Dum? r[maAm"d0Hoy&duxm ("r®jy'Dydumusrf;)? r[maAm

"d0Ho*E¦dy'0d0&P? r[maAm"d0Hoy'w¬0PÖemuJhodkYaom acwf

toD;oD;wGif a&;om;cJhonhf #Dumusrf;rsm;pGmu a&S;q&mwdkY

taejzihf r[maAm"d0Housrf;udk rnfrQ ta&;ygonf[k,lq

aMumif; azmfjyonf/ ,if;usrf;udk at'D 14 &mpk pwkw¬

y&uúrAm[krif;vufxufü 0dv*r®KvoHC&mZrax&fu oD[V

r[maAm"d0Housrf;trnfjzihf oD[dkVfbmomodkY jyefqdkcJhonf/

Ak'¨pG,fawmf"mwf ordkif;usrf;jzpfonhf 'gXm0Housrf;udk

at'D 12 &mpk (at'D 1197 ckESpfNyD;aemuf rsm;rMumrD jzpfEdkif

onf) wGif ppfolBuD; y&uúr\ awmif;yefrIaMumifh ykvw¬dyk&

(aygVKEé½k0)NrdKU t&Sifom&dykwå&m\ wynhfjzpfol t&Sif&mZ*k½k

"r®udwådrax&fu ygVdbmomjzihf a&;om;cJhonf/ usrf;jyKyk*¾Kdvf

u ¤if;\usrf;udk a&S;a&S;u oD[dkVfbmomjzihf a&;om;cJhonhf

Ak'¨pG,fawmf"mwfordkif;usrf;udk tajccHaMumif; azmfjyonf (*g

xmtrSwf 10)/ oD[dkVfbmomjzihf a&;om;xm;onhf 'gXm0Ho

oEé, ('gXm0Hoedó,)usrf;ü ,if;a&S;OD; oD[dkVfusrf;udk udwåd

od&darC0PÖrif; (at'D 362-389) vufxuf Ak'¨pG,fawmfudk

oD[dkVfodkY o,f,lvmpOf a&;om;cJhaMumif; qdkonf/ (,if;oD[dkVf

rl&if;usrf;udk r&Edkifawmhacs/) r[m0Housrf;

1

ü udwådod&darC

0PÖrif;onf pG,fawmf"mwfordkif;usrf;rsm;ü azmfjyonhftwdkif;

Ak'¨pG,fawmfjrwftm; ylaZmfcJhaMumif; qdkonf/ ,if;üazmfjyonfh

ordkif;usrf;[lonf t&Sif"r®udwåd rSDjirf;jyKcJhonfh oD[dkVfa&S;usrf;

jzpfzG,f&Sdonf/ *dkif*gurl r[m0Ho ñTef;qdkusrf;onf "r®udwåd\

'gXm"mwk0Housrf;jzpfaMumif; azmfjyonf

2

/ odkY&mwGif "r®udwåd

udk,fwkdifyif udwådod&darC0PÖrif;onf pG,fawmf"mwfudk yl

1

r[m0Ho? tcef; 37? 93 *gxm/

2

plV0Ho t*Fvdyfbmomjyef? twGJ 1? pm-7 atmufajcrSwfcsuf 4/

þ(taxGaxG)usrf;pm acgif;pOfatmufwGif ylZm0vd,?

&mZm0vd,? &mZ&wemu&,? xly0HoESihf "mwk0HouJhodkY

aom tjcm; rsm;pGmaom usrf;rsm;vnf; tzdk;wef orkdif;tcsuf

tvufrsm; yg&SdMuonf/

00000000

aZmf apmihfa&SmifhrIqdkif&m rSwfwrf;wpfapmifudk a&;om;apNyD;

aESmif;acwf rif;rsm;onf ,if;rSwfwrf;yg ñTefMum;csufrsm;udk

vkdufemMuaMumif; azmfjycJhonf

1

/ t&Sif"r®udwåd ,if;usrf;udk

ygVdbmomjzihf a&;om;&jcif;\ &nf½G,fcsufrSm oD[dkVf bmom

pum;udk rzwfwwfonhf tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;rS yk*¾Kdvfrsm;\ tusKd;

twGufjzpfonf

2

/

Ak'¨y&dedAÁmefpHcsdefrSpNyD; yÍörbk0aeuAm[k rif;vufxuf

(at'D 1360-1391) wdkifatmif oD&dvuFm Ak'¨bmomordkif;

tusOf;csKyf usrf;jzpfaomfvnf; edum,o*F[usrf;rSm tvGef

ta&;ygonf/ ,if;usrf;udk a,bk,stm;jzihf 'kwd,0D&Am[krif;

(at'D 1391-1397) vufxuf 'kwd,"r®udwådtjzpf xif&Sm;ol

a'0 &u©dw Z,Am[k r[mowå0d& a&;om;onf/

usrf;jyKyk*¾Kdvfonf ¤if;\usrf;udk (usrf;jyKol\ pum;t

wkdif;) ]aMumuf½GHUjcif;ESihf rsufESmvdkufjcif; uif;awmfrlMuonhf

a&S;rax&fwdkY a&;om;csufrsm;ESihf rsufarSmufacwfwGif jrifMum;

od&onfrsm;}udk tajccHonf

3

/ edum,o*F[usrf;jyKyk*¾Kdvfonf

a&S;rax&frsm;tm; ]aMumuf½GHUjcif;ESifh rsufESmvdkufjcif;uif;ol

rsm;} tjzpf t&nftcsif; owfrSwfjcif;rSm tvGef ta&;ygonf/

,if;rSwpfqifh xdkrax&fwdkY\ a&;om;csufrsm;onf bufrvdkuf

taMumufESifh rsufESmvdkufrI rvTrf;rdk;aMumif; azmfjyonf/ ,if;

azmfjycsufudk xdkusrf;\ wefzdk;tjzpf uREfkyfwdkY ,lqEdkifonf/

edum,o*F[usrf;jyKq&monf usrf;*efrsm;pGmESihf uREkfyfwdkY

,aeY r&Edkifawmhonfh Ak'¨bmomynm&Sif rsm;pGmudk od&SdykH&

onf/ ,if;usrf;onf r[m0d[m&*dkPf; oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmom

ordkif;usrf; jzpfonfrSm xif&Sm;onf/

1

'gXm? pm-406-4-7/

2

,if;usrf;? pm-10/

3

edum,o*F[? pm-1/



tcef; 1

tdE´ d,ordkif;aemufcH

oD[dkVfa&S;OD; Ak'¨bmomordkif;udk em;vnfNyD; auseyfrI&Sdap&ef

uREkfyfwdkYtaejzihf aemufcHordkif;tjzpf oD[dkVfuRef;odkY Ak'¨0g'udk

ydkYay;cJhonhf bDpDokH;&mpk tdEd,EdkifiHESihf ,if; (Ak'¨0g')udk cH,lcJh

onhf Ak'¨0g'rwkdifrD oD[dkVfuRef;wdkYESihf ywfoufí a,bk,s

tawG;tjriftcsKdU &Sdxm;&ef vkdayonf/ tdE´d,EdkifiHrS omoem

jyKyk*¾KdvfwdkY oD[dkVfuRef;odkY Ak'¨0g'udk o,f,lvmaomtcg ¤if;

wdkYonf Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf\ w&m;"r®udkomru tdE´d,Ak'¨bmom

,Ofaus;rIESihf xkH;wrf;pOfvmwdkYudkyg o,f,lvmcJhonf/ oD&d

vuFm&Sd Ak'¨bmomqdkif&m ylaZmfrIrsm;? tcrf;tem;rsm;? yGJawmf

rsm;eSihf apmihfxdef;rI tm;vkH;eD;yg;avmufrSm a'oqdkif&m jyKjyif

ajymif;vJrI tenf;rSwpfyg; oD&dvuFmodkY acwfOD;ykdif; tdEd,

omoemjyKrax&fwdkY ay;tyfcJhonfh usifhpOf tpOftvmrsm;om

jzpfMuonf/ odkYjzpfí oD&dvuFmodkY Ak'¨0g' a&muf&Sdvmonhf

acwfwGif tdE´d,ü xGef;um;aeaom tajctaersm;ESihf ywf

ouf í tawG;tjrifwpf&yf &Sdxm;&ef OD;pGm vdktyfonf/

Ak'¨0g'onf bDpD ajcmuf&mpkwGif Am&mPoDNrdKU £odywe

t&yfü yÍö0*¾Dig;OD;wdkYtm; Ak'&Sifawmfjrwfu w&m;OD;a'oem

a[mMum;jcif;jzihf todynmESihf udk,fusifhw&m;qdkif&m vIyf&Sm;rI

wpf&yftaejzihf pwifcJhonf/ Ak'¨oufawmfxif&Sm; &SdpOftwGif;

**Fgjrpf0Sef;a'otwGif; wjznf;jznf; jyefYESHYoGm;NyD; 0dE¨,mawmif

ausmufpm trdefYjyefwrf;rsm;rS tuJjzwfEdkifonf/ ausmufpm

trSwf 2? 5 ESihf 13 wdkYwGif taomuvufatmufcH EdkifiHrsm;udk

azmfjyxm;onf/ awmifzufwGif apmV (Cholas) wdkif;? yef'sm

(Padyas)? owd,ykwå(Satiyaputras)ESifh au&mvykwå (Keralapu-

tras) wdkif;rsm;ü qkH;onf/ ajrmufzufwGif ¤if;\tifyg,monf

[dr0EÅmawmifajcodkYwkdif us,fjyefYonf/ uuf&SfrD;,m;ESihf eDayg

EdkifiHrsm;&Sd taqmufttkHrsm;u ,if;wdkYonf taomu tifyg

,m\ tpdwftydkif;rsm; jzpfcJhaMumif; azmfjyMuonf/ taemuf

ajrmufzufwGif qD&D,ef;bk&if tef;wD;a,mhcf(Antiochus)\ e,f

y,fodkYwkdif a&mufcJhojzihf bk&iftef;wD;a,mhcf\ vufatmuf

cH yg&Sm;ESifh qD;&D;,m;odkYwdkif us,fjyefYcJhonf/ ,0e (Yavanas)?

uarÁmZ (Kambojas)ESihf *E¨m& (Gandhāras) wdkif;oljynfom;rsm;

tm; taemufajrmufzufwGif aexkdifolrsm;tjzpf azmfjyonf/

taomu\ bdk;awmf pE´*kwårif;onf bDpD 304 cefYwGif ppfcsDrI

wpf&yf atmifjrif NyD;qkH;NyD;aemuf tvufpE´mbk&if\ ppfolBuD;

wpfOD;jzpfol qJvsLuyfpf (Seleucus)xHrS t&D;,m; (Aria)? tm&m

acsm&Sm;(Arachosia)? a*N'dK&Sm; (Gedrosia)ESihf y½dkyedqma' (Paro-

panisadai)[laom e,fy,f av;ckudk odrf;,lcJhonf/ xdkYjyif bDpD

262 cefYwGif us,fjyefY jyif;xefonhf ppfyGJudk qifETJNyD;aemuf

taomuonf uvd*Fwdkif;udk atmifEdkifcJhonf/

]bk&if taomuvufatmuf&Sd tdE´d,tpdk;&onf w&m;

Oya'ESihf EdkifiHa&;tjrift& bk&if{&mZf pepfom jzpfonf/ odkY

wap t&yfa'o rsm;pGmwdkYü tdE´d, tcsKyftjcm tmPmydkifpdk;rI

onf taemufwkdif; oufOD;qHydkif bk&ifpepfxuf rsm;pGm ydkrdk

uefYowfrIrsm; &Sdonf}

1

/

vlYtzGJUtpnf;udk bmoma&;ESihf bmoma&;r[kwfonhf vl

wef;pm;rsm;jzihf wnfaqmufxm;onf/ bmoma&;yk*¾Kdvfrsm;wGif

jAm[®P? orPESihf ygo@[k okH;rsKd; uGJjym;onf/ ygo@rsm;

1

Mookerji's Asoka, p. 47.


onf NcdK;NcHpGmusihfMuHonhf rax&fBuD;rsm;tm; pdwfrcsrf;ajrU jzpf

aponhf okH;pGJrItopf q,frsKd;udk jyKvkyfMuonf

1

/ xdktcsdefu

t&Sif,o? t&Sifa&0wESihf t&SifoAÁumrd[laom oHCem,u

r[max&fokH;yg;\ vrf;ñTefrIjzihf a0omvDNrdKUü 'kwd,oH*g,

emwifNyD; 0ZÆD&[ef;wdkY jyKvkyfonhf q,fcsufudk rSm;,Gif;azmuf

jyefaMumif; jyifqifcJhMuonf/ Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf\ rSefuefpifMu,f

onhf "r®onf wpfpkHwpfckaom tcsdefxd oefY&Sif;aecJhonf

2

/

'kwd,oH*g,emNyD;aemuf ax&0g'r[kwfbJ rSm;,Gif;olrsm;

tjzpf owfrSwfcH&aom &[ef;tkyfpkonf tjcm;wpfae&mwGif

pk½kH;MuNyD; pifNydKifoH*g,emwifvsuf ax&d,*dkPf;ESihf jcm;em;

aom r[moHCdu (odkYr[kwf r[moH*Dwd)trnfjzifh *dkPf; wpf

ck wnfaxmifMuonf/ aemuf&mpkESpfrsm;twGif; ax&0g'*dkPf;

uGJ trsKd;rsKd;ESifhtwl *dkPf;BuD; q,fh&Spf*dkPf; ay:aygufcJhonf

3

/

bDpD av;&mpk ukefcgeD;wGif pE´*kwåarm&d,rif;onf cefYrSef;

ajc tmz*efepöwefrS rdkifqdk (Mysore)e,fxd EdkifiHudk csJUxGifvsuf

BuD;rm;NyD; wefcdk;xefonhf tifyg,mudk wnfaxmifonf/ ,aeY

acwf tdE´d,tjyifbufESihf ygudpöwef taemufzsm;a'oxd e,f

y,frsm;onf pE´*kwårif;\ tifyg,m atmufwGif &SdcJhonf

4

/

pE´*kwårif;\om; AdE´Kom&onf zcif\ tifyg,mudk xdef;

xm;Edkif½kHru awmifydkif;a'oodkYyif csJUxGifcJhzG,f&Sdonf/ bDpD

274 cefYwGif AdE´Kom&\om; taomuonf pGrf;&nfESihfjynhfpkH

onhf aum#dvspmPusuJhodkYaom EdkifiHawmftMuHay;yk*¾Kdvfrsm;

\ vdr®muRrf;usifonhf vrf;ñTefrIjzihf {u&mZfbk&ifBuD; ESpfyg;

wnfaxmifcJhaom tifyg,mBuD;udk qufcHonf/ bk&iftaom

u\ tifyg,m twdkif;tqudk rif;BuD;udk,fwkdif xkwfjyefcJhonhf

1

0d 4? 491/

2

0d-| 1? 27/ r[m0Ho? tcef; 4/

3

r[m0Ho? tcef; 5? 1-5 *gxm/ edum,o*F[? pm 5-6/

4


wef;ESihf [dr0EÅmawmifwef;rsm;tMum;&Sd tdE´d,ajrmufydkif; EdkifiH

i,frsm;pGmwdkYü wnfwhHjyefYESHYcJhonf/ bk&ifrif;rsm;? trwfBuD;rsm;?

olaX;ol<u,frsm;ESihf ukefonfBuD;rsm;? ykPÖm;rsm;ESihf v,form;

rsm;onf xdkacwfu vufcHxm;NyD;jzpfonfh oDtdk&DESihf usifhpOf

tcsKdUudk qefYusifawmfvSefonhf Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf\ opfvGifonhf

"r®vrf;pOfudk vdkufemusihfokH;vmMuonf/

bDpD 483 cefY Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf y&dedAÁmefpHvGefawmfrlcsdefwGif

tdE´d,ajrmufydkif;&Sd ta&;ygonhf EdkifiHtm;vkH;eD;yg;rQukd ,if;

awmfvSefonhf "r®vrf;pOfopfu euf½Idif;pGm vTrf;rdk;oGm;NyD;jzpfykH&

onf/ r[my&dedAÁmeokwfawmft& aemufcHordkif;trsKd;rsKd;&SdMu

onfh EdkifiH&Spfckonf Ak'&Sifawmfjrwf\ "mwfawmfa0pkudk &vdk

aMumif; awmif;qdkMuonf/ þonfrSm Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwftaejzihf

,if;EdkifiHrsm;ü udk,fawmfjrwf\ tqkH;trudk emcHolwynhf rsm;

pGm&SdaMumif; azmfjyjcif;jzpfonf/ odkYwap Ak'¨y&dedAÁmefpHNyD;aemuf

ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm Mumonhfwkdif rnfonhfEdkifiHurQ Ak'¨\"r®udk Edkif

iHawmf\ bmomw&m;tjzpf owfrSwfonf[laom tcsufudk

oufaojy&ef taxmuftxm; r&Sdacs/

Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf y&dedAÁmefpHNyD;aemuf rsm;rMumrD rdk;&moD 0g

wGif;umvwGif xdktcsdefu Ak'¨\wynhfom0ursm;teuf odu©m

0g tBuD;qkH;ESihf touf&SifqJjzpfonhf t&Sifr[muóyrax&f

OD;aqmifNyD; rm*"bk&if tZmwowåK\ taxmuftyHhjzihf &mZ

N*dK[fNrdKUü yxroH*g,em wifonf/ ,if;\ &nf½G,fcsufrSm Ak'¨

&Sifawmfjrwf\ w&m;rSefrsm;udk pepfwus pkpnf;&ef jzpfonf/

,if;oH*g,emwifyGJBuD;ü Ak'¨\teD;aeom0u t&SiftmeE´mESihf

t&SifOygvdwdkYrSm t"du OD;aqmifyg0ifolrsm; jzpfMuonf

1

/

&mpkESpf wpfckcefYtMum bDpDav;&mpk yg#vdykwfbk&if um

vmaomurif;vufxuf a0omvDNrdKU r[m0kefausmif;wkdufae

rsKd;½dk;udktaMumif;jyKí rSnfhac:rIt& 0ZÆD[kwGifonhf &[ef;tkyfpk

1

0d-| 1? 4/ r[m0Ho? tcef; 3/

46 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif; tdE´d,ordkif;aemufcH 47

vmNyD;aemufrSom Ak'¨0g'tay: ESpfESpfumum ouf0ifvmNyD;

rif;BuD;udk,fwkdif vkdufemusihfokH;rIrsm; jyKcJhonf/ r[m0Housrf;

1

ü bk&iftaomuonf apmapmykdif;umvrsm;ü ¤if;\ &ufpuf

Murf;wrf;rIaMumifh p@maomu(vlMurf;taomu)[k xif&Sm;cJh

aomfvnf; w&m;"r®ESihf arGUavsmfol jzpfvmNyD;aemuf "r®maom

u[k xif&Sm;vmaMumif; azmfjyonf

2

/

o'¨ð 0oeuyk&daom/ 0d-| 3? 351) PTS ygVdtbd"mefusrf;üvnf;

bdu©K*wdu (-*wdu wnfyk'fatmufwGif Munhfyg) yk'fudk awGU&onfrSm

ygXfysuf t|uxmpmrlrS &,lxm;jcif; jzpfzG,f&Sdonf/ tawGUtBuKHEkol

wpfa,muftzdkY zwf&cufonhf oD[dkVfta&; ]b}ukd ]*}tjzpf vG,f

vG,fyif rSm;,Gif;Edkifonf/

bk&iftaomu\ &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;ESihf eD;uyfpGmqufqHrIonf

oHCmawmfrsm;ESihf &if;ESD;uRrf;0ifrI odkYr[kwf eufeJonhf "r®tvif;udk

&&Sd&eftwGuf wpfckwpfckaom tcsdefydkif;xd oHCmawmfrsm;ESihf twl

bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufwpfckü twlwuGaexdkifjcif;rsm; &SdEdkifonf/ edum

,o*F[usrf; (oD[dkVfbmomusrf;? pm-7) ü taomurif;BuD;onf

t&Sifarm*¾vdykwåwdórax&f\ ausmif;wkdufü bmom0g'trsKd;rsKd;udk

avhvm&ef ckepf&uf aexdkifcJhaMumif; azmfjyonf/ þü bk&iftaomu

udk twl,l&ef BudK;pm;cJhNyD; xdkYaMumifhyif w½kwftaomurif;[k a,bk

,stm;jzihf owfrSwfcH&vsuf ausmif;wdkufwpfckü &[ef;awmfrsm;ESifh

twl aexdkifcJhol at'D 5 &mpk w½kwf {u&Zf vD,ef ODxnf (Lian-u-thi, 5th century A.D.) taMumif;rSm pdwf0ifpm;zG,f jzpfonf/

1

r[m0Ho 5? 189 *gxm/

2

rlum*sD(Mookerji)u ,if;'@m&D azmfjycsufrsm;rSm owåKMurf;udk a½T

tjzpfodkY ajymif;vJypfonhf bmomw&m;udk trTrf;wifjcif; jzpfaMumif;

,lqonf (Asoka, p. 5)/ trSefaomf ausmufpmtrSwf 13 ü uvd*F

ppfyGJtwGif; rif;BuD;\ &ufpufMurf;MuKwfrItwGuf aemifwylyefrI pdwf

rcsrf;ajrUrIESifh ywfoufonhf ckdifvkHonhfrSwfcsuf yg&SdNyD;jzpfonf/ ,if;

ausmufpmü rif;BuD;onf xdktcsdefu p@ ]Murf;wrf;ol} wpfa,muf

jzpfaMumif; azmfjyonf/ rlum*sD\ ]taomu} pmtkyf pmrsufESm 165

atmufajcrSwfcsuf trSwf 6 udkvnf; ½Iyg/

teuf xdkacwfu txif&Sm;qkH;rSm taomurif;BuD; udk,fwdkif

ausmufxGif;*lrsm; vª'gef;cJhzl;onhf ed*P²rsm;ESihf tmZD0ursm;

jzpfMuonf/ ausmufpmtrSwf 9 ü azmfjyonhftwdkif; xdktcsdef

u vlBudKufrsm;aom bmomw&m;ü tESpfrJh yGJvrf;obifrsm;

ESihf t,lonf;rIrsm; jynhfaeykH&onf/ rdom;pkb0 tawG;tjrif

rSm tqihftwef; jrifhykH&onf/ wd&pämefwdkY\ MuifempGm jyKrl&ef

awmif;qdkrIudkyif todtrSwfjyKonf/ orPjAm[®Prsm;ESihf t

jcm; &aoh&[ef;rsm;udk axmufyhH&efrSm tdrf&mwnfaxmifolrsm;

\ wm0efjzpfonf/ trsKd;orD;rsm;\ aumif;usKd;ESihf tqifhjrihf

a&;udk txl;tav;ay;onf/ trsKd;orD;ta&;ESifh ywfoufí

wm0ef,l&onhf oBwDtZÑur[mrwåac: 0efBuD;rsm;&Sdonf

1

/

ynma&;b0onf bk&m;ausmif;rsm;ü t"dutm;jzihf A[dk

jyKonf/ odkYwap ynmoifMum;jcif;ESihf ,Ofaus;rIonf vlxk

tMum;rSmyif cGJjcm;rI &SdykH&onf/ vlxktrsm; zwf½Iem;vnfvdrfh

rnf[k ,lqNyD; taomuausmufpmrsm;udk ouúwbmomjzifh

ra&;bJ t&yfokH;bmompum;jzihf a&;om;xm;jcif;onf omref

vlwef;pm; vlxktwGif; pmayzwf½IEdkifol OD;a&rsm;jym;aMumif;

ñTefjyonf/ Aifqif at qrpf (Vincent A. Smith)u ]taomu

acwf Ak'¨bmom0if vlxktMum; pmayzwf½IwwfrI &mEIef;rSm

vuf&Sd NAdwdoQtkyfcsKyfcH tdEd,EdkifiHa'otrsm;&Sd vlOD;a&xuf

ydkrsm;Edkifrnf[k uREfkyfxif\}[k qdkcJhonf

2

/

taomuacwfu tdE´d,wGif yg#vdykwåESifh a0'domuJhodkY

aom NrdKUBuD;rsm;pGm&Sdonf/ pE´*kwåbk&ifhw&m;½kH;odkY a&mufvmol

AkdvfcsKyf qJvsLuyfpf (Seleucus)\ *&doHwref ar*gpoif;eufpf

(Megasthenes)u yg#vdykwfNrdKUawmfudk arQmfpif 570 ESihf *dwf

aygif;rsm;pGm&Sdonhf NrdKU½dk;wHwdkif;jzihf um&Hxm;aMumif; azmfjycJh

onf/ NrdKUawmfwpfavQmufwGif ay 600 us,fNyD; vufvH 30

1

taomu ausmufpmtrSwf 11/

2



tdE´d,ordkif;aemufcH 49

eufaom usKH;&Sdonf

1

/ uuf&SfrD;,m;&Sd &S&Dem*gNrdKUESihf eDayg&Sd NrdKU

awmfrsm;rSm taomuudk,fwdkif wnfaqmufcJhonf[k ,lq&

onf/ EdkifiHawmf wpfvTm;ü yg#vdykwf&Sd taomum½kH ausmif;

wdkufuJhodkYaom bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufBuD;rsm;ESihf qefcsDESihf bm&

[kw t&yfrsm;rSmuJhodkY apwDykxdk;rsm;jzihf jynhfaeonf/ ]Ak'¨0g'

ESihfywfouforQteuf "mwfawmfapwDtm; ylaZmfrIudk trSefyif

taomurif;u tpjyKcJhonf}

2

/

taomurif;onf Ak'¨0g'Dtjzpf arG;cJholr[kwfay/ ¤if;\

zcifESihf bdk;awmfwdkY\ bmomw&m;ESihf ywfoufí tawmf

twef aocsmrI r&Sdaomfvnf; ¤if;wdkY Ak'¨0g'D r[kwfMuonfrSm

aocsmonf/ tjcm;rnfonhf ae&mwGifrS axmufcHjcif;? qefY

usifjcif;r&Sdaom *sdef;0g'tpOftvm wpfckt& taomu\ bdk;

awmf pE´*kwårif;onf *sdef;0g'D jzpfaMumif;ESihf b0oufwrf;

ukefqkH;onfxd b0aemufqkH; aeY&ufrsm;udk &[ef;0wfjzihf ae

xkdif&ef xD;eef;udk pGefYcJhaMumif;qdkonf

3

/ 'dAsm0'geusrf;wGif

crnf;awmf AdE´Kom&rif;onf taomurif; xD;eef;udkqufcH

rIESihfywfoufí ar;jref;vdkojzihf yd*Fv0ó (Pingalavatsa) t

rnf&onhf tmZD0uudk xD;eef;odkY yihfzdwfcJhaMumif; rSwfwrf;

wifxm;onf

4

/ r[m0Ho#Dumusrf;

5

ü oD[dkVfbmom rZÑdredum

,t|uxmusrf;udk udk;um;vsuf Zeometrnf&onhf tmZD

0u &[ef;onf bk&ifAdE´Kom&rdom;pk udk;uG,fcH yk*¾KdvfjzpfNyD;

¤if;onf t0wfrpnf;onfh bkef;BuD;jzpfaMumif; azmfjyonf/ þ

azmfjycsufrS Zeome tmZD0u &[ef;onf 'd*rÁ& (Digambara)

1

Cambridge Shorter History of India, I. p. 21. 2

Sir John Marshall: The Moauments of Sanchi, I. p. 21. 3

Cambridge Shorter History of India, I. p. 34. 4

Mookerji; op. cit, p. 3, 5. 5

r[m0Ho#Dum? 192-3/ (odkYaomf þtaMumif;t&mudk t&Sifr[mAk'

aCmo\ rZÑdredum,t|xmü razmfjyay/ bmomjyefol)

*dkPf;0if *sdef;bkef;BuD;jzpfaMumif; em;vnf&onf/ r[m0Ho#Dum

usrf;

1

ü Zeometrnfudkyif aemufazmfjycsufwpf&yf awGU&

ao;onf/ ,if;azmfjycsufü Zeomeonf AdE´Kom&bk&ifh rdzk&m;

\ rdwfaqGESifh twdkifyifcHyk*¾KdvfjzpfaMumif; qdkonf/ orEÅygom

'dum

2

ESihf r[m0Ho

3

ESpfusrf;vkH;ü AdE´Kom&onf jAm[®P0g'D jzpf

aMumif;? jAm[®P0g'D *dkPf;trsKd;rsKd;rS &[ef;rsm;udk qnf;uyf

aMumif;? bk&iftaomuonf okH;ESpfywfvkH; ¤if;zcif\ t,l

0g'udk vkdufemusihfokH;cJhNyD; tbdodufcHNyD;aemuf av;ESpfajrmuf

wGif Ak'¨0g'DjzpfvmaMumif; wlnDpGm qdkMuonf/ taomutae

jzihf *ltcsKdUudk tmZD0ursm;tm; vª'gef;cJhonfudk axmufí ¤if;

taejzihf rdrdudk,fwkdif tcsdefumv wpfcktxd udk;uG,fcJhNyD; rsKd;

½dk;pOfquf udk;uG,fcJhonhf tmZD0u &[ef;rsm;tm; ylaZmfrIjyKcJh

aMumif; ñTefjyonf

4

/

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r&Sdao;acs/ Ak'¨0g'D &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;

5

ESihf eD;uyfpGm qufqH

1

r[m0Ho#D? 190/

2

0d-| 1? 44/

3

r[m0Ho 5? 34/

4

Am&mAm& awmifukef;&Sd edaj*m"ESihf cgvwdu ausmufxGif;*lrsm;/

5

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BuD;onf trSefyif Ak'¨0g'D&[ef;jyKoGm;aMumif; qdkvdkonf[k ,if;0gusudk

t"dyÜm,f aumuf,lMuonf/ ynm&Sif rlum*sD(Mookerji)url bdu©K*wdu

tqihfudk ñTefjyjcif; jzpfEdkifonf[k BuHcJhonf/ ynm&Sif A½l;0g (Barua)\(Inscriptions of Asoka, II, p. 334)yg rSwfcsufudkvnf; ½Iyg/ trSwfpifppf

bdu©K*wdu r[kwfbJ bdu©Kbwdu ]&[ef;oHCmudk qnf;uyfol} ('D 2?

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bdu©Kbwdu[lonf ]bkef;BuD;ausmif; wpfckü &[ef;awmfrsm;ESihftwl

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pmrsm;üvnf; jynfolY 0w å&m;tjzpf txl;jyK azmfjycJhonf/

bmomt,l0g' ajrmufjrm;pGm wnf&Sdaeonhf tifyg,m

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tm;vkH;udk ajymqdk awmif;yef&rnhf udk,fusifhw&m; pepfwpfck

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í rif;BuD;onf ¤if;\ ausmufpmrsm;wGif rMumrcP okH;EIef;cJh

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csif; taygif;toif; aus;uRef rDSckdol qif;&J'ku©a&mufaeol

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Mu,frItay: cdkifrmonhf pdwfqE´ESihf tusKd;rJh rjzKef;wD;bJ pk

aqmif; acRwmjcif;}txd t"dyÜm,frsm;jzihf udk,fpm;jyK zGihfqdkcJh

onf/ "r®[laom pum;vkH;atmufü taomurif;BuD; t

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vl½dkif;rsm;ESihf ,Ofaus;NyD; EdkifiHrsm;? tdEd,EkdifiHom;ESihf tdEd,

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bk&iftaomuonf trsm;qdkif bmomw&m; wpfckudk wnf

axmif&ef BudK;yrf;cJhNyD; ,if;\ BudK;yrf;csufonf ordkif;wGif

yxrqkH; jzpfzG,f&Sdonf/

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1

oHCm

awmfrsm;\ aumif;aom vrf;ñTefrIrSwpfqifh taomurif;BuD;

onf ajymif;vJoGm;onf/ ,if;onf rif;BuD;\ b0wpfcsKdUauGU

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"r®udk a[mMum;rIrsm;onf us,fjyefYvmcJh\}

2

/ rif;BuD;onf

aemufxyf atmifjrifrIrsm;twGuf oefvsuf"m;udk qGJrxkwf

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atmifjrifoltjzpf ,lqjcif; cH&ap\}

3

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bmjAKausmufpm (Bhābru Edict) ESihf rd*'g0kef? aumorÁDESihf

qefcsDt&yfwdkYü awGU&onhf ausmufpmwdkifwdkYü azmfjycsuft&

,cktcsdefwGif Ak'¨0g'onf bk&iftaomu\ t"duudpö jzpf

vmonf/ taomuonf Ak'¨0g'udk tdE´d,\ EdkifiHawmfbmom

jzpfaponhf yxrqkH;aom bk&ifjzpfonf/ taomuxHrS Ak'¨

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onf/ &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;udk &nfñTef;onhf bmjAK ausmufpm

ü bk&iftaomuonf bdu©Krsm;? bdu©KeDrsm;ESihf Oyoum Oyg

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ckepfckudk rMumcP Mum;emqifjcif&ef wdkufwGef;xm;onf/ rd*

'g0kef? aumorÁDESihf qefcsD ausmufpmwdkifrsm;ü oHCmoif;uGJrIudk

jzpfay:aponhf rnfonhf bdu©K bdu©KeD rqdkudk vl0wfvJ&

rnfjzpfNyD; bkef;BuD;ausmif;rsm;ü aexkdifcGifh rjyK&ef trdefYxkwf

1

ausmufpmtrSwf 13/

2

ausmufpmtrSwf 13/

3

ausmufpmtrSwf 13/



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vIyf&Sm;onhf pdwf0ifpm;rIudk &,lcJhonf/

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onf/ ausmufpmtrSwf 13 ü ]tu,fí wpfpkHwpfa,mufonf

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aomuylyefrIudk r&&SdMuap&ef tvdk&Sd\}[k qdkonf/ rif;BuD;

onf ausmufpmtrSwf 9 ü ]rif;jrwfr[m\ udk,fusihfoDvudk

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jzihf axmufyHhrIrsm;udkom jyKvkyfcJhonf/

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taomuonf bmoma&;ESihf ywfoufonhf tvm;wl onf;cH

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1

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traumif;rsm; wkd;wufrIü pdwf0ifpm;awmfrl\}

2

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1

ausmufpmtrSwf 7/

2

ausmufpmtrSwf 12/



csLpf (Antiochus)ESihf ,if;\ tdrfeD;csif;rsm; tygt0if ae&mwdkif;

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\/ aq;zuf0if opfjrpf opfoD;rsm; r&Sdao;onhf ae&mwkdif;ü

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a&;twGuf opfyifrsm; pdkufysKd;ap\}[k qdkonf/

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onfh vlrIa&;aumif;usKd;aqmif½GufrI tm;vkH;onf bmomw&m;

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onf rwnfNrJbJ ½kyfydkif;qdkif&m ulnDaxmufyHhrIom jzpfNyD; ,if;

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owd {wm&doH 'geH ,m&doH "r®'geH)

1

/

odkYjzpfí rif;BuD;onf "r®jyefYyGm;a&; &nf½G,fcsufjzihf ,cif

u rwnf&Sdzl;ao;onhf (e blwjyKAÁ) ]"r®r[mrMw}[kac:onhf

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2

/ ausmufpmtrSwf 5 ü

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atmufajcrSwfcsuf 2)/

1

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2

ausmufpmtrSwf 5/

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Mwm)rsm; jyKcJhonf

1

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2

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om;rsm;\ bmomw&m; todpdwf"mwfrsm; jynhf0vm&efESifh

udk,fusihfaumif;rGefonhfb0odkY Edk;<uvmap&ef bk&iftaomu

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orD;½kyfykH cif;usif;jyorIrsm;? o½kyfazmfrIrsm; yg0ifonhf ESpfouf

zG,f ewfavmu oGifjyifrsm;jzihf jynfoltaygif;tm; qGJaqmif

vsuf pnf;½kH;vIHYaqmfcJhonf

3

/ bmjAKausmufpmü azmfjycsuft&

Ak'¨usrf;pmrsm;udk a[mMum;jcif;udkyif bmoma&;qdkif&m yGJvrf;

obifrsm;jzihf aqmif½GufcJhykH&onf/

1

ausmufpmtrSwf 8/

2

ausmufpmtrSwf 3/

3

ausmufpmtrSwf 4/



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twGufa&m awm½dkif;wd&dpämefrsm;twGufyg aumif;Edk;&m&m aq;

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jcif;ESihf ig;rQm;jcif;rsm;udk txl;aeY&ufrsm;ESihf Ak'¨bmom Oykof

aeYrsm;ü wm;jrpfcJhonf/ ]txJwGif ouff&Sdrsm;&Sdaeonhf opfoD;

tcsKdUudkyif rD;r½IdU&/ taMumif;rJhjzpfap? tMurf;jyKrlvdkí jzpfap

(ouf&Sdowå0grsm; twGuf) opfawmrsm;udk rD;r½IdU&/ ouf&Sdrsm;

onf tjcm;ouf&Sdrsm;\ tpm;tpm rjzpfap&}[kvnf; trdefY

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omjzpfa&;twGuf o&ufO,smOfrsm; pdkufysKd;jcif;? wpfaumo

0uf tuGmta0;wkdif;ü a&wGif;a&uefrsm; wl;jcif;? em;ae

aqmif p&yfwefaqmif; aqmufvkyfjcif;? ae&mtESHYwGif a&jzefY

jzL;a&;Xmersm;zGifhxm;jcif;rsm; jyK&rnf} [k qdkonf/

taomurif;BuD;onf rdrd wkdif;oljynfom;rsm;\ aumif;

usKd;udkom aqmif½Gufjcif;jzihf tm;&auseyfjcif; r&Sday/ rdrd

tifyg,m\ tjyifzuf txl;ojzihf rdrdtkyfcsKyfonhf e,fy,fESihf

uyfaeonhf EdkifiHrsm;odkY tm½kHpdkufcJhonf/ oD[dkVfodkY &nfñTef;

zG,f&Sdaom tcsufrsm;ygonhf ausmufpmtrSwf 2 wGif ]rif;BuD;

tkyfcsKyfonhf e,fedrdwftwGif;ESihf tpGeftzsm;&Sd apmV (Cholas)?

yef"sm (Pāndyas)? owd,ykMw (Satiyaputras)? au&mvykMw

(Keralaputras)ESihf wrÁyPÖD

2

(Ta½bapa½º¿)? *&dbk&if tefwD,kd

1

taomu ausmufpmyg wrÁyPÖdonf oD[dkVfuRef;udk qdkvkdovm; odkY

wnf;r[kwf tdEd,awmifydkif; wdEéD (Tinnevelly) jrpf0Srf;&Sd wmr&myg&feD

(Tāmraparº¿) jrpf0Srf;a'ovm; qdkonhftcsufESihf ywfoufí t,ltq

uGJjym;vsuf&Sdonf/ A½l;0g; (Barua) a&;om;onfh ]taomuausmufpm

rsm;} (Inscriptions of Asoka) usrf;? tydkif; 2? pm- 235-6 ü Ta½bapa½º¿

(wrÁyPÖD)[laom a0g[m&ESihf ywfoufí &Snfvsm;onfh aqG;aEG;csuf

wpf&yfyg&Sdonf/ Aifqif at qrpf (Vincent A. Smith)url xdkpum;vkH;udk

oD[dkVfudk &nf½G,fonf[k r,lqbJ wdEéD(Tinnevelly) jrpf0Srf;&Sd wmr&m

yg&feD (Tāmraparº¿) jrpfudk ,lqonf/ a&;acsmif"l&D (Raychaudhuri)um;

,if;pum;vkH;tm; oD[dkVfuRef;udk &nf½G,fonf[k ,lqonf/ *&doHwref

ar*gpoif;epfpf (Megasthenes)u oD[dkVfuRef;tm; wmy½dkAmeD (Taprobane

= wrÁyPÖdudk qdkvkdonf)[k &nfñTef;cJhonf/ ,if;azmfjycsufonf tdE´d,

EdkifiHwGif;rSma&m tjyifrSmyg taomuacwf rwdkifrDuyif oD[dkVfuRef;

tm; ,if;(wrÁyPÖd) trnfjzihf trsm;odMuNyDjzpfaMumif; azmfjyonf/

A½l;0g;onf ,if;a0g[m& rnfonfudk &nfñTef;onf[laom tcsufudk

azmfrjycJhay/ aqG;aEG;rI tNyD;wGif olu ]ygVdESifh oD[dkVf bmomrsm;jzihf

a&;om;onhf Ak'¨bmomordkif;usrf;rsm;ü a'0geHyd,wdórif; vufxuf

Ak'¨omoem jyefYyGm;a&;twGuf oD[dkVfuRef;odkY taomurif;BuD; apvTwf

vdkufaom Ak'¨omoemjyK tzGJUtaMumif;udk twdtus azmfjyxm;onf/

xdkYjyif tpOftvmt& at'D yxr&mpk tapmydkif;wGif a&;om;cJhonhf

]y&d0g&ygVd} y&d0gygVdawmfüyif xdkemrnfudk rSwfwrf;wifxm;onf/ odkY&m

wGif udk,fydkif (ordkif;) cGeftm;&Sdonhf taomuausmufpmrsm;udk aqG;

aEG;aejcif;jzpfí uREfkyfwdkYtaejzihf ,if;odkYaom pmaytpOftvm tqdk

udk tajccHtjzpf oD[dkVfudk rsufESmomay;onfhtaejzihf r,lqoihfacs}

[k qdkonf/ odkYwap rlum*sDurl taomuausmufpmyg wrÁyPÖdudk

oD[dkVfuRef;tjzpf tcdkiftrm ,lqonf/ ¤if;;u ]xdkYjyif tifyg,mBuD;

wpfckudk tkyfcsKyfolwpfa,muftm; wdEéDjrpf0Srf;a'ouJhodkYaom ae&mi,f

udk ¤if;\EdkifiHawmftjyifzuf a'orsm;tjzpf ñTefjyaMumif; pOf;pm;&ef

rarQmfvihfEdkifygacs/ aemufqkH;wGif rif;BuD;\om;awmfu ,if;tifyg,m

\ bmomw&m;udk ay;tyfcJhonfh oD[dkVfonf rif;BuD;\ vlom; aumif;


tdE´d,ordkif;aemufcH 59tdE´d,ordkif;aemufcH 59

usKd;aqmif vkyfief;ESihf vlrIa&; aumif;usKd;aqmif½GufrIrsm; yg0if

onhf taomurif;BuD;\ Ak'¨omoemjyKvIyf&Sm;rI e,fy,f t

wGif;ü &SdaeNyDjzpfonf/ t&Sifr[dE´\ oD[dkVfuRef;ü vkyfaqmifrI

tcsdefumv(bDpD 252)onf rsm;pGmaemufusojzihf ,if;vkyfief;

tm; taomuausmufpmrsm;ü azmfjy&ef rjzpfEdkifacs/ odkYwap

t&Sifr[dE´\ vkyfief; tajccHtwGuf rsm;pGm jyifqifxm;NyD;

jzpfonhf oD[dkVfESihf taomurif;w&m;BuD;wdkY\ qufqHrIrsm;

taMumif;udk jyqdkxm;onf

1

/

1

Mookerji : p. 36.

00000000

e,fjcm;a'o&Sd tjcm;vlrsKd;rsm;tMum; cefYtyfxm;onf/ "r®udk

vdkufem usihfokH;olrsm;\ aumif;usKd;csrf;omESihf qif;&JrSvGwf

ajrmufjcif;wdkYtwGuf ,if;trwfrsm;udk ppfom;rsm;? ppfAdkvfcsKyf

rsm;? jAm[®Pbmom *dkPf;uGJrsm;? *[ywdrsm;? cdkudk;&mrJholrsm;?

tdkrif;rpGrf;ol oufBuD;½G,ftdkrsm;ü cefYtyfxm;onf/ xdktrwf

rsm;onf tusOf;om; jzpfrIqefYusifa&; vkyfaqmif&ef? arG;uif;

puav; rsm;pGm&Sdolrsm; odkYr[kwf touft½G,faMumifh uH

raumif; taMumif;rvSbJ qif;&J'ku©a&mufaeolrsm;tm; vGwf

vyfcGifhay;jcif;wdkYtwGufvnf; vkyfydkifcGifh tmPm&Sdonf/

ausmufpmtrSwf 13 wGif ]t"du atmifjrifrI[k rif;w&m;

BuD;,lqNyD; tifyg,m twGif;tjyif&Sd vltaygif;tm; Budrfzef

rsm;pGm atmifjrifNyD; jzpfonhf} a"r®0dZ,ac: w&m;jzihf atmifrI

BuD; taMumif;udk azmfjyonf/ rif;BuD;\ "r®0dZ,onf qD;,m;

bk&if tefwD ,kdcsyfpf (Antiochus)? tD*spfbk&if ywdkavrD (Ptol-

emy)? rufqD'ef bk&if tefwD*dkeyfp (Antigonus of Macedon)?

qdkif&DeD bk&if r*ghpf (Magas of Eyrene)? tDyD&yfpf bk&if tvuf

pE´m (Alexander of Epirus) bk&ihfEdkifiHrsm;ESihf apmV? yef'sm (Pan-

dyas = yef*syf)rS onf wrÁyPÖd(oD[dkVf) EdkifiHrsm;txdyif us,f

jyefYcJhonf/ rif;BuD;u qufvufazmfjyonf ]ae&mwdkif;ü vl

trsm;onf rif;w&m;BuD;\ bmomw&m; oGefoifqkH;rrIudk

vdkufem usihfokH;vsuf&SdMu\/ rif;w&m;BuD;\ oHwrefrsm; oGm;

a&mufjcif;r&Sdonhf EdkifiHrsm;ü aexdkifolrsm;yif rif;BuD; avhusihf

tm;xkwfrI? pl;prf;rIESihf "r®vkdufemusihfokH;rIrsm;udk Mum;&jcif;ü

¤if;wdkYudk,fwkdif vkdufemusihfokH;NyD; aeMuvdrfhrnf/ "r®jzihf atmif

Edkifjcif;onf t&yfa'o tm;vkH;udk atmifEdkifjcif;rnf\/ wpfzef

t&yfa'otm;vkH;udk atmifEdkifjcif;onf arwåmcHpm;rI\ &vm'f

jzpf\/ w&m;aom atmifEdkifjcif;rsm;wGif arwåmudk &&Sd\}/

oD[dkVf ygVdbmom tpOftvmrsm;ü

1

t&Sifr[marm*¾vd

1

0d-| 1? 37/ r[m0Ho 5? 191 *gxm/

64 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif; tdE´d,ordkif;aemufcH 61

ykwåwdórax&f\ oifMum;csufrsm;aMumifh taomurif;w&m;

BuD;onf xdkrQavmuf (vlrIaumif;usKd;? Ak'ömoemhtusKd;aqmif

½GufrI) twdkif;twmjzihf Ak'ömoemawmfESihf aqGrsKd; awmfpyfol

tjzpfqdkEdkifcGifh r&Sdao;[kqdkvkdonfh ypönf;av;yg; axmufyHhol

]ypö,'g,um}omvQif jzpfao;aomaMumihf Ak'ömoemawmf

ESihf aqGrsKd;awmfpyfol Ak'ömoemhtarGcH ]omoe'g,m'} jzpf

vmEdkif&ef om;awmf r[dEÉSihf orD;awmf oCFrdwåmwdkYtm; om

oemhabmifodkY 0ifa&mufapcJhaMumif; rSwfwrf;wifxm;onf/

rif;BuD;\ oHCmawmfrsm;tay: jrihfrm;pGm av;pm;rIESihf tm;

ay;rIwdkYaMumihf oHCmrsm;twGif; rvdkvm;tyfonhf tusifhysuf

rIrsm; ay:vmaomaMumihf nDñGwfrIESihf Nidrf;csrf;rIudk taESmihf

t,Suf jzpfaponf/ ax&0g'u vufcHxm;onhf ,lqcsufrsm;

usifhpOfrsm;ESifh qefYusifonfh *dkPf;uGJtrsKd;rsKd; ay:aygufcJhonf/

,if; tajctaeonf taomubk&iftm; yg#vdykwåNrdKUawmfü

wwd, oH*g,emwif&ef wGef;tm;ay;cJhonf

1

/ &nf½G,fcsufrSm

]yd#uwfokH;ykHudk p,fMu,fap&efESihf t"r®0g'Drsm;udk okwfoif&ef

jzpfNyD; taomu\ t"dupdk;&drfrIrSm rnfonhf awG;ac:ajrmfjrif

rI odkYr[kwf bmom0g'a&;&m w&m;"r®xufrqdk EdkifiHawmfu

wnfaqmufxm;onhf bmoma&; taqmufttkHu ydkNyD;t"du

jzpfonf}

2

/ ax&0g'todkuftNrKHudk jiif;qdkolrsm;onf &mZN*dK[f

NrdKUteD; emvE´mNrdKUü oD;jcm; oH*g,emwpfck wifMuonf/ ,if;

tkyfpktopfrS ,if;wdkY\ udk,fydkifusrf;*efrsm;udk a&;om;vsuf

*dkPf;udk;*dkPf; jzpfay:cJhonf

3

/ taomurif;BuD;onf oHCm

pnf;vkH; nDñGwfrIESihf ywfoufí ausmufpmwdkifrsm;jzihf wdus

onhf trdefYtmPmrsm;

4

? oHCmoif;uGJrIudk jzpfay:apol rnfol

rqdkonf vlxGuf&rnfjzpfNyD; bkef;BuD;ausmif;rS xGufcGmoGm;&

1

0d-| 1? 45/ r[m0Ho 5? 228 *gxm/

2

Sir John Marahall: The Monuments of Sanchi, I,p. 22. 3

edum,o*F[? pm? 7-8/

4

rd*'g0kef? aumorÁDESihf qefcsD ausmufpmrsm;/

rnf[k xkwfjyefxm;onftxd tvGef pdk;&drfonf/ ]a,bk,s ,l

qcsuft& taomu\ taxmuftyHhjzifh jzpfay:vmonfh yd#

uwfawmfonf wwd, yg#vdykwå oH*g,emudk jzpfay:aponhf

ygVdtpOftvm\ ppfrSefrIudk twnfjyKonf}

1

/

wwd,oH*g,emNyD;aemuf ,if;oH*g,em\ oHCmhOaoQmif

jzpfNyD; tajrmftjrif BuD;rm;awmfrlonhf t&Sifr[marm*¾vdykwå

wdórax&f\ vrf;ñTefrIjzihf Ak'ömoemawmf t&SnfcHh wnf

whHa&;twGuf oD[dkVftygt0if udk;EdkifiHodkY omoemjyKyk*¾Kdvfrsm;

udk apvTwfcJhonf

2

/ taomurif;BuD;\om;awmf t&Sifr[m

r[dEónf oD[dkdVfuRef;ü Ak'ömoemawmf wnfwHha&;twGuf

wm0efay;jcif; cH&onf/ oD[dkVfbk&if a'0geHyd,wdórif;BuD;

onf tdE´d,bk&ifxH tzdk;wef vufaqmifyPÖmrsm;ESihftwl oH

wrefrsm;udk tdE´d,odkY apvTwfNyD; rdwfaqGjzpfvdkrIudk azmfjyNyD;jzpf

onhftwdkif; taomutaejzihf rdrd\vkyfaqmifcsufrSm oD[dkVf

uRef;ü tvGefYtvGef tusKd;jzpfxGef;rnf jzpfaMumif; awG;rdcJhykH&

onf/ tdE´d, Ak'ömoemjyKtzGJUrsm; oGm;av&m a'owdkif;ü

atmifjrifcJhonf/ a,meu"r®&u©dw rax&fuJhodkYaom *&dvlrsKd;

rsm;yif Ak'¨0g'D&[ef;awmfrsm; jzpfoGm;Muonf/ odkYwap taom

urif;BuD;\ Ak'¨0g'a&;&m aqmif½GufrI a'otm;vkH;teuf

oD[dkVfonf tusKd;tjzpfxGef;qkH; jzpfonf/ ]ausmufpmrsm;wGif

azmfjyoa½GU oD[dkVfuRef;tm; ausmufpmtrSwf 2 ESihf 13 wdkYü

wrÁyPÖdtjzpf azmfjyNyD; ¤if;\ "r®0dZ,EdkifiHawmf tpDtrHudk

wdk;csJU&ef "r®'lwrsm; apvTwfcJhaom edkifiHrsm;pm&if;ü taomu

rif;BuD;udk,fwkdif xnhfoGif;xm;NyD;jzpfonhf EkdifiHwpfcktjzpfvnf;

azmfjyonf/ odkYjzpfí ,if;ausmufpmrsm;udk a&;om;csdef (bDpD

258-257)wGif ausmufpmtrSwf 2 t& oD[dkVfonf awm½dkif;

wd&pämefrsm;ESihf vlom;rsm;\ qif;&JrI oufoma&;uJhodkYaom t

1

Barua: Inscriptions of Asoka, II,p. 379. 2

0d-| 1? 47/ r[m0Ho 7? 1 *gxm/



rsm;tjzpf wrÁyPÖd? 0dZdwyk&ESihf Oywdó*gruJhodkYaom tjcm;

a'orsm; &SdcJhonf/ odkYwap y@Kumb,rif;u bDpDav;&mpk\

aemufqkH;ESpfrsm;wGif tEk&m"yk&NrdKUudk xif&Sm;onhf NrdKUawmft

jzpf `rSifhwifvkdufcsdefrSpí tEk&m"yk&onf vuFmuRef;EdkifiH\

NrdKUawmftjzpf &mpkESpfaygif; q,fhESpfck cefYrQ Mumanmif;cJhonf/

bDpDokH;&mpk ukefqkH;csdefwGif tEk&m"yk&NrdKU\ Adokumynm

wdk;wufrIrSm tqihfjrifh tajctaeodkY a&muf&SdNyD; jzpfykH&onf/

tEk&m"*grudk yxrOD;pGm wnfaqmufcJhNyD; rdrdemrnfjzihf ac:

wGifapcJhol y@Kumb,\ OD;av;awmf tEk&m"onf rdrdae

xdkif&ef &mZa*[ac:onhf tdrfwpfaqmif aqmufvkyfcJhonf

1

/

y@Kumb,onf &efolrsm;udk ESdrfeif;NyD; tEk&m"yk&NrdKUodkY 0if

a&mufaomtcg OD;av;awmftEk&m"onf atmifjrifol wlawmf

armiftm; rdrd\tdrfudk ay;tyfNyD; tjcm;tdrfwpfaqmif oGm;

a&mufaexkdifonf

2

/ tEk&m"yk&rwdkifrD eef;pdkufNrdKUawmfjzpfonfh

onf/ ,if;aus;½Gmrsm;ü 0dZdwNrdKUawmf yg0ifonf – 0dZdwH e*&H (r[m

0Ho? 7? 41)/ wpfzef r[m0Ho tcef; 10? 42 *gxmü ]uv[H e*&H

emr *garm ww¬ uawm t[k = uv[NrdKU[kac:onhf aus;½Gmudk xdk

ae&mü wnfaqmuf\}[k qdkonf/ a&m[Pt&yf&Sd r[m*grudk ,if;NrdKU

awmftaejzihf t&Sdeft0gESihf <u,f0rIudk tEk&m"yk&NrdKUESihf NydKifqdkifvsuf

awmifydkif;a'oNrdKUawmf jzpfvmNyD; aemufydkif;umv txdyif r[m*gr

]½GmBuD;}[k tNrJwrf; ac:a0:cJhonf/ at'D wpf&mpkü ywdkavrDu ¤if;\

oD[dkVfuRef;ajrykHü tEk&m"yk&tm; taema&mj*r® (Anourogram-mon)[k

ac:a0:onf/ ywdkavrDonf tEk&m"yk&taejzihf tvGefwdk;wufNyD; um

vESihf oD[dkVfEdkifiH\ xD;pdkdufNrdKUawmf txift&Sm; jzpfaeckdufrSmyif ,if;

NrdKUawmftm; ]j*r®H} (j*mr = *gr = aus;½Gm)[k okH;EIef;cJhonf/ t&Sifr[m

Ak'¨aCmo\ ],ó *gró tEk&m"yk&aó0 a'G £E´cDvm (0d-| 1?

214)/ *gr[laoma0g[m&udk tajccHrlvtm;jzihf tkyfpk? tpkta0;? t

odkif;t0dkif; odkYr[kwf tajccsaexkdifrI t"dyÜm,frsm;jzihf okH;EIef;onf/

1

r[m0Ho 9? 2/ tEk&m"onf tdE´d,ajrmufydkif;rS &,lonhf tpDtpOfjzihf

wnfaqmufcJhykH&aomaMumihf ,if;udk txl;jyK azmfjy jcif;jzpfonf/

2

r[m0Ho 10? 73-74 *gxm/


tcef; 2

Ak'¨0g'rwdkifrD oD[dkVfEd kifiH

(1) vlrIa&;tajctae

bDpD okH;&mpkwGif oD[dkVfEdkifiH\ NrdKUawmfrSm tEk&m"yk& jzpfonf/

rlvtEk&m"½Gmtm; NrdKUawmftjzpfodkY wdk;wufatmif aqmif½Guf

cJholrSm y@Kumb, (377-307 bDpD) jzpfNyD;

1

¤if;taejzihf

tvGef aumif;rGefpGm wnfaqmufcJhykH&onf/ y@Kumb,rif;

rwdkifrDu oD[dkVfwGif NrdKUawmftaejzihf txl;jyKac:a0:Edkifonfh

ae&m r&Sdao;acs/ vltrsm;aexkdifonhf tcsuftjcmae&m tm;

vkH;udk *gr(½Gm)[k ac:a0:onf/ odkY&mwGif r[m0Ho\ a&S;OD;

u@ü *gre*&[laom pum;vkH;rsm;udk aus;½GmNrdKUBuD; NrdKUi,f[k

rcGJjcm;bJ okH;EIef;cJhNyD;

2

ae&ma'owpfck\ t½G,ftpm; tus,f

t0ef;ESifh ywfoufí qkH;jzwfrIwpf&yf&&Sd&ef rjzpfEdkifacs/ tEk

&m"yk&NrdKUawmf rxif&Sm;vmrD tcsdefwdktwGif; tpdk;& ½kH;pdkufNrdKU

1

r[m0Ho? tcef; 10? 75 *gxm/

2

*grESihf e*&[laom ygVdtokH;ESpfrsKd;rSm xifxif&Sm;&Sm; jcm;em;rI&Sdonf/

*gr[lonf aus;½Gm? e*&[lonf NrdKU jzpfonf/ ykHpHtm;jzihf awe acg ye

ora,e oked"0óum&m r*"r[mrwåm yg#vd*gar e*&H rmayEÅd

0ZÆDeH y#dAm[m, = xdktcsdefü oked"ESifh 0óum &trnf&onhf r*"

EdkifiH\ trwfcsKyfESpfa,mufwdkYonf 0ZÆDwkdif;om;wdkYudk xdef;csKyfEdkif&ef

yg#vd½Gmü NrdKUwpfNrdKUudk wnfaqmufaeMuonf} ('D 2? 53)/ odkY&mwGif

r[m0Ho a&S;OD;u@rsm;ü ,if;cGJjcm;rIudk todtrSwf rjyKcJhacs/ ykHpHtm;

jzihf r[m0Ho tcef; 7? *gxmtrSwf 41 wGif 0dZ,EdkifiHawmf\ trwf

rsm;onf a'otrsKd;rsdK;ü aus;½Gm rsm;pGmwdkYudk wnfaqmufMuonf[k qdk

&onf/ ,if;Xme t&m&Sd\wm0efrSm ntcsdef tpdk;&tkyfcsKyfrI

udk pDrHa&;jzpfonf/ xdktcsdefrSpí NrdKUawmfü e*&*kwådvrsm; &Sd

vmcJhonf

1

/ ,if;onf aESmif;acwfrsm;ü NrdKUawmf0ef\ a&SUajy;

ykHpH jzpfzG,f&Sdonf/

tEk&m"yk&NrdKUawmfteD;ü yef;jcHESpfck&Sdonf/ eE´e0e(aemif

tcg aZmwd0e[k ac:wGifcJhonf)onf awmifzuf*dwf tjyif

avmufwGif NrdKUawmfESihf qufvkeD; jzpfonf/ t&Sifr[dE´ oD[dkVf

uRef;odkY a&mufNyD;aemuf rsm;rMumrD&ufrsm;twGif; w&m;trsm;

pkudka[mcJhonfrSm þeE´0efO,smOfwGif jzpfonf

2

/ r[marC

0eO,smOfrSm y@Kumb,\om;awmf rk#od0rif; wnfaxmif

cJhNyD; opfoD; yef;rmefrsm; xGufonf

3

/ þO,smOfrSm NrdKUawmfESihf

reD;ra0;wGif&SdNyD; NrdKUawmfta&SUbuf*dwf tjyifbufavmufwGif

wnf&Sdonf

4

/ ,if;O,smOfxJwGif bk&iftwGuf wnfaqmufxm;

aom bk&ifhtdrfawmf(&mZa*[) &Sdonf/ t&Sifr[mr[dE´rax&f

tdE´d,rS <ua&mufNyD;aemuf &ufaygif;rsm;pGm oDwif;okH;cJhonf

rSm þbk&ifhtdrfawmfü jzpfonf

5

/ yef;jcHwGif;ü om,monhf a&

avSmifuefrsm; a&tdkifrsm;&Sdonf/ O,smOf0if;twGif; uuk"0gyd

trnf&Sd a&avSmifuefi,fESihf

6

bk&ifhtdrfawmf ajrmufzufü

r½kwåtrnf&Sd a&tdkif&SdaMumif; azmfjyonf

7

/

,if;O,smOfxJü (y@Kumb,\) OD;av;awmf tEk½k'¨rif;

wl;azmfcJhonfh a&avSmifuefwpfck wnf&SdNyD; jzpfaomfvnf;

8

y@Kumb,rif;onf NrdKUawmftm; a&jzefYjzL;&ef a&avSmifuef

wpfck xyfrHwl;azmfcJhonf

9

/ NrdKUawmfjyifbufü y@Kumb,rif;

1

r[m0Ho 10;80-81/

2

r[m0Ho 15;1/

3

r[m0Ho 11;2/

4

r[m0Ho 15;8? 11/

5

r[m0Ho 1;12? 30/

6

r[m0Ho 15;52/

7

r[m0Ho 15;30/ r[m0Ho#Dum? pm-344/

8

r[m0Ho 10;88/

9

r[m0Ho 9;11/

Oywdó*grü {uxlPdu[kac:onhf xif&Sm;onhf taqmuf

ttkH wpfcktaMumif;udkvnf; od&onf/ {uxlPdu [laom

trnfemrt& wdkifwpfvkH;wnf;jzihf wnfaqmufxm;onhf ,if;

tdrfudk y@Kumb,\ OD;av;awmfrsm;u ¤if;wdkY\ nDrawmf

pdwåmtm; om;awmf xGef;um;jcif;rS umuG,f&ef tusOf;csvdkí

wnfaqmufcJhaomfvnf; ,if;onf ratmifjrifonhf BudK;pm;rI

om jzpfonf/ ,if;taqmufttkHudk av0ifavxGuf jywif;

ayguf (*0u©)rsm;jzihf wnfaqmufxm;onf

1

/

a'0geHyd,wdó rif;BuD;vufxuf (bDpD 247-207)üyif

tEk&m"yk&NrdKU½Sd taqmufttkH tenf;i,frSm tm;vkH;eD;yg; xyf

wlnDpGm &Sdaeao;ykH&onf/ taqmufttkH ypönf;rsm;ESihf tawGU

tBuKH&ihfusihfonfh Adokumynm&Sifrsm; csKdUwJhaezG,f&Sdonf/ ykHpH

tm;jzifh a'0geHyd,wdórif;onf t&Sifr[dE´twGuf oihfwihf

avsmufywfonhf aep&mtaqmufttkHwpfckudk rawGUEdkifjcif;

jzpfonf/ rif;BuD;onf tvsiftjrefyif ½THUtdrfwpfckaqmufvkyf

vsuf ,if;udk tjyifu rD;½IdUNyD; ajcmufatmif jyKvkyfonf/ ,if;

tdrfudk ajcmufaoGUatmif rD;½IdUonhf taMumif;aMumihf eH&Hrsm;

rnf;eufvmNyD; ausmif;udkvnf; umVygom'y&da0P ]jymom'f

eufausmif;}[k ac:wGifcJhjcif; jzpfonf

2

/ ,if;ausmif;udk rnfodkY

1

r[m0Ho 10;95-102/

2

r[m0Ho 25;203? 204/

ygarmu© *dkif*g (Geiger)u ]oDCH Ouúm, oku©maywGme rwådum}

0gusudk ]rif;BuD;onf ½THUtkwfrsm;udk rD;jzihf tvsiftjref ajcmufatmif jyK

vkyfap\} (r[m0Ho? t*Fvfyfbmomjyef/ He had the bricks of cla dried speedily with fire.)[k bmomjyefxm;onf/ odkYwap rwådum [laom a0g

[m&onf ]tkwf}teufudk ra[mbJ ]&THU? ½THUap;}udkom a[monf/ t

u,fí ]tkwf} teufudk qdkvdkcJhvQif yk'ftrSefjzpfonhf ]£|dum} yk'fudk t

vG,fwul okH;EIef;cJhEkdifonf/ umVygom'y&da0Pausmif;onf opfom;

acsmif; ½THUap;jzihf aqmufvkyfonfh taqmufttkH jzpfzG,f&Sdonf/ jref

jref NyD;atmifaqmufvkyfvdkí odkYr[kwf taqmufttkH jyKvkyfNyD; eH&Hrsm;

ajcmufae[efjzpfapvkdí ½THUap;udk rD;`rIduf tajcmufcHvdkufykH&onf/ a'0g


Ak'¨0g'rwdkifrD oD[dkVfEdkifiH vlrIa&;tajctae 69

wnfaqmufcJhonf [laomtcsufrSm &Sif;vif;rIr&Sdacs/ odkYwap

ausmif;aqmuf&ef zkwfNyD;tkwfrsm;udk r&Edkif? tenf;qkH; NrdKUawmf

twGif;ü vG,fulpGm r&EdkifonfrSm aocsmonf/

tu,fí ydkrdkoifhavsmfonhf ae&mxkdifcif;udk ay;&ef tajc

tae&SdvQif a'0geHyd,wdórif;BuD;taejzihf bk&if taomu\

om;awmf tdE´d,\txl;{nfhonf bk&ihfomoemjyK yk*¾Kdvftm;

,if;odkYaom oDwif;okH;p&mausmif;rsKd;udk ay;tyfrnf r[kwfay/

a'0geHyd,wdóonf t&Sifr[dE´tm; tvGefav;pm;awmf

rlí tjcm;yk*¾Kdvfrsm; ydkifqkdifNyD;jzpfonhf tdrfwpfckudk oljrwf

yk*¾Kdvftm; vª'gef;vdkpdwfr&Sd[k jiif;qdkEdkifonf/ odkYwap ,if;odkY

jzpfzG,fr&Sd/ taMumif;rl a'0geHyd,wdóonf t&Sifr[dE´ <u

a&mufNyD; 'kwd,aeYwGif t&Sifjrwftm; r[marC0etwGif;&Sd

tdrfwpfaqmifü wpfnwm oDwif;oHk;&ef yihfzdwfonf/ t&Sif

jrwfuvnf; vufcHonf

1

/ ,if;tdrfrSm tenf;qkH; bk&if? rdzk&m;

ESihf eef;awmf ta>ct&Hrsm;jzpfonhf tjcm;yk*¾Kdvfrsm; tokH;jyK

NyD;jzpfrnfrSm oHo, jzpfzG,frvdkacs/

NrdKUawmfü vltrsm; pnf;½kH;pka0;&eftwGuf cef;rBuD; &SdykHr&

acs/ NrdKUaevltrsm; t&Sifr[dE´udk zl;ajrmfNyD; w&m;emvdkMuaom

tcg rif;BuD;onf eef;awmfOypmtwGif;ü vkHavmufonhf cef;r

wpfckr&Sdonfudk odjrifojzihf bk&ifhpD;awmfqifxm;onhf cef;rudk

eHyd,wdórif;BuD;tm; xlyg½kHapwD wnfaqmufrnhf tkwfrsm; jyKvkyf

&ef tvkyform;rsm; &&SdvkdaMumif; taMumif;Mum;vkdufonf (r[m0Ho

17;38)/ odkYjzpfí xkdtcsdefu tkwfjyKvkyfenf;udk wwfodNyD;jzpfonf/

r[m0Housrf;taejzihf umVygom'y&da0P trnfESihfywfoufí xif

aMu;jzihf &Sif;vif;rIudk xnhfoGif;cJhjcif;vnf; jzpfEdkifonf/ tac:ta0:

rsm;ESihfywfoufí ,if;odkY pdwfrSef;jzihf &Sif;vif;rIrsm;rSm tawmfxif&Sm;

onf (ykHpHtm;jzihf vAk*gr&Sif;vif;csuf? r[m0Ho 10;72/ rPdol&d,

ESifh ol&edr®v &Sif;vif;csuf? &o0g[deD 2? pm -26? 71? 84/ vdpä0D? 0ZÆD

ESihf a0omvD &Sif;vif;csufrsm;? okw åed-| 1? 264)/

1

r[m0Ho 15;12? 13/

&Sif;vif;&efESihf vltrsm;pk½kH;Edkifa&;twGuf jyifqif&ef trdefYay;cJh

onf

1

/ bk&ifh &[ef;awmf (\w&m;)udk em,l&ef vltrsm;pk½kH;

vmMuonfrSm ,if; (bk&ihfqifawmftdrf) wGif jzpfonf/ t&Sif

r[dE´\y&dowfrSm ydkrdkrsm;jym;vmojzihf w&m;pcef;udk qifawmf

tdrfrS NrdKUawmfawmifzuf*dwf jyifzuf&Sd t&dyfaumif;? at;csrf;

NyD; pdrf;vef;xlxJonhf bk&ifhO,smOftwGif; avaumif;avoefY

rsm;&&Sdonhf arGUavsmfzG,f eE´eO,smOfodkY ajymif;a½TUcJhonf

2

/

,if; tajccHtcsufrsm;t& xkdtcsdefu tEk&m"NrdKUawmfü

taqmufttkHrsm; taxGaxG vdktyfcsuf&SdcJhykH&onf/ avm[

ygom'uJhodkYaom taqmufttkHBuD;rsm; oD[dkVfNrdKUawmfü ay:

aygufvmonfrSm Ak'¨0g'wnf&SdNyD;aemufrSom jzpfonf/ y@K

umb, wnfaqmufcJhaom bmoma&;taqmufttkH tawmf

rsm;rsm; &SdcJhNyD;jzpfonfqdkaomfvnf; vloltrsm;tjym; pka0;Edkif

avmufonhf taqmufttkHMuD; wpfck&SdcJhonhf taxuftxm;

r&Sdacs/ þtcsufonf vltrsm;tjym; pk½kH;rI r&SdcJh? &SdcJhonf qdk

vQifawmif ,if;pk½kH;rIrsm;udk [if;vif;jyifae&mü usif;ycJhMu

aMumif; ñTefjyonf/ oD[dkVfom;rsm;onf bmoma&; w&m;rsm;

Mum;em&efuJhodkYaom txl;&nf½G,fcsufjzihf vlolpk½kH; pnf;a0;cJh

MuonfrSm Ak'¨0g' a&muf&SdNyD;aemufrSom jzpfzG,fonf/

tEk&m"NrdKUawmfü NrKdUawmfoefY&Sif;a&; tajctaeonf t

qihfjrifh trdefYwpf&yf jzpfcJhykH&onf/ y@Kumb,tkyfcsKyfpOf NrdKU

awmf oefY&Sif;a&;twGuf yef;rIdufoGef 500? rdv ’m &Sif;vif;ol

200? vlaorsm;udk okomefodkY vTifhypfol (okb &mZm) 150? NrdKU

awmfudk apmihfMuyfol 150 &Sdonf

3

/

y@Kumb,onf rdrdudka&m rdcifudkyg ulnDcJhNyD; rdrdtm;

xD;eef;udk ay;tyfcJhol OD;av;awmf tb,twGuf e*&*kwådv

(NrdKUapmihf)[kac:onhf &mxl;Xmetopfwpfck wDxGifcJhaMumif; od

1

r[m0Ho 14;61/ 0d-| 1? 59/

2

r[m0Ho 15;1-2/

3

r[m0Ho 10;91-92/



a&S;tusqkH; aus;½GmtcsKdU tajccsNyD;jzpfí tEk&m"yk&NrdKU

awmf\ taemufzufESihf taemufajrmufzuf&Sd e,fy,frsm;ü

vnf; vlOD;a& wdk;wuf pnfum;aeNyDjzpfonf/ ajrmufzufESifh

taemufzuf urf;ajcwpfavQmuf wnf&Sdaom ausmfMum;onhf

yifv,fqdyfurf;av;ckjzihf NrdKUawmfudk qufoG,fxm;onfh vrf;

aMumif;av;ck&Sdonf/ ,if;wdkYrSm ajrmufzufü r[mwdw¬ (refem

NrdKUteD;&Sd rmawmw odkYr[kwf refwdkif)? ZrÁKaumvywåe? a*g

P*grywåe (ta&SUzsm; urf;ajcbuf[k ,lq&onf) ESihf r[m

uE´&jrpf\ ajrmufzuf&Sd yifv,fqdyf (ajrmufydkif;wGif jzpfEdkif

onf)wdkYjzpfonf/ ,if;av;ckteuf aemufqkH; av;ckudk twd

tus razmfjyEdkifao;bJ&Sdonf/ tqdkyg yifv,fqdyfurf; 0ef;

usif a'orsm;ü vloltajccsaexkdifMurnfudk oHo,jzpfzG,f

rvdkbJ ,if;a&vrf;rsm; wpfavQmuf BuD;i,fr[l aus;½Gmrsm;pGm

wnf&SdMurnf jzpfonf/ ZrÁKaumvywåerS tEk&m"yk&NrdKUawmf

odkY aAm"dyifyGm;udk aqmif,laomtcg ,if;c&D;pOfwGif aus;½Gm

rsm;pGmwdkYü &yfem;cJhonf/ (odkYwap) wd0uútrnf&onhf ykPÖm;

½Gmwpf½Gmudkom txift&Sm; azmfjyonf/

aemuf tajccsaexdkifonhf ae&mwpfckrSm uvsmPD (,ck

acwf auvPd,)t&yfwGif jzpfonf/ a'0geHyd,wdó aemuf

&mpkESpfwpfck tvGef qdkvkdonfrSm bDpDESpf&mpkwGif auvPd,ü

rif;EdkifiHwpfck &SdcJhaMumif; twdtus od&onf/ 'k|*grPd\

r,fawmf (uvsmPDbk&if wdó\orD;awmf)jzpfol emrnfausmf

0d[m&r[ma'0Donf ,if; uvsmPDrif;rsKd;rS jzpfonf

3

/ &mZm

1

t&Sifr[dE´onf a'0geHyd,wdórif;BuD;tm; xdkae&mwGif Ak'¨&Sifawmf

jrwfu em*wdkYtm; atmifEdkifykH taMumif;udk ajymjyonf (r[m0Ho?

19;35)/ ,if;jzihf ZrÁKaumvywåeonf em*'DuRef;wGif &SdaMumif; azmfjy

onf/ r[m0Housrf;t& azmjfyNyD; jzpf&yfonf Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf em*'Dy

odkY 'kwd,tBudrf <uawmfrlpOfwGif jzpfonf/

2

r[m0Ho 19;37 *gxm/

3

r[m0Ho 12?;12/

wnfaqmufcJhonfh r[mokomeac: A[dkokomefBuD; wpfck&SdNyD;

,if;okomefxJü ao'PfuGyffrsufonhf ae&mvnf; &Sdonf

1

/

NrdKUawmfü tvkyfvkyfMuonfh p@mv (okb&mZm)wdkY ae

xkdifonhf p@mv*gronf A[dkokomef\ taemufajrmufbuf

wGif &Sdonf

2

/ tqdkyg p@mvaus;½GmwGif r[m0Ho

3

üay;xm;

onhf ta&twGuft& y@Kumb,rif;vufxufu tenf;qkH;

vlOD;a& 2000 cefY &SdcJhykH&onf/ ,if;½Gm\ ta&SUajrmufzufwGif

eDpokomeac:onhf p@mvrsm;twGuf okomefwpfck&Sdonf

4

/

a'0geHyd,wdóacwfwGif NrdKUawmfteD; jrif;aZmif; wpfck&Sd

aMumif; azmfjyonf

5

/ y@Kumb,rif; wnfaqmufcJhonhf qif

ajczkH; aus;½Gm ('Gg&*gr)vnf; av;½Gm&Sdonf

6

/

bDpDokH;&mpkwGif awmifukef;a'orsm;ESihf ta&SUbufurf;

ajc

7

rS wpfyg; oD[dkVfwpfuRef;vkH;onf vufawGUtm;jzihf tvGef

xlxyfzG,f r&Sdaomfvnf; vlOD;a& trsm;tjym; aexdkifcJhMuykH&

onf/ vlaexkdifí tqifajyaom ae&mtm;vkH;eD;yg; avmufudk

vlwdkY odrf;ydkuf aexkdifMuNyD; jzpfonf/ [ife&Dygum (Henry

Parker)u r[m*grESihf ,if;\ywf0ef;usif aus;½Gmrsm;udk oD[dkVf

uRef;odkY yxqkH;0ifa&muf aexdkifonhf a&S;OD; tm&d,efvlrsKd;rsm;

yxrqkH; tajccscJhonhf ae&mrsm;tjzpf jiif;qdkonf/ (¤if;t

vdkt&) awmifykdif;&Sd ud&dE´ (Kirinda) t&yfonf ,if;vlrsKd;wdkY

1

r[m0Ho 10;80/ r[maAm"d0Ho? pm-84/

2

r[m0Ho 10;93/

3

r[m0Ho 10;91-92/

4

r[m0Ho 10? 94/

5

r[maAm"d0Ho? pm – 85/

6

r[m0Ho 10;88/

7

&o0g[deDusrf;ü em*'Dy? Owå&yó? 'u©dPyóESihf ypädryórsm;udk

&nfñGef;xm;onf/ odkYwap ygpDeyóudk azmfjy rxm;ay/ ,if;odkY r

azmfjyojzihf at'D yxr&mpk ukefcgeD;tcsdefxd oD[dkVfuRef; ta&SUydkif;

a'orsm;ü vlOD;a& rwdk;yGm;ao; aMumif; azmfjyonf/



yxrqkH; aexkdifcJhonhf ae&mtppf jzpfonf/ [ife&Dygumu

t"duvlrsKd;rsm; t"dutajccsaexkdifonfh t&yftm;vkH;udk *gr

½Gm[k ac:a0:cJhNyD; NrdKUawmfonf r[m*grjzpfvm\[k qdkonf

1

/

uREkfyfwdkYtaejzihf ,if;wifjycsufudk oabmwlonfjzpfap

rwlonfjzpfap awmifydkif;&Sd 0v0g**F? ud&dE´dMo,? rPd**F ESihf

ukHAkuúHMo, jrpfrsm;wnf&Sdonhf {&d,monf oD[dkVfuRef;ü yxr

OD;qkH; vltajccs aexdkifcJhonhf a'ojzpfonfudkrl oHo, jzpf

zG,frvdkacs/ bDpDokH;&mpkwGif umZ&*gr (,ckacwf uw&*gr)ü

cwåd,vlrsKd;pk wpfpk&SdcJhonf/ ,if;cwåd,rsKd;EG,frS udk,fpm;vS,f

rsm;onf t&SifroHCrdwåm tdE´d,rS ,laqmifvmonhf r[m

aAm"dudkif;ylaZmfyGJ tcrf;tem;rsm;odkY wufa&mufcJhonhf xif&Sm;

aomyk*¾Kdvfrsm;wGif yg0ifcJhMuonf

2

/ yxrOD;qkH;aom aAm"dyif

i,fudk umZ&*grü pdkufysKd;cJhonf

3

/ a'0geHyd,wdó\ tpfudk

&ifcGifydkufbk&if r[mem*onf bk&ifr\ opömazmuf tEÅ&m,f

rSvGwfajrmuf&ef rdom;pkESihftwl tEk&m"yk&NrdKUawmfrS a&m[P

t&yfodkY xGufajy;NyD; r[m*grudk tkyfcsKyfcJhonf

4

/ r[mem*

onf tEÅ&m,f&SdpOf r[m*grodkY csufjcif;xGufoGm;onhf tcsuf

aMumihf xdkt&yf&Sd cwåd,wdkYonf tEk&m"yk&&Sd bk&ifhrdom;pkESihf

qufoG,frI&SdaMumif; qdkEdkifonf/ oD[dkVfordkif; wpfavQmufwGif

a&m[P t&yftm; vGwfvyfrItwGuf aemufqkH; ckdudk;&m vGwf

ajrmufe,fajrtjzpf awGU&onf/ tEk&m"yk&NrdKUawmfü wdkif;wpf

yg;om;wdkY usL;ausmf0ifa&mufcsdef odkYr[kwf jynfwGif;a&;½IyfaxG;

aecsdefwdkif;ü bk&ifrif;rsm;? trwfrsm;? &[ef;awmfrsm;ESihf vGwf

vyfrIESihf tumtuG,fudk tvdk&Sdol tjcm;aom yk*¾Kdvfrsm;onf

awmifydkif;a'oü ckdvIHcJhMuonf/

1

Paker: Ancient Ceylon (1909), p. 240-241. 2

r[maAm"d0Ho 19;54/

3

,if; 19;62/

4

,if; 22;2-8/

xdkYjyif ,aeYwdkif ae&mtwdtusudk razmfxkwfEdkifao;

onhf pE´e*gr[kac:onhf cwåd,wdkY aexkdifcJhonhf tjcm;ae&m

wpfck vnf;&Sdonf/ a'0geHyd,wdórif;vufxuf tEk&m"yk&

NrdKUawmfü r[maAm"dyif ylaZmfyGJrsm;odkY wufa&mufcJhonfh

cwåd, udk,fpm;vS,frsm;ü pE´e*grrSvnf; yg0ifcJhonf

1

/ ,if;

*grüvnf; yxrqkH; r[maAm"dyifyGm;udk pdkufysKd;cJhonf

2

/

vkHNcKHrItwGuf r[mem*rif;om; r[m*grodkY c&D;xGufjcif;

jzihf tEk&m"yk&ESihf r[m*grwdkYtMum; qufoG,frI&SdaMumif; azmf

jyonf/ ,if;a'oESpfckudk qufoG,fonhf vrf;onf apwd,*d&d

(,cktac: r[dEÅavh)? upäuwdw¬ (rm*aEÅmw) odkYr[kwf 0¹

rmeuwdw¬ (o[ówdw¬ odkYr[kwf '[oawmw? tó

r@vwdw¬ [kvnf; ac:onf)? r[d,*FP (,ckacwf tvkw

Ek0&)? 'DC0gydESifh *kwå[mvu (Akwåv) a'owdkYudk jzwfoGm;&

onf

3

/ ,if;vrf;\ trsm;qkH;tydkif;ü vloljywfonhf awm

awmifrsm;wnf&Sdaomfvnf; (tEÅ&mra*¾ t*grum&an) vrf;

wpfavQmufwGif vlol tajccsaexkdifonhf a'otrsm;tjym;&Sd

rnfudk oHo,jzpfzG,frvdkacs

4

/

tEk&m"yk&ESihf rdkif 60 odkYr[kwf 70 cefYtwGif;&Sd c½kdife,f

y,frsm;ü vloltrsm;tjym; aexdkifcJhMuykH&onf/ OD;av;rsm;udk

qefYusif awmfvSefonhf ppfqifa&;pDrHcsufü y@Kumb,onf

e,fpGefZeyk'f (ypöEÅ*gr)rsm;udk odrf;oGif;&ef awmifzuf bdEÅEé

(Bintanna)c½kdif a'gvyAÁw (,aeYacwf a'gvv a0v jzpfzG,f

&Sdonf)txd qkwfcGmcJh&aMumif; azmfjyonf

5

/ odkYjzihf tenf;qkH;

tEk&m"yk&ESifh a'gvyAÁwtMum;&Sd c½dkife,fy,frsm;ü vlol

aumif;pGm tajccsaexdkif pnfum;aeNyDjzpfonf

6

/

1

r[m0Ho 19;54/

2

,if;? 19;64/

4

&o0g[deD 2? pm- 45? 48 ponf/ r[m0Ho 25;6-7/

4

&o0g[deD 2? pm – 173/

5

Geiger: Mhavamsa Tran. p. 289. 6

r[m0Ho 9;27/



twGufvnf; xif&Sm;onhf 0goemwpfckjzpfonf/ odkYjzpfí

Or®m'pdwå\ tpfudkrsm;? y@Kumb,\ OD;av;rsm;onf wkrÁ&

awmü trJvdkufMujcif; jzpfonf

1

/ a'0geHyd,wdórif; vuf

xufwGif trJvdkufjcif;onf ausmfMum;onhf bk&ifhtm;upm;

wpfrsKd;jzpfvmonf/ a'0geHyd,wdó\ ausmfMum;onhf rdóu

awmif (aemiftcg r[dEÅavh)odkY trJvdkuf taysmfc&D;rsm;udk BuD;

us,fonhf aysmfyGJpm;c&D;rsm;tjzpf aqmif½GufcJhonf

2

/ ,if;rif;

BuD;onf rif;cpm;a,musfm;rsm;ESihftwl NrdKUawmfrS a0;uGmonhf

awmifukef;rsm;odkY tajy;tvTm; oGm;avh&Sdonf

3

/ vkdufygolrsm;

ESihftwl tpm;pmudk o,f,loGm;NyD; naecsrf;wGif rif;BuD;tm;

awmifukef;wGif naepmauR;arG;onf

4

/ trJvdkufjcif;onf owf

jzwfjcif; odkYr[kwf tpm;tpmtwGufom &nf½G,fonf r[kwf

bJ tm;upm; wpfrsKd;vnf;jzpfonf (rd*0H uDVdwkH t*g)

5

/ odkYjzpf

í a'0geHyd,wdóonf csKHEG,fydwfaygif;wdkYudk pm;onhf owd

ynmrJhol wd&pämefowå0gtm; owfjzwf&ef roihfavsmf (yrwåH

wH e ,kwåH 0dZÑdwkH)[k qifjcifrdcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ odkYjzpfí rif;BuD;

onf rdrd\av;BudK;udk acgufodrf;NyD; om;orifrsm;tm; touf

ab;rS vGwfajrmufrItwGuf aumif;jrwfonhf tcGifhta&;wpf

&yfudk ay;cJhonf

6

/

1

r[m0Ho 10;2/

2

bk&if tmv0uonf wpfywfvQifwpfBudrf trJvdkufoGm;aMumif; rSwf

om;&onfrSm pdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;onf (Sāratthasamussaya, p. 211)/ taomuausmufpm trSwf 8 ü taomurif; rwdkifrD tdE´d,a&S;bk&if

rsm;onf ¤if;wdkY\ aysmf½TifrItwGuf trJvdkufoGm;avh&SdaMumif; qdkonf/

r[m0Ho 5;154 *gxmü taomu\ nDawmf wdórif;om;onf

awmvdkufxGufjcif;udk ESpfoufaMumif; jyqdkonf/

3

r[m0Ho 14;2/

4

,if; 14;24/

5

,if; 14;1-2/

6

,if; 15;3-4/

0vd,(oDbmoma&;)usrf;ü tEk&m"yk&rS xGufajy;vmol a'0g

eHyd,wdó\nD r[mem*\om; ,#mvwdóonf auvPd

,udk tkyfcsKyfNyD; apwDwpfql wnfaMumif;qdkonf

1

/ ,if;rif;rsKd;

onf oD[dkVfuRef;ü a&S;tusqkH; tajccsolrsm;ü yg0ifaMumif;

,lqvQif tawmfyif aMumif;usKd; ckdifvkHonf/

r[m0Ho#Dumü oD[dkVfuRef;odkY a&muf&SdvmMuonhf a&S;OD;

tm&d,efvlrsKd;rsm;onf a&udk vG,fulpGm&Edkifonfh ae&ma'o

rsm;ü tajccsaexkdifcJhMuaMumif; jyqdkonf

2

/ ,if;rSm t"du

tm;jzihf oD[dkVfuRef;ü tajccHjrpfrsm; teD;wGif jzpfonf/ tEk

&m"yk&NrdKUawmfESihf Oywdó? OaZÆeD? O½ka0vESihf 0dZdwuJhodkY

aom NrdKUawmfjyifzuf&Sd a&S;OD; aus;½Gmrsm;onf u'rÁe'D (rv

0wkMo,)? *rÇD&e'DESihf uvmMo, jrpfurf;wGif wnf&SdMuonf

3

/

,if;aemuf txl;ojzihf upäuwdw¬(rm*aEÅmw) 0ef;usif&Sd r[

0gvd**F (Mahavāliganga)ESihf trÁe**F t&yfrsm;wGif tajccsae

xdkifcJhMuonf/ awmifydkif; tajccsaexdkifrIrsm;ü ukrÁKuúHMo,

(Kumbukkanoya)? arPdu**F(uyÜuE´&)? ud&dE´dMo,ESihf 0va0

**F[laom jrpfav;cktwGif; yg0ifonf/ aemufxyf tajccs

aexdkifonhf ae&mwpfckrSm auvPd**F jrpf0Srf;a'o jzpfonf/

jrpfa&udk vG,fvG,fulul r&Edkifonhf ae&mrsm;ü tajccsaexdkif

Edkif&ef qnfajrmif; wmwrHBuD;rsm; wnfaqmufMuonf/ okdYjzpf

í tEk&m"rif;ESihf y@Kumb,rif;wdkY wnfaqmufcJhonhf a&

avSmifuefrsm;ESihf ywfoufí ordkif;OD;wGif tawmftwef cdkifvkH

rI&Sdonf

4

/ aexdkifrnfha'oü a&tvkHtavmuf &&Sda&;twGuf

,if; pdk;&drfrIonf a&S;OD;tajccs aexdkifolrsm; (a&m aESmif;acwf

1

Rājāvaliya, p. 17. 2

r[m0Ho#Dum? pm-261/ wo®ð wo®ð orÜEéovdvmoa, blrdyÜa'ao

*gar eda0o,kH/

3

r[m0Ho 7;43/

4

r[m0Ho 9;11/ 10?;85? 88/



oD[dkVfvlrsKd;rsm;yg) ,if;wdkY\ t"du oufarG;0rf;ausmif; tae

jzihf pdkufysKd;a&;udk trSDjyKaMumif; oufaojyonf/ r[m0Ho

usrf;ü

1

u@Kumb,\ OD;av;awmf *d&du@od0onf 100

u&Do ({u 800 cefY) ajr{&d,mudk pdkufysKd;cJhaMumif; qdkonf/

aumufodrf;csdefudk vlwdkif; vlwef;pm;edrfhjrifhr[l yg0ifqifETJonhf

yGJawmfBuD;tjzpf ,lqonf/ *d&du@od0rif;\ ½kyfqif;Mueftif

ESihf jynfhpkHonfh orD;awmf ygvD (aemiftcg ok0PÖygvD)onf

olYcrnf;awmfESifh aumufodrf;olrsm;twGuf pm;aomufzG,f&m

rsm; o,faqmifvsuf a0g,mOfawmfpD;NyD; ta>ct&Hrsm;ESifhtwl

v,fxJodkY udk,fwdkif xGuf<uawmfrlonf

2

/

pdkufysKd;a&; vkyfaqmifolrsm;\ xkH;pHtwdkif; a&S;OD;tajccs

aexdkifolrsm;onf uRJEGm;arG;jrLjcif;jzihf pdkufysKd;a&;udk aqmif

½GufMuonf/ 'Gg&r@vac:onhf aus;½GmwGif aexdkifol EGm;

ausmif;om;rsm; (a*gygvum) taMumif;udk azmfjycsufyg&Sdonf/

r[dEÅavht&yf

3

teD;&Sd ,if;½Gmonf t"dutm;jzifh EGm;ausmif;

om;rsm;jzihf wnfaqmuf zGJUpnfxm;ykH&onf

4

/ 'DC*grPdESihf

(Or®m') pdwåwdkY\tdrfü t,kHMunf&qkH;aom uRefrsm;teuf wpf

a,mufrSm pdwå[kac:onfh EGm;ausmif;om; (a*gygvuH pdw åH)jzpf

onf

5

/ EGm;ausmif;jcif;onf ,aeYwkdifyif &Sdaeao;ojzihf a&S;

1

r[m0Ho 10;29-31/

2

oka'¨g'erif; (Ak'¨\ crnf;awmf)BuD;\ crf;em;onhf jzpf&yfwpfcktjzpf

usif;ycJhonhf v,fxGefr*Fvm (0yÜer*Fvm) yGJawmftm; trSwf&apEdkif

onhf qufpyfywfoufrIrSm pdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;onf/ ,if;tcrf;t

em;odkY rif;om;i,f od'¨w¬udkyif v,fxJodkY ,laqmifoGm;ao;onf/

pdkufysKd;a&;ESihf ywfoufonhf trSwfw&yGJawmfrsm;udk *&drsm;ESihf a&mr

vlrsKd;wdkY usif;yMuouJhodkYyif ousvlrsKd;rsm;vnf; yGJawmfrsm; usif;yMu

zG,f&Sdonf/ *d&du@od0rif;vnf; ousrsKd;jzpfNyD; oka'¨g'erif;BuD;ESihf rd

om;pk qufEG,fywfoufrI&Sdonf (r[m0Ho 7;18)/

3

r[m0Ho 23;23/

4

r[m0Ho 10;13/

5

,if; 9;22/

acwfaus;½Gmrsm;ü txif&Sm;qkH; oufarG;0rf;ausmif; tvkyf

wpfckjzpfonf/

trJvdkufjcif;onf pdkufysKd;a&; odkYr[kwf EGm;ausmif;jcif;uJh

odkYyif ta&;ygykH&onf/ awmBuD;rsufrnf;twGif; jyefYusJaeonhf

aus;½Gmrsm;ü aexkdifMuolrsm;tzdkY trJvdkufjcif;udk oufarG;0rf;

ausmif;rI enf;vrf;tjzpf xifjrifMuonfrSm obm0usonf/

trJvkdufjcif;onf y@Kumb,rif;tzdkY eDpokomeESihf ygomP

awmifwdkY tMum;ü trJvdkuform;rsm;twGuf wJwef;wpfck

aqmufay;cJh&onftxd ta&;ygonf

1

/ ,if;trJvdkuform;rsm;

onf tEk&m"yk&NrdKUawmfodkY tom;rsm; ykHrSef jzefYjzL;ay;zG,f&Sd

onf/ Asm"a'0(trJvdkufolrsm;\ewf)[kac:onhf ewfom;wpf

a,mufonf trJvkdufolrsm;\ oufpGefYqHzsm; vkyf&yfrsm;ESihf

ywfouffí ñTefMum;rIjyKonf

2

/

[ife&Dygum

3

u ,aeYwdkifatmifyif 0Eéd, (vlrsKd;)wdkYonf

trJvdkufrxGufrD wpfaeYwGif ¤if;wdkY aus;½Gm&Sd a&uefwGif a&

csKd;vsuf udk,fhudk,fudk pifMu,fatmifvkyfNyD; ¤if;wdkY arQmfvifh

onhftwkdif; trJvdkuf&mü atmifjrifap&ef yJGvrf;wpfck usif;y

Muonf[k okH;oyfcJhonf/ ,if;onf y@Kumb,acwf Asm"

a'0 tpGJtvrf;a[mif;udk qufcHrIwpf&yf jzpfzG,f&Sdonf/

tom;uifrSm txl;pm;aomufzG,fwpfrsKd; jzpfykH&onf/

rMumcPyif trJvdkufNyD;aemuf om;aumif&onhf ae&mwGif

tom;udk rD;awmufjzihf uifMuonf/ ,if;odkY jyifqifonhf

tom;udk t*Fg&rHo[kac:onf

4

/ trJvdkufjcif;onf qif;&Jom;

rsm;twGuf oufarG;0rf;ausmif; wpfckjzpfouJhodkY csrf;omolrsm;

1

r[m0Ho 10;95 - tm0goygvd Asm"meH w'g tmod eda0odwm/

2

,if;? 10;89/

3

Parker : Ancient Ceylon, p. 168. 4

r[m0Ho 10;14-16/ Am&PoD&mZmyd t*Fg&yuúH rHoH cg'dómrDwd

a'0ð tm'g, t&nH y0da|m (tbd-| 2? 452)/ a&m[P Zeyk'frS rkqdk;

wpfa,mufvnf; t*Fg&yuúrHoudk pm;okH;onf (tH-| 1? 27)/



bk&ifrsm;ü oifhavsmfonhf bdodufcHrIrsm; r&SdcJhacs/ tenf;ESihf

trsm;rSm a'oqdkif&m acgif;aqmifrsm; odkYr[kwf *grPdrsm; jzpf

Muonfh a&S;OD;bk&ifrsm;onf NyD;jynhfpkHonhf bdodufcHrIESihf ywf

oufí t,ltqrsm; &SdykHr&acs/ odkY&mwGif ¤if;wdkYtaejzihf rdrd

udk,fudkdrdrd tkyfcsKyfol tmPmydkifrsm;tjzpf ,lqMuaomtcg

rif;crf;rif;em;taejzihf usif;yonhf tcrf;tem; wpfck&SdcJhonf/

r[m0Housrf;wGif azmfjyonfhtwdkif; y@Kumb,rif;\ xD;

eef;odrf; rSwfwrf;wdkt& ,if;tcrf;tem;udk wpfaphwpfapmif;

od&Sd&onf

1

/

y@Kumb,onf xD;jzL odkYr[kwf OD;av;awmfrsm;\ EdkifiH

awmfxD;jzLudk ,laqmifvmzdkY trdefYay;NyD; tEk&m"yk&NrdKU&Sd obm

0tkdif(Zmwó&)wGif ,if;xD;jzLtm; aq;aMum okwfoifap

onf/ ,if;aemuf ,if;xD;jzLudk rdrdtm;aqmif;rdk;apNyD; ,if;a&

tdkifrS a&Munfjzihf rdrd\ bdodufcHr*Fvmudk tav;teuf yuf

zsef;vsuf ok0PÖygvDtm; Muif,mawmfrdzk&m;tjzpf wifa`rSmuf

onf/ ,if;azmfjycsufrSm OD;av;awmfrsm; bdodufcHpOfuvnf;

tqdkyg EdkifiHawmfxD;jzLawmfyif tokH;jyKcJhaMumif; ñTefjyonf/

bdodufcH&mü ta&;tBuD;qkH;udpörsm;teuf wpfckrSm t

crf;tem;twGif; bk&iftaejzihf rdzk&m;wifa`rSmufrnfh cwåd,

tEG,f trsKd;orD; &Sd&jcif;jzpfonf/ 0dZ,rif;om;\ pDrHcefYcGJol

rsm;u wnfaqmufrI trsm;tjym; wnfaqmufNyD;aemuf 0ef

BuD;rsm;taejzihf 0dZ,tm; bk&iftjzpf wifa`rSmufvdkaMumif;

avQmufwifMuaomfvnf; rif;om;u wpfcsdefwnf;wGif cwåd,

rsKd; owdkYorD;udk rwifa`rSmufEdkifoa½GU ,if;odkY rjyKvdkao;

aMumif; jiif;qdkcJhonf/ trwfrsm;onf tdE´d,awmifydkif;&Sd r"k&m

NrdKUodkY ,if;udpötwGuf bk&ifhrsKd;EG,frS rdzk&m;avmif;&&Sd&ef oHw

refrsm; apvTwfMuonf

2

/ 0dZ,rif;udk qufcHol y@Kumb,

1

r[m0Ho 10;77-78/

2

r[m0Ho 7;46-50/

a&S;OD;tajccsaexkdifolrsm;onf t"dutm;jzihf v,f,majr

tvkyfudk vkyfudkifMuNyD; EdkifiHtESHYtjym;ü ae&mopfrsm; &SmazG

aexkdifMu&aomaMumihf yef;csDyef;yk tEkynmrsm;rSm rsm;pGm wdk;

wufykHr&acs/ odkYwap r"k&mbk&ifonf 0dZ,rif; vufxufü

]tpnf;t½kH; q,hf&SpfckrS rdom;pkwpfaxmif} ydkYay;vdkufaMumif;

qdkonf

1

/ r"k&mrSvmcJhonhf tjcm;rsm;pGmaom rdom;pkrsm;

2

onf

EdkifiHwdk;wufrIudk taxmuftuljyKcJhNyD; vlOD;a& wdk;jrifhaponf/

a'0geHyd,wdórif;vufxuf ukrÇum&tm0g#

3

(tkd;xdrf;

onf\wGif;)[k trnf&onhf xif&Sm;onhf ae&mwpfck&Sdonf/

,if;wGif;onf tdk;xdrf;onfwdkY tkd;jyKvkyf&ef ajrap;rsm; wl;azmf

&,laMumifh jzpfonhfwGif; jzpfzG,f&Sdonf/

a'0geHyd,wdórif;vufxuf ur®m&a'0[kac:onhf ewf

a'0gwpfrsKd;taMumif; azmfjyxm;onfrSm aMumif;usKd;qDavsmf

zG,f&Sdonf/ ur®m&a'0[lonf ]yef;yJorm;ewf}[k t"dyÜm,ff&

EkdifNyD; a,bk,stm;jzihf ]ukefypönf; xkwfvkyfolrsm;\ ewf}[k

t"dyÜm,f csJUxGif,lqEdkifonf/ ur®m&a'0 oifMum;a&;Xmejzihf

xdktcsdefu yef;yJtvkyf½kHonf tvGefta&;ygaMumif; azmfjy

onf/ ,if;odkYjzpf&onfrSm trJvdkuf&efESihf awmawmifteD;

wGif aexdkifMuol aus;½Gmom;rsm;tzdkY rdrdukd,fudk umuG,f&ef

vufeufrsm; rjzpfrae vkdtyfaomaMumifh jzpfonf/

r[m0Housrf;ü y@Kumb,rif;onf tbdufodufcHNyD;

aemuf q,fESpftMumwGif oD[dkVfwpfuRef;vkH;&Sd aus;½Gmrsm;\

e,fedrdwfrsm;udk wnfaqmuf owfrSwfay;aMumif; azmfjyonf

4

/

&mZ0if usrf;rsm;ü azmfjyoa½GU ,if;aus;½Gmrsm;pkudk ,if;wdkY\

1

,if; 7;57/

2

,if; 7;56/

3

r[maAm"d0Ho? pm - 84/ r[modrfawmfBuD;\ e,fedrdwftydkif;tjcm;

onf tqdkyg wGif; odkYr[kwf usif;udk jzwfausmfoGm;onf/

4

r[m0Ho 10;103/



acgif;aqmifemrnfrsm;udk taMumif;jyí ac:a0:xm;onf/ ykHpH

tm;jzihf Oywdó½Gm? O½ka0v½Gm? &mr½Gm? 0dZdw½Gm? y@Kv½Gm

ponfwkdYjzpfonf/

0dZ,rif;acwfavmuf a&S;usonhfumvuyif Zey' odkYr

[kwf c½kdife,frsm; wnfaqmufxm;onfh &nfñTef;csufrsm;udk

vnf;awGU&onf

1

/ y@Kumb,acwfü &nfñTef;xm;onhf c½dkif

e,frsm;teuf *d&du@a'otrnf&Sd c½dkifwpfckvnf; yg0ifcJh

onf/ ,if;c½dkifudk ,if;c½dkifrS tcGefrsm;udk pm;&ol y@Kum

b,rif;\ om;awmf *d&du@od0

2

udk taMumif;jyKí rSnfhac:

xm;jcif;jzpfonf/

oD[dkVfuRef;ü Ak'¨0g'rwkdifrDu bk&if[laom a0g[m&ESihf

wlnDaom t"dyÜm,f&Sdonhf bk&ifrsKd;&SdcJhykHr&bJ a'otoD;oD;udk

cGJa0tkyfcsKyfonhf a'oqdkif&m tkyfcsKyfolrsm;&Sdonfh A[dktpdk;&

wpf&yfvnf; &SdykHr&acs/ qufoG,fa&; enf;vrf;rsm;tm; tvGef

uefYowfxm;onfudkawGU&í tEk&m"yk&ESihf r[m*gr odkYr[kwf

uvsmPD NrdKUrsm;tMum; tpOftNrJ ykHrSefqufoG,frIudk xdef;

odrf;xm;&ef rjzpfEdkifcJhacs/ odkYjzpfí a'otoD;oD;rS acgif;

aqmifrsm;onf tvdktavsmufyif xdka'orsm;\ tkyfcsKyfol

bk&ifrif;rsm; jzpfoGm;Muonf/ ,if;azmfjyyg a'oqdkif&m tkyf

csKyfolrsm;ESihfywfoufí owif;tpte tenf;i,frQom od&

odkYr[kwf vkH;0 rod&acs/ odkYwap aus;vufa'oa&;&mrsm;udk

aumif;rGefpGm pDrHcefYcGJonhf aus;½GmtzGJUtpnf; odkYr[kwf tkyf

csKyfa&; taqmufttkHqdkif&m pepfwpfck&SdcJhaMumif; jyqdk&ef

tawmfyif aMumif;usKd;qDavsmfonf/

tufpf y&e0dwe(S. Paranavitana)yk*¾Kdvfu c&pfESpf rwdkifrD

*lxGif;pmtrsm;tjym;ü y½kru (Parumaka)[laom bGJUjzihf txl;

1

,if; 7;46/

2

trnf&if;rSm od0jzpfEdkifNyD; *d&du@rSm ,if;NrdKUudk tkyfcsKyfoljzpf aom

aMumihf a&SUrS qufac:xm;jcif; jzpfzG,f&Sdonf/

jyKxm;onhf yk*¾vdutvª&Sifrsm;\ trnfemrrsm; yg0ifaMumif;

qdkonf/ ouúwa0g[m& jyrkc (Pramukha) ygVda0g[m& yrkc

(Pamukha) [laom rl&if;a0g[m&rS qif;oufaom y½kru

(Parumaka)[lonf bGJUxl;*kPfxl;jzpfNyD; a&S;acwfrsm;wGif ,if;

*kPfxl;jzihf todkif;t0dkif; tzGJUtpnf;wpfck\ acgif;aqmif em

rnf xif&Sm;onf/ a&S;acwf oD[dkVfbk&ifrsm;\ txif&Sm;qkH;

aom aemufxyf xD;okH;eef;okH; bGJUxl;jzpfonhf *grPdonf a0'

a0g[m& j*mrPDESihfwlNyD; aus;½GmtkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJU\ acgif;

aqmifjzpfonf/ ,if;a0g[m&rsm;udk cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmvsuf y&e0d

weyk*¾Kdvfu ,if;*lxGif;ausmufpmrsm;wGif awGU&onfh aZX

(aZ|)[laom a0g[m&vnf; rlvyk'f&if;wlNyD; tzGJUtpnf;wpfck

\ acgif;aqmif odkY[kwf toufBuD;oludk qdkvdkaMumif; cefYrSef;

azmfjyonf/ ,if;(a0g[m&½Iaxmihf)rS y&e0dwe yk*¾Kdvfu þodkY

okH;oyfonf ]xdktrnfemrrsm;onf uREkfyfwdkYtm; a&S;acwfrsm;ü

xif&Sm;jzpfay:cJhonhf bk&ifrif;wdkYtaMumif; em;vnfrItwGuf

tawG;tjrifwpf&yfudk ay;ojzihf pdwf0ifpm;zG,fvnf;aumif;\/

tu,fí ,if;a0g[m& zGifhqdkcsufrsm;u uREkfyfwdkYtm; wpfckck

ajymjyonfqdkvQif oD&dvuFm a&S;OD;bk&ifrsm;onf wpfqifhcHjzpf

aomfvnf; xif&Sm;onhf tpnf;ta0;rsm;\ acgif;aqmifrsm;

jzpfMuvsuf aemiftcg ¤if;wdkYtaejzihf tifydkif,mbk&if tjzpf

,lqvmaomtcg t"dyÜm,frJh jzpfoGm;onhf a&S;trnfa[mif;

rsm;udk udk,fydkifi,f emrnftjzpf qufvufí tokH;jyKMu\/

oD&dvuFm bk&ifrsm;onf rdrdwdkYtaejzihf cwåd,rsKd;½dk;rsm; jzpf

aMumif; qdkMuaomfvnf; ,if;odkYr[kwfbJ a0órsKd;rsm;om jzpf

EdkifzG,f&Sd\/ ordkif;wifacwfrsm;twGif; tdE´d,bk&ifh rdom;pkrsm;

teuf tausmfMum;qkH;tcsKdUrSm a0órsKd;½dk;rsm;jzpfMu\}

1

/

a'0geHyd,wdórif;BuD; rwdkifrD Ak'¨0g'tBudK oD&dvuFmü

1

Epigraphia Zeylanica, p. 123.



eef;NrdKUudk wrÁyPÖdrS Oywdó½GmodkY a½TUajymif;cJhonf[laom t

csufESihf y@K0goka'0 rif;vufxufxd tkyfcsKyfa&;udk ,if;NrdKUu

yif pDrHcJhonf[laomtcsufrsm;u yka&m[dwfonf ta&;tyg

qkH;jzpfNyD; trwftm;vkH;udk MoZmoufa&mufrI&SdaMumif; azmfjy

onf/ yka&m[dwfonf rsm;aomtm;jzihf jAm[®Pjzpfonf/ y@K

umb,rif;onf ¤if;\q&mjzpfol y@KvjA[®P\om; pE´

tm; yka&m[dwftjzpf cefYtyfcJhonf

1

/ a'0geHyd,wdórif;ü t

aomurif;xHodkY oGm;cJhaom nDawmft&d|rif;om;ESihftwl vdkuf

ygoGm;onhf yka&m[dwfwpfa,muf&Sdonf

2

/

vlxktm;vkH;\ acgif;aqmifjzpfonhf bk&ifrif;tjyif Ak'¨

0g'rwdkifrD oD[dkVfuRef; vlUtzGJUtpnf;udk bmoma&;qdkif&mrsm;

ESihf avmuDa&;&m aqmif½Gufolrsm;[k u@ESpfrsKd; cGJjcm;Edkif

onf/ bmoma&;qdkif&m *kdPf;*Ptrsm;tjym;&SdNyD; ,if;wdkYonf

xD;eef;udk OD;aqmifrIjyKonf

3

/ avmuDa&; aqmif½Gufolrsm;udk cGJ

jcm;vQif xkH;pHtwdkif; cwåd, odkYr[kwf tkyfcsKyfolrsm;? jAm[®P

rsm; odkYr[kwf ynmwwf a[majym oifMum;olrsm;? a0órsKd;ü

yg0ifEdkifonfh v,form;rsm;ESihf odk;EGm;xdef;ausmif;olrsm;? p@m

v odkYr[kwf aus;uRef tvkyfvkyfMuonhf edrhfus csKdUwJholrsm;[k

t"dutm;jzihf av;rsKd; cGJjcm;Edkifonf/ tjzpfEdkifqkH; tjcm;trsKd;

ZmwftoD;oD;ü yg0ifonhf vlYtzGJUtpnf; rsKd;pkH taMumif;udk

vnf; azmfjyonf

4

/

jAm[®Prsm;rSm csrf;omNyD; ynmwwfMuvsuf ¤if;wdkYonf

aus;½Gm vlYtzGJUtpnf;rsm;ü t&Sdeft0g&SdNyD; av;pm;jcif;cHMu&

1

r[m0Ho 10;79/

2

,if; 11;20/

3

þ,lqcsufESihf ywfoufonhf aqG;aEG;rIrsm;udk a&SUtcef;wGif awGU&rnf/

4

,if;vlrsKd;pkrsm;\ wm0ef0wå&m;rsm;udk wdwdusus cGJjcm; owfrSwfxm;

jcif; r&Sdacs/ ykHpHtm;jzihf cwåd,rsKd;jzpfol y@Kumb,rif;\ OD;av;awmf

*d&du@od0onf aumowpf&m xGef,ufpdkufysKd;aMumif; jyqdkonf/

onfvnf; rdzk&m;taejzihf cwåd,EG,f rif;orD;udk r&rcsif; bd

odufcH&ef qE´r&SdcJhacs

1

/ ,if;jzpf&yfrsm;u bk&ifbdodufcHrIwGif

rif;rsKd;rif;EG,f owdkYorD;rSm rjzpfrae vdktyfaom t&mjzpf

aMumif; azmfjyonf/

r[m0Ho#Dumusrf;

2

ü oD[dkVfodkY jynhfpkHoifhjrwfonhf bd

odufcHrIykHpHudk ydkYay;cJholrSm taomu rif;jzpfaMumif; twdtus

azmfjyonf/ a'0geHyd,wdórif;onf y@Kumb,udk qufcH

NyD;aemuf rsm;rMumrD yg#vdykwåNrdKU½Sd taomurif;BuD;xH tzdk;

wef vufaqmiftrsm;tjym; ydkYay;cJhonf/ taomurif;tae

jzifh oD[dkVf&Sd taqGawmf rif;w&m;xH rdrdjyefay;&rnfh oihfawmf

aom vufaqmifypönf; a½G;cs,frItwGuf tcuftcJESihf BuKHcJh

onf/ oD[dkVfoHwrefrsm;tm; pkHprf;aomtcg bk&iftaomu

onf oD[dkVfbk&ifrSm vkyfief;wpfckjzihf tmPmydkifpdk;jcif;rS wpf

yg; rdrd(taomu)uJhodkY bdodufcHtcrf;tem; r&SdaMumif; odcJh

onf

4

/ odkYjzpfí taomurif;onf taqGawmf oD[dkVfrif;xHodkY

NyD;jynhfpkHonhf bdodufcHr*FvmtwGuf vdktyfcsuf tm;vkH;udk ydkY

ay;&ef qkH;jzwfcJhonf/ odkYjzihf taomuonf ],yfawmif? oif;

uspf(o&zl)? oefvsuf? xD;jzL? ajceif; (zdeyf)? acgif;aygif;? em;\

a!mif;? pvG,f? a&waumif;? pE´ul;eD? tpmrcs&ao;onhf

(topfusyfcRwf) 0wfvJawmfwpfpkH? tzdk;wef vufokwfy0g?

em*wdkY ,laqmifvmonhf rsufpOf;? t½kPfa&mif ajrnuf(ajreD)?

taemwwåa&pif? **Fgjrpfa&? r*Fvmtcrf;tem;wGif tokH;jyK

onhf c&koif;? t½G,fa&muf owdkYorD;unm? a½Ttdk; a½Tyef;uef

rsm;? tzdk;wef a0g,mOfawmf? zefcg;oD; oQpfoQm;oD;ESihf tzdk;wef

awmf0if aq;0g;rsm;? aus;iSufwdkY o,f,lvmonfh oav;qef

1

,if; 7;17/

2

r[m0Ho#D? pm - 306/

3

e tnH tbdaouy&d[m&H emr tw¬d? au0vH e0,|dum {0 ud&

aom &ZÆH uma&wd (r[m0Ho#D? pm 186)/



vSnf;tpnf; ajcmufq,fwdkuf? xdkYjyif bk&ifwpfyg; bdodufcH&m

ü vdktyfEdkifonhf t&mtm;vkH;}udk ay;ydkYcJhonf

1

/

aejynfawmfodkY jyefa&mufaomtcg oD[dkVftrwfBuD;rsm;

onf bk&iftaomu oifMum;vdkufonhftwdkif; a'0geHyd,

wdórif;BuD;tm; jynhfpkHonhf tcrf;tem;jzihf 'kwd,tBudrf bd

odufcHMuonf

2

/

þqufpyfrIwGif ,if;oufa&mufrI taMumif;udk rnfonhf

&mZ0ifusrf; odkYr[kwf rnfonfhusrf;wGifrS rSwfwrf; rjyKcJhaomf

vnf; ]a'0geHyd,}[laom *kPfjyKbGJUtrnfudkyif ]wdó}[laom

trnfrQom&Sdonhf oD[dkVfbk&iftm; {u&mZfwpfyg;tjzpf *kPf

jyKonhftaejzihf taomurif;u ay;tyfcJhaMumif; vufcH&ef

aMumif;usKd;qDavsmfonf/ a'0geHyd,wdórwdkifrD oD[dkVfbk&if

rsm;onf ,if;a&SUqufyk'f (a'0geHyd,)udk tokH; rjyKcJhMuacs/

a'0geHyd, ]ewfwdkY cspfjrwfEdk;jcif;cH&ol}[laom bGJUonf

tdEd,ü taomurif;BuD; rwdkifrDuyif tokH;jyKcJhaom bGJYjzpfNyD;

,if;a0g[m&udk acwfpum;jzihf ]jynhf&Sifrif;BuD;}[k vGwfvyfpGm

bmomjyefqdkEdkifonf/ taomuausmufpmtrSwf 8 wGif ]twd

MuwH tw&H a'0geHyd, 0d[m& ,Mw er edMurðok}[k yg&Sd

onf/ bDtrf b½l;0g; t*Fvdyfbmomjyeft& ]a&Stcgwkef;u

bk&ifrif;rsm;onf taysmfc&D;rsm; oGm;cJhMu\}

3

/ a'0geHyd, yk'f

udk bk&ifrif;rsm;[k omreftm;jzihfom bmomjyefqdkonf/ rlum

*sD (Mookerji)url ,if;pum;vkH;udk ]t&Sifrif;rsm;} (Their Sacred

Majesties)[k bmomjyefqdkvdkonf/ ,if;azmfjycsufonf ]a'0geH

yd,wdó}[laom bJGUtrnfudk taomurif;BuD;tm; qufcH

olrsm;vnf; tokH;jyKcJhaMumif; azmfjyonf/ ,if; ]a'0geHyd,)bGJU

udk bk&iftaomu\ ajr;awmf 'o&xrif; udk,fwdkif em*&ZÆKed

1

r[m0Ho 11;28-32/

2

r[m0Ho 11;41/

3

Inscriptions of Asoka, II, p. 186.

awmifukef;&Sd *lxGif;pmrsm;ü tokH;jyKcJhojzihf ,if;(bGJUudk) tokH;

jyKrIonf qufvuf wnf&SdaecJhykH&onf

1

/

a'0geHyd,wdóNyD;aemuf o'¨gwdó (bDpD 77-59)? vZÆd

wdó (bDpD 59-50)? r[mplvdu r[mwdó (bDpD 17-3)? ul#

uPÖwdó (at'D 16-38)ESihf r[mem* (at'D 556-559)

uJhodkYaom oD[dkVfbk&if rsm;pGmwdkYonf ]a'0geHyd,}udk *kPfxl;

aqmifbGJUtjzpf tokH;jyKcJhMuonf

2

/

bk&ifhw&m;½kH;rsm;;ü trwfrsm;&Sd&mwGif ]yka&m[dw} (bk&ifh

twkdifyifcH)trwfonf tqihf tjrihfqkH;jzpfonf/ 0dZ,rif;\

yka&m[dwrSm Oywdó*gr (Oywdó&Gm odkYr[kwf NrdKU)udk wnf

aqmufcJhol Oywdójzpfonf

3

/ 0dZ,rif;uG,fvGefNyD;aemuf xD;

1

See Mookerji : op. cit. pp 12, 150 n. 4. umvMumaomf ,if;bGJUtrnfonf Ak'¨0g'Dbk&ifrsm;twGuf txl;

jyKbGJUtrnfrsm;tjzpf ,lqcJhykH&NyD; Ak'¨0g'Dr[kwfonhf bk&ifrsm;u ,if;

bGJUudk avSmifajymif&ef BudK;pm;cJhMuzG,f &Sdonf/ odkYjzpfí ]od'¨gEÅaumrk'D}

usrf;ü ]a'0geHyd, £wd p rkac} (Siddhāntakaumudi, Bombay, 1929, p. 213.)[kqdkonf/ rlum*sDu ]eE´rif;rsm;? arm&d,rif;rsm;ESifh ok*Frif;rsm;

acwftwGif; jynfpkHaumif;rGefonfh ,if;bJGUonf tvGef xif&Sm;onhf Ak'¨

0g'D {u&mZfbk&ifrsm;udk qefYusifol aESmif;acwf jAm[®P0g'D t,l

onf; bk&ifrsm;\tjrifü raumif;rIwpfcktoGif cHpm;rdMu\}[k ,lq

onf/ odkYwap b½l;0g;url ,if;rSwfcsufudk raxmufcHacs/ b½l;0g;u

]ESdrfhcsaom tjrifonf ba¥m*sd 'D&SdwESihf tjcm;yk*¾Kdvfrsm;

(Bhaµµoji D²kshita and others)tm; bk&iftaomuudk qefYusifaom

rnfonhf *dkPf;*PpGJ t,lonf;rIaMumifhrS r[kwfacs/ taMumif;rl

,if;bGJUxl;udk (tokH;jyK&ef) wdkufwGef;aomtcg ,if;wdkYtaejzihf

a&S;bk&ifrsm; txl; ojzifh bk&iftaomu\ trnfemrESihf

ywfoufonfh xD;eef;okH;tjzpf a'0geHyd,wdóbGJUuJhodkYaom bGJUtrnf

cefYtyfrIESihfywfoufí ¤if;wdkY rwdkifrD tpOftvmwpf&yf

r&SdcJhaomaMumihfjzpf\} [kqdkonf/ rlum*sD\ Asoka, pp. 108-109 ESihf

b½l;0g;\ Inscriptions of Asoka, II, pp. 219-220 wdkYudk Munhfyg/

2

E.Z. I, pp. 58, 144,148; Ibid. III, pp 154, 156. 3

r[m0Ho 7;44/



pyfcJhonfrSm y@Kumb,rif;rS pwifonf

1

/

a&S;acwf tdE´d,ESihf oD[dkVfwdkYtMum; qufEG,frIonf a'0g

eHyd,wdórif;vufxufwGif tjrifhqkH;jzpfonf/ taomurif;

\ BuD;rm;xefjyif;onhf bk&if{u&mZftjzpf ausmfMum;rIonf

ajrmufrSawmif ta&SUrStaemufodkYwkdif jyefYESHYoGm;onf/ rif;BuD;

onf ¤if;\aumif;usKd;vkyfief;rsm;udk tjcm;bk&ifrif;rsm;\ e,f

y,frsm;odkYyif csJUxGifcJhonf/ NyD;cJhaomtcef;ü taomurif;\

vlrIaumif;usKd;ESihf aq;0g;taxmuftyHhrsm;qdkif&m aqmif½Guf

rIrsm;ü oD[dkVfEdkifiH

2

yg0ifcJhaMumif;ESihf rif;BuD;\ "r®0dZ,pDrH

udef;onf oD[dkVfuRef;ü atmifjrifaMumif; azmfjyNyD;jzpfonf/ þ

onfrSm taomurif;BuD;onf vufeufudkif ppfom;rsm;aMumihf

r[kwfbJ rif;BuD;\ ,Ofaus;rI? vlrIa&;ESihf bmomw&m;qdkif

&m vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;aMumifh oD[dkVfEdkifiHol EdkifiHom;wdkY\ ESvkH;

om;udk atmifEdkifcJhaMumif; qdkvdkjcif;jzpfonf/ wpfzef rif;BuD;u

¤if;\oHwrefrsm; roGm;a&mufcJhonhf tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;onfyif

¤if;\ pnf;urf;rl0g'rsm;udk vdkufemMuaMumif; qdkxm;onf/

a'0geHyd,wdóESifh taomurif;wdkYtMum; &if;ESD;uRrf;0if

onhf qufqHrIwnf&SdcJhaMumif;ESihf bk&ifESpfOD;wdkYtMum; cspfMunf

a&; zvS,fcJhMuaMumif; uREkfyfwdkY azmfjycJhNyD;jzpfonf/ oD[dkVf bk

&ifzufrS ,if;odkYaom azmfa½GysLiSmrI tajctaeonf taomu

rif;BuD;xHrS oD[dkVfEdkifiH&&SdcJhonfh tusKd;w&m;rsm;ESihf taomu

rif;BuD; ydkifqdkifxm;onhf atmifjrifrItay: auseyfaomaMumifh

1

a&m[PNrdKUudk tkyfpdk;cJhol vmrmPdrd[dE´ (Lāmāºi Mihind) trnf&

onf rif;om;wpfyg;onf ¤if;\trsKd;tEG,frSm y@Kumb,rS qif;

oufcJh aMumif;qdkonf (E.Z. III,p. 222)/ pwkw¬ r[dE´bk&ifonf ¤if;\

trsKd; tEG,fudk y@Kumb,ESihf bk&ifoka'g'ewdkYrS qif;oufaMumif;?

,if; odkYqkdojzihf ¤if;rSm ousrsKd;ESihf qufEG,faMumif; azmfjyonf (EZ. III,p. 227)/

2

wrÁyPÖd[lonfudk oD[dkVfuRef;tjzpf azmjfyjcif;ESihf ywfoufí þusrf;

pmrsufESm 59? atmufrSwfcsuf 1 wGif Munfhyg/

onf/ ¤if;wdkYonf q&mrsm;jzpfNyD; vlxk\twdkifyifcH yk*¾Kdvfrsm;

vnf; jzpfMuonf/ r[m0Housrf;ü rEÅ&rsm;udk uRrf;usifonhf

jAm[®Prsm;u rdzk&m;pdwåm\om;onf xD;eef;udk taMumif;jyKí

OD;av;awmftm;vkH;udk owfypfvdrfhrnf[k aMunmaMumif;azmfjy

onf

1

/ y@Kumb,udk rdcifu csrf;om<u,f0NyD; a0'usrf;rsm;

udk wwfuRrf;onfh y@Kvtrnf&onhf jAm[®Pwpfa,mufxH

tyfESHcJhonf/ bk&ifrif;wpfyg;twGuf vdktyfonhf 0dZÆmodyÜHynm

&yfrsm;udk oifMum;ay;NyD; &efoludk wdkufcdkuf&ef ppfwyfwpfck zGJU

Edkifavmufonhf aiGaMu;udk ay;tyfcJhonfrSm ,if; y@Kv

jAm[®Pjzpfonf

2

/ ZrÁKaumvqdyfurf;rS aAm"dudkif;udk aqmif,l

cJhonhf tpDtpOfü tEk&m"yk&NrdKUodkYtoGm; jAm[®Pwd0uú½GmodkY

t0ifwGif &yfem;cJh&aMumif; azmfjyonf (wd0uúó jAm[®Pó

*gr'Gga&)

3

/

,if;&yfem;rIudk trnfemrxkwfazmfí xif&Sm;pGm ñTef;qdk

NyD; tjcm;&yfem;onhf a'orsm;udkrl trnfemr txl;xkwfazmf

jcif;r&SdbJ ]tjcm;rsm;pGmaom ae&mrsm; (Xmaeok awok awok

p)}[kom azmfjyonf/ xdkYjyif jAm[®Pwd0uúudk tEk&m"yk&NrdKU

aAm"dyifylaZmfyGJrsm;odkY wufa&mufonhf xif&Sm;onfh {nfhonf

rsm;teuf txl;azmfjyonf

4

/ aAm"dudkif; &Spfckteuf wpfckudk

þjAm[®P½Gmü pdkufysKd;cJhonf

5

/ tjcm;rsKd;EG,frsm;ESihf t"duus

onhf yk*¾Kdvfrsm;\ tvkyftudkifrsm;uJhodkYaom &Edkifonhf &nf

ñTef;rIrsm;udk þtcef; tpydkif;ü azmfjyNyD;jzpfonf/

Ak'¨0g'rwdkifrD oD[dkVfuRef;ü wefcl;(aZ|) vjynhfaeYwGif

usif;yaom xif&Sm;onhf yGJawmfESpfck&Sdonf

6

/ wpfckrSm a&yGJ

1

r[m0Ho 9;2/

2

,if; 10;19-26/

3

,if; 19;37/

4

r[m0Ho 19;54/

5

,if; 19;61/

6

,if; 19;1/ r[m0Ho-#D? pm – 329/



obif (ovdvudVdwH = oBuFefyGJawmf ?) jzpfonf/ ,if;yGJawmf

rSm vltrsm;twGuf t"du &nf½G,fonf/ &o0g[deDusrf;wGif

1

'k|*grPdrif;vufxufü rif;BuD;udk,fwkdifyg0ifqifETJcJhonhf wef

cl;vüusif;onhf a&yGJobiftaMumif; azmfjyonf/ wefcl;v

onf yljyif;&moDjzpfí ,if;vwGif a&yGJobifusif;yrIudk BudKqdk

rnfjzpfonf/ aemufyGJawmfwpfckrSm trJvdkufyGJjzpfNyD; ,if;yGJü

vnf; azmfjyNyD;twdkif; bk&ifudk,fwkdif yg0ifonf/ pdkufysKd;a&;ESifh

qufEG,frI&Sdonhf yGJawmfrsm;taMumif;udk azmfjyNyD;jzpfonf/

Ak'¨0g'rwdkifrD oD[dkVfuRef;ü pmaya&;&m vIyf&Sm;rI t

aMumif; azmfjycsuf rawGU&onfomru bDpDokH;&mpk rwdkifrD

ausmufpma&;xdk;rIrsm;vnf; wpfpkHwpf&m rawGU&acs/ odkYwap

tenf;qkH; tkyfcsKyfa&;vlwef;pm;ESihf jAm[®Prsm; twGif;ürl

ynma&;udk vspfvsL½Ixm;jcif;r&Sd/ NrdKUawmftaemufzuf&Sd xdk

jAm[®P\ trnfjzihf xif&Sm;onhf ½Gmwpf½GmwGif aexdkifonhf

y@Kvtrnf&onhf jAm[®PxH y@Kumb,rif; ynmoif,l

aMumif; azmfjycsufyg&Sdonf/ y@Kvonf rdrd\om;jzpfol pE´

ESihf y@Kumb,wdkYtm; twwfynmrsm; oifay;&onf[k qdk

onf

2

/ tjcm;ausmif;om;rsm;taMumif; azmfjycsufryg&Sdojzihf

y@Kumb,taejzihf ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif jzpfavovm;

[k pOf;pm;&efom &Sdonf/

oD[dkVfü tajccscJhMuonfh a&S;OD;tm&d,ef vlrsm;onf

tdE´d,&Sd ¤if;wdkY\EdkifiHrS tm;vkH; twlwuG xGufvmcJhMuonf

r[kwfacs/ oD[dkVfonf yifrtdE´d,wdkufi,ftwGif; jzpfay:onhf

EdkifiHa&; vlrIa&; pD;yGm;a&; odkYr[kwf bmoma&;paom r[m

ajymif;vJrIwdkif;u oD[dkVfvlrsKd;wdkY\b0udk ododomom vTrf;rdk;cJh

onfxd tdE´d,ESihf eD;pyf&if;ESD;pGm qufEG,frI&Sdonf/ wavrEém&

(Talaimannar) ESihf "Ekoaum'd (Dhanuskodi) wdkYtMum; a&t

1

&o0g[deD 2? pm – 73/

2

r[m0Ho 10;20-23/

enf;i,f tus,ft0ef;om jcm;xm;rIonf ESpfEdkifiHtMum; ykHrSef

qufoG,frIudk tydwftyifr&SdbJ aESmif;acwfrsm;wGif wpfcg

wpf&H tvdk&r®ufBuD;onhf tdE´d,awmifydkif;rS tkyfcsKyfolrsm;

oD[dkVfuRef;udk 0ifa&mufwdkufckdufrIrsm; &Sdaomfvnf; tdE´d,onf

rdcifarwåmjzihf oD[dkVftm; vma&mufulnD&ef tNrJwrf; tqif

oihfjzpfcJhonf/

ESpfEdkifiHtMum; ysLiSmvIdufvSJonhf qufqHrIrsm;rSm a&S;tus

qkH;umvuyif wnf&SdcJhonf/ 0dZ,rif; (bDpD 483-445)ESihf

¤if;\vlrsm;onf ¤if;wdkY\ ZeD;avmif; owdkYorD;rsm;udk tdE´d,

awmifydkif; y@,EdkifiH r"k&mNrdKUrS &&SdcJhMuonf

1

/ r"k&mbk&if

onf ¤if;\ om;rufawmf (oD[dkVfbk&if)xHodkY tEkokckrynm

onf rdom;pk wpfaomif;&Spfaxmiftjyif qif jrif; &xm;rsm;ESihf

vufrI ynmonfrsm;udk ydkYay;cJhaMumif; od&onf

2

/ 0dZ,onf

¤if;\ a,mu©rawmfxHodkY tzdk;wef ykvJ&wemrsm;uJhodkYaom

vufaqmifyPÖmrsm; ay;ydkYNyD; cifrif&ifESD;rIudk xdef;odrf;cJhonf

3

/

0dZ,rif;udk qufcHol ¤if;\wlawmf y@K0goka'0onf tdE´d,

ajrmufydkif;rS ousrif;orD;udk vufxyfcJhonf

4

/ aemufwGif ,if;

orD;\ armifawmfrsm; oD[dkVfodkY a&mufvmMuNyD; uRef;oD[dkVf&Sd

ae&mtoD;oD;ü tajccsaexdkifMuonf

5

/ Ak'¨0g'rwdkifrD oD[dkVfü

xif&Sm;onhf tBuD;jrwfqkH;bk&if y@Kumb,onf tdE´d,

ajrmufydkif;rS a&mufvmMuonhf oustEG,f rif;om; ajcmuf

a,mufüyg0ifol 'DCm,k\ ajr;awmfjzpfonf

6

/ oD[dkVfbk&ifrsm;

¤if;wdkY\ tpOftqufudk Ak'¨\tEG,fjzpfonfh ousrsKd;ESihf quf

1

r[m0Ho 7;48-58? 69-72/

2

,if; 7;56-57/

3

,if; 7;73/

4

,if; 8;18-27/

5

,if; 9;60-11/

6

,if; 9;13-27/



jzpfonfrSm aocsmonf/ oD[dkVfbk&ifay;ydkYcJhonhf tzdk;wefvuf

aqmifypönf;rsm;tay: aus;Zl;wkHYjyefonhf taejzihf taomu

rif;w&m;BuD;u a'0geHydwdórif;\ tbdodufcH tpDt&ifudk

jyifqifay;vsuf rdrd(taomurif;BuD;)udk,fwkdif Ak'¨"r®oHCmudk

udk;uG,fouJhodkY oD[dkVfbk&iftm; Ak'¨0g'Dwpf a,mufjzpfvm&ef

wdkufwGef;onhf owif;aumif;udk ydkYvdkufaomtcg ESpfEdkifiH t

jyef tvSef&if;ESD;rIonf txGwftxdyfodkY a&mufoGm;onf

1

/

1

r[m0Ho 11;34-35? 'Dy0Ho 12;5-7/ odkY&mwGif 'Dy0Husrf;vm taom

urif;BuD;\ aemufrSwfwrf; wpfckt&rl taomurif;BuD;onf a'0geH

yd,wdórif;BuD;tm; Ak'¨0g'udk vufcH&ef wdkufwGef;aMumif; razmfjyay/

,if;rSwfwrf;ürl taomurif;BuD;onf a'0geHyd,wdótm; rdrdtae

jzihf Ak'¨"r®oHCmtm; qnf;uyfaMumif;udkom qdkaMumif; jyqdkonf

('Dy0Ho 11;35-36)/ ,if;onf oG,f0dkufaomenf;jzihf wdkufwGef;jcif;

jzpfEdkifonf/

okwåedygwft|uxmü r[m0Hoü azmfjyonfESihf tawmfrsm;rsm; wl

nDonhf azmfjycsufwpfck yg&Sdonf/ ajrmufydkif; u|0g[ebk&ifESifh Am

&mPoDbk&ifwdkYonf taomurif;ESihf a'0geHyd,wdó rif;wdkYuJhodkY vkH;

0rawGUjrifzl;onfh rdwfaqG&if; rsm;jzpfMuonf/ wpfcgaomf u|0g[e

onf rdwfaqG Am&mPoDbk&ifxH tzdk;rjzwfEdkifonhf 0wf½kHrsm;udk

vufaqmifydkYcJhonf/ Am&mPoDbk&ifonf ,if;xuftzdk;wefonhf vuf

aqmifypönf;udkk a½G;cs,f&ef cufcJaejcif;ü opöm"r®[laom vufaqmif

udk a½G;cs,fcJhonf/ xdktcsdefum; uóybk&m;&Sif toufxif&Sm; &Sdcsdef

jzpfonf/ Am&mPoDbk&ifonf u|0g[exH avmuü Ak'¨"r®ESihf oHCm

ay:xGef;aeNyDjzpfaMumif; owif;pum;udk ydkYay;cJhonf/ ,if; "r®vuf

aqmifudk &&Sdaomtcg u|0g[ebk&ifonf Ak'¨udk oGm;a&muf zl;ajrmf&ef

qE´ jzpfay:vmonf/ odkYaomf ¤if;\ trwfrsm;ESihf wlawmfu roGm;

a&muf&ef rif;BuD;tm; wm;jrpfvsuf rdrdwdkYukd,fwdkif Ak'¨udkzl;ajrmf&ef oGm;

a&mufcJhMuonf/ (a'0geH yd,wdó\ wlawmfvnf; yg#vdykwfNrdKUawmf

odkY oGm;a&mufcJhonf/) ¤if;wdkY Am&mPoDodkY oGm;aecsdefwGif uóy

bk&m;&Sif y&dedAÁmef pHvGefawmfrlojzihf ¤if;wdkY pdwfrcsrf;ajrUjzpfMuonf/

odkYwap &[ef;oHCm rsm;u ¤if;wdkYtm; o&P*kH aqmufwnf&ef

tMuHay;Muonf/ bk&ihf wlawmfuvGJí usefyk*¾Kdvftm;vkH; &[ef;tjzpf


xdkjyif oD[dkVfbk&ifonf ¤if;\rdwfaqG tdE´d,{u&mZf wkduf

wGef;onhftwdkif; 'kwd,tBudrf bdodufcHtcrf;tem; usif;ycJh

onf/ ,if;odkY aqmif½GufcsufrSm bk&ifESpfyg;\ cspfMunfrI

oauFwjzpfEdkifouJhodkY taomu\ BuD;us,fcrf;em;rIatmufodkY

cdkvIHjcif;ESihf (taomu\) oD[dkVftay: MoZm vTrf;rdk;rIvnf;

jzpfEdkifonf/ ESpfEdkifiHtMum; ,if;odkYpwifcJhonhf cspfMunfrIonf

bk&iftaomutm; ¤if;\om;awmf r[dE´ESihf orD;awmf

oHCrdwåmtm; oD[dkVfü Ak'¨omoemudkwnfaxmif&ef omoem

jyKrsm;tjzpf apvTwfchJonftxd jzpfonf

1

/

cH,lMuonf/ bk&ifhwlawmfonf uóyAk'¨ tokH;jyKawmfrlonhf ]"r®

u&P}(a&ppfawmf)[laom ]y&dabm*"mwk}udk ,laqmifoGm;NyD; "r®0de,

ü vdr®muRrf;usifonfh &[ef;awmfwpfyg;onf w&m;a[mMum;onf/

u|0g[erif;onf rax&fjrwfxH oGm;a&muf zl;ajrmfNyD; w&m;udk emMum;

vsuf ausmif;wkdufwpfckESihf apwDwpfql wnfaqmufNyD; aAm"dyifwpfyif

pdkufysKd;NyD;aemuf o&P*kHESihf ig;yg;&Spfyg;oDv aqmufwnfMuonf/

tvª'gejyKMuvsuf aovGefaomtcg ewfjynfavmuü jyefvnf arG;zGm;

Muonf (okwåded-|? 469)/

1

ESpfEdkifiHtMum; rMumcP ul;vl;qufqHrIonf tdE´d,ESihf oD[dkVfEdkifiHwdkY

onf tapmqkH; bDpDokH;&mpkuyif yifv,fa&aMumif; qufqHrIrsm; &SdcJh

aMumif; t"dyÜm,faumuf,l&ef aMumif;usKd;avsmfuefaMumif; azmfjyonf/

00000000


pdwåESihf umVa0v bDvl;ESpfa,mufyif jzpfonf/

þjzpf&yfu pdwåESihf umVa0v bDvl;ESpfa,mufrSm Xmae

odkYr[kwf 0g'´gvlrsKd; acgif;aqmif ESpfa,mufvnf; r[kwf? trSef

aomf y@Kumb,udk,fwdkif odolrsm;yifr[kwfbJ tpGJtvrf;

aMumihf ,aeYwdkif wnf&Sdaeonhf bDvl;ESihf 0dnmOfowå0grsm;

uJhodkY vltrsm;\ pdwftm½kHwGif wnf&Sdaeonhf aoolrsm;\

0dnmOfowå0grsm; jzpfMuonf/

,u©(bDvl;)owå0g tpGJtvrf;ESihftwl a&S;OD;aexdkifolwdkY

\ tjcm;,Ofaus;rIrsm;uJhodkY Ak'¨0g'rwdkifrD oD[dkVfü xif&Sm;cJh

cJhaom bdk;bGm;bDbifwdkYudk udk;uG,frI odkYr[kwf aooGm;olwdkY\

0dnmOfrsm;udk t½dktaoay;rI taMumif;udk aqG;aEG;&ef vdktyf

onf

1

/ y@Kumb,ESihf xdkacwf jynfolwdkYonf opömwnfwHhNyD;

rdrdwdkY cspfjrwfEdk;olrsm; aovGefNyD;aemuf ,u©rsm;tjzpf jyef

vnfarG;zGm;NyD; b0a[mif;rS rdwfaqGrsm;ESihf acgif;aqmifrsm;

tm; qufvuf apmihfa&Smufonf[laom ,kHMunfrI &SdcJhykH&onf/

pdwåESihf umVa0vwdkYESpfa,mufrSm ,if;odkYaom yk*¾Kdvfrsm;jzpfMu

onf/ xdkYtwl y@Kumb,rdom;pk\ opömapmihfodaom aus;

uReftrsKd;orD;jzpfcJhol pdwåmonf ,u©deD(bDvl;r)tjzpf jyefvnf

arG;zGm;onf/ y@Kumb,onf b0a[mif;(vljzpfpOf)u aus;

Zl;&SdcJhzl;aomaMumihf NrdKUawmfawmifzuf*dwfwGif ,if; bDvl;r

twGuf aexkdifp&mtdrf aqmufvkyfay;aMumif; od&onf

2

/

1

Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics rS Ancestor Worship and Cult of the Dead udkvnf; ½Iyg/

2

r[m0Ho 10;85/ ,u©[laom a0g[m&\ t"dyÜm,frSm av;pm;xdkuf

NyD; a'0 (ewf)wdkYavmuf tqifhrjrihfonhf vlom;vGef (ur®Zd'dwefcdk;&Sd

onfh) owå0gjzpfonf/ apmapmydkif; ygVdpmaywGif ,u©[laom a0g[m&

onf Ak'¨[laomt"dyÜm,f (r 2? 49)? ewfwdkYbk&if ouú(odMum;)rif; (r

1? 256/ 'D 2? 208)ESihf tjcm;ewfa'0gwdkYudkvnf; ('D 2? 205) &nfñTef;

onf/ Ak'tm; Munfñdkol bk&if Adr Ádom&onf Ze0ob,u©trnfjzihf

arG;zGm;cJhonf('D 2? 166)/ t"dyÜm,f qGJokH;onhftaejzihf Ak'¨0g'rwdkifrD

tcef; 3

Ak'¨0g'rwdkifrD oD[dkVfEk difiH

(2) bmoma&;tajctae

bDpD okH;&mpk Ak'¨0g' oD[dkVfuRef;odkY Ak'¨ra&mufvmrD

1

uRef;oD

[dkVfü pepfwus zGJUpnf;xm;onhf trsKd;om; odkYr[kwf EdkifiHawmf

bmomw&m; r&Sdao;onfrSm xif&Sm;onf/ w½kwfbk&m;zl;c&D;

onf [l,ifqef (Hiuen Tsiang)\ tvdkt&aomf ]a&S;acwf

oD[dkVfEdkifiHonf ukd,fusifhoDvraumif;onfh bmomw&m;udk pGJ

vef;cJh\}

2

[kjzpfonf/ &mZ0ifusrf;udk taotcsm avhvmygu

,if;udk;uG,frIrsm;rSm a&S;OD;vlwdkY\ obm0w&m;ESihf wd&pämef

udk;uG,frIqdkif&m t,lonf;rIrsm;jzpfaMumif; awGU&rnfjzpfonf/

0dZ,rif;taMumif;ü ,u©(bDvl;) ,u©deD(bDvl;r)rsm;uJhodkY

aom 0dnmOfavmuom;rsm;taMumif; azmfjycsufrsm;awGU&aomf

vnf; bDpDav;&mpk y@Kumb,rif;acwfodkY a&mufonfhwdkif

rnfonhfudk;uG,frI odkYr[kwf tpGef;a&mufrIykHpHudkrQ azmfjyxm;

jcif;r&Sdacs/ &mZ0ifusrf;rsm;wGif awGU&onhf y@Kumb,\

vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;pGmwGif xdktcsdefu acwfpm;aeonhf udk;uG,f

rIykHpHrsm;ESihfywfoufonhf ,lqcsuftcsKdU &Edkifonf/ y@Kumb

1

þtcef;ü &nfñTef;xm;onhf JRAS (CB) wGif tufpf y&e0dwe (S. Paranavitana) a&;om;onhf tzdk;wefonhf Pre-Buddhist Religious Beliefs in Ceylon [laom pmwrf;udk Munhfyg/

2

Hiuen Tsiang : Bk. XI, p. 246. (odkY&mwGif rSwfwrf;a&;ol [l,ifqef

onf oD[dkVfuRef;odkY a&mufzl;cJhjcif; r&Sdacs/)


,onf a&S;acwf tdE´d,ESihf oD[dkVfbk&ifrsm;\ xkH;wrf;pOfvm

rsm;udk vdkufemNyD; rdrdacwfwGif xif&Sm;onfh tpGef;a&muf *dkPf;

rsm;ESihf bmomw&m;rsm;udk wef;wl vGwfvyfrIESifh pdk;rdk;tkyfcsKyf

jcif;rsm;jzihf OD;aqmifcJh&zG,f&Sdonf/ odkY&mwGif ¤if;\udk,fydkif ,kH

MunfrI bmjzpfonf[laomtcsufrSm rod&bJ&Sdonf/ ¤if;tae

jzihf rnfonhfudk;uG,frI ykHpHudkrQ pdwfwdrf;ñGwfjcif;r&SdbJ þ,kH

Munfcsufwpfck aumif;ouJhodkY tjcm;wpfckvnf; aumif;onf

[kyif ,lqcJhzG,f&Sdonf/

bDvl;rsm;udk udk;uG,frIrSm xif&Sm;NyD; xdktcsdefu vTrf;rdk;ae

onhf ,kHMunfpGJvrf;rIwpfck jzpfaeykH&onf/ eef;wufNyD;aemuf

rsm;rMumrDwGif y@Kumb,onf NrdKUawmfta&SUzufü umVa0

v bDvl;ESihf tb,a&uef

1

tedrhfydkif; axmihfpGef;&Sd pdwå&mZ

bDvl;udk ESdrfeif;atmifjrifcJh&aMumif; qdkxm;onf

1

/ [ife&Dygum

1

umVa0v ewfuGef;onf tenf;qkH; at'Dav;&mpktxd wnf&SdcJhonf/

r[maoerif;onf ,if;umVa0vewfuGef;ae&mü apwDwpf qlwnfcJh

aMumif; tqdk&Sdonf/ umVa0va*[ó Xmae xlyH p uma&od

(r[m0Ho 37;44)/

a0omvDNrdKU&Sd Oa'e? a*gwru? owårÁ? A[kykwå? om&E´'ESihf

pmygv ('D 2? 98)apwDrsm;uJhodkY abm**gr &Sd tmeEápwD ('D 2? 78)ESihf

tmV0D&Sd t*¾gV0apwD (okwåed-|2? 78)rsm;rSm rlvu ,u© (bDvl;)trsKd;

rsKd;\ ewfuGef;rsm;jzpfNyD; aemiftcg ,if;wdkY\ trnfjzihf ,if;ewfuGef;

rsm;udk trnfrSnfhac:Muonf/ odkYwap Ak'ÿGifhawmfrlNyD;aemufwGif ,if;

ewfuGef;rsm;ae&mrsm;ü Ak'ËSihf Ak'öm0ursm; oDwif;okH;rnfh 0d[m&

(ausmif;wdkuf)rsm; wnfaqmufcJhMuNyD; rlvemrnfrsm;twdkif;yif ac:a0:

cJhMuonf (okwåed-| 2? 78/ tH-| 2/ 151/ 'D-| 2? 111)/ Ak'¨&Sif

awmfjrwf udk,fwdkifyif tdE´d,EdkifiHwpfvTm; ysHUBuJaeonhf apwDrsm;udk

a,bk,stm;jzihf &nfñTef;awmfrlcJhonf (r 1? 25/ "r®y'? tcef; 14?

10 *gxm)/ xkH;pHtm;jzihf apwD, (apwD)rsm;rSm ewfrsm;ESihf ,u©rsm;

aexdkifonhf ae&mrsm;tjzpf,lqMuNyD; vltrsm;onf rdrdwdkY\ tcuftcJ

rsm;twGuf ulnDrpap&ef ,if;ewfuGef;rsm;ü ylaZmfyocJhMuonf/

2

Ancient Ceylon, p. 26.

(Henry Parker)u ,if;bDvl;ESpfa,mufrSm 0g'´g (vāddā) vlrsKd;

wdkY\ xif&Sm;onhf acgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfNyD; ]EdkifiHa&;em;vnfonhf

bk&if (y@Kumb,)onf ,if;bDvl;ESpfa,mufwdkY\ t&Sdeft0g

MoZmaMumifh rdrd\atmifEdkifrIudk rvTJraoG todtrSwfjyK&rnf

udk od&SdcJhaMumif;} ,lqcJhonf/ ]þudpöESihfywfoufí ¤if;

(y@Kumb,)\ EdkifiHa&; tajrmftjrif&SdrIonf EdkifiHawmftm;

ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm Mumonfxd aoG;acsmif;pD;rI rvkHNcKHrIwdkYrS u,f

wifcJhonfrSm ,kHrSm;zG,fr&SdbJ 0g'´gvlrsKd;wdkYtm; rdrd\vkyfaqmif

rIrsm;udk ESpfoufonhf Nidrf;csrf;onfh Xmaersm;tjzpf ajymif;

vJypfEdkifcJh\}

1

[k ¤if; ([ife&Dygum)u wifjycJhonf/ þonfrSm

oD[dkVfuRef;odkY tm&d,efvlrsKd;wdkY 0ifa&mufrvmrD aexdkifcJhMu

aom a&S;OD;vlrsKd;rsm;tjzpf &mZ0ifusrf;rsm;ü &nfñTef;cJhonhf

,u©(bDvl;)rsm;tm; y@Kumb,\ vdr®myg;eyfpGm ajz&Sif;wwf

ykH taMumif;,kw ådtwGuf erlemwpfck jzpfonf/

odkYwap azmfjyyg tcsuftvufrsm;ESihf ywfoufí a&Smif

z,fz,fvkyf&ef taMumif; r&Sdacs/ Or®m'pdwåm rif;orD;tm;

opömazmufvkyfBuHowfjzwfrnfh tBuHtpnfudk oabmwlvuf

cHrnf r[kwfaomaMumihf rif;orD;\ vl,kHaus;uRefrsm; jzpfMu

onfh pdwåESihf umVa0vwdkYudk armifawmf rif;om;rsm;u owf

ypfcJhaMumif;ESihf ,if;uRefrsm;onf ,u©rsm;tjzpf jyefvnf arG;

zGm;NyD; y@Kumb, rif;om;jzpfvmrnfh oli,fudk rdcif0rf;ü

&SdpOfuyif apmihfa&SmufcJhaMumif; r[m0Housrf;ü twdtus

qdkonf

1

/ 0HykavG½dkif; toGifudkjyNyD; OD;av;awmfrsm;\ tm½kH pl;

pdkufrIudk ajymif;ypfjcif;jzihf uRefrdef;ri,ftm; rif;om;ol i,fudk

xnhfxm;onhf awmif;jzihf xGufajy;cGihf&atmif zefwD;ay;vsuf

OD;av;awmfrsm;\ &ufpufonhfvufrS u,fwifcJhonfrSmvnf;

pdwåESihf umVa0v bDvl;ESpfa,mufyif jzpfonf

2

/

1

r[m0Ho 9;22-23/

2

r[m0Ho 10;1-5/

98 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif; Ak'¨0g'rwdkifrD oD[dkVfEdkifiH bmoma&;tajctae 99

¤if;\ ,kHMunfcsuft& ¤if;tay: aus;Zl;&SdNyD; ulnDchJMuaom

,u©ESihf ,u©deDrsm;twGuf ewfuGef; odkYr[kwf apwd,rsm;

aqmufvkyfay;onf[kom qdkvdkonf/

r[m0Housrf;ü

1

]yGJawmf aeYrsm;ü y@Kumb,onf pdwå

&mZESihftwl xdkifckHwpfckHwnf;wGif xdkifNyD; vlrsm;udka&m ewfrsm;

udkyg rdrda&SUü uckefapvsuf aysmf½Tif cHpm;\}[k qdkonf/ xdkYjyif

r[m0Housrf;ü

2

yif yuwdrsufpdjzihf jrif&onfh umVa0vESihf

pdwå&mZwdkYESihf (umVa0v pdawå[d 'dórmae[d) twl rif;BuD;

onf ,u© blwwdkYESihf (,u©blw o[m, 0g) rdwfaqG jzpf

vsuf pnf;pdrfudk rQa0cHpm;aMumif;vnf; jyqdkonf/

txufyg uAsmqefqef azmfjycsufrsm;rS ,u©wdkYonf vl

wdkYjrifEdkifonhf ykHpHjzihfay:vmjcif;ESihf y@Kumb,onf vlxka&SU

arSmufü ¤if;wdkYESihf twlxdkifonf[laom tcsufudk em;vnf&ef

rvdkawmhacs/ ygum(Parker)u yuwdrsufpdjzihf jrifEdkifonhf

umVa0vESifhpdwå[laom pum;vkH;rsm;jzihf ]av;pm;xdkufonhf

at'Dig;&mpk orkdif;ynm&Sif\ vufudk xkwfazmfjyo\}[k ,lq

onf

2

/ aemufjzpfEdkifzG,f&Sdonhf &Sif;jyrIwpfckrSm rdrd\ BuD;us,f

crf;em;rIudk txl;jyKazmfjy&ef y@Kumb,onf ,if;,u©wdkY\

½kyfwkrsm;udk rdrdESihftqihfwl xdkifckHab;ü csxm;zG,f&Sd\[k jzpf

onf/ tu,fí uREkfyfwdkY taejzihf ]twkcdk; rsufvSnfh (Imitative

magic)}tjzpf xif&Sm;onhf a&S;OD;vlom;wdkY\ tawG;tjrif wpf

&yfudk xnfhoGif; pOf;pm;cJhvQif y@Kumb,\ ,if;tjyKtrludk

vG,fulpGm ESpfoufvufcHEdkifonf/ ],if;odkY jyKvkyfcsuf\ aemuf

uG,fwGif wdrfjrKyfaeNyD; us,fjyefYonfh tqifhtwef;wpfckudk jzpf

ay:apaomt"dyÜm,frSm tu,fí uREfkyfwdkYonf uREkfyfwdkY\qE

1

r[m0Ho 10;87-88 *gxm/

2

,if; 10;104/

3

Anchent Ceylon p. 26 n. 1.

azmfjyyg tcsufrsm;onf aoolrsm;taejzihf &Hzef&Hcg ,u©

odkYr[kwf ,u©deDrsm;tjzpf jyefvnf arG;zGm;NyD; ¤if;wdkYonf rdrd

cspfESpfoufolrsm; vdktyfcsdefwGif tultnDay;&ef vma&mufMu

onf[laom ,kHMunfrIwpf&yf&SdcJhaMumif; azmfjyonf/ ,if;,kH

MunfrIrsKd;onf a&S;acwftdE´d,wGif Ak'¨rwdkifrDua&m Ak'¨yGifhay:

NyD;aemufrSyg xif&Sm;&SdcJhonf

1

/ t&Sifr[dE´onf oD[dkVfodkYa&muf

NyD;aemuf 'kwd,aeYwGif aoolrsm;\ 0dnmOfavmuESifh ywf

oufonhf Ak'¨pmayusrf;*ef ESpfckjzpfonhf ayw0w¬KESihf 0drme

0w¬KygVdawmfrsm;udk a[mMum;aMumif; od&onf

2

/ ,if;onf

t&Sifr[dEtaejzihf oD[dkVfuRef; omoemjyKvkyfief;\ yPmr

tqifhwGif a'ocHrsm;taejzihf t&Sifjrwf\w&m;udk vG,fvG,f

ulul em;vnfNyD; ESpfoufaprnfh w&m;a'oemwpfckrS wpfqifh

¤if;wdkY\ pdwftm½kHudk tokH;csjcif;jzihf a'ocHwdkY\ ESvkH;om;udk

&,lEdkif&ef jcifqifrdcJhzG,f&SdaMumif; ,lqEdkifonf/

oD[dkVfü a&S;OD; aexkdifcJhMuonhf vlrsKd;pk tcsKdUudkvnf; ,u©[k okH;pGJcJh

onfrSm jzpfEdkifzG,f&Sdonf/ odkYjzpfrl ,if;oD[dkVf XmaevlrsKd;rsm;tm; ¤if;

wdkYaovGefNyD;aemuf vlom;r[kwfonhf ,u©(bDvl;)rsm;tjzpf jyefvnf

arG;zGm;aom qif;ouf vlrsKd;rsm;tjzpf rSwf,lEdkif&monf/ ,u©rsm;udk

udk;uG,fcJhMuNyD; ,u©wdkYtm; ,ZfylaZmfrI rsm;vnf; jyKvkyfcJhMuzG,f&Sdonf/

,if;odkYjzihf ,u©udk udk;uG,folrsm;tm;vnf; udk;uG,fcH,u©wdkY\ trnf

udk,lí ,u©vlrsKd;[k ac:a0:vmcJhykH&onf/ umva½GUaomtcg trnf

emronfomru ¤if;wdkY\ wefcdk; £'¨dyg'fvnf; ajymif;vJoGm;onf([k

rSef;qEdkif&monf)/ &d*fa0' (Ŗgve-da) usrf;vm 'go [laoma0g[m&

onf tm&d,efvlrsKd; r[kwfol Xmaersm;? ewfqdk;rsm;? &u©orsm; [laom

t"dyÜm,frsm;jzihf okH;EIef;rIrsm; ESihf EIdif;,SOfMunhfyg (History of Indian Literature by M. Winternix, I, p. 78)/ University of Ceylon Review Vol. I, No. 2 (November, 1943) wGif O.H. de A. Wijeaekera a&;om;onhf The Philosophical Impart of Vedic Yaksa and Pali Yakkha (p. 23-24) udkvnf;

½Iyg/

1

ZmwfawmftrSwf 512? 544 ESihf 545 wdkYudk ½Iyg/

2

r[m0Ho 14;58/ 0d-| 1? 47/


Ak'¨0g'rwdkifrD oD[dkVfEdkifiH bmoma&;tajctae 101

uG,fvGefolrsm;udk udk;uG,frIonf ]vlom;wdkY udk;uG,fonhf

bmomw&m; rsKd;uGJBuD;rsm;teuf wpfckjzpf\/ udk;uG,folrsm;

onf ouf&Sdvlom;wdkY\ vlrIa&;qufqHrIrsm;udk ½dk;&Sif;pGm odrf;

qnf;xm;aMumifh ,if;udk;uG,frI\ tajccHrsm;udk em;vnf&ef r

cufcJay/ uG,fvGefol aqGrsKd;onf ewfa'0g jzpfoGm;NyD; rdrd\ rd

om;pkudk qufvufapmihfa&Smuf½kHjzpfNyD; b0a[mif;uuJhodkY aqG

rsKd;rsm;xHrS pm;0wfaea&;rIudk &&Sdjcif;ü uG,fvGefol acgif;aqmif

onf ¤if;\trsKd;udk apmihfa&SmufqJjzpfvsuf rdwfaqGrsm;udk ul

nDjcif; &efolrsm;udk ESdrfeif;jcif;rsm;jzihf rdrd\t&Sdeft0gudk &,l

xm;qJjzpfonfomru trSefukd ay;tyfNyD; trSm;udk jypf'Pf

cwfqJjzpf\}

1

/ ,if;,kHMunfrIonf oD[dkVfü A@m& tpGJtvrf;

(Baº¹āra-cult)[k ,aeYacwfwdkif wnf&Sdjzpfonf/ ,if;pGJvrf;rI

rSm ,aeYwdkif oD[dkVfuRef; tcsKdUa'orsm;ü jyKvkyfqJjzpfonfh

uG,fvGefNyD; acgif;aqmifrsm;ESihf xif&Sm;onhf aqGrsKd;rsm;udk ½dk

aoudk;uG,fjcif; jzpfonf/ rdaEé&d, t&yf&Sd {&mruefBuD;udk

wnfaqmufcJhol r[maoe(at'D 4 &mpk)rif;ewftm; ukd;uG,f

onhf rdaEé&d,a'a,sm (Minněriya-Deyyo) udk;uG,frIudk erlem

tjzpf azmfjyEdkif&monf/ aus;vufvlwdkYonf aooltcsKdUrSm

a*0v,u© (gevala-yakās = tdrfaeewf)rsm;tjzpf jyefvnfarG;

zGm;onf[k ,kHMunfMuNyD; ¤if;ewfwdkYonf ¤if;wdkY\ pdwfaepdwf

xm;tvdkuf apwemaumif; odkYr[kwf qdk;EdkifMuonf/ ,u©

(yakkha) rS qif;oufvmonhf oD[dkVfa0g[m& ,um (yakā)udk

0g'´g (Vāddās) vlrsKd;rsm; twGif;rSmyif tusKd;jyKoljzpfap rjyKol

jzpfap yk&doewfrsm;tm;vkH;udk &nfñTef;onf

2

/ ,aeYwkdifyif

aus;vuf½Gmom;tcsKdU wJi,frsm;aqmufNyD; xdkae&mwGif aool

rsm;(0ifpm;onhf)ewfrsm;tm; ylaZmfyorIrSm xif&Sm;qJ jzpfonf/

odkYjzpfí pdwå&mZESihf umVa0vwdkYrSm Xmae0g'´gvlrsKd;acgif;

1

Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, Vol I, p. 425. 2

Parker : op. cit. p. 134.

aqmifr[kwfbJ uG,fvGefolewfrsm;udk t½dktaojyKjcif;jzihf xdk

tcsdefu xif&Sm;onhf ,kHMunfrIaemufodkY vkdufcJhjcif;om jzpf

aMumif; ,lqygu rSefuefzG,f&Sdonf/

txufwGif awGU&onfhtwdkif; y@Kumb,onf pdwå&mZ?

umVa0v ,u©ESpfa,mufESihf ,cifb0u ¤if;rdcif\ tvkyf

tauR;jzpfcJhol pdwåm,u©deDtm;vnf; aexdkdifp&mrsm;ay;cJhonf/

xdk,u©rsm;tjyif y@Kumb,onf 0v0grkcD (Valavā-mukh²)

,u©deDtm;vnf; eef;awmfy&d0kPftwGif; ewfuGef; aqmufvkyf

ay;NyD; ,if;,u©wdkYtm; ESpfpOf ylaZmfyorIrsm;jyKcJhaMumif; t&dyf

ta,mifvnf; awGU&onf

1

/ 0v0grkcD [lonf jrif;rykHtoGifjzihf

,lqxm;onhf apwd,m trnf&Sdaom ,u©deD\ bGJUtrnfjzpf

onf/ y@Kumb,onf ,if;jrif;rudk zrf;,l&&SdcJhNyD; xdef;

odrf;xm;cJhonf/ jrif;ronf y@Kumb,\ OD;av;awmfrsm;udk

wdkufckdufonhf ppfyGJrsm;wGif tvGef tultnDay;cJhonf

2

/ odkYjzpf

ívnf; y@Kumb,onf jrif;rukd txl;aus;Zl;wifav;pm;NyD;

eef;awmf0if;twGif; aexdkifp&m aqmufvkyfay;jcif;jzpfonf

3

/

odkYjzihf y@Kumb,onf ae&ma'otoD;oD;ü ,u©rsm;

ESihf ,u©deDrsm;udk twnfwusjzpfaponf[laom r[m0Hoazmf

jycsufrSm ,aeYacwf oD[dkVfvlrsKd;wdkY a'0gv, odkYr[kwf ewf

uGef;rsm; aqmufvkyfNyD; ewfrsKd;pkHtm; ylaZmfyorI jyKMuouJhodkY

1

r[m0Ho 10;86/

2

,if; 10;53/

3

uk½k"r®Zmwfawmf (ZmwfawmftrSwf 276)vm pdwå&mZESihf r[m0Hovm

pdwå&mZwdkYudk EIdif;,SOfavhvmygu pdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;onf/ pdwå&mZ

,u©onf a&S;acwf tdE´d,&Sd xif&Sm;aom ,kHMunfpGJvrf;onhf t&m0w¬K

(ZmwutrSwf? 276) jzpfonf/ xdkYjyif y'rmP0 Zmwfawmf (Zmwfawmf

trSwf? 432)vm tórkcD ,u©deDESihf r[m0Hovm 0v0grkcD ,u©deD

wdkYudkvnf; EdIif;,SOfyg/ xdkYtwlyif ,if;Zmwfawmfukd r[m0Hovm

oD[Am[kjzpf&yfESihfvnf; EdIif;,SOfMunhfyg/ (G.C. Mendis \ The vijaya Legend, Paranvitana Felicitation Volume, p. 263 udkvnf; ½Iyg/

102 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif; Ak'¨0g'rwdkifrD oD[dkVfEdkifiH bmoma&;tajctae 103

odkYwap tenf;qkH; at'D 10 &mpk Ak'¨0g'Drsm;u t&Sifr[dE´

onf wdóa&uefwGif aexdkifonhf &u©owpfa,mufudk Ak'¨

0g'odkY oGwfoGif;cJhaMumif; ,kHMunfMuonf/ þ&u©oonf Ak'¨

0g'D jzpfoGm;NyD;aemuf Ak'¨0g'ESihf avmuaumif;usKd;twGuf

aqmif½GufcJhaMumif; qdkxm;aomfvnf; ,if;&u©o\ b0t

aMumif; bmrQrod&acs

1

/

orEÅul# (Adam's Peak)wGifaeonhf ewfonfvnf; Ak'¨

0g'rwdkifrD ewfwpfa,muf jzpfonf/ þewfonf rlvblwtm;

jzihf ,u©jzpfzG,f&SdNyD; Ak'&Sifawmfjrwf oD[dkVfodkY yxrtBudrf <u

a&mufawmfrlpOftwGif; Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfu ¤if;tm; Ak'¨tjzpfodkY

oGwfoGif;NyD;aemuf ¤if;\tqifhtwef; ewfa'0g tjzpfodkY `rSihf

wifcJhykH&onf/ tm#mem#d,okwfü okre[kac:onhf ,u©wpf

a,muf &SdonfrSmvnf; rSwfom;zG,faumif;onf/ aESmif;acwf

rsm;wdkifatmif okreewfudk r[m,me bk&m;avmif; okreb`'´

tjzpf awGU&onf

2

/

oD[dkVfuRef;om;wdkY Ak'0g'udk vufcH,kHMunfvmonhfaemuf

ydkif;üyif oD[dkVfuRef;om;wdkYonf ¤if;wdkY\ ½dk;&mewfa'0gwdkYudk

qufvufí t½dktaojyKvdkcJhMuonf/ odkYwap Ak'0g'Drsm; jzpf

vmjcif;ü ¤if;wdkYtaejzihf Ak'¨0g'Dr[kwfonfh ewfrsm;udk ½dkao

udk;uG,fvdkpdwf r&SdMuacs/ odkYjzpfí ¤if;wdkYonf ,if; ewfrsm;udk

Ak'¨0g'DtjzpfodkY oGwfoGif;ay;MuNyD; okreewfuJhodkYyif jrifhjrwf

onhf ae&mü xm;Muonf/ a'oqdkif&m ewftrsm;pkESihf ywf

oufí xdkenf;ESifESifyif jzpfMuonf/ Ak'0g'D r[kwfol ta&;

rygonfh ewftcsKdUvnf; &SdEdkifao;onf/ odkYwap Ak'¨0g'udk

jzefYa0ay;Muol ta&;ygonhf ewftrsm;pkrSm rMumrD Ak'¨0g'D

1

E.Z. I, p.23ff.; JRAS(CB), Vol. XXXI, No. 82, p. 305. 2

CJSe. Section G. Vol. II, Pt, I, p. 64. (S. Paranavitana \ The God of Adam's Peak, an Artibus Asise Supplementum.udkvnf; ½Iyg/)

udk ,if;odkYaom qifwljzpf&yfrsKd;wGif ESpfoufapEdkifvQif rlvjzpf

&yfonf ,if;qifwljzpf&yfodkY vdkuf&rnfjzpf\}/ ,if;onf ]½kyf

wkqif;wkwGif&Sdaom wefcdk;u wpfpkHwpfa,muftm; xdkt&m

0w¬Ktay: wefcdk;udkay;onfqdkaom ,kHMunfrIwpfrsKd; jzpf\}

1

/

y@Kumb,wGif rdwfaqGtjzpfjzihf ,u©rsm; blwrsm;ESihf ujy

azsmfajzrnfh ewfa'0grsm;ESihf vltrsm; &Sd\[laom azmfjycsuf

onf þjzpf&yfü tHhMozG,f r[kwfacs/ y@Kumb,onf

Ak'¨0g'rwdkifrD oD[dkVfuRef;ü tBuD;us,fqkH;ESihf tpGrf;EdkifqkH;

bk&ifwpfyg;jzpfonfrSm aocsmonf/ odkYjzpfí y@Kumb,\

b0onf twdwfu BuD;us,fNyD; pGrf;tm;&Sdol tm;vkH;eD;yg;\

jzpf&yfrsm;uJhodkYyif vlom;vGef yk*¾Kdvfrsm;\ pdwful;,Of jzpf&yf

rsm;jzihf 0ef;&Hxm;onf/ Ak'¨&SifawmfjrwfESihf wynhfom0ursm;

onf a'0grsm;? ,u©rsm;ESihf blwrsm;udk rMumcP awGUqkHMu

onf? 0dZ,rif;onf ,u©rsm;udk atmifEdkifonf? taomu

rif;wGif tvdk&SdcsdefwGif ac:,lí&onhf aus;uRefrsm;tjzpf ,u©

ESihf em*rsm;&Sdonf? od&doHCaAm"drif;onf tEÅ&m,fBuD;rm;

onhf ,u©wpfa,mufudk atmifEdkifcJhonf? r[maoerif;onf

ewfwdkYtm; pdefac:cJhonf? at'D 15 &mpk uAsmq&m ynm&Sif

BuD;jzpfol awm#*rk0 od&d &m[kvonfyif ¤if;ydkifEdkifonfh

,u©rsm; &Sd&rnf[k ,kHMunfcH&jcif;twGuf vlodrsm;onf

2

/

y@Kumb,onf rdrdü wefcdk;&Sifrsm;\ ulnDrI&Sdonf[k

½dk;om;pGm ,kHMunfcJhEdkifzG,f&SdNyD; ,if;odkY,kHMunfojzifh ewfuGef;

trsm;tjym; aqmufvkyfvsuf ¤if;wdkYulnDrItwGuf aus;Zl;qyf

onhftaejzihf ¤if;wdkYtm; wkHYjyefaxmufyhHrIrsm; jyKcJhykH&onf/ xdkY

jyif ¤if;taejzihf rdrdrSm axmufyhHulnDonfh ,u©wdkY\ cGeftm;

1

R.R. Marrett \ Man in the Making pmtkyfyg tcef; 2 ESihf 3 udk ½Iyg/

2

tvufpE´o*&dwfonf ¤if;\ b0wpfqifhwGif rufqD'kef (Macedon) NrdKUom; zdvpf (Philip)\om; r[kwfbJ ewfbk&m;wpfql\ om;jzpfNyD;

¤if;onf vlom;vGef wefckd;rsm;udk ydkifqdkifxm;aMumif; tqdk&Sdonf/



&SdaMumif; jynfolrsm;udk jyovsuf rdrd\ pdk;ydkifjcif;ESihf BuD;us,f

jcif;rsm;jzihf jynfolrsm;tm; ESpfoufaprnfh EdkifiHa&;y&d,m,f

wpfck tjzpfvnf; ,lqcJhzG,f&Sdonf/

tqdkyg ,u©rsm;tjyif tvGefta&;rygonhf ,u©trsm;

tjym;vnf; &Sdao;onf/ Owå&0d[m&t|uxmusrf;udk udk;um;

onhf r[m0Ho#Dumusrf;

1

t& ZkwdE¨&ac:onfh ,u©wpfOD;&SdNyD;

¤if;onf apwd,m odkYr[kwf 0v0grkcD,u©deD\ cifyGef;jzpfvsuf

olonf od&Do0w¬KNrdKU wdkufyGJwGif usqkH;cJhonf/ þ,u©onf

oD[dkVfuRef; ta&SUzsm;&Sd "kr&|awmif(O'krÁ&awmif[kvnf; ac:

onf? ,aeYacwf 'drÁKvm*vawmif)wGif aexdkifonf/ y@Kum

b,taMumif;ü ta&;ygonhfae&mwGif&Sdol 0v0grkcD ,u©deD\

cifyGef;ESihfywfoufNyD; tjcm; bmrSrod&acs/

y@Kumb,onf ra[o,u©twGuf ewfuGef;wpfck

aqmufvkyfay;aMumif; od&onf

2

/ ,if;ewfESihf ywfoufonfh

aemufxyf bmrS rod&acs/ odkYwap ,if;ewfaexdkifonfh ewf

uGef;onf a'0geHyd,wdórif;vufxufwdkif wnf&SdcJhykH&onf/

taMumif;rl xlyg&mrapwDawmfwGif Xmyemrnfh Ak'¨"mwfawmf

rsm;udk o,f,lvmonhf qifonf ra[ZewfuGef;odkY a&muf

onfxd qufoGm;cJhaMumif; qdkxm;aomaMumihfjzpfonf

3

/ aemuf

ydkif;ü ,if;ewfuGef;taMumif; azmfjycsuf wpfpkHwpf&m r&Sdawmh

acs/ þonfrSm xlyg&mapwDawmf ywfvnfü jzpfay:vmonfh

Ak'¨bmomtaqmufttkHrsm;tMum; aysmufuG,foGm;ykH&onf/

a'0geHyd,wdórif;vufxuf ur®m&a'0[k ac:onhf

aqmufvkyfa&;qdkif&mewf wpfrsKd;taMumif;udk azmfjyxm;onf

4

/

,if;ewftaMumif;udk NyD;cJhonhf tcef;wGif aqG;aEG;cJhNyDjzpfonf/

1

r[m0Ho#D? 289/

2

r[m0Ho 10;90/

3

,if; 17;30/ r[m0Ho#D? pm-378/

4

r[maAm"d0Ho? pm-84/

'k|*grPdrif;vufxufü yk&a'0trnf&Sd ewfwpfa,muf t

aMumif; azmfjyonf

1

/ tqdkyg ]NrdKUudkapmihfaeonhfewf}onf bDpD

ESpf&mpkwGif yxrtBudrf &nffñTef;cJhaomfvnf; ,if;rwdkifrDuyif

wnf&SdaecJhzG,f&dSonf/ xdkYjyif t&d|awmif (&dXd*vawmif)wGif

aexdkifonfh Z,aoetrnf&Sdonhf ,u©wpfa,muf &Sdonf/ pD;

csif;wdkufyJGwpfckwGif ¤if;udk 'k|*grPdrif;BuD;\ AkdvfcsKyfjzpfol

a*gX£rÁ&u ESdrfeif;cJhonf

2

/ NrdKUawmftaemufzuf *dwfteD;

y@Kumb,rif; ae&mcsxm;ay;cJhonhf ypädr&mZdeD ]taemuf

rdzk&m;}trnf&Sd ewforD;wpfa,mufvnf; &Sdonf

3

/ þewforD;

\ vkyfaqmifrIESihf ywfoufNyD; bmrQ rod&acs

4

/

t&Sifr[dE <ua&mufcJhNyD; oD[dkVf&Sd vlom;vGef wefckd;&Sif

ewfwdkYtcsKdUudk Ak'¨0g'DtjzpfodkY ajymif;vJcJhaMumif; arQmfvihfjcif;

rSm obm0omvQif jzpfonf/ tjcm;urÇmh tpdwftydkif;odkY oGm;

cJhMuonhf t&Sifjrwf\ rdwfaqGESpfyg;onf ,u©ESihf em*rsm;udk

atmifEdkifNyD; Ak'¨0g'DjzpfapcJhaMumif;qdkonf/ uo®d&a'oodk oGm;

a&mufcJhonfh rZÑEÅdu(Majjhantika)rax&fonf ,u©rsm; em*rsm;

*E¨AÁrsm;ESihf ukrÇ@rsm;udk atmifEdkifcJhaMumif; qdkonf

5

/ ok0PÖ

blrdodkY oGm;cJhonhf t&SifaomPrax&fonf ,u©deDwpfa,muf

udk ESdrfeif;cJhonf

6

/ t&Sifr[dE´onf ,u©ESifh em*wdkYjzihf pkNyKHae

onhf EdkifiHwpfckodkY vmcJh&aomfvnf; t&Sifjrwftaejzihf rnf

onhf ,u©wdkYudkrQ Ak'¨0g'odkY ul;ajymif;apcJhaMumif; qdkrxm;acs/

1

r[m0Ho 25?;87/

2

&o0g[deD 2? pm-89/

3

r[m0Ho 10;89/

4

y&0dweyk*¾Kdvfu ,if;taemufrdzk&m;onf [l,ifqef azmfjyonhf t

aemufzuf trsKd;orD;rsm;\ rdzk&m;jzpfykH&aMumif; ,lqcJhonf/ (JRAS. CB. Vol. XXXI, No. 82, p. 309)/

5

r[m0Ho 9;11-28/ 0d-| 1? 49/

6

r[m0Ho 9;44-45/ 0d-| 1? 52/



vufcHvQif ,if; (aomw¬domv)onf tapmqkH; bDpDav;&mpk

tcsdefu tEk&m&m"yk&NrdKU&Sd jAm[®PwdkY aomw¬d0peudk ½Gwfqdk

onhf ae&mcef;raqmif wpfckjzpfvdrfhrnf/

Ak'¨0g'rwdkifrD oD[dkVfü ed*P² (t0wfrpnf;ol)wdkY wnf&SdcJh

onhf taxmuftxm;vnf; awGU&onf/ a&S;OD; ygVdpmayü

ed*P²[laom a0g[m&onf Zdeudk &nfñTef;NyD; *sdef;0g'udk wnf

axmifol r[m0D&udk ed*P²em#ykwå [kac:onf

1

/ at'D ig;&mpk

t|uxmusrf;rsm;ESihf ygVdordkif;usrf;rsm;üyif ed*P²[laomyk'ff

tm; Zdeudk&nfñTef;cJhonf

2

/

y@Kumb,acwfwGif tEk&m"yk&NrdKUü aZmwd,? *d&dESihf

ukrÇ@[k xif&Sm;onhf ed*P² okH;a,muf&Sdonf/ y@Kumb,

onf ed*P²aZmwd,twGuf ZmwfedrfhwdkY okomef\ ta&SUpl;pl;

wGif ocFrf;ausmif;wpfck aqmufvkyfay;cJhonf/ *d&dtrnf&Sd

ed*P²vnf; xdktae&müyif aeoGm;cJhonf/ y@Kumb,onf

ukbrÇ@ ed*P²twGuf a'0ukv (0wfausmif;)wpfck wnf

aqmufay;aMumif; od&NyD; ,if;0wfausmif;udk ,if;ed*P²\

trnfjzihf ac:a0:Muonf

3

/ tqdkyg ed*P² okH;a,mufwdkY\

MunhfrIESihfqdkifonhf tpDt&ifwpfrsKd; odkYr[kwf (usufNyD;xrif;udk ajrBuD;

ay:wGif BuJjzef;jcif;? rEÅ&m;wpfrsKd;udk xyfcgxyfcg ½Gwfqdkí qkawmif;

jcif;? ,if;odkYjyKpOf 0efaqmifc ay;tyfjcif; odkYr[kwf yef;eHYom tom;csKd

ponfh tydkvufaqmifrsm;jzihf jAm[®PwdkYudk ylaZmfyojcif;rsm;jzihf) t

av;teufvkyf&onhf tpDt&ifrsKd; jzpfonf/ Monier Willians \ Skt. Eng. Dict. S.v. Svasti. udkvnf; ½Iyg/

1

r 2? 35 (Oygvdokwå)/

2

ed*P²[laom a0g[m&udk Ak'¨0g'Dr[kwfonhf t,l0g'tm;vkH;udk &nf

ñTef;cJhonfrSm aESmif;acwf ygVdpmaywGifom jzpfonf/ Oyrm at'D 12

&mpk a&;om;onhf 'gXm0HowGif ,if;a0g[m&\ t"dyÜm,frSm aocsmrI

r&SdaMumif; awGU&onf/ ,if;onf a0PÖ0 (209-210 *gxm)udk qdkonf

rSm aocsmonf/ odkY&mwGif *gxmtrSwf 155 ürl ed*P²wdkYonf &SD0ESihf

jA[®mudk ,kHMunfonf[k qdkxm;onf/

3

r[m0Ho 97;99/

rsm; jzpfvmMuonf

1

/

,u©,kHMunfrIrsm;tjyif Ak'¨0g'rwdkifrD oD[dkVfü opfyifudk;

uG,frI&SdaMumif; &mZ0ifusrf;rsm;ü taxmuftxm;rsm; awGU&

onf/ a&S;OD;Ak'¨0g' ygVdawmfusrf;rsm;ü opfyifudk;uG,frIudk

xif&Sm;onhf ,kHMunfrIwpfcktjzpf azmfjyNyD; tcsKdUopfyifrsm;udk

]apwd, = apwD}[k ac:a0:xm;onf

2

/ aESmif;acwf yef;ykvuf

&mrsm;üyif tcsKdUopfyifrsm;udk ]apwd,}rsm; pm&if;ü azmfjy

onf

3

/ rdk[if*sKd'½dk (Mohenjodaro)ESihf [m&yÜ (Harappa)NrdKUrsm;&Sd

tdE´KNrdKUjy,Ofaus;rIwGif opfyifudk;uG,frIudk xif&Sm;pGm awGU&

onf/ rdk[if*sKd'½dkwGifvnf; aAm"dyifudk &Sdckd;udk;uG,fMuaMumif;

,lqMuonf

4

/

Ak'¨0g'rwdkifrD oD[dkVfü ½dkaop&mtjzpf,lqcH&onfh opf

yifESpfyif&SdaMumif; aocsmonhf taxmuftxm;&Sdonf/ wpfyif

rSm ,aeYacwfwdkifatmifyif a,bk,stm;jzihf ½dkaop&mtjzpf

ESihf ewfwdkYaexdkifonhfae&mtjzpf ,lqcH&onfh yanmifyif jzpf

onf/ y@Kumb,onf NrdKUawmf taemufzuf*dwf&Sd yanmif

yifwGif ,u©wdkY\bk&if a0ó&0Ptm; ae&may;aMumif; od&

onf

5

/ aemuft½dktaocH opfyifrSm xef;yif (Palmyrah) jzpf

onf/ y@Kumb,rif;onf Asm"a'0ewf ]rkqdk;ewf}tm; NrdKU

awmf taemufzuf *dwfteD; xef;yifwGif ae&mcsxm;ay;

1

Ak'¨0g'rwdkifrD oD[dkVfuRef;ü ,kHMunfrI trsKd;rsKd;&Sdaeonhfteuf em*,kH

MunfrItaMumif; azmfjyrxm;onfrSm tHhMozG,faumif;onf/ odkYwap

xkH;pHr[kwfbJ ,aeYwdkif oD[dkVfaus;½Gmrsm;ü a>ra[mufrsm;ukd t½dkt

aoay;aejcif;u a&S;acwfoD[dkVf&Sd ,kHMunfrIrsm;teuf a>ra[mufrsm;

twGuf ae&m&SdaMumif; azmfjyonf/

2

r 1? 25/ 'Dy0Ho 14;10/

3

Ananda K. Coomaraswamy : History of Indian and Indonesian Art, p. 47. 4

Sir John Marshall : Mohendaro and the Indus Civilization, Vol. I, p. 63 ff. 5

r[m0Ho 10;89/



onf

1

/ [ife&Dygumu tqdkyg rkqdk;rsm;ewfonf tdE´d,awmif

ydkif;rS Xmae (a&S;OD;vl)rsm;\ awmifukef;ewf (Hill God)ESihf wl

aMumif;ESihf tvGefa&S;usonhf tcsdefu oD[dkVfü yxrqkH;vm

a&muf aexdkifolrsm;vnf; xdkodkYyif jzpfaMumif; ,lqcJhonf

2

/

odkYwap azmfjyyg wpfoD;wpfjcm;jzpfonhf erlemrSwpfyg; ½dkao

p&m opfyifrsm;ü xef;yifudk xnfhoGif;cJhonf[laomtcsuf?

,if;(xef;yif)udk ,aeY aus;vufaeolwdkYtwGif; t½dktaojyK

&m opfyiftjzpf ,lqMuonf[laom tcsufrsm;udk azmfjy&ef

oihfavsmfonhf taxmuftxm; r&Sdacs

3

/

1

Asm"a'0ó wmvuH/ r[m0Ho 10;89/ 0DvsH*dkif*gu Asm"da'0ó [k

zwfonf/ rmvmvmaqau&vnf; ,if;odkYyif zwfonf/ odkYwap xdk

tcsdefwGif trJvdkufjcif;rSm ta&;ygonhf oufarG;0rf;ausmif;wpfck jzpf

onf[laomtcsufESihff y@Kumb,onf rkqdk;rsm; aexdkifrnfh tdrfwef;

rsm; aqmufvkyfay;onf (tm0goygvd Asm"meH? r[m0Ho 10;95) [l

aomtcsufwdkYudk xnfhoGif;pOfpm;ygu okr*FvESifh Awk0EÅK'a0 (Batu-wantudave)wdkY wnf;jzwfonhf r[m0Housrf;ü azmfjyaom ]Asm"a'0}

trnfonf ydkí aMumif;usKd; qDavsmfonf/

2

Ancient Ceylon, p. 177. 3

y&e0dweurl Ak'¨vufxufu a&S;acwftdE´d,wGif xef;yifudk t½dkt

aojyKp&m opfyiftjzpf ,lqcJhzG,f&Sdonf[k ,lqonf/ ,if;,lqcsuf

udk axmufcH&eftwGuf xdkyk*¾Kdvfu Oyrmwpfck xkwfjyonf/ ,if;rSm

qAÁ*¾D&[ef;rsm; zdeyfcsKyf&ef xef;½GuftwGuf xef;yifudk ckwfjcif;tm;

(Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfu) wm;jrpfcJhonf/ y&e0dweu vltrsm;onf xef;yif

ü {udEd, (½kyfZD0dwdaÈ´) &Sdonf[k ,kHMunfMuonf[k qdkonf (JRAS. CB., Vol. XXXI, No. 82, p. 318.)/ odkYwap ,if;azmfjycsufrSm xef;yifESihf

ywfoufí &Sif;vif;jywfom;onhf ,lqcsufudk ray;acs/ taMumif;rl

a&S;acwf tdE´d,ü xef;yifudkomr[kwf jrufyifrsm;tygt0if tyiftm;

vkH;wGif {udEd, (ZD0dwdaÈ´)&Sdonf[laom t,ltrSm xif&Sm;aMumihfjzpf

onf/ tmV0DNrdKU? t*¾gV0apwDü oDwif;okH;Muaom &[ef;awmfrsm;onf

ausmif;ocFrf;rsm; aqmufvkyf&ef opfyifrsm;udk ckwfvSJMuonf/ (opfyif

\ trnfudk azmfjyrxm;ay/) þjzpf&yfü okH;EIef;azmfjycsufrSm twlwl

jzpfonf ]{udEd,H orPm ousykwåd,m ZD0H 0da[aXóEÅd? ZD0ondaem

txufwGif azmfjyNyD;onfh ,kHMunfpGJvrf;rIrsm;tjyif tjcm;

bmomw&m;rsm;vnf; &Sdao;onf/ y&e0dweyk*¾Kdvfu a&S;t

usqkH; ausmufpmrsm;ü Ak'¨0g'a&muf&SdNyD;aemuf rsm;rMumrDwGif

oD[dkVfuRef;ü jAm[®Prsm; wnf&SdrItwGuf taxmufrsm;&Sd

aMumif;ESihf odkYjzpfí jAm[®PwdkYonf Ak'¨0g'ra&mufrDüvnf;

wnf&SdcJh&rnf[k qdkonf

1

/ NyD;cJhaom tcef;ü vlYtzGJUtpnf;

twGif; jAm[®PwdkY\ tcef;u@taMumif;udk aqG;aEG;cJhNyD;jzpf

onf/ xdktcsdefu tEk&m"yk&NrdKUwGif jAm[®P0g'qdkif&m pmoif

ausmif; trsm;tjym;&SdcJhonf/

r[maAm"d0Housrf;wGif 'd,0gotrnf&Sd jAm[®P ydkifqdkif

(aexdkif)onhf a'0a*[ (ewfuGef;) tm; r[modrfe,fedrdwfudk

rSwfom;vsuf a'0geHyd,wdórif; vufxufwkdif xdef;odrf;xm;

aMumif; qdkonf

2

/ tjzpfEdkifqkH;rSm ,if;onf jAm[®P,kHMunfrI

qdkif&m a'0gv, odkYr[kwf ewfuGef;jzpfonf/ tEk&m"yk&NrdKU&Sd

y@Kumb,\ taqmufttkHrsm;wGif jAm[®Pbk&m;ausmif;

jzpfzG,f&Sdonhf jAm[®PwdkY aexdkifp&mae&m (jAm[®P0w¬K)ukd

vnf; xnhfoGif;cJhonf

3

/ y@Kumb,onf aomw¬domv [k

ac:onhf taqmufttkHwpfckudkvnf; aqmufvkyfapaMumif;

qdkonf

4

/ r[m0Ho#Dumusrf;wGif ,if; (aomw¬domv) a0g

[m&twGuf t"dyÜm,f ESpfrsKd;zGifh&mwGif wpfrsKd;rSm jAmPwdkY

aomw¬d0peudk a[mMum;onhf cef;r[kjzpfonf? aemufwpfrsKd;

rSm aq;½kH[k jzpfonf

5

/ tu,fí yxrt"dyÜm,f zGifhqdkcsufudk

1

ZD0ondaem [d rEkóm ½ku©o®ð (0d 1? 237)}/ awGUjrifaeus jrufyif

rsm;udkyif ½kyfZD0dwdaÈ´&Sdonf[k ,kHMunfMuonf/

JRAS. (CB), Vol. XXXI, No. 82, p. 322. 2

r[maAm"d0Ho? pm- 85/

3

r[m0Ho 10;102/

4

,if; 10;102/

5

r[m0Ho#D? pm 296/ aomw¬domvm emr jAm[®PmeH 0peomvm

*dvmeomvm 0g/ aomw¬d0pe[lonf ,ZfylaZmf&ef jyifqifonhf ,kH



rnfrsm;udkvnf; awGU&onf/ tcsKdU eu©wftrnfrsm; aemufodkY

vdkufírSnhfac:xm;onfh uoQPBuD#m (kşaºakr²¹ā)uJhodkYaom

jynfolYyGJawmfrsm;udk usif;yMuonf/ r[m0Husrf;ü y@Kumb,

onf qP(saºa)tcsdeftcgtwGif; pdwå&mZewfESihftwl xdkif

aMumif; jyqdkonf

1

/ þü qP(ouúw kşaºa )[laom a0g

[m&onf r*Fvm&Sdaom tcsdeftcg tcdkuftwefYü usif;yonhf

yGJawmf[k t"dyÜm,f&onf/ r[m0Ho#Dumusrf;ü a'0geHyd,

wdórif;vufxufüvnf; a&obifyGJawmfudk eu©wfwm&mwpf

ckudk taMumif;jyKí usif;yaMumif;zGifhqdkonf

2

/ edrdwfzwfolrsm;

aA'ifq&mrsm;ESihf ywfoufonhf &nfñTef;csuf rsm;pGm awGU&

onf/ y@K0goka'0 a&mufvmrIudk aA'ifq&mwdkY BudKwifa[m

Mum;cJhonf

3

/ xdktwl b'´upömem a&mufvmrIudkvnf; aA'if

q&mwdkY BudKa[mcJhonf

4

/ rEÅ&m; uRrf;usifMuonfh jAm[®Prsm;

u pdwåm\om;onf xD;eef;udk taMumif;jyKí ¤if;\OD;av;

awmfrsm;udk owfjzwfrnfjzpfaMumif; BudKwifa[mMum;cJhonf

5

/

y@Kumb,onf tEk&m"yk&NrdKUwnf udpöESihfywfoufí aA'if

q&m [l;&m;q&mrsm;ESihf wdkifyifcJhonf

6

/ [l;&m;q&mrsm;onf

t&Sifr[dE´ESihf tjcm;rax&frsm;twGuf ae&mxdkifcif;rsm; jzefY

cif;onfudk jrifaomtcg ¤if;wdkYu EdkifiHawmfudk xdkrax&fwdkY

atmifEdkifNyDjzpfaMumif;ESihf xdkrax&frsm;taejzihf EdkifiHawmf\

t&Sifocifrsm;jzpfvdrfhrnf[k a[mudef;xkwfcJhMuonf

7

/

Ak'¨0g'rwdkifrD oD[dkVfwGif ae&mXme toDoD;ü ,kHMunfol

tkyfpk tenf;i,fESihftwl ,kHMunfrIESihf pGJvrf;rItaxGaxG &SdcJh

1

r[m0Ho 10;87/

2

r[m0Ho#D? pm - 329/

3

r[maAm"d0Ho 8;14/

4

r[m0Ho#D? pm -272/

5

r[m0Ho 9;2 /

6

r[m0Ho 10;76/

7

r[m0Ho 10;75/

0wfausmif;rsm;onf a'0geHyd,wdórif;vufxufwkdif wnf&Sd

aecJhNyD; ,if;wdkYrSm r[modrfawmfBuD; e,fedrdwftwGif; yg0ifcJh

onf

1

/ ,if; (ed*P²0wfausmif;) okH;ckteuf *d&d\ ausmif;onf

ta&;tygqkH;ESihf tcsrf;omqkH; jzpfzG,f&Sdonf/ r[m0Ho#Dum

usrf;wGif bk&ifudk qefYusif vkyfMuHcJhMuonfh wdó? tb,ESifh

Owå& trnf&Sd cv ’m#em* (Khallāµanāga)\ wlawmfarmif okH;

a,mufonf ,if;(*d&d\0wfausmif;)twGif;&Sd rD;vQHxJodkY ckefcs

NyD; udk,hfudk,fudk tqkH;pD&ifoGm;cJhMuaMumif; qdkonf

2

/ aemuf

wufbk&if 0¥*grPdtb,rif;onf ,if;0wfausmif;udk zsuf

qD;ypfNyD; xdkae&mwGif tb,*d&dausmif;udk wnfaqmufcJhonf/

aESmif;acwfrsm;wGif ed*P²wdkY\ 0wfausmif; r&SdawmhaMumif;ESihf

tEk&m"yk&NrdKU odkYr[kwf oD[dkVfuRef; rnfonhfae&mwGifrS *sdef;

bk&m;ausmif; t<uif;tusef&SdaMumif; ñTefjy&ef a&S;a[mif; t

axmuftxm; r&SdawmhaMumif; od&onf

3

/ tEk&m"yk&NrdKU&Sd *d&d

ed*P²ausmif;jzpfykH odkYr[kwf a&S;acwftdE´d,&Sd ,u©(ewfbDvl;)

ewfuGef;a[mif;rsm;\ jzpfykHuJhodkYyif *sdef;bk&m;ausmif;rsm;udk Ak'¨

bmomausmif;rsm;tjzpf ajymif;ypfjcif;rSm xif&Sm;onf

4

/

xdktcsdefu oD[dkVfwGif oQD00g'wnf&SdcJhaMumif; ,kHMunf&

onhf taxmuftxm;&Sdonf/ ,if;odkYjzpfí r[m0Housrf;ü

y@Kumb,onf od0duomvmwpfck wnfaqmufcJhaMumif;

qdk onf

5

/ r[m0Ho#Dumü aomw¬domvm[laom a0g[m&ESihf

ywfoufí t"dyÜm,fESpfrsKd; zGihfqdkonf/ yxr t"dyÜm,frSm od0

1

r[maAm"d0Ho? pm - 84/

2

r[m0Ho#Dum? pmrsufESm 612 wGif ¤if;wdkY rD;xJckefcsonhfae&mrSm ,ck

awGU&onhf tb,*d&dbk&m;wnf&Sdonhf ae&mjzpfaMumif; azmfjyonf/

3


tvGefa&S;usonhf tcsdefu oD[dkVfuRef;odkY *sdef;bkef;BuD;rsm; vma&muf

cJhrI jzpfEdkifacsESihf ywfoufNyD; JRAS. (CB), Vol. XXXI, No. 82, p. 324, ESihf Lewis Rice, Mysores and Coorg, p. 3 ff. wdkYudkvnf; ½Iyg/

5

r[m0Ho 10;102/



jA[®m\ t*FgZmwf (oD0vd*F)wnf&Sdonhf taqmifjzpfaMumif;

ESihf 'kwd, zGifhqdkcsufrSm arG;zGm;&mtdrf[k jzpfonf

1

/ y&e0dwe

yk*¾Kdvfu od0dumESihf aomw¬domvm[laom a0g[m&rsm;udk bm

oma&;oabmygonhf tjcm;taqmufttkHrsm;ESifh twl azmfjy

xm;ojzihf yxr,lqcsufrSm vufcHEdkifzG,f&SdaMumif; ,lq

onf

2

/ ,if;odkYjzpfonfqdkvQif þae&mü a&S;acwf oD[dkVfwGif

vdift*Fgudk udk;uG,frItwGuf erlemwpfck&Sdonf/ r[m0Ho#Dum

usrf;wGif r[memrrif; (at'D 334-362)onf oD[dkVfuRef; ae

&m tm;vkH;ü&Sdonfh oD0vd*Frsm;udk zsufqD;ypfaMumif; qdkojzihf

at'Dav;&mpkü oD0vdift*Fgudk udk;uG,frI us,fus,fjyefYjyefY &Sd

EdkifaMumif; ,lq&onf

3

/

oD[dkVfuRef;ü orPrsm;tjzpf vlodrsm;onhf y&dAÁZuESihf

tmZD0ursm;? ygo@rsm;? yAÁZdwrsm;ESihf tjcm;&aoh&[ef;rsm;

\ ta&twGufudk wlnDpGm awGU&Sd&onf/ r[m0Housrf;ü y@K

umb,onf y&dAÁmZursm;twGuf bkef;BuD;ausmif;wpfckESihf

tmZD0ursm;twGuf tdrfwpfaqmif wnfaqmufay;aMumif; qdk

onf

4

/ *d&ded*P²ESihf aZmwd,ed*P²wdkYaexdkifonhf ywf0ef;usif

wGif ygo@ESihf orPtrsm;tjym; aexdkifMuonf

5

/ r[m

aAm"d0Housrf;t& a'0geHyd,wdórif;vufxuf y&dAÁmZu

rsm;pGmtwGuf tm&mr(ausmif;wdkuf)rsm;&SdNyD; ,if;wdkYonf r[m

1

od0dumomvm emr od0vd*Fywd|mydwm omvm? 0dZm,eC&H 0g/

r[m0Ho#D? 296/

2


rarQmfvihfbJ y@Kumb,\ OD;av;rsm;teuf wpfa,muf\ trnf

emronf *d&du@od0? qdkvdkonfrSm *d&du@c½dkife,f\ oD0 jzpfonf

(r[m0Ho 10;29)/ ,if;onf xdkacwf oD[dkVfü od0vd*F wnf&SdrIudk

azmfjyEdkifonfh oG,f0dkufonhf taxmuftxm; wpfcktjzpf ,lqEdkifyg

rnfavm/

4

r[m0Ho 10;101-102/

5

,if; 10;98/

oDrm\ b,fzufwGif &Sdonf

1

/ y&dAÁmZursm;ESihf yAÁZdwrsm;onf

Ak'¨0g'rwdkifrD oD[dkVfuRef;ü rsm;pGm&SdNyD; xif&Sm;aMumif; ordkif;

usrf;rsm;ü ,if;wdkYudk &nfñTef;csuftcsKdUrS jrifawGUEdkifonf/

OyÜv0PÖmtrnf&Sd ewforD;onf 0dZ,rif;ESihf ¤if;\toif; t

yif;rsm;udkulnD&ef y&dAÁmZutoGifjzihf oD[dkVfuRef; odkYa&mufvm

cJhonf

2

/ y@K0goka'0vnf; y&dAÁmZutoGifjzihf oD[dkVfuRef;

odkY a&mufvmonf

3

/ b'´upömemESihf trsKd;orD; 32 a,muf

onf y&dAÁmZdum (y&dAdkZfrrsm;)toGif 0wfqifNyD; oD[dkVfuRef;odkY

a&mufvmcJhMuonf

4

/ ,if;jzpf&yfu yAÁZdwESihf y&dAÁmZursm;udk

oD[dkVfuRef;om;wdkY odMuNyD; vlodrsm;vsuf vkHNcKHrItwGuf ESpf

oufjcif; &SdMuonfudk azmfjyonf/

wmyo[kac:onhf bmoma&;tkyfpkwpfck taMumif;udk

vnf; azmfjyonf/ y@Kumb,onf rkqdk;&yfuGufwef;vsm;

tvGef ajrmufzufwGif tqdkyg wmyorsm;twGufvnf; ausmif;

wdkufwpfck wnfaqmuf ay;aMumif;qdkonf

5

/ wmyo[laom

a0g[m&jzihf rnfonfudkqdkvdkaMumif; uGJjym;pGm rod&acs/ ,if;

bmoma&; tkyfpkrsm;pGmtjyif rdpäm'd|dt,l&Sdol rdom;pkig;&m

vnf; rkqdk;wef;vsm;vdkif;\ ta&SUzufwGif aexdkifcJhonf

6

/ y@K

umb,acwf oD[dkVfom;wdkYtjrifü rdpäm'd|d[lonf ,aeYacwf

uREfkyfwdkYtzdkY pdwf0ifpm;zG,f wdrfjrKyfonfht&m wpfckjzpfonf/

Ak'¨0g'rwdkifrD oD[dkVfuRef;ü bmoma&;,kHMunfrI acgif;pOf

jzihf wdkuf½dkuf oGif;,lEdkifzG,fr&Sdonhf tjcm;,kHMunfrIrsm;vnf;

&SdcJhao;onf/ ,if;rSm aA'ifudk ,kHMunfrIjzpfonf/ vlom;wdkY\

eu©wfwm&mtrnfudk t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkrIonf a0'acwfrS tavh

tusihf jzpfonf/ a&S;acwf a&m[PESihf tEk&m"uJhodkYaom t

1

r[maAm"d0Ho? pm- 84-95/

2

r[m0Ho 7;6/

3

,if; 8;11/

4

r[m0Ho 8;24/

5

,if; 10;90/

6

,if; 10;100/



ns)vlrsKd;rsm;onf rlvtm;jzifh jrwfAk'¨\ wpfb0wm vkyfaqmif

csufrsm;ü awGU&onhf r"sma'o (Madhyadeŝe)rS tajccsaexdkif

cJhMuonfh tm&d,eftEG,f cwåd,rsm;jzpfMuonf

1

/ apmapmydkif;

u oD[dkVfuRef;odkY a&mufvmMuonhf yef*syfrdom;pkrsm;onf o

bm0tm;jzihf Ak'¨ESihf"r®taMumif; A[kokwtcsKdUudkk ,laqmifcJh

rnfjzpfNyD; ,if;wdkYtxJrStcsKdUrSm Ak'¨0g'Drsm; jzpfEdkifonf/

taomurif;\ vlrIa&;vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;onf oD[dkVfodkYwkdif

a&muf&SdoGm;aMumif; awGU&Sd&NyD; rif;BuD;\ 'lw(oHwref)rsm;

onf t&Sifr[dE´rwkdifrD oD[dkVfodkY tvnftywf a&muf&SdcJhzG,f

&Sdonf/ xdk{nfhonfrsm;onf taomurif;\ Ak'¨0g'a&;&m

aqmif½GufrIrsm;taMumif; oD[dkVfvlrsKd;rsm;tm; ajymjyMurnfrSm

tvGefyif jzpfEdkifonf/ tdwfcsf tdk'ifbwf (H. Oldenberg)2

u

aumif;rGefonhf taMumif;jycsufrygbJ oD[dkVfordkif;usrf;rsm;ü

azmfjyouJhodkY Ak'¨0g'udk oD[dkVfuRef;odkY t&Sifr[dE,laqmifvm

cJhonfr[kwfbJ tdrfeD;csif; uvd*Fwdkif;rSwpfqihf wjznf;jznf;

jyefYESHYcJhaMumif; ,lqonf/ odkYwap y@Kumb, wnfaxmifcJh

onhf bmoma&; taqmufttkHrsm;teuf Ak'¨0g'qdkif&m t

aqmufttkH wpfckwavrQ wnfaqmufaMumif; azmfjycsuf r

awGU&onfrSm xl;qef;onf

3

/ ,if;odkY razmfjybJxm;jcif;rSm t

&Sifr[dE´tay: vkH;0tm½kH pl;pkdufap&efESihf ,if;odkYjyKjcif;jzihf

*kPf,lxdkufonhf txif&Sm;qkH;aom yk*¾Kdvf bk&iftaomuESihf

oD[dkVfuRef;odkY Ak'¨0g'udk o,f,lvmoludk qufoG,f&ef Ak'¨0g'

ordkif;usrf;tzdkY obm0tm;jzihf pdwfñGwfrIaMumifh jzpfzG,f&Sd

aMumif; tdk'ifbwfESihf rmvmvmaqau&wdkY ESpfa,mufvkH;yif

oabmwlMuonf

4

/ odkYwap ordkif;usrf;rsm;ü ,if;odkY odvsuf

1

PLC, p. 17; D.r. Bhandarkar : Carmichael Lectures (1918), p. 9. 2

Vinaya Pitaka, intro, p. 1. 3

r[m0Ho 10;96-102/

4

Vinaya, Intro. p. lii; PLC. p. 10.

onf/ odkYwap uREkfyfwdkYawGU&rnf jzpfonhftwdkif; ,if;wdkYwGif

oD[dkVfü t&Sdeft0g&SdrIESifh ywfoufí Ak'¨0g' pnf;½kH;ouJhodkY

pepfwus zGJUpnf;cJhonhf rnfonhf ,kHMunfrItkyfpk taMumif;rQ

taxmuftxm; rawGU&acs/

00000000



tcef; 4

Ak'¨0g'jyefYyGm;vmjcif;

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awmf t&Sifr[dE´jzpfonf[k[k ,kHMunf&onf

1

/ ,if;onf

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tdE´d,ESpfEdkifiHtMum; tqufrjywf tjyeftvSefqufoG,frIrsm;

wnf&SdcJhaomaMumifhjzpfonf/ tdEd,awmifydkif; yef*syf (Pāº¹ya-

1

'Dy0Ho 7;18-19/ 11;39-54/ 0d-| 1? 38-76/ r[m0Ho 5;195/ 13;

15 *gxm/ w½kwfbk&m;zl;c&D;onf &[ef;awmf [l,ifqefu Ak'¨0g'udk

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aqmif,lcJhaMumif; qdkonf (Hiuen Tsiang, Bk. XI, p. 246.)/ odkY&mwGif

,if;azmfjycsuftay: txl;tav;jyK&ef taMumif;r&Sdacs/ [l,ifqef

onf ¤if;\ owif;tcsuftvufudk wpfqifhpum;tm;jzihf &,lpkaqmif;

cJhonf/ ygVdbmomrSwfwrf;rsm;rSm rsm;pGmydkrdk av;pm;xdkufonf/ r[dE´

onf oD[dkVfodkY <ua&mufvmNyD; oD[dkVfrSmyif omoemhwm0efudk xrf;

aqmifNyD; oD[dkVfrSmyif ysHvGefawmfrlonf/ t&Sifr[dE´ESihf ywfoufí

oD[dkVfvlxkonf tjcm;rnfonhf EdkifiHom;xufrqdk obm0tm;jzihf ydkrdk

&ifESD;rI&SdNyD; ckdifvkHonhf owif;tcsuf tvuf &Sdvdrfhrnfjzpfonf/

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onfh bk&ifhy&dowftm; ESpfoufaprnfrSm aocsmNyD;

1

¤if;wdkY

tm; Ak'¨0g'tay:oabmwl vufcHEdkifaprnfjzpfonf/ ,if;

a[mMum;csufonf ydkrdkESpfoufvufcHzG,f trlt&mjzihf eef;wGif;

olwdkYtm; &Sif;jyonf/ t&Sifr[dEonf opöoH,kwfygVdawmf

2

jzihf Ak'¨0g'\ opömav;yg;udkjyvsuf rdrd\w&m;udk tqkH;owf

vdkufonf/ þokwåefü t&Sifjrwftaejzihf tqkH;rxif usifvnf

&rnfh arG;aooHo&m\ aMumufrufzG,f aumif;ykHudkvnf; y&d

owftm; azmfjycGifh&vdkufonf/

wdk;yGm;vmaeonhf y&dowftm; tjcm;aom a'oemtpD

t&Dudk a[mMum;awmfrlonf/ þw&m; a'oemrsm;twGuf a½G;

cs,fonfh okwåefrsm;rSm txl;ojzihf emMum;olrsm;\ pdwfydkif;

qdkif&m &&SdrIESihf ,kHMunfrIrsm;aMumifh xl;jcm;Muonf/ yxrqkH;

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apmihfBudKaeonhf qif;&J'ku©ESihf i&Jom;wdkY\ ESdyfpufykHudk azmfjy

csufrsm;ESihf ywfoufonhf a'0'lwokwf (r 3? 191)

3

jzpfonf/

,if;okwåefrSm raumif;rI\ tusKd;qufrsm;udk aMumuf½GHUjcif;jzihf

raumif;rIudk jyKjcif;rS&yfpJ&ef vlwdkYudkqGJaqmif&ef ñTefjyonf

4

/

,if;aemuf vl,kwfrmonf raumif;rIudk jyKjcif;aMumihf þb0

aemifb0wGif qif;&J'ku©udk cHpm;&ykHudk oifMum;onfh Amv

y@dwokwf (r 3? 178)

5

awmfudk a[mMum;onf/ olawmf

aumif;rlum; xdkodkYr[kwfbJ raumif;rIrS a&SmifMuOfNyD; aumif;rI

udkjyKvsuf þb0 aemifb0wGif csrf;omonf/ w&m;awmfrsm;

onf uH\tusKd;udk þb0wGif rnfodkYcHpm;&rnfqdkonhf tcsuf

1

r[m0Ho 14;55-58/

2

opömav;yg;udk azmfjyonhf oH,kwåedum,f\ aemufqkH;ydkif; jzpfonf/

3

r[m0Ho 14;63/

4

'Dy0Ho 13;7-8/ bDwð oawå ygykPðok/

5

5 r[m0Ho 15;3-4/

tm;xkwfrIwpf&yf &SdcJhonf[k azmfjyjcif;rSm vufcHavmufonhf

oabmr&Sday/ Ak'¨0g'taMumif; jynfoltrsm; odNyD;jzpfvsuf

oD[dkVfuRef; ae&mtEHSYwGif Ak'¨0g'DtcsKdUyif &SdNyD;jzpfaomfvnf; t

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ttkHwpfck wnfaqmuf&ef rvdktyfaomaMumifh jzpfzG,f&Sdonf/

t&Sifr[dEonf tjcm;rax&fav;yg;ESihftwl oD[dkVfodkY <u

vmcJhonf/ ¤if;rax&fwdkYudk ac:,lvmjcif;twGuf t&Sifjrwf\

&nf½G,fcsufrSm tvdk&Sdolrsm;tm; OyorÜ'uHaqmifEdkif&ef jzpf

onfrSm aocsmonf

1

/ ckepfOD;yg0ifonhf

2

t&Sifr[dE´tzGJUwGif

ESrawmf oHCrdwåm\om; okreomraPESihf rdcif\ tpfrawmf

(BuD;awmf)orD;\om; b@KuOyoumwdkY ESpfa,mufrSm t&Sif

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¤if;wdkY ESpfa,muf yg0ifrIrSm oD[kdVfESihf &if;ESD;rIESihf cspfMunfrIudk

xl;jcm;pGm azmfjyonf/

ygVdordkif;usrf;rsm;ü t&Sifr[dE´ESihf awmvdkuftcrf;tem;

wpf&yfwGif a&mufaeonhf a'0geHyd,wdówdkY yxrqkH;tBudrf

awGUqkHrIonf tEk&m"yk&NrdKU ta&SUzuf&Sd ,cktcg r[dEÅavh[k

ac:onhf rdóuawmifay:wGif wefcl;vjynhfaeYü jzpfaMumif;

rSwfwrf;wifcJhonf

3

/

rdwfaqGawmf bk&iftaomuxHrS Ak'¨0g'taMumif; od&SdNyD;

jzpfonfh a'0geHyd,wdórif;onf Ak'¨0g'omoemjyK yk*¾Kdvfrsm;

tm; tBuD;jrwfqkH;aom Muifemav;pm;rIjzihf BudKqdkcJhonf/ ¤if;

1

0d 3? 287/ tEkZmemrd bdu©a0 oAÁypöEÅdarok Zeya'ok 0de,"&

yÍöare *aPe OyorÜ'H/

2

'Dy0Ho 12;34-36/ 0d-| 1? 52/ r[m0Ho 8;16/

3

'Dy0Ho 12;40/ 0d-| 1? 52/ r[m0Ho 13;18-20/ ta&;ygonhf

Ak'¨0g'ordkif; jzpf&yfrSeforQ vjynfhaeYüjzpfonfrSm xkH;pHyifjzpfaMumif;

cefYrSef;&onf/


Ak'¨0g'jyefYyGm;vmjcif; 121

wdkY\ yxqkH;aom pum;pjrnfajymqdkpOftwGif; bk&if\ tod

ÓPfESihf em;vnfrIpGrf;&nfudk cefYrSef;&ef t&Sifr[dEónf rif;

BuD;tm; ar;cGef;tcsKdU ar;jref;onf/ ordkif;wGif rSwfwrf;wiftyf

onhf yxrqkH;aom ÓPf&nfprf;rItjzpf ,lqEdkifNyD; ½kwfw&uf

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ajzqdk&ef &Sif;vif;NyD; pl;&Sxufjrufonfh pdwf"mwfvkdonf

1

/

t&Sifr[dEonf a'0geHyd,wdótaejzihf Ak'¨\"r®udk em;

vnfEdkifonhf todynm&SdaMumif; ,kHMunfoGm;ojzihf rif;BuD;

tm; qufvufí plV[w¬dya'gyrokwf(r 1? 232)udk a[mMum;

awmfrlonf

2

/

t&Sifr[dEonf rdrd\ yxrqkH;w&m;tjzpf ,if;okwåefudk

a½G;cs,fjcif;rSm tvGefoihfavsmfonf/ ,if;okwåefü Ak'¨"r®oHC

ESihfywfoufí &Sif;vif;onhf tawG;tjrifwpf&yfudkay;NyD; Ak'¨

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aMumif;? avhusihftm;xkwfNyD;onhf w&m;"r®ESihf &&SdNyD;jzpfonhf

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wGif opömav;yg;uJhodkYaom tajccHAk'¨w&m;awmf tm;vkH;eD;yg;

yg0ifonf/ Ak'¨0g' taxGaxG A[kokwtjyif t&Sifr[dE´tae

jzihf Ak'¨0g'qdkif&m usihfBuHrItaMumif; bmrQrodao;onhf tdrf

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1

r[m0Ho 14;16-21/ 0d-| 1? 57/ 'Dy0Ho 12;53/ þjzpf&yfESihf ywf

oufí pdwf0ifpm;zG,fwpfcsufrSm t&Sifr[dEónf Ak'¨0g'tm; 0dbZÆ0g'

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cJhaMumif;ESihf ,if;odkYjzpfí t&Sifjrwf\ ,kwådqDavsmfrIESihf cGJjcrf;pdwf

jzmrItay: pdwftm;xufoefrIudk owdrloihfonf/

2

'Dy0Ho 12;53/ 0d-| 1? 57/ r[m0Ho 14;22/

udk odEdkif&ef oHCmawmfrsm;ESihf ¤if;wdkY\ aexdkifrIb0ESihf ywf

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1

/

a'0geHyd,wdótaejzihf rdwfaqGawmfbk&if taomu\

om;awmftm; rdrd\{nhfonftjzpf vufcH&rItwGuf aysmf½Tif

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rsm;taejzihf awmifay:wGif aexkdif&efom ESpfoufMuonf

2

/

aemufaeYeHeufwGif t&Sifr[dEÉSihf aemufyg&[ef;awmfrsm;

onf tEk½m"yk&NrdKUawmfodkY 0ifa&mufawmfrlMuonf/ ¤if;wdkY

tm; rif;BuD;u BudKqdkvufcHcJhNyD; eef;awmfxJodkY yifh,loGm;onf/

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atmifjrifrIudk a[mMum;Muonf

3

/ rif;BuD;\tjywftowf azmf

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onf

4

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avmuom;rsm;taMumif;qdkjyonfh ygVdawmfESpfckjzpfonhf ayw

1

'Dy0Ho 12;54/ 0d-| 1? 57/ r[m0Ho 14;23/

2

r[m0Ho 14;26/

3

r[m0Ho 14;53/ 0d-| 1? 46/

4

0d-| 1? 58/



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a&S;acwf a&m[PESihf tEk&m"uJhodkYaom

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orEÅygom'dum

1

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pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m &,ljcif;rsKd; r[kwfacs/

1

0d-| 1? 75/

udkomru aemifb0wGif rnfodkYjzpfrnfqdkonfudkyg azmfjyonf/

t&Sifr[dEonf "r®topfudk tpysKd;ay;NyD; aysmf½Tifonhfb0

twGuf vdktyfcsuftaejzihf bmomw&m;\ udk,fusihf w&m;

a&;&mtydkif;udk txl;jyKa[mMum;awmfrlonf/ ,if;onf y&d

owftm; pdwfydkif;b0 wdk;wufrItwGuf rsufESmpmopfrsm;udk

zGifhvsuf tawG;tjrifopf wpfckqDodkYydkY aqmifay;cJhonf/

bk&ifrif;\ awmif;yefavsmufxm;rIaMumihf t&Sifr[dEÉSihf

oDwif;okH;azmfrsm;onf NrdKUawmfESihf ra0;vGef; reD;vGef;onhf

r[marC0efO,smOf&Sd bk&ihfem;aeaqmifwGif oDwif;okH;aexdkif

Muonf

1

/ a'0geHyd,wdórif;BuD;onf rax&frsm;xHodkY oGm;

a&mufzl;ajrmfNyD; xdkae&mudk ESpfouf rESpfouf pkHprf;ojzihf t

&Sifr[dE´xHrS þae&mrSm ESpfvdkzG,f aecsifp&mjzpfaMumif; od&

aomtcg ,if;r[marC0efO,smOfudk tvª'ge txdrf;trSwf

tjzpf t&Sifr[dE´\ vufay:wGif a&cGufrS a&udk oGef;csvsuf

oHCmtm; vª'gef;vdkufonf

2

/

þvª'gef;rIonf bmomw&m;tay: twGif;u MunfñdkrI

bk&ifrif;w&m;ü trSefwu,f&SdaMumif; azmfjyvsuf &[ef;awmf

rsm;\ pdwfydkif;avhusihfrIb0twGuf vkdtyfaom ½kyfydkif;qdkif&m

jynhfpkHrIudk aocsmaponf/ odkYjzpfí t&Sifr[dEonf oD[dkVfü

Ak'¨0g'udk wnfaxmifrnfjzpfaMumif; ta&;tygqkH; jzpfonhf

aMunmrI wpf&yfudk wdkif;jynfod aMunmvdkufjcif;jzpfonf

3

/

r[marC0efO,smOfudk oHCmawmftm; v ª'gef;NyD;aemuf

t&Sifr[dEónf csufcsif;yif aemiftcgax&0g'\ cHwyfuwkwf

ozG,fjzpfNyD; oD[dkVfuRef;ü Ak'¨0g',Ofaus;rIESifh pmayoifMum;

1

r[m0Ho? 15? 8/

2

,if;? 15? 14-15? 24-25/

3

0d-| 1? 61/ odkY&mwGif r[m0Ho 15;26 ü ]Ak'¨0g'tajcuscJhNyD} (ywd|dwH

'DyrSd omoeó)[kqdkonf/ odkY&mwGif ,if;odkYazmfjycsufonf odrf

orkwfNyD;rSom Ak'ömoem wnfwhHrnfjzpfaMumif; jyqdkaom *gxm

trSwf 180-181 wdkYESihf nDñGwfrIr&Sd/



&m XmeBuD;jzpfaom emrnfausmf r[m0d[m&ausmif; wkdufjzpf

vmrnfh Ak'¨0g'A[dkXmecsKyfudk pwifpDrHcJhonf/ aemiftcg jrifh

jrwfaom tEk&m"yk&NrdKUawmf[k ac:a0:vmMurIudk rlvuyif

t&Sifr[dE´ pDrHcsrSwfcJhaMumif; rSwf,l&ef tvGef aumif;rGef vkH

avmufaom taMumif;w&m;rsm; &Sdonf/ xdktcsdefu oD[dkVf

uRef;wGif t&Sifr[dExuf ydkrdkynmwwfaom? pifMu,f ,Of

aus;aom? us,fus,fjyefYjyefY c&D;oGm;NyD; A[kokwESihf jynfhpkHol

wpfOD;wavrQ r&Sdacs/ t&Sifr[dE´onf BuD;us,f crf;em;vS

aom r*"{u&mZf\NrdKUawmf yg#vdykwåuJhodkYaom NrdKUBuD;rsm;

wGif oDwif;okH;aexdkifzl;NyD;? zciftaomurif;BuD; wnfaxmif

onhf taomum&mrausmif;wdkufESihf rdcifwnfaxmifonhf

a0'domt&yfrS apwd,*d&dausmif;wdkuf (,ckqefcsDapwD) uJhodkY

aom ausmif;wdkufBuD;rsm;udk awGUjrifzl;onf/ odkYjzpfí tm&mr

(ausmif;wdkuf)BuD;wpfckudk ydkrdkaumif;rGefpGm pDrHEdkifol wpfOD;

wavrQ r&Sdygacs/ ordkif;usrf;rsm;wGif azmfjyonhf wefcdk;jym#d

[mrsm;? txl;tqef; jzpf&yfrsm;? uAsmqefqef rGrf;rHcs,forI

rsm;ESihf ykHBuD;csJUazmfjyrIrsm;udk z,f&Sm;vdkufaomtcg t&Sifr[dE´

onf a'0geHyd,wdó rif;BuD;ESifhtwl r[marC0eO,smOf

twGif; vSnfhvnfjcif;? oHCmh0denf;ESihf nDñGwfonhf rmvu

wpfcktwGuf oifhwihf avsmufywfonhfae&m? (oHCmawmfrsm;

oufaomihfoufom&Sd&ef) a&aEG;cef; yg&Sdonhf a&uef? aAm"dyif

pdkufysKd;jcif;? oHCmawmfrsm; Oykofaqmif(odrf)? oHCmawmfrsm;

tm; vª'gef;onhf tv ªypönf;rsm;udk cGJa0rnhfae&m? nDrlpnf;a0;

&m qGrf;pm;aqmifESifh r[mapwDawmf ae&mrsm;twGuf ae&m

owfrSwfjcif;rsm;udk uREfkyfwdkY awGUjrif&onf

1

/ þü r[m0d[m&

1

r[m0Ho 15;27-172/ azmfjyyg ae&mrsm;rSm xkdtcsdefu tm&mr

(ausmif;wdkuf)wpfcktwGuf t"duusonhfae&mrsm; jzpfzG,f&Sdonf/ y#d

rmC& qif;wkawmfaqmif rygonfudk owdrloihfonf/ aemufxyf

a0zefokH;oyfrIrsm;udk þusrf;tcef; 7 wGif awGU&ygvdrfhrnf/

ausmif;wdkuf (\ajrae&m)udk tEk&m"yk&NrdKUü a½G;cs,fonfudk

awGU&onf/

r[marC0efO,smOfudk vufcHNyD;aemuf t*¾dcaE¨myrokwf

1

udk a[mMum;awmfrlonf/ ,if;okwåefjzihf &[ef;wpfyg;onf rdrd

tm; ypönf;av;yg;jzihf axmufyHhMuonfh'um'umrrsm; aumif;

usKd;csrf;om &ap&efESihf udk,fwdkifvnf; aemufqkH;yef;wdkif jzpf

onfh edAÁmefudk rsufarSmufjyKEdkif&ef udk,fusihfoDvESihf jynfhpkH&

rnfjzpfNyD; jrifhjrwfonhfb0jzihf aexdkif&rnfudk oifMum;onf/

qdkvdkonfrSm udk,fwdkiftusKd;twGuf jzpfouJhodkY tjcm;yk*¾Kdvf

rsm;twGufvnf;jzpfaMumif; qdkvdkonf/ tvª'geBuD; wpfckjyKNyD;

aemuf þtcsdefü ,if;okwåefudk a[mMum;jcif;rSm rif;BuD; tae

jzihf tvGef azmfa½G{nfhcHrIudk ay;tyfcH&onhf &[ef;awmfrsm;

onf ,if;odkYaom tvªudk cH,lxdkufaMumif;ESihfh rif;BuD;udk,fwdkif

vnf; rdrd\aumif;rItwGuf xyfwltusKd;&rnfjzpfaMumif; wdkuf

wGef;rI wpf&yf jzpfykH&onf/

,if;aemuf rsm;rMumjrihfrDwGif a'0geHyd,wdóonf t&Sif

r[dE´tm; Ak'¨0g'onf oD[dkVfuRef;ü wnfwHhNyDavm[k ar;jref;

awmfrlonf

2

/ ygVdusrf;rsm;ü t&Sifr[dE´\ tajzESihfywfoufí

rSwfwrf;rsm; uGJjym;Muonf/ 'Dy0Housrf;

3

ESihf r[m0Housrf;wdkYü

t&Sifr[dE´\tajzrSm jrwfAk'¨\ a[mMum;csufrsm;t& (oHCm

awmfrsm;) OykofjyK&ef odrfwpfckESihf tjcm;aom oHCmhpnf;rsOf;

1

r[m0Ho? 15;176/

2

þae&mwGif vGefcJhaomaeYu oHCmawmftm; r[marC0eudk vª'gef;

aomtcg t&Sifr[dE´onf Ak'¨0g' wnfwHhvdrfhrnf[k rdefYqdkcJhonfudk

owd&oifhonffffff/ ,ckwpfzef bk&ifu Ak'¨0g'wnfwHhNyDavm[k pkHprf;ar;

jref;jyefonf/ orEÅygom'dum tvdkt& ,if;ar;cGef;udk tvGef aemuf

usNyD;rS ar;onf/

3

'Dy0Ho 14;21-25/ 'Dy0Hoü tm&mr[laom a0g[m&tpm; oHCm&mr

ESihf 0d[m&[laom a0g[m&rsm;udk okH;onf/



27 &ufajrmufwGif t&Sifr[dEónf tEk&m"NrdKUawmfrS

xGufcGmNyD; 0gqdk&eftwGuf r[domouawmifodkY <uawmfrl

onf

1

/ xdkaeYrSmyif rif;BuD;\ wlawmfarmif trwfBuD;jzpfol

r[mt&d|ESihf ta>ct&H ig;q,hfig;a,muf omoemhabmifodkY

0ifa&mufMuonf

2

/ odkYjzpfí &[ef;oHCm ajcmufq,fESpfyg;

onf r[domouawmifü yxrqkH;0gudk uyfqdkawmfrlMuonf

3

/

xdkawmifwGif xdkt&SifjrwfwdkY oDwif;okH;aexdkif&ef taqmuf

ttkHrsm;r&Sdojzihf a'0geHyd,wdórif;onf ,aeYacwf uP³u

apwd, (Kaºµaka-cetiya) teD;0ef;usif&Sd &Sif;vif;cdkif;NyD; oHCm

awmfrsm; oDwif;okH;aexdkif&ef pDrHay;onf

4

/ wpfcsdefwnf;wGif

tEkvmrdzk&m;ESihf ta>ct&Hrsm;u bdu©KeDabmifodkY 0ifa&mufvdk

aMumif; awmif;qdkvmojzihf t&Sifr[dE´\ tBuHjyKcsufjzihf

5

a'

0geHyd,wdóonf r[maAm"dyif\ awmifudkif;ESihftwl t&Sifr

oHCmrdwåmtm; ydkYay;&ef bk&iftaomuxHodkY o0PfvTmay;ydkY

vdkufonf

6

/

rdzk&m; tEkvmESihf eef;wGif;olrsm;onf NrdKUawmf\ wpfzuf

wGif ¤if;wdkYtwGuf wnfaqmufay;xm;onhf Oygodum0d[m&

[kac:aom trsKd;orD;aqmifwGif aexkdif;NyD; q,fyg;oDvudk

apmihfxdef;&if; t&Sifr oHCrdwåmax&D a&mufvmrnfudk apmifh

arQmfaeMuonf

7

/

1

r[m0Ho? 16;2/

2

,if;? 16;10-11/

3

,if;? 16? 17/ t&Sifr[dE´ r[domouawmifodkY <ua&mufaom

aeYrSmyif b@Ku yÍöif;cHNyD; jzpfaMumif; owd&oihfonf (r[m0Ho?

14? 32/)

4

r[m0Ho? 16? 12/

5

,if;? 15? 16-23/

6

,if;? 18? 1/ (tdE´,EdkifiH\) awmifzufwGif wnf&Sdonfh oD[dkVfodkY

r[maAm"dyif\ awmifzufudkif;udk o,f,ljcif;rSm tawmfoihfjrwf

vSygonf/

7

,if;? 18? 9-12/

eD;pyfaom ywfoufrI&Sdonfh ay;xm;NyD; yx0D0ifa'owpf

ckwGif ]Ak'¨0g'wnfwHhrI} ,lqcsufonf jrwfAk'¨\ oifMum;csuf

rsm;ESihf tawmftwef pdrf;aeonf/ ,if;odkYaom udpörsKd;udk

Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf vkH;0 >ruf[awmfrrlzl;acs/ Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfu

wynfhom0ursm;tm; ]owå0grsm;pGmwdkY\ aumif;usKd;csrf;om

twGuf} urÇmwpfvTm;wGif "r®udka[mMum;&ef c&D;a'opm&D

vSnfhvnfzdkY apvTwfawmfrlonfrSm rSefonf

1

/ odkYwap EdkifiH

wpfckwGif ]Ak'ömoemwnfwHha&;} tpDt&if odkYr[kwf txl;

enf;vrf;wpfckESifh ywfoufonhf ESpfoufrIrsm; odkYr[kwf ñTef

Mum;csufrsm;udk rnfonhfae&mwGifrS a[mMum;awmfrrlacs/ Ak'¨

0g'onf wpfudk,fa& bmomw&m;omjzpfonf/ vlwpfa,muf

onf opömw&m;udk odjrifoGm;onfESihf wpfNydKifeuf ¤if;\ cE¨m

udk,fwGif Ak'¨0g' wnfwHhNyD;jzpfonf/ odkYjzifh Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf\

wynhf&if;csm wpfa,mufjzpfonhf t&SifykPÖonf udk,fusihf

oDv qkwf,kwfNyD; vlqdk;rsm;aMumifh emrnfBuD;onhf trdajr

okemy&EÅwdkif;odkY oGm;NyD; vltajrmuftjrm;udk Ak'¨0g'odkY oGwf

oGif;ay;onf

2

/ rZÑdredum,ft|uxm

3

tvdkt& aemiftcg

jrwfAk'udk,fwdkifudk ,if;EdkifiHodkY yifhzdwfcH&onf/ odkYwap xdk

a'oü ]Ak'¨0g'wnfwHhrI}taMumif; rdefYMum;csuf vkH;0r&Sday/ xkd

twlyif bk&iftaomuESihf a'0geHyd,wdótaMumif;t&mESihf

cyfqifqifwlonhf u|0g[eEdkifiH jzpf&yfwGif xdka'oü Ak'¨0g'

wnfwHhrItaMumif; azmfjyjcif; r&Sdacs/

EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH odkYr[kwf a'owpfckwGif wnfaxmifonhf

taejzihf omoem odkYr[kwf Ak'0g'udk wnfwHhapvdkonhf

tawG;tjrif vdktifqEúdk taomubk&ifudk,fwdkif yxrqkH;

1

0d 3? 27/

2

r 3? 311 (ykaPÖm0g'okwf)/

3

r-| 4? 237



awG;BuHod&SdcJhykH&onf/ taomurif;BuD;onf Ak'¨bmomudk EdkifiH

awmfbmomtjzpf tokH;jyKvsuf "r®0dZ,[kac:onhf pdwfydkif;

b0 atmifjrifrIBuD;udk pwifcJhonhf yxrqkH;aom bk&ifjzpf

onf/ Ak'¨0g'onf yxrqkH;aom omoemjyK bmomw&m;?

bk&iftaomuonf tjcm;EdkifiHom;rsm;udk Ak'¨0g' tjzpfcH,l&ef

omoemjyKyk*¾Kdvfrsm; apvTwfcJhonfh yxrqkH;aom bk&ifjzpf

onf/ EdkifiHa&;t& rif;BuD;atmifEdkifcJhonfh EdkifiHrsm;wGif tpdk;&

tzGJUrsm; wnfaxmifrnfjzpfaom atmifEdkifolESihf tkyfpdk;olwpf

a,mufuJhodkYyif bk&iftaomuonf pdwfydkif;t& rif;BuD;

atmifEdkif ("r®0dZ,) cJhonhf EdkifiHrsm;ü Ak'ömoem wnfaxmif

rItwGuf pOfpm;rdcJhykH&onf/ MuH&nfzef&nf tpGrf;tpESihf jynhf

pkHonhfpnf;½kH;olESihf pdwfynm&Sifwpfa,mufjzpfonfhtwkdif; rif;

BuD;onf omrefvlwef;pm;wdkYtMum; Ak'ömoemawmf wnfwHhrI

udk odomxif&Sm;onhf tajccHykHpHwpfckjzihf ñTefjyrnfjzpfonfh

tcrf;tem; wpfrsKd;udk tokH;jyK&ef vdktyfonf[k ,lqcJhonf/

oD[dkVfü cH,lvdkufonfh tppftrSef tcrf;tem;ESihf ywf

oufí usrf;*efrsm;ü azmfjycsuf uGJjym;vsuf&Sdonf/ 'Dy0Ho

1

ESihf

r[m0Ho

2

wdkYü odrftydkif;tjcm;udk wnfaxmifNyD;rIjzihf oD[dkVfü

Ak'ömoem wnfwHhrIudk wlnDpGmqdkMuonf/ a'0geHyd,wdó

onf rdrdESihfwuG eef;wGif;ol eef;wGif;om;rsm;ESihf wdkif;oljynf

om;wdkY ]Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf\ trdefYMo0g'awmftwGif;

3

} aexdkifEdkif

&ef (tEk&m")NrdKUawmf wpfckvkH;udk odrfe,fedrdwftwGif; oGif;vdk

aMumif; avQmufxm;ojzihf xdktwdkif; jyKcJhonf

4

/

orEÅygom'dum 0denf;t|uxmtvdkt& omoemwnf

wHhonhf tcrf;tem;udk tvGefaemufusNyD;rS aqmif½Gufonf/

tEk&m"yk&NrdKUawmfü r[maAm"dyifudk pdkufysKd;NyD;rSyif jzpfEdkif

1

'Dy0Ho? 14? 21-25/

2

r[m0Ho? 15? 180-181/

3

,if;? 15? 182-183/

4

,if;? 15? 184-185/

onf/ (a'0geH yd,wdó)bk&if\ wlawmf ,cifEdkifiHawmf t

rwfa[mif;jzpfcJhol t&d|rax&ftm; xdktcrf;tem;ü 0denf;udk

jyefqdk&ef t&Sifr[dEú a½G;cs,fcJhonf

1

/ tcrf;tem;ESpfckvkH;udk

jyKvkyfzG,f&Sdaomfvnf; rwlonhf tcsdeftcgESpfrsKd;wGif omo

emwnfwHhrItwGuf aemufxyf tqihfwpfckudk txdrf;trSwfjyK

onhf 'kwd, tcrf;tem; jzpfzG,f&Sdonf/

usrf;pmESpfrsKd;vkH;wGif pmayt& jcm;em;aomfvnf; twGif;

oabm &nf½G,fcsufrSm wlnDMuonf/ 0denf;udk ½Gwfqdk (ygwd

armufjy) rnhf ae&mtwGuf vkdtyfaomodrfonf oHCmhuHrsm;

udk aqmif½Guf&ef vdktyfonf/ oHCmhy&dowfa&SUarSmufü t&Sif

t&d|rax&f ygwdarmufjyrIonf oHCmhuHaqmif½GufrIESihf wlnD

onf/ odkYjzpfí aemufqkH;wGif omoemwnfwHhrIonf odrfwpfck

ESihf 0denf;udk ½Gwfzwfjcif;r&SdbJ rjzpfEdkifaom oHCmwnfwHh

rIqDodkY avsmusoGm;onf

2

/

t&Sifr[dEonf tEk&m"yk&NrdKUawmfü 26 &uf oDwif;okH;

awmfrlcJhonf/ xdktcsdeftwGif; t&Sdeft[kefjzihf csDwufaeNyD;

BuD;rm;onhf ajymif;vJrIrsm; jzpfay:cJhonf/ t&Sifjrwfonf bm

omw&m;topf\ wefzdk;rsm;udk vlxkvufcHvmap&ef w&m;

a'oem ajrmufjrm;pGmudk a[mMum;cJhonf/ a'oemtrsm;pkrSm

b0\ rwnfNrJrI (tedpöoabm)? b0oHo&m\ aMumufruf

zG,faumif;ykHESihf b0oHo&mrS vGwfajrmufNyD; edAÁmefudk &&Sd&efvdk

tyfonhf jrifhjrwffonhfb0 taMumif;rsm;ESihf ywfoufonf/

t&Sifjrwf\ w&m;awmfrsm;teuf jrwfAk'¨\ tajccH a[mMum;

csufrsm;udk azmfjyonhf "r®puúy0wåeokwåef

3

vnf; yg0ifonf/

1

0d-| 1? 75/

2

'Dy0Hoü rif;BuD;u oHCm&mrudk wnfaxmifNyD;NyDavm[k ar;avsmuf

&m t&Sifr[dEú odrfwpfck wnfaqmuf rNyD;rcsif; ,if;odkY qdkEdkifrnf

r[kwf[k ajzMum;onf ('Dy0Ho? 14;22)/ ,aeYacwfüyif odrfwpfck

r&SdbJ oHCm&mrwpfck tvkkH;pkH NyD;jynfhpkHonf[k r,lqao;acs/

3

r[m0Ho? 15;199/



"mwfawmfrsm;udk Xmyemxm;onfh "mwfawmfrsm;udk tEk&m"

yk&NrdKU? apwd,awmifESihf oD[dkVf&Sd tjcm;rsm;pGmaom a'orsm;ü

wnfxm;cJhMuonf

1

/ aemufESpfwGif t&SifroHCrdwåmonf tEk

&m"yk&NrdKU? [w¬mVSu bdu©KeDausmif;wdkufü y&dedAÁmefpHonf

2

/

t&Sifr[dE oD[dkVfodkY a&muf&Sdjcif;udk oD[dkVf,Ofaus;rI tp

tjzpf owfrSwfEdkifonf/ t&Sifjrwfonf vuFm'DyodkY bmom

w&m;topf (Ak'ömoem)udkomru xdktcsdefu *kPf&Sdef tjrihf

qkH;jzpfonfh NrKdU,Ofaus;rI wpfckvkH;udkyg ,laqmifvmcJhonf/

oHCmhausmif;wdkufBuD;rsm;? apwDawmfrsm;ESihftwl oD[dkVfuRef;

odkY yef;csDyef;yk tEkynmrsm;udkvnf; a&muf&SdapcJhonf/ t&Sif

r[dE´tm; oD[dkVfpmayordkif;\ zciftjzpfvnf; ,lqEdkifonf/

t|uxm usrf;jyKq&mBuD; t&Sifr[mAk'äCmo rax&fu

aom tZdwrnfaom &[efk;onf oHCmawmftm; ygwdarmuf ½Gwf

qdkjyol jzpfonf}/ qdkvdkonfrSm tZdwonf touf 30 &SdNyD[k

jzpfonf/ t&Sifr[dE´ oD[dkVfudk <ua&mufawmfrlaom tcg 12 0g&

NyDjzpfonf/ r[mr[dEáw¬a&m aom? w'g 'Gg'o0ódaum (r[m

0Ho? 13? 1)/ oD[dkVfodkY <ua&mufpOfu oufawmf 32 ESpf t½G,f

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E.Z. III, p. 75. Badulla Pillar Inscription. (Revised in V, pt. 2, pp. 177- 195)

4

Nks. p. 18.

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r[m0Ho? 15? 182-183/

3

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yg; rnfolrQ oD&dvuFmbk&if jzpfEdkifrnf r[kwf}? wzef ],if;

aAm"dowårsm;onf oAÁnKAk'¨xHrS azmfjyygtmrcHcsufudk vufcH

&&SdNyD;jzpfonf}[k aMunmcJhonf/

udwådedoQu rv ’rif; (at'D 1187-1196) u ¤if;\

ausmufxGif;pmrsm;wGif vuFm'Dyudk Ak'¨0g'u ydkifqdkifonf? odkY

jzpfí apmVrsm; au&mVrsm;uJhodkYaom Ak'¨0g'Dr[kwfolrsm;onf

oD[dkVfxD;eef; udk qufcHydkifcGifh r&Sd[k azmfjyxm;onf/

at'D 13 &mpkwGifa&;onhf ylZm0vd,trnf&Sd oD[dkVf

uAsmusrf;wGif ,if;,lqcsufESihfywfoufí ydkrdk&Sif;vif;pGm azmf

jyxm;onf ]þvuFm'DyuRef;um; Ak'¨0g'EdkifiHjzpf\/ ,if;onf

&wemokH;yg; jynfhaeaom bPfwdkufESihf yrmwl\/ odkYjzpfí

þuRef;ae rdpäm'd|dt,l&Sdolrsm;um; ,cifu ,u©rsm;uJhodkY

wnfNrJvdrfhrnf r[kwf/ oD[dkVftm; Ak'¨0g'Dr[kwfolwpfa,muf

twif;tMuyfjyKí acwåtm;jzihf tkyfcsKyfcJhvQifyif &SifawmfAk'¨\

*kPfaus;ZlaMumifh xdk (tkyfcsKyfol)\ tpOftqufonf wnfwHh

vdrfhrnfr[kwf/ odkYjzpfí vuFmonf Ak'¨0g'D bk&ifrsm;twGuf

om oihfwifhavsmufywfojzihf ¤if; (Ak'¨0g'Dbk&if)wdkY\ tpOf

tqufvnf; wnfwHhvdrfhrnf}

2

/

uE´DrS rmv0wåcsmwm (Malvatta Chapter*) u yifv,furf;

ajce,frsm;udk tkyfcsKyfcJhonhf udkvrfbdk&Sd 'wfcsftkyfcsKyfa&;t&m

&Sd azmvfcf (Falk: 1765-1785 A.D.) xH a&;om;onhf a&S;acwf

oD[dkVfOya'ESihf oufqdkifonhf ordkif;rSwfwrf; wpfckwGif ]yxr

1

aygVKEé½k0? *vaygw? E.Z. UUm o, 109. ajrmufbuf*dwf ausmuf

xGif;pm/ ,if;? pm-159/

2

Pjv. p. 656. * Malvatta Chapter [lonf *gr0goD*dkPf;[k ac:aom odD&dvuFm ax&

0g'Ak'¨bmom*dkPf;uGJ wpfck jzpfonf/ xdk*dkPf;rS a&;aompm[k ,lq

ygonf (bmom jyefol)/

qkH;aom Oya'rSm oD[dkVfbk&ifonf Ak'¨0g'udk rpGefY&? tjcm;

bmomw&m;udk rudk;uG,f&[kjzpf\} [kqdkxm;onf

1

/

,if;,kHMunfcsufonf tenf;qkH; 19 &mpkaESmif;ydkif;umv

txd vTrf;rdk;aeaomaMumifh oD[dkVf tkyfcsKyfa&;rª; ba&mif;&pf*f

(Brownrigg)u t*Fvef&Sd 0Dvsrf 0Dvfbmazmhpf (William Wilber-

force) tm; ZGefv 13 &uf? 1816 ckESpf &ufpGJjzihf ay;ydkYcJhonfh

pmt& odEdkifonf/ ,if;pmwGif ]vGwfvyfonhf uEDbk&ihfEdkifiH

ESihf Ak'¨bmomtMum; eD;uyfpGm qufEG,frI &SdcJhaMumif; ,ck &&Sd

\/ EdkifiH&yfjcm; tmPm odkYr[kwf MoZmvTrf;rdk;rI tm;vkH;udk

qefYusifNyD; Ak'¨u ¤if;wdkY\ bk&if{u&mZfudk umuG,f&ef pDrHay;

onf[k ,kHMunfMu\}[k jzpfonf/

&Hzef&Hcg oD[dkVfuRef;udk tkyfcsKyfcJhMuonfh '&mAD'D,efvlrsKd;

rsm;yif ¤if;wdkYpdwfxJü BudKufonfjzpfap rBudKufonfjzpfap t

enf;qkH; &mxl;twGuf Ak'¨0g'Drsm;tjzpf cH,lcJhMuonf/ ykHpHtm;

jzihf bDpD 2 &mpkwGif tEk&m"yk&NrdKUudk tkyfcsKyfcJhaom apmV

(wdkif;Zmwd) rif;om; {V&onf oHCmawmfrsm;tm; zl;ajrmfNyD;

qGrf;zdwf&ef apwd,awmif (r[dE¦avh) odkY oGm;cJhaMumif; od&

onf/ ]{Vm&onf &wemokH;yg;\ *kPfaus;Zl;BuD;jrwfrIudk rod

aomfvnf; xkH;wrf;pOfvmudk vdkufemNyD; (pm&dwH tEkygv,H)

apwd,awmifodkY oGm;vsuf oHCmawmfrsm;tm; qGrf;zdwfcJh\}[k

r[m0Housrf;ü qdkonf

2

/ r[m0Ho ygVdordkif;usrf;jyKq&monf

{Vm&onf Ak'¨0g'tay: trSefwu,f pdwf0ifpm;rIr&Sdaomf

vnf; XmaewdkY\ wnf&SdNyD; xkH;wrf;pOfvmudk vdkufem&onf[k

,lqykH&onf

3

/

1

Prabhāsadaya, 1930, May, p. 17.

2

r[m0Ho 21? 21-22/

3

r[m0Ho#Dum (twGJ2? pm-483)ü {Vm& qif;wkaqmifwpfck

taMumif;udk azmfjyonf ]{Vm&y#drmC&}/ ,if;onf {Vm& wnf

aqmufonhf Ak'¨qif;wkawmfudk xm;&Sdonfh taqmifudk qdkvdkoavm

odkYr[kwf {Vm&udk,fwdkif\ qif;wkudk xm;onfh taqmifudk qdkvdk

oavm[lonfudk &Sif;vif;pGm rod&acs/


Ak'¨0g' EdkifiHawmfbmom jzpfvmjcif; 143

&Sif;vif;pGm aMunmxm;onf

1

/ Ak'¨0g'udk umuG,foltjzpfjzihf

rlvu Ak'ËSihf &[EÅmyk*¾Kdvfrsm;udkom &nfñTef;tokH;jyKonfh a0g

[m&rsm;udkyif oD[dkVfbk&ifrsm;twGuf okH;EIef;vmonfxdyif

bk&ifonf (vlxk\) tvGef av;pm;rIudk cH&onf/ ykHpHtm;jzihf

Ak'ödkY r[kwf &[EÅmyk*¾Kdvfrsm; uG,fvGefrItwGufom tokH;jyK

onhf y&dedAd (y&dedAÁKw) [laom a0g[m&udk at'D 10 &mpkwGif

bk&ifwpfyg; uG,fvGefrIudk &nfñTef;í tokH;jyKcJhonf

2

/

xdkenf;twkdif;yif twdtustm;jzihf Ak'¨0g'D&[ef;awmfwpf

yg;udkom &nfñTef;okH;EIef;&onhf vat-himi (OyZÑm,omrd) [l

aom a0g[m&udk BuD;jrwfonhf av;pm;rIay;onhftaejzihf

at'D 8 &mpkcefYrS pNyD; bk&ifrif;rsm;ESihf tkyfcsKyfolrsm;tm; ac:

a0:okH;EIef;cJhonf

3

/

1

E.Z. I, p. 237, tumā pay sivur rak (nu.va)s. þü Ak'¨\ oydwfawmfESihf

ouFef;[lonf Ak'¨0g'udk udk,fpm;jyKonf/ t*Fvdyf bk&ihfbGJU (trnf)

rSm ]Defender of the Faith = bmomw&m;udk umuG,fol} jzpfonf/

2

E.Z. III, p. 76, 77, sataļosa piriniviyan bahanse. 3

ykHpHtm;jzihf &móa[v (Rāssahela)ausmufpmudk ½Iyg/ E.Z. IV, p. 173, 174; Kirigallāva Pillar Ins. E.Z. II. p. 3-4; and BadullaPillar Ins. E.Z. III, p. 75; Kaļudiyapokuºda Ins. E.Z. III, p. 258-269, 264-266.

a0aMurqif;*f (Wickremasinghe) u vat-himi onf ]ypönf;ydkif&Sif}

[k t"dyÜm,f&onfh vastu-svāmin odkYr[kwf ]bmoma&; udpörsm;udk

ñTefMum;ol}[k t"dyÜm,f&onhf vātta-svamin [laomouúwpmvkH;

rsm;rS qif;oufa0g[m&rsm; jzpfzG,f&SdaMumif; qdkonf (E.Z. I, p 35, n. 7.)/ y&e0dwe url qif;oufpum;vkH;rsm;ESihf ywfoufí wpfpkHw&m

rSwfcsufjyKjcif;r&Sd (E.Z. III, p. 86.)/ au ynmudwåd (K. Paňňākitti) rax&f\ vat-himi onf ]OyZÑmomrd}rS qif;oufa0g[m&jzpf\[k qdk

aom rSwfcsufrSm vufcHEdkifzG,f t&SdqkH;jzpfonf/

at'D 10 &mpkwGif a&;om;cJhonhf The Dhampiyā-Aµuvā-Gǎµapa-daya usrf; (pm-116? aMumif;a& 10)wGif upajjhāyavatta½ a0g[m&udk

]vat teranaµa kaµayuiu vat}[k edó,jyefqdkxm;onf/ wpfzef ,if;usrf;

(pm-153? aMumif;a& 14) wGifyif aAv|oDotrnfESihfywf oufí

]Ānanda mahaterun vajateru Belaµµhas²sa mahaterun.}[kqdkonf/

xkH;wrf;pOfvm[k t"dyÜm,f&aom oD[dkVfpum;vkH; Sirit ESihf ygVd

a0g[m& pm&dwonf tpOftvmüyg0ifaom ,aeYacwf Oya'

[laom t"dyÜm,fjzihf okH;EIef;onhf pum;vkH; rsm;jzpfMuonf/

azmfjyNyD; erlemrsm;rS EdkifiHawmf Oya'\ wpfpdwfwpfa'o

tjzpf todtrSwfjyKcJhNyD; bk&ifrif;rsm; csrSwfcJhonhf bmoma&;

tpOftvmrsm;ESihf usihfxkH;rsm;&SdaMumif; xif&Sm;pGm awGUjrifEdkif

onf/ ,if;xkH;wrf;rsm;udk oD[dkVfvlrsKd;jzpfap '&mAD'D,efvlrsKd;

jzpfap oD[dkVfbk&ifrsm;taejzifh av;pm; vdkufemcJhMu&onf/

{Vm&rwdkifrD tEk&m"yk&NrdKUü ESpf 30 cefY tkyfcsKyfcJhonhf

aoeESihf *kwådv[laom wrDvfrif; ESpfa,mufonfyif Ak'¨0g'D

rsm; jzpfcJhykH&onf/ ¤if;wdkY\ tkyfcsKyfrIudk &nfñTef;&mwGif r[m

0Housrf;

1

ü "ar®e ]w&m;ojzihf} [laom a0g[m&udk okH;xm;

jcif;rSm ¤if;wdkYonf Ak'¨0g'Drsm;taejzihf odkYr[kwf tenf;qkH; Ak'¨

0g'xkH;pHrsm;ESihftnD EdkifiHawmfudk tkyfcsKyfcJhaMumif; qdkvdk&m

a&mufonf/ Ak'¨0g'Dr[kwfol tjcm;wpfa,muftaejzihf rnfodkY

"r®ESihftnD tkyfcsKyfEdkifygrnfenf;/ wd&dpämeftqihfrQ ,lqcH&

onfh rdpäm'd|dwpfa,mufonf rnfodkYvQif "r®ESihftnD tkyfcsKyf

Ekdifrnfenf;/

ck'ýg&dE´ (Khudda-Pārinda) rif;\ rdzk&m; (at'D 5 &mpk)\

ausmif;wkdufwpfcktm; vª'gef;rIudk rSwfwrf;wifonhf ausmuf

pm

2

wpfckwGif wrD;vfvlrsKd;jzpfol rdrd\cifyGef;onftm; Ak'¨'go

ck'´ yg&dE´[k azmfjyxm;onf/ ]Ak'¨\tvkyftauR;}[k t"dyÜm,f&

onf Ak'¨'go[laom pum;vkH;udk twdtus &nfñTef;í okH;EIef;

xm;jcif;rSm ck'ýg&dEónf Ak'¨bmom0if odkYr[kwf tenf;qkH;

,if;odkYjzpfvdkol wpfa,mufjzpfaMumif; oufaojyonf/ ¤if;udk

qufcHol yg&dEónfvnf; t&*gr&Sd ¤if;a&;xdk;cJhaom ausmuf

pmwGif Ak'¨bmombkef;BuD;ausmif; wpfausmif;odkY ¤if;\ v ª'gef;

1

r[m0Ho? 21? 11/

2

E.Z. IV, p. 114.



rIrsm;udk rSwfwrf;wifcJhonf

1

/ uw&*gr&Sd aemuf ausmufpm

2

wpfckwGif wd&dw& (Tiritara)3

\om;jzpfol 'gxd,onf uw&

*gr&Sd r*Fvr[mapwD (,aeYacwf ud&da0a[&) tm; vª'gef;

axmufyHhrIwpfckudk xnhfoGif; azmfjyxm;onf/

'gXd,[lonf yg&dEÉSihf ck'úyg&dE´[laom wlnDonhf

wrD;vf rif;qufü yg0ifonf/ y&e0dwe ynm&Sif

4

u at'D 5

&mpkukefxd 27 ESpfywfvkH; tEk&m"yk&NrdKUü tkyfcsKyfcJhaom ,if;

wrD;vf rif;om;rsm;onf Ak'¨0g'Drsm;jzpfonf[k ,lqonf

5

/

pwkw¬ t*¾aAm"drif;xHwGif cpm;cJhMuonhf aygw¬ukw¬ESifh r[m

uEúJhodkYaom wrD;vfvlrsKd; t&m&Sdrsm;pGmwdkYonfvnf; 0d[m&

(ausmif;wdkufrsm;) aqmufvkyfNyD; bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;rsm;udk

axmufyHhcJhMuaMumif; od&onf

6

/ uE´Dacwf '&mAD'D,ef bk&if

rsm;onf a&S;acwf oD[dkVfbk&ifrsm;\ pHerludk vdkufemvsuf Ak'¨

0g'udk ,kHMunfaMumif; aMunmí Ak'¨0g'xkH;pHrsm;udk apmihfxdef;

NyD; Ak'¨0g'udk axmufyHhcJhMuonfrSm tvGefxif&Sm;onf/

bk&ifrif;tm; omrefOyoumrsm;wGif xnhfoGif;aomfvnf;

¤if;wdkY\ &mxl;rSm vlomrefwdkYESifh tawmftwefjcm;em;onf/

okwåefrsm;wGif jrwfAk'ESihf puú0wådrif;wdkYudk xyfwleD;yg; owf

1

E.Z. IV, p. 113.

2

,if;? twGJ 3? pm-218/

3

,if;ausmufpmwGifazmfjyonhf r['Vdr[em(Mahadaļi Mahanā)ESihf

¤if;\zcif o&w&, (Sarataraya)wdkYudk 'gXduESihf wd&dw& tjzpf

(ynm&Sif) y&e0dweu ESpfoufzG,f taMumif;jycsufrsm; ay;xm;

onf (CJSc. G. Vol. II, p.181. udk½Iyg)/

4

E.Z. IV, 114. 5

xdkYjyif uREfkyfwdkYtaejzihf ,if;ausmufpmrsm;rS tqdkyg wrD;vfvlrsKd;

bk&ifrsm;onf Ak'¨0g'Drsm;jzpfonfomru wkdif;oljynfom; rsm;ESihf ydkrdk

eD;pyfNyD; wpfxyfwnf;jzpfap&ef (¤if;wdkY oD[dkVfudk tkyfcsKyfaepOf

twGif;) ¤if;wdkY\ udk,fydkiftrnfrsm;wGif tb,ESihf r[mem*uJhodkY

aom oD[dkVf bGJUemrnfrsm;udkvnf; xnhfoGif;cJhMuonf/

6

r[m0Ho? 46? 19-23/

rSwfxm;onf/ 'DCedum,fvm vu©PokwfwGif Ak'¨rSma&m

puú0wådrif;rSmyg ESpfrsKd;vkH;ü r[myk&dovu©Pm okH;q,fhESpfyg;

ESifh jynfhpkHMuaMumif; azmfjyonf/ tqdkyg r[myk&dovu©Pm

32 yg;ESihf jynfhpkHolonf tdrf&mwnfaxmif vlwdkYabmifü aeyg

u puú0wådrif; jzpfrnf? tu,fí olonf vlYabmifudk pGefYcGm

vQifrl Ak'¨jzpfvmvdrfhrnf/ t*Fkwå&edum,fü xdkyk*¾Kdvfrsm;onf

vltrsm; aumif;usKd;csrf;omtwGuf arG;zGm;vmonfh yk*¾Kdvfxl;

rsm;jzpfNyD; xdkyk*¾KdvfESpfrsKd;vkH;rSm xlyg&[ (apwDwnfxdkufol)

rsm;jzpfMuaMumif; azmfjyxm;onf

1

/ emrfavmuwpfckvkH;udk Ak'¨

&Sifawmfjrwfu pdk;rdk;xm;csdefwGif puú0wådrif;onf avmuDykxk

ZOfavmu\ pHjyr[mtkyfcsKyfolbk&if jzpfonf/ ,if;xifjrif

,lqcsufwGif tajccHvsuf omref bk&ifwpfyg;udkyif tjcm;

omrefvlom;rsm;xuf rsm;pGmydkvGefonhftqihfudk ay;xm;onf/

odkYjzpfí Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfu &[ef;awmfrsm;tm; bk&ifwdkY\ ñTef

Mum;csufrsm;udk vkdufem&ef rdefYrSmaMumif; awGU&onf

2

/

odkYjzpfí oD[dkVfbk&iftm; Ak'omoemudk umuG,fapmihf

a&Smufonfh avmuDa&;&m acgif;aqmiftjzpf ,lqcH&onfrSm

tawmf obm0usygonf/ at'D 10 &mpkwGif pwkw¬ajrmuf

r[dE´bk&ifu ]Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf\ qGrf;cHoydwfESihf ouFef;awmf

udk umuG,f&ef &nf½G,fcsufjzihf} cwåd,onf bk&ifjzpfvm\[k

1

tH 1? 567/ r[my&dedAÁmeokwfawmfü xlyg&[ (apwDwnfxdkufol)

ig;rsKd;azmfjyonf/ wxm*w? yapöuAk'¨? (t&d,m jzpfNyD;onhf Ak'¨\

om0u? puú0wåd&mZ wdkYjzpfonf ('D2? 117)/ Manusmŗti usrf;t&

bk&if[lonf vla,mifzefqif;xm;onfh BuD;jrwfonhf ewfa'0gjzpfNyD;

ouf&Sdowå0g tm;vkH;xuf xl;jcm;vGefjrwfonf (Manu. V, 93-94; 96-97; VII, 4-13.)/

2

tEkZmemrd bdu©a0 &mZleH tEk0wådwkH (0d 3? 193)/ þü t|uxm

zGifhqdkcsufrSm ]0gqdk0guyf xkwfjyefcsufESifh tjcm;aom "r®ESihfnDonhf

ñTefMum;csufrsm;udkom vdkufem&ef vdkNyD; rnfonhf t"r®udp öudkrQ

vdkufem&ef rvdkacs (0d-| 3? 350)} [k jzpfonf (bmomjyefol)/



vnf;qdkonf

1

/ t&Sifr[mwdó rax&fu 0¥*grPdESihf ¤if;\

ppfolBuD;rsm;tMum; eufeuf½Idif;½Idif; jzpfay:vmrnfh tusKd;quf

udk Nidrf;csrf;apykHtaMumif; jzpf&yfwpfck&Sdonf

2

/ "mwkaoerif;

tm; rax&fwpfyg;u arG;pm;NyD; bk&ifjzpfvmatmif ynmoif

ay;cJhonf

3

/ MoZmcHbk&if r[dEónf 'kwd, aoerif; (at'D

851-885) ESihf oabmwl vufrSwfxdk;&ef pdk;&drfaeaomtcg

r[dE´rif;onf rdrd\ awmif;qdkcsufudk axmufcH&ef ¤if;ESifhtwl

&[ef;awmfrsm;udkyihfaqmifoGm;cJhonf

4

/ bk&ifrif;rsm;tm; tMuH

ay; qkH;roltjzpf aqmif½GufcJhMuonfh yk*¾vdurax&frsm;ESifh

ywfoufonhf om"u trsm;tjym; &Sdonf

5

/

wpfcgwpf&HwGif &[ef;awmfrsm;onf tem*wfrif;om;rsm;

a½G;cs,fjcif;ESihf ¤if;wdkYESpfoufonhf rif;om;rsm;udk axmufyHh

jcif;? xD;eef;qufcHrI Oya'udk csKd;azmufjcif;txdyif aqmif½Guf

Muonf/ o'¨gwdórif; uG,fvGef (bDpD 59) aomtcg EdkifiH

awmf 0efBuD;rsm;onf xdk (bk&ifwifa`rSmufjcif;) udpötwGuf

xlyg½kHausmif;wkdufü tpnf;ta0; jyKcJhMuonhf oHCmawmfrsm;

\ oabmwlnDcsufjzihf (w&m;0if xD;eef;udk qufcHcGifh&Sdol)

vZÆDwdóxuf ydkrdkESpfoufjcif;cH&ol xkv ’xe (Thullatthana) udk

eef;wifcJhMuonf

6

/ &[ef;awmfrsm;onf yxr arm*¾v ’merif;(at'D 496-516) tm; ¤if;\ ppfwyfrsm;udk bkef;BuD;ausmif;

wpfckü

7

pnf;½kH;&ef cGifhjyKcJhMuNyD; arm*¾v ’merif;u yxr uóy

rif;udk atmifyGJ&NyD;aemuf xdkrif;tm; oHCmawmfrsm;u r[m

0d[m& ausmif;wkdufü crf;em;pGm BudKqdkcJhMuonf

8

/

3

r[m0Ho? 24? 49-57/ ,if;odkY avQmufjcif;rSm avmu0wfpum; qdk

jcif;ayavm/

2

,if;? 28? 71-77/

3

,if;? 28/ 16/

4

,if; 51; 14/

5

Oyrm? r[m0Ho 42;22/ 46;6/

6

,if;? 28? 17? 18/ odkYwap ,if; Mum;0ifaqmif½GufrIrSm &Sm;&Sm;yg;

yg;jzpfNyD; w&m;0if bk&if\ trsuf&Sjcif;udk cHcJh&onf/

7

,if;? 39? 21/

8

,if;? 39? 29-31/

avmuDrIudk acgif;aqmifolESihf Ak'¨0g'udk umuG,foltjzpf Ak'¨

omoemawmftm; aumif;pGm apmihf&efrSm bk&ifrif;wdkY\ t"du

wm0efrsm;teuf wpfckjzpfonf/ odkYjzpfívnf; bk&ifrif;rsm; t

aejzihf Ak'ömoemawmftwGif; pnf;vkH;rIr&Sd odkYr[kwf tusifh

odu©mysufjym;jcif; &SdaerIESihf BuKH&onhftcgwdkif; Ak'ömoem

awmf pifMu,foefY&Sif;a&;ü bk&ifrif;rsm; yg0ifywfoufaeonf

udk rMumcP awGUMu&onf

1

/ Ak'ömoem\ pifMu,frIudk npf

nL;apaom tvdkr&Sdtyfonhf rSm;,Gif;onhf tcsufrsm;ukd Oya'

t& odkYwnf;r[kwf okwfoif&Sif;vif;jcif;jzihf ESdrfeif;&efrSm EdkifiH

awmf\wm0ef jzpfonf/ oHCmtcsif;csif; vG,fulpGm ajz&Sif;í

r&Edkifonhf oHCmhtjiif;yGm;rIrsm; jzpfay:vmwkdif; Mum;0ifajz

&Sif;ay;&efvnf; bk&if\ wm0efjzpfonf/ ,if;odkYjzihf bk&if

uPd&ZmEkwdó (89-92 at'D) onf apwd,*d&d&Sd Oykof

Cf. Pācit. p. 87 wGif ]tm,o®awm tmeE´ó OyZÑma,m aAv|

oDaom (0d 2? 116)} [kvmonf/ at'D 12 &mwGif a&;om;onhf "r®

jy'Dydum (oD[dkVf)usrf;(pm-293)ü vadǎjuran [laom oD[dkVfa0g[m&

udk OyZÑmp&d,[laom t"dyÜm,fjzifh okH;xm;onf/ at'D 14 &mpkcefY

vuf&mjzpfonhf r[m½lyod'ö'é,usrf; (pm-267)wGif OyZÑm,ó

udk ]vajādurange}[k (oD[dkVfbmom) edó, jyefonf/ at'D 14 &mpk

ukefcgeD;wGif a&;om;onhf edum,o*F[ (oD[dkVf)usrf; (pm-12) wGif

vat-terun oD[dkVfa0g[mudk OyZÑm,aw¬& t"dyÜm,fjzihf okH;onf/

a0g[m& wpfvkH;csif;pDudk teufjyefqdkonhf a&S;a[mif; oD[dkVfbmom

sanna (edó,) usrf;rsm;wGif ygVdoufa0g[m&ykHpHudk rl&if;ygVd odkYr

[kwf ouúwudk edó,jyefqdk&ef jzpfEdkifonhf ae&mwdkif;ü tokH;jyK

onfudk owd&oifhonf/ azmfjyNyD; txufygom"ursm;t& vaja, vada, vat ykHpHrsm;rSm OyZÑm, odkYr[kwf OyZÑrS qif;oufaMumif; awGU

Edkifonf/ 'kwd,ajrmuf "edwtoHxGuf\ a&SUü&Sdonhf yxr &ó

o&wpfvkH;udk jzKwfjcif;rSm oD[dkVfbmompum;ü tjzpfrsm;onf/

*dkif*g\ A Grammar of the Sinhalese Language, p. 34. udk ½Iyg/

1

ykHpHtm;jzihf a0g[m&duwdó? a*gXmb,? yxr arm*¾v ’me? wwd,

arm*¾v’me? odvmarC0PÖ? owår t*¾aAm"d ESihf 'kwd,ajrmuf

aoerif; (wdkYjzpfonf)/

152 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif; Ak'¨0g' EkdifiHawmfbmom jzpfvmjcif; 149

aqmif (odrf)ü oHCmhtjiif;yGm;rIESihf ywfoufí tqkH;tjzwf

ay;ol tjzpf wuf<upGm yg0ifcJhaMumif; od&onf

1

/ vlomref

wpfa,muf oHCmhudpöESihfywfoufí tqkH;tjzwfay;&ef Oykof

aqmif (odrf)twGif; 0ifcJh&onfhtcsufrSm xl;qef;onf/ odkYw

ap bk&iftaejzifh ,if;udpöudk OykofaqmiftwGif;üom qkH;jzwf

cJhonfrSm aocsmonf

2

/ bk&ifonf odrftwGif;odkY oHCmawmf

rsm;\ zdwfMum;rIaMumifh 0ifcJhoavm odkYwnf;r[kwf rdrd\

oabmtwdkif; 0ifcJhoavm[ludkrl twdtus rod&acs/ rnfodkY

yif jzpfEdkifap? Ak'ömoemawmftm; vlOyoum OD;aqmifol

wpfa,muftaejzihf bk&ifwGif oHCmhudpöudk qkH;jzwfay;&ef

trdefYtmPm trSefwu,f&SdcJh odkYr[kwf &Sdonf[k rdrdzmom

,lqcJhonfrSm aocsmonf

3

/ r[maoerif; vufxuftwGif;

aZw0e0d[m&udk tvªcHcJhonfh wdórax&ftm; w&m;a&;0ef

BuD;u vl0wfvJcJhonf

4

/ tqdkyg wdórax&ftm; oHCm

(trsm;pk) u yg&mZdutmywfjzihf pGJqdkrIrSefuefaMumif; oufao

jycJhaomfvnf; oHCmonf bk&ifhtultnDrygbJ xdkyk*¾Kdvftm;

vl0wfvJ&ef trdefYtmPm r&Sdacs

5

/

bk&ifonf ]Ak'ömoemudk umuG,fol}jzpfaomfvnf; bk&ihf

ulnDrI tcGifhtmPmrSm oHCmawmftm; ulnD tvkyftauR;jyK

&efomjzpfonf/ bk&ifhtaejzihf oHCmhqEúdk qefYusifí twif;

tMuyf vkyf&ef trdefYtmPm r&Sdacs/ ykHpHtm;jzihf odvmarC

0PÖrif; (617-626 at'D) r[m0d[m&oHCmtm; tb,*d&d

1

r[m0Ho 35;10-11/

2

r[m0Ho#D? pm-640/

3

bk&ihfvkyfaqmifrIudk oHCmxktm;vkH; oabmwlnDjcif; r&Sdaomfvnf;

oHCmtrsm;pk\ oabmwlnDrI&SdcJhaMumif; rSwf,loifhonf/

4

r[m0Ho? 37? 39/

5

yÍör uóyrif; (913-923)vufxuf tEk&m"yk&NrdKU&Sd ausmufxGif;

pmt& oHCmtcsif;csif; rajyNidrf;Edkifonfhtcgwdkif; Ak'¨ omoemha&;

&m tjiif;yGm;rIrsm;wGif EdkifiHawmf\ tqihfjrihft&m&Sdrsm; yg0ifywf

oufrI&SdcJhaMumif;vnf; od&onf (E.Z. I, p. 44.)/

oHCmESifhtwl OykoftwljyK&ef awmif;yefaomtcg r[m0d[m&

oHCmonf bk&ihfawmif;yefrIudk vdkufavsm&ef jiif;qdkcJhNyD; bk&if

onf rdrd\ qE´twdkif;aqmif½Guf&ef tmPm r&SdjzpfcJh&onf

1

/

aemufwpfBudrfwGif r[m0d[m&oHCmonf 'kwd,'gaXmywdó

rif;tm; Oyoumwpfa,muftay: tBuD;rm;qkH; apmfum;rI

jzpfonhf ywåedukZÆe (oydwfarSmufjcif;) uHudk jyKMuonf/ (odkY

wap) bk&ifonf r[m0d[m&oHCm\ qEúdk qefYusifcJhonf

2

/

bmoma&;ESifh t,ltqa&;&mrsm;ESihfywfoufí oHCmxk

ESihf bk&ifrif;wdkYtMum; &Hzef&Hcg oabmwlnDrIrsm; r&SdcJhaomf

vnf; EdkifiHa&;ESihf avmuDvlrIa&;udpöESihf ywfoufírl ,if;wdkY

tMum; y#dyu©r&SdcJhonfrSm xif&Sm;onf/ &[ef;awmfrsm; tae

jzihf udk,fwdkif wdkuf½kduf EdkifiHa&;tmPmudk &,l&ef BudK;pm;rI

vkH;0 &SdcJhykHr&acs/ odkYaomf oHCmawmfrsm;onf rdrdwdkY\ tvdk

qE´twdkif; aqmif½Guf&ef qGJaqmifEdkifaom bk&iftm; ulnD

axmufyHh&ef ¤if;wdkY\ t&Sdeft0gudk tNrJwrf; tokH;jyKcJhMuonf/

odkYwap EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm; tcsif;csif;ESihf bk&ifa½G;cs,frI

udkyif ajyNidrf;atmifaqmif½Guf&mü t"duae&mwGif yg0ifMu

onhf &[ef;awmfrsm;taMumif; azmfjycsufrsm;&Sdonf/ a*g"*wå

wdórax&f 'k|*grPdESihf tpfudkrif;om;wdkY tcsif;csif; jzpfyGm;

onhf jynfwGif;ppfudk Nidrf;at;aponf/ 'k|*grPdonf rax&f

jrwftm; þxufapmpD;pGm Nidrf;csrf;a&;vkyf&ef rdrdwdkYnDtpfudk

ESpfa,muftm; rdefYMum;rI rjyKjcif;tay: tjypfwifNyD; touf

ckepfESpfft½G,f omraPi,fonfyif ppfyGJudk &yfpJapEdkifrnf[k

1

r[m0Ho 44;80/

2

,if; 45;31/ r[m0Housrf;wGif 'gaXmywdó\ emrusef;jzpfrIESihf

aemufqkH; uG,fvGefonfxd jzpf&jcif;wdkYrSm oHCmhqEúdk qefYusif

onhf vkyf&yfaMumihf jzpf&onfrSm aocsmaMumif;ESihf ¤if;\ awmif;

qdkrIudk vkdufavsm&ef ysufuGufrItay: oHCmawmftm; rSm;,Gif;

onf[k ¤if;jrifaomaMumifh jzpfaMumif; azmfjyxm;onf/


{Vm&rif; r[dE¦avht&yfrS xGufajy;&pOf

1

¤if;\ vSnf;bD;onf

apwDawmftm; tenf;i,f xdcdkufapcJhonf/ 0efBuD;rsm;u jzpf

ysufcJhykHudk rif;BuD;tm; avQmufxm;Muonf/ tm;vkH;tay: nD

rQrIESihf bk&iftkyfcsKyfa&; rQwrIwdkYtwGuf ausmfMum;onhf bk&if

rif;w&m;onf csufjcif;yif vSnf;&xm;ay:rS qif;NyD; vrf;ay:

wGif 0rf;vsm;arSmufvsuf ]þ&xm;bD;jzihfyif ighOD;acgif;udk

vnf; jzwfypfyg}[k qdkonf/ odkYwap 0efBuD;rsm;u jrwfAk'onf

tjcm;yk*¾Kdvftm; xdckdufepfemrIudk vkH;0 tvdk&Sdawmfrrlyg[k

avQmufNyD; xdcdkufoGm;onhf ysufpD;rIudk jyefvnfjyKjyifNyD; tjypf

udkcH,l&ef awmif;yefMuonf/ þjzpf&yfjzihf a&S;acwf oD[dkVfü

0wfjyK&Sdcdk;&m Ak'¨ae&mawmfrsm;udk ysufpD;atmif vkyfjcif;twGuf

ao'Pfay;aMumif; azmfjyonf/

trSefpifppf Ak'¨omoemonf tjynfht0apmifha&Smifhxm;

aom EdkifiHawmfqdkif&m Xmewpfckyifjzpfonf/ yk*¾KdvfwpfOD;wpf

a,mufESifh jynfoltrsm;onf tenf;pktwdkif;twmjzihf ausmif;

wdkufrsm; wnfaqmufNyD; xdef;odrf;apmihfa&SmifhMuaomfvnf; Ak'¨

omoemawmf\ pifMu,foefY&Sif;rIudk umuG,fjcif;ESihf oHCm

awmfrsm;ESihf bkef;BuD;ausmif;wkdufrsm;udk xdef;odrf;apmihfa&Smuf

jcif;wdkYrSm t"dutm;jzihf EdkifiHawmf\ wm0efrsm;jzpfMuonf/

r[dEÅavhESihf tb,*d&duJhodkYaom ydkrdk BuD;us,fonhf ausmif;

wdkufrsm;ESihf ywfoufonfrsm;udk apmihfa&Smuf&efrl EdkifiHawmfu

vª'gef;onhf tjynhftpkH tNrJXmersm; &SdMuonf/ ,if;Xmersm;udk

oHCmawmf\ oabmwlnDcsufjzihf bk&ifucsrSwfonhf pnf;rsOf;

pnf;urf;rsm;jzihf tkyfcsKyfxm;onf

2

/

ukefypönf;ESifhqdkifonhf tcGefrsm;udkyif omoemawmf xdef;

odrf;apmihfa&Smufa&;twGuf pnf;Muyfxm;onf/ a&S;a[mif; r

[mygVd wnf&SdcJhonhfae&mwGif awGU&aom avmif;avSwGif awGU

1

r[m0Ho 21;22-25/

2

E.Z. I p. 84, 115, 232.

at'D 10 &mpkwGif bk&ifhta&;udk wdkifyifaqG;aEG;cJhonhf

oHCmawmfrsm; &SdcJhaMumif; azmfjyxm;onfudkyif awGU&onf/

,if;azmfjycsufrSm oHCmtaejzihf EdkifiHawmf vlxktjrifudk udk,f

pm;jyKjcif;tjzpf ,lqcJhaMumif; azmfjyonf/ aZw0efausmif;

ausmufjym; a&;om;csuft& pwkw¬ r[dE´rif;onf aAm"dowå

(bk&m;avmif;) rsm;jzpfMuonfh oD&dvuFmbk&ifrsm;um; ]oydwf

awmfESihf ouFef;awmfudk umuG,f&eftvdkYiSm r[moHCm (&[ef;

oHCmxkBuD;) u ay;tyfonhf bk&ihfpnf;pdrfudk &&SdNyD;aemuf

bdodufcH tcrf;tem;aeYrSmyif bdu©KoHCmtm; tvkyftauR;jyK

apmihfa&Smuf&ef} tpOftvm&SdMu\[k xkwfjyefcJhonf

1

/ ,if;jzpf

&yfrSm bk&ifwpfyg; xD;eef;&&Sda&;wGif oHCmawmfrsm;\ axmuf

cHrIudk r&SdrjzpfvdktyfaMumif; xif&Sm;pGm azmfjyonf/ aESmif;

acwfrsm;wGifvnf; bk&ifcefYtyfrIESihf ywfoufí ta&;ygonhf

tcef;wGif qufvufí yg0ifcJhMuonf

2

/

bk&ifrif;rsm;taejzihf Nidrf;csrf;atmifjrifonhf tpdk;&wpf

&yf jzpfa&;twGuf &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;\ ESvkH;om;udk&,l&ef

tav;*½kjyK&onftxd vlxktay: oHCm;awmfrsm;\ MoZm

oufa&mufrI BuD;rm;cJhonf/ oHCmawmfrsm;\ axmufcHrI&&SdrS

om vlxkMunfñdk axmufcHrIudk &&Sdonf/ 'k|*grPdrif;onf

1

E.Z. I, p. 234, 237, 240: tumã pay sivur rak (nu-vq)s Mahasañg-hupiļiǎvyũ rajsiri pãmiã sãnã bisev vindna (da)vas mahasañg-haµ meheyaµ uvasar-vas.

2

ykHpHtm;jzihf r[m0Ho tcef; 49? 1-3 *gxmrsm;wGif yxr 0dZ,Am

[krif; (at'D 1055-1114) uG,fvGefNyD;aemuf uG,fvGefol bk&ifh

ESrawmf? ¤if;\ om;okH;a,muf? EdkifiHawmf 0efBuD;rsm;ESihf oHCmawmf

rsm;onf twlwuG pnf;a0;MuNyD; wpfnDwpfñGwfwnf;yif udk,f

pm;jyKbk&if (sub-king) tm; xD;eef;tyfcJhMuonf/ &mZm"d &mZoD[

rif; uG,fvGefNyD;aemuf uE´D\ aemufqkH;bk&if wifa`rSmufrIudk

EdkifiHawmf 0efBuD;csKyfrsm;? oHCem,uq&mawmfrsm;ESihf a'o qdkif&m

tkyfcsKyfa&;rª;rsm; yg0ifonhf tpnf;ta0;u jyKvkyfay;cJh onf (Davy \ Travels in Ceylon, p. 159 udk ½Iyg/)


Ak'¨0g' EkdifiHawmfbmom jzpfvmjcif; 153

],if;("mwfawmfrsm;ESihfoHCmawmf)wdkYtm; zl;jrif&jcif;rSm r*Fvm

&SdNyD; tumtuG,f t&Htwm; jzpfaomaMumifh}

1

[kqdkNyD; ppfcsD

pOf vSHwHzsm;wGif Ak'¨"mwfawmfrsm; xnfhoGif;vsuf oHCmawmf

rsm;tm; ppfcsD&modkYyifhzdwfcJhjcif;rSm xdktaMumif;aMumihf jzpfzG,f

&Sdonf/ 'kwd, r[dE´rif; (at'D 772-792)onf a&m[eudk

qefYusifwdkufcdkufa&; tpDtpOfwpf&yf pwifrnfjyK aomtcg

xlyg&mr ausmif;wdkufwGif ]&[ef;awmfrsm;ESihf ynm&Sdyk*¾Kdvf tm;

vkH;udk} pnf;a0;ac:,lvdkufNyD; rdrd\ ppfa&; tpDtrHtwGuf

tMuHÓPfrsm;udk &,lcJhonf

2

/ aemufwpfenf;qdk&aomf rif;BuD;

onf ,if;enf;jzihf rdrd\ ppfa&;tpDtrHESihfywfoufí jynfolY

axmufcHrIESihf av;pm;cspfcifrIudk aocsmapcJhonf/

xD;eef;wufNyD;aemuf bk&ifwpfyg; yxrqkH;jyKaomt&mrSm

tvª'gejyKjcif;? (omoemawmftm;) ylaZmfaxmufyHh&ef (oHCm

awmfrsm;tm;) avQmufxm;jcif;? crf;em;onhf yGJawmfrsmudk usif;

yonhf bkef;BuD;ausmif;wkdufrsm;tm; taqmufttkHrsm; wnf

aqmufjcif; odkYr[kwf jyefvnfjyKjyifjcif;rsm;jzifh ¤if;\ bmom

w&m;tay:pdwf0ifpm;rIudk jyo&efjzpfonf/

rlvu EdkifiHawmf\ avmuDa&;&mudpöjzpfonhf bk&ifwdkY\

tbdodufcHjcif;onf aemiftcg bmoma&; tcrf;tem;ykHpH

toGifodkY ajymif;vJoGm;cJhonf/ r[m0Ho#Dumusrf;wGif

3

tqdkyg

EdkifiHawmf vkyfaqmifrIESihf ywfoufonhf pdwf0ifpm;zG,f tao;

pdwfwpfcsKdUudk azmfjyxm;onf/ tbdodufcH tcrf;tem;twGuf

tokH;jyKrnfh rif;a`rSmufwefqmrsm; xnfhonhfcGufrsm;udk jrifhjrwf

onhfae&mrsm; jzpfonfh txl;ae&m ckepfrsKd;rS &,lxm;onhf ajr

nufjzifh jyKvkyfonf/ ,if;cGufjyKvkyf&ef ajrnufudk r[maAm"d?

aMu;jymo'f? y*krÜrmvu? r[mapwD (½k0rfAmvdqm,) wdkY\

1

r[m0Ho? 25? 1-4/ r*Fvm ap0 &u©m p? bdu©LeH 'óeH [d aem/

2

,if;? 48? 126-127/

3

r[m0Ho#D? pm-307/

ajrmufzufavSum; qif;rsm;rSjzpfap odkYr[kwf pwkómvm

ajrmufwHcg;atmufrSjzpfap? odkYr[kwf &[ef;oHCmrsm; ouFef;

vSef;&ef tokH;jyKonfh orkZÆ0 (Samujjava) [k ac:onhf cef;r

aqmif 0ifayguf avSum;ae&mrSjzpfap &,lavh&Sdonf/ azmfjyyg

ae&mrsm;&Sd avSum;rsm;\atmufrS ajrnufrsm;udk ,l&rnf[l

aom txl;owfrSwfcsufjzihf bk&ifwpfyg;\ tbdodufcHjcif;udk

bmoma&;qdkif&m crf;em;rIwpfck &SdaMumif; ,lqaMumif; txif

t&Sm; azmfjyonf/ aemufqkH;taejzihf 9 &mpk wGif tbdodufcH

tcrf;tem;udk bkef;BuD;ausmif;rSmyif usif;yykH&onf/ ykHpHtm;

jzihf 'kwd,aoerif;(at'D 851-885)onf ¤if;\ tbdodufudk

r[mapwDawmfwGif usif;ycJhNyD; ,if;tcrf;tem;udk ESpfpOf usif;

y&rnf[kpma&;NyD; wdk;`rSihfowfrSwfcJhonf

1

/

tajccHOya'ü Ak'¨0g'yg0ifrItajctaerSm Ak'¨omoemudk

qefYusifonhf vkyf&yfudk tqihfjrihfopömazmufrItjzpf owfrSwf

onftxd jyif;xefcJhonf/ odkYjzihf wrD;vfvlrsKd;wdkY tkyfcsKyfaepOf

twGif; "mwkaoerif;(at'D 460-478)udk qefYusifaom ppf

&mZ0wfom;rsm;ESihf ywfoufonhf jzpf&yfrSm ]¤if;wdkYonf bk&if

udka&m Ak'¨omoemudkyg apmifha&SmufcJhjcif;r&Sd}[k jzpfonf

2

/

xdkYjyif o&PuF&oHC&mZm OD;aqmifonhf uE´DNrdKU rmv

0wåcsmwmrS udkvHbdk&Sd 'wfcsftkyfcsKyf a&;r ª; azmufcf(Falk 1765-

1785)xH ay;ydkYonhf (azmfjyNyD;) taxmuftxm;rS a&S;acwf

oD[dkVf Oya' t&]apwDawmfrsm;ESihf aAm"dyifrsm;udk zsufqD;ol

rsm;? omoemydkifypönf;udk vk,ufolrsm;rSm ao'Pfay;xdkuf\}

[k od&onf

3

/ ,if;Oya'onf bDpD 2 &mpkavmuf apmonhf

tcsdefuyif tmPmouf a&mufrI&SdcJhaMumif; ,kHMunfEdkifavmuf

onhf taxmuftxm;rsm; &Sdonf/ taMumif;rl tcgwpfyg;ü

1

r[m0Ho 40;82/

2

,if;? 38? 38/ aw rH 0g omoeH 0g aem &u©ðok/

3

Prabhāsodaya, 1930, p. 19.



ESpfyg;vkH;onf xD;eef;udk aocsmayguf &&SdcJhMuonf

1

/

a&S;acwfoD[dkVfwGif rxif&Sm;cJhonhf bk&ifrif;rsm;u EdkifiH

awmftm; omoemawmfudk vª'gef;jcif;onf EdkifiHawmfonf Ak'¨

omoemawmftwGuf tvkyfonf[laom tajccHpnf;rsOf;\ t

xdrf;trSwfvnf;jzpfonf/ a'0geHyd,wdóonf ¤if;\rif; t

jzpfudk r[maAm"dyiftm; vª'gef;cJhonf

2

/ 'k|*grPdonf ckepf

&ufpD ig;BudrfpD Ak'¨omoemawmftm; oD[kdEdkifiH\ rif;tjzpf

ay;tyfcJhaMumif;od&onf

3

/ ,if;tcsdefwdkumvrsm;twGif; tpdk;

&udk pDrHtkyfcsKyfcJhonfh enf;vrf;ESihfywfoufonhf owif;t

csuftvufudk &EdkifvQif tvGefpdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;ygvdrfhrnf/

bk&ifu xdktcsdeftwGif; bk&iftjzpfESifhywfoufonfudk aMu

nmxm;NyD; tpdk;&tm; ykHrSeftwkdif; qufvufaqmif½Guf&ef cGifh

jyKxm;jcif; jzpfEdkifzG,f&Sdonf/ odkY&mwGif tu,fí olykefoluef

x<ujcif;uJhodkYaom tusKd;qufrsm;u bk&if\0ifa&mufaqmif

½Guf&rI rjzpfraevdktyfcJhvQif bk&iftaejzihf 0ifa&mufaqmif

½Guf&ef tcsdefqGJaernf r[kwfacs

4

/ wdórif;onf oD[dkVfEdkifiH

tm; umVAk'&u©dwrax&ftm; xdkrax&f a[mMum;aom w&m;

twGuf vª'gef;onhftaejzihf v ª'gef;cJhonf

5

/ od&darC0PÖrif;

onf EdkifiHawmfwpfckvkH;udk pG,fawmf"mwftm; v ª'gef;cJhonf

6

/

yxrarm*¾v ’merif;onf tpfudk uórif;udk atmifEdkifNyD;

aemuf r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkufodkYoGm;NyD; bk&iftjzpf\ oauF

wjzpfonhf xD;jzLawmfudk oHCmawmftm; vª'gef;cJhaomfvnf;

1

r[m0Ho 42;42/ 44;1/ 43;64-65/

2

r[m0Ho 28;36/

3

,if;? 31? 36? 90? 92? 111/

4

bk&ifonf ¤if;\tpdk;&ESihf ykHrSeftwdkif; tkyfcsKyfaepOf ,if;odkY vª'gef;

jcif;rSm vkyf½dk;vkyfpOfrQom jzpfcJhavoavm/

5

r-| 2? 195/

6

'gXm0Ho? tcef; 5? 360/

&onhf ausmufpm (10 &mpkjzpfzG,f&Sd) wGif ]þr[mygVdodkY NrdKU

awmfodkY o,f,lvmonhf pyg;wpftdwfvQif wpfyw (pata)EIef;

o,f,lvm&rnf} [k aMunmxm;onf

1

/

Oykof (pôya)aeYrsm;ü ukefa&mif;ukef0,f vkyfjcif;udk Oya'

jzihf wm;jrpfxm;onf/ odkY&mwGif ,if;odkY aeYrsm;ü ukefa&mif;

ukef0,fjyKrl bmoma&;&nf½G,fcsufrsm;jzihf tokH;jyKrnfh 'PfaiG

udk ay;aqmif&onf/ rlvu wwd,O',rif; (at'D 945-

953)vufxuf r[d,*FPteD;tem;wGif pdkufxlcJhonfh 10 &m

pkwGif a&;xdk;onhf ausmufpmwpfckwGif

2

]OykofaeYrsm;ü ukef

a&mif;ukef0,fvkyfol rnfolrqdkonf rD;tvif;vª'gef;&ef qD

wpfy'´ (padda) twkdif;twm ay;aqmif&rnf? ,if;qDrD; tvª

udk r[d,*FPt&yf&Sd ausmif;wdkufBuD;ü v ª'gef;rnf? qDjypf

'Pfud ay;aqmif&ef ysufuGufolrsm;rS a&S;a[mif;xkH;pHESihf tnD

'PfaiGrsm;aqmif&rnfjzpfNyD; ,if;udk rD;tvªtwGuf tokH;jyK&

rnf} [k azmfjyonf

3

/

bk&if;rsm;pGmwdkY xkwfjyefcJhonfh wd&dpämefrsm;udk rowf&[l

aom rmCmw (Māghāta)trdefYrSm Ak'¨0g'ü oifMum;onhf t[ð

omudk,fusifhw&m;wGif tajcjyKonhf bmoma&;oufouf jzpf

onf/ rkqdk;vdkufNyD; toufarG;olrsm;&Sdonf/ ¤if;wdkYtaejzihf ,

1

E.Z. III p. 133. 2

E.Z. III, p. 74. Badulla Pillar Inscription. 3

azmfjyyg Oya'rsm;ESihf xkH;pHtrsm;pkudk rsm;aomtm;jzihf 10 &mpkwGif

ausmufwkH;ü a&;om;cJhaomfvnf; ,if;wdkYrSm a&S;acwfrsm; uyif

vufawGU vdkufemNyD; jzpfaMumif; ,if;ausmufpmt& od&onf/

4

ykHpH r[m0Ho? 35? 6 - tmr@*grPdrif; (at'D 79-89)/ r[m0Ho

36? 28 – a0g[m&duwdórif; (at'D 269-291) jypf'Pftjzpf cE¨m

udk,fudk ESdyfpufrIudk zsufodrf;/ rm0Ho 41? 30 – odvmumvrif;

(at'D 524-537)/ r[m0Ho? 46? 3 - pwkw¬ t*¾aAm"d (at'D 658-

674)/ r[m0Ho 48? 23 – wwd,uóyrif; (at'D 717-724)/


cif toufarG;tvkyfudk pGefYNyD; topftvkyfrsm; vkyfMu&zG,f&Sd

onf

1

/

&[ef;awmfrsm;onf &[ef;awmfrsm;udk EdkifiHawmfu ¤if;wdkY

\ pGrf;&nfESihf vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;ESihftnD csD;a`rSmufaxmufyhHrI

jyKonf

2

/ Ak'¨'gorif;onf xdkxdkt&yfa'o&Sd w&m;a[molrsm;

\ vpmaiG ("r®bmPu0wåH)rsm;udk ñSday;NyD; xdkrif;onf ,if;

"r® bmPuwdkYtm; tcGefESihftvkyftauR; (abma* uyÜd,um

&au)rsm; ay;aMumif;vnf; od&onf

3

/ a0g[m&duwdórif;

onf okH;odef; ay;NyD; &[ef;awmfrsm; ta<u;rS vGwfaponf

4

/

tdE´d,rS&&SdcJhonhf ta&;ygonhf Ak'¨"mwfawmftm;vkH;udk

EdkifiHawmfydkiftjzpf ,lqcJhonf/ a'0geH yd,wdórif;vufxuf

oD[dkVfodkY aqmif,lcJhonfh Ak'öydwfawmfudkrl eef;awmfxJrSmyif

odrf;qnf; xm;onf

5

/ 0¥*grPdrif;vufxuf wrD;vf usK;ausmf

ol ckESpfa,mufteuf wpfa,mufonf Ak'öydwfawmftm; ¤if;

wdkYESihftwl tdE´d,odkY ,laqmifoGm;NyD; aumif;pGm auseyfoGm;Mu

onftxd Ak'öydwfawmfonf aemiftcg ta&;ygonhf EdkifiH

awmfydkifypönf;wpfck jzpfcJhonf

6

/ yxr Oywdórif; (at'D 4

&mpk)onf iwfrGwfab;ESihf yvdyfab;rsm;udk y,f&Sm;Edkif&ef ,if;

oydwfawmftm; tcrf;tem;jzihf tokH;jyKcJhNyD; ,if;enf;twdkif;

qufvufNyD; tcrf;tem;usif;y&ef trdefYxkwfjyefcJhonf

7

/ Ak'¨

pG,fawmf"mwfudkvnf; EdkifiHawmfydkifypönf;ESihf trsKd;om;a&;

vu©Pmtjzpf ,lqcJhonfrSmvnf; tvGefxif&Sm;onf/ aESmif;

1

,if;trdefYaMumihf wpfEdkifiHvkH; oufowfvGwf jzpfoGm;cJhovm; qdk

onfudkrl rod&acs/

2

r[dEÅavh&Sd pwkw¬ r[dE´rif; ausmufpmudk ½Iyg/

3

,if;? 37;173/

4

,if;? 36;39/

5

r[m0Ho 20;13/

6

,if;? 38;55/ ,if;oydwfawmfudk aemiftcg oD[dkVfodkY jyefvnf

yifhaqmifcJhonf/

7

,if;? 37? 189-198/

acwfrsm;wGif ,if;Ak'¨jrwfpG,fawmfESihf oydwfawmf[laom "mwf

awmfESpfckudk ydkifqdkifrIonf oD&dvuFmbk&iftjzpf todrSwfjyKcH

&&ef tvdk&Sdonhf rif;om;tzdkY tvdktyfqkH;aom t&mtjzpf

,lqjcif;cH&onf

1

/ oD[dkVfodkY odvmumv yifhaqmifcJhonhf Ak'¨

\ qHawmf"mwfudk qif;wkawmfaqmif wpfckwGif Xmyemxm;NyD;

yxr arm*¾v’merif; (at'D 496-513) onf ,if;"mwfawmf

tm; txl; ylaZmfrIjyKcJhonf

2

/

qHawmf"mwfudk ,laqmifvmcsdefu txl;jyKtyfESif;cJhaom

tod*¾g[bGJUonf bk&ifu tqihfjrihf bk&ifht&m&Sdrsm;tm; ay;

tyfonhf bmoma&;qdkif&m *kPfjyKrIwpf&yfjzpfaMumif; ,lq&ef

taMumif; &dSonf/ qHawmf"mwfudk yihf,lvmol odvmumv

onf yxrqkH; tod*¾g[ (oefvsufo,faqmifol) bGJU&NyD; Ak'¨

"mwfawmfapmifha&Smufjcif;twGuf *kPfxl;udkvnf; ay;tyfcH&

onf

3

/ ,if; auo"mwktrdefY ESihf qufpyfaeonfh tod odkY

r[kwf oefvsufrSm rif;om;od'¨w¬ &[ef;rjyKrD ¤if;\ qHyifudk

jzwfcJhaom oefvsufudk trSwftom;jyKjcif; jzpfzG,f&Sdonf

4

/

bk&ifhay;tyfonhf *kPfjyKbGJUxl;BuD;jzpfvmcJhonfh tod*¾g[

bGJUudk tvGefta&;ygolrsm;udkom ay;tyfcJhonf/ ,if;bGJUay;

tyfcH&ol tm;vkH;onf aemiftcg xD;eef;udk qufcHMuonf/

odvmumv udk,fwdkifvnf; bk&ifjzpfvmcJhonf/ tod*¾g[bGJU

jzihf *kPfjyKcHcJh&onhf 'kwd, oHCwdóESihf odvmarC0PÖrif;

1

Codrington : Short History of Ceylon, pp. 57, 60, 67, 77, 80. Mendis : EarlyHistory of Ceylon, pp. 107, 133.

2

r[m0Ho? 39? 49-54/

3

r[m0Ho? 39? 54/

4

qHawmf"mwfudk odrf;qnf;xm;onhf y#drmC& odkYr[kwf qif;wkawmf

aqmifwGif jrif;wpfaumif;\ ½kyfwkwpfckudkvnf; odrf;qnf;xm;

aMumif; azmfjyonf (r[m0Ho? 39? 52)/ ,if;onf rif;om;od'¨w¬

awmxGufonfhaeYu ¤if;\qHyifudk rjzwfrDpD;cJhonhf jrif; (u@u

jrif;)trSwftom;jyK qif;wkjzpfzG,f&Sdonf/



,if;udk jyefay;tyfcJhonf

1

/ 'kwd,t*¾aAm"drif;onf xlyg&mr

apwDawmfudk jyefvnfjyKjyifNyD;aemuf EdkifiHawmftm; apwDawmf

udk vª'gef;cJhonf

2

/

EdkifiHawmf\ trsKd;om;ykdifypönf;? pGrf;tifESifh tkyfcsKyfrIpGrf;

&nfrsm;udk tb,faMumihf Ak'¨omoemawmfwGif ,if;odkY &uf

a&mpGm tyfESH&oenf;[lonfudk pkHprf;avhvm&ef pdwf0ifpm;zG,f

ESihf vrf;nTefzG,faumif;onf/ &nf½G,fcsuf&Sdaom pdwfydkif;avh

usihfrI oufoufESifh avmuDudpörsm;udk ausmfvGefoGm;jcif;ay

avm/ ,if;odkY wpfpdwfwpfa'otm;jzihf jzpfonfrSm oHo,

jzpfzG,f rvdkacs/ odkYwap þavmuwGif t"du tusKd;w&m;udk

vsifjrefpGm &&SdcJhonfomjzpfonf/ bkef;BuD;ausmif;wkdufrsm;onf

trsKd;om;,Ofaus;rIudk wnfaqmufay;aom ae&mXmersm;jzpf

Muvsuf &[ef;awmfrsm;onf rif;om;rsm;rSpí v,form;rsm;

txd wpfEdkifiHvkH;\ q&morm;rsm; jzpfMuonf/ &[ef;awmfrsm;

onf bk&ifrif;rsm; wdkif;jynfudk Nidrf;csrf;pGm tkyfcsKyfEdkif&ef ul

nDcJhMuonf/ 0de,ygVdawmft& &[ef;awmfrsm;onf bk&ifrif;

wdkY\ tvdkodkY vdkuf&jcif;rSm &[ef;awmfrsm;\ wm0efjzpfonf

3

/

&[ef;awmfrsm;onf bk&iftm; axmufcH&ef vlxktay:

¤if;wdkY\ MoZmt&Sdeft0gudk tokH;jyKcJhMuonf/ tjyef tvSef

tm;jzihf bk&ifrif;wdkYu &[ef;awmfrsm; vdktyfonfrsm;udk apmihf

a&Smufay;cJhMuonf/ ,if;udk yGifhvif;pGm azmfjyjcif;r&Sdaomfvnf;

,if;onf tjyeftvSef em;vnfrIwpf&yfjzpfonf/ bk&ifonf

vlxkESifh eD;pyfpGm qufoG,frIESihf vlxktay: BuD;rm;aom MoZm

vTrf;rdkrI&Sdonhf oHCmawmfrsm;ü xufjrufonfh 0g'a&;&mjzefYcsdrI

enf;vrf;udk odjrifcJhonf/ odkYjhzpfí pufqkyfzG,f vlowfrIrsm;

usKd;vGefcJhonhf bk&ifrsm;onf oHCmawmfrsm;udk ½dkaoylaZmfjyKNyD;

1

r[m0Ho? 39? 31/

2

,if;? 42? 61/

3

0d 3? 193/ (bmomjyefol\ rSwfcsufudk þusrf;? pm-147? atmufajc

rSwfcsuf 2 udk ½ Iyg/)/


vlxkaxmufcHESpfoufrI&&Sd&ef oHCmawmfrsm;tm; EdkifiHawmfwpf

0ef;vkH;odkY apvTwfrIrsm;udk awGU&onf/ ykHpHtm;jzihf ykefuefol

tjzpf ½kef;uefae&csdeftwGif; bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufrsm; (xlyg

&mr ausmif;wdkuftygt0if) udk vk,ufcJhol 'kwd,uó bk&if

(at'D 641-650)onf xD;eef;&NyD;aemuf ausmif;wdkufrsm;tm;

tBuD;tus,f axmufyhHrIrsm; jyKvkyfNyD; w&m;a[mq&mrsm;udk

EdkifiHwpf0ef;vkH;odkY apvTwfcJhonf

1

/ vltrsm; bmomw&m;

vdkufpm;vQif bk&ifrsm;taejzihf wkdif;jynfudk tkyfcsKyf&vG,ful

onf/ oD[dkVfbk&if r[memr\ w½kwfbk½ifxH ay;pmwpf

apmifwGif wkdif;oljynfom;rsm; "r®udk vdkufemusihfokH;ygu bk&if

rif;rsm;onf aysmf½Tif&aMumif; qdkxm;onf

2

/ bk&ifrsm;onf

vlxktaejzihf "r®udkusihfBuHygu wdkif;jynfwGif taESmihft,Suf

rsm; r&Sdonfudk odjrifaomaMumihf aysmf½TifMujcif;jzpfonf/ bm

omw&m;[lonf wnfaxmifNyD; tzGJUtpnf;wpfckudk xddef;odrf;

&efESihf qef;opfwDxGifrIESihf awmfvSefrIrsm;udk tm;ray;&ef arQmf

vifhaomaMumihf jzpfonf/ bk&ifrif;rsm;taejzihf tajccHtm;

jzihf wkdif;oljynfom;rsm;\ pdwfxJwGif vufcHatmif BudK;pm;rIuJh

odkYaom pdwfoabmxm;udk bmoma&;tzGJU wpfcku taumif;

1

r[m0Ho? 44? 148/ ygarmu©*dkif*gonf ]oAÁm*grd,bdu©L[d}[laom

pum;vkH;rsm;udk ]wdkif;wpfyg;om; &[ef;awmftm;vkH;}[k (t*Fvdyf) bm

omjyefqdkcJhonf/ t,fpD 0da'od[ (L.C. Wijesinha)url ]vltrsm;aexkdif

onhfae&mwGif raexdkifMuonhf &[ef;jrwfrsm;}[k bmomjyefonf/

uREfkyf (0gvfydkvm &m[kvm)taejzihf ]oAÁm*grd,bdu©L[d}[k ygXfrSef,l

onhf ,if;azmfjyyg (t*Fvdyf)bmomjyef ESpfckvkH;udk b0ifrusyg/ t

u,fí ]oAÁ*grd,}[k ygXfrSef,lvQif ]vSnfhvnfoGm;vmonhf &[ef;

awmfrsm;tm;vkH; }bmomjyefqdkEdkifrnfjzpfNyD; taMumif;t&mESihf ydkrdkqD

avsmfzG,f&Sdonf/ ]*grd,][lonf oGm;jcif;? vSnfhvnfjcif;? c&D;oGm;jcif;

[k t"dyÜm,f&onf/

2

JRAS. (CB), Vol. XXIV, No. 88, I (1917), p. 83.

qkH; xkwfvkyfay;Edkifonf/ odkYjzpfí oHCmawmftwGuf bk&ifjyK

vkyforQonf vkHavmufonhf tusKd;w&m;udk &&Sdaponf/

Ak'¨0g'udk EdkifiHawmfbmomtjzpf jy|mef;cJhonfhtcsdefrSpí

Ak'¨0g'\ rlvtESpfom&jzpfonfh awmxGufjcif; NcdK;jcHjcif;rsm;

aysmufqkH;cJhNyD; wjznf;jznf; bmoma&; EdkifiHa&;ESihf vlrIa&;

wm0efrsm; pGm&Sdonfh bmoma&;tzGJUtpnf;wpfcktjzpfodkY wdk;

wufoGm;cJhaMumif; 0efcH&rnfjzpfonf/ rnfonhf bmomw&m;

twGufrqdk ,if;onf zGJUpnf;xm;onfh taqmufttkHwpfck

jzpfvmaomtcg rlvykHpHtwkdif; qufoGm;&ef rjzpfEdkifacs/ t

u,fí ,if;bmomw&m;onf ¤if;\ t&Sdeft0gESihf *kPfodu©m

ukd xdef;odrf;xm;&vQif ,if;onf tcsdefMumaomf ajymif;vJoGm;

NrJjzpfonf/ ]tajctaet& ajymif;vJrI odkYr[kwf ysufpD;qkH;½IH;

jcif;} [lonf obm0\ rajymif;vJEdkifaom trdefYjzpfonf/

00000000



,*d&oHCmESihftwl OykoftwljyK&ef awmif;yefaomtcg

r[m0d[m&oHCmonf bk&ihf awmif;yefrIudk vdkufavsm&ef

onf

1

/ Ak'ömoemawmfESihf EdkifiHawmftwGuf &[ef;awmfrsm;

onf vl0wfvJNyD; ppfwyftwGif; 0ifa&mufonftxdyif wuf

<ucJhMuonf/ ykHpHtm;jzihf 'k|*grPd\ AdkvfcsKyfq,fa,muf

teuf wpfa,mufjzpfNyD; ,cifu &[ef;awmfwpfyg;jzpfcJhonfh

ax&ykwåtb,onf &[ef;b0rS vlxGufNyD; wyfrawmfxJ 0if

&ef qkH;jzwfcJhonf/ atmifyJG&NyD;aemuf ,if;AkdvfcsKyfonf omo

emhabmifxJ jyef0ifNyD; &[EÅmjzpfoGm;onf

2

/ bk&if*grPd\ vSH

zsm;wGif Ak'¨"mwfawmfwpfckudk xnfhoGif;xm;onf

3

/ 'k|*grPd

onf vlxkudk pnf;½kH;&efESihf trdajrrS EdkifiHjcm;om; tkyfpdk;ol

rsm;udk ESifxkwf&ef vlxk\ bmoma&;ESihf trsKd;om;a&; pdwf

"mwftm;vkH;udk tpGrf;ukef tokH;cscJhykH&onf

4

/

'k|*grPd (101-77 bDpD)onf r[mxly (Ruvanvālisāya)?

r&dp0¥d (Mirisavāµiya) ESihf r[m0d[m& ausmif;wdkuf\ Oykof

aqmif (odrf) jzpfaom bkHudk;xyfjrihfonhf avm[ygom'uJhodkY

aom bmoma&;taqmufttkH rsm;pGmudk wnfaqmufcJhonf/

'k|*grPdonf Ak'ömoemawmftm; rdrdjynfolvlxk\ *kPf,l

p&mtjzpf aqmif½GufcJhNyD; r[m0Housrf;

5

tvdk EdkifiHrsm;pGmrS vl

trsm; r[mxlyapwD bk&m;yGJawmfudk Munhf½I&ef vma&mufMu

onf/ ,aeYacwf a0omcyGJawmf (uqkefvjynhfAk'äeY) \ a&SU

ajy;ykHpHudk þacwftwGif; tOD;qkH; awGU&onf/ 'k|*grPdonf

a0omcylZm ESpfq,fhav;rsKd;udk usif;ycJhaMumif; od&onf

6

/

1

r[m0Ho 25;2-4/

2

&o0g[deD 2? pm-93/

3

r[m0Ho 25;1/

4

'k|*grPdtm; oD[dkVfordkif;pOfwpfckvkH;rS ,aeYacwfwdkifatmifyif wpf

pdkufrwfrwf wnf&SdcJhaom bmoma&;tajcjyK trsKd;om;a&;0g'\

tm'dur®du (a&S;OD;yk*¾Kdvf)tjzpf rQwpGm ,lqEdkifygonf/

5

r[m0Ho? 29? 29/

6

,if;? 27? 35/

tcef; 6

wdk;wufrIESpfumvrsm; 1

NyD;cJhaom tcef;wGif t&Sifr[dE´ aqmif½GufcJhonfh av;q,fh&Spf

ESpftwGif; Ak'ömoemonf oD[dkVfü tcdkiftrmwnfwHhcJhNyD;

EdkifiHwpf0ef;vkH;odkY ysHUESHYoGm;cJhonf/ aemuf&mpkESpfwGif jynfol

rsm;tMum; ,kHMunfrItopf wdkwufrI tvGefjrefqefonfudk

awGU&onf/ r[m0Housrf;

1

t& BuD;i,fr[l &maygif;rsm;pGm

aom bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufrsm;udk ,if;&mpkESpfwGif wnfaqmuf

Muonf/ a'0geHyd,wdórif; uG,fvGefNyD;aemuf tEk&m"yk&

NrdKUü tpOftwdkif; tkyfcsKyfcJhMuonfh rif;BuD;\nDawmf av;

a,mufwdkYonf Xmetopfrsm; zGifhvSpfjcif; &[ef;awmfrsm;tm;

aumif;pGm axmufyhHjcif;rsm;jzihf Ak'omoemawmf jyefYyGm;a&;

twGuf taumifqkH; aqmif½GufcJhMuonf

2

/ awmifydkif;a'o&Sd

a&m[eNrdKUrS umv0PÖwdóESihf tjcm;tkyfcsKyfolrsm;onf 0d

[m& (ausmif;wdkuf) trsm;tjym; wnfaqmufcJhMuonf/ ,if;

wdkYteuf wdór[m&mr? pdwåvyAÁ (emrnfausmf ur®|mef; w

w&m; tm;xkwfonhfae&m)ESihf uw&*gr (t&yf)&Sd ud&da0a[&

ausmif;wdkufrsm;udk azmfjy&rnf jzpfonf

3

/ uvsmPD (,ck t

1

r[m0Ho 21? 7/

2

&dXd*v (t&d|yAÁw) ü awGU&onhf c&pfESpfrwdkifrD oHCmawmfrsm;tm;

*lrsm;vª'gef;rIudk azmfjyonhf ausmufpmrsm;ü ,if;awmifudk tapmqkH;

bDpDokH;&mpkuyif w&m;tm;xkwf&m Xmetjzpf tokH;jyKcJhaMumif;

azmfjyonf (E.Z. p. 136.)/ ol&wdórif; (bDpD 187-177)onf ,if;

ae&mudk wdk;wufatmif aqmif½GufcJhonf (r[m0Ho? 21? 6)

3

r[m0Ho? 22? 23/ E.Z. III, p. 214. "mwk0Ho? pm- 22 wdkYü a&m

[et&yf&Sd ausmif;wdkuf rsm;pGmwdkYudk r[mem*ESihf ,|mv, wdó

rif;wdkYvª'gef;onf[k qdkonf/


ac: auvPd,) t&yfrS wdórif;onf taemufzsm;a'oü

Ak'ömoemawmf jyefYyGm;a&;twGuf tav;ay; aqmif½GufcJh

onf

1

/ auu0PÖrif;\ om;i,f wdóonf oD[dkVfuRef; t

a&SUzsm;a'o&Sd 'DC0gydt&yfü (Ak'ömoemjyefYyGm;a&;twGuf)

wm0ef,lonf

2

/

bmomw&m;topf\ MoZmvTrf;rdk;rIatmufwGif oD[dkVfvl

rsKd;rsm;onf Nidrf;csrf;rQwpGm aexkdifcJhMuNyD; EdkifiHawmf wdk;wufzGHU

NzdK;vmcJhonf/ odkYwap tdE´d,awmifydkif;rS EdkifiHawmf\ Nidrf;csrf;

rIESihf wdk;wufrIudk aESmihf,SufcJhMuonfh pGefYpm;oltcsKdU rMumrD

a&mufvmcJhMuonf/ ,if;wdkYteuf wpfa,mufrSm apmVrif;

om; {Vm&onf bDpDESpf&mpk tv,favmufwGif oD[dkVfudk

usL;ausmf wdkufcdkufcJhNyD; tEk&m"yk&NrdKU&Sd tpdk;&udk zrf;qD;vsuf

av;q,fhig;ESpfcefY tkyfcsKyfcJhMuonf/ oD[dkVfuRef;\ ajrmufydkif;

a'orSm EdkifiHjcm;om; tkyfcsKyfolrsm;vufatmufwGif a&mufae

aomfvnf; a&m[eNrdKUrSm vGwfvyfpGm wnf&SdaecJhonf/

,if;&Snfvsm;onhf EdkifiHjcm;om;wdkY tkyfcsKyfpOfumvwGif

oD[dkVfordkif;wGif EdkifiHa&;t&a&m bmoma&;t&yg ta&;yg

onhf wdk;wufrI trsm;tjym;jzpfay:cJhonf/ Ak'0g'tapmydkif;

umv\ tBuD;us,fqkH;aom trsKd;om;tmZmenf {uefjzpf

onhf a&m[eNrdKUbk&if umu0PÖwdórif;\ om;awmf 'k|*gr

Pdonf Ak'¨0g'tm; EkdifiHjcm;om;wdkY tkyfcsKyfaejcif;rS vGwf

ajrmufap&ef ppfqifa&;BuD;wpf&yf aqmif½Guf&ef pnf;½kH;cJh

onf/ ¤if;ppfcsD a<u;aMumfoHrSm ]xD;eef;twGuf r[kwf? Ak'öm

oemawmftwGuf jzpfonf} [kjzpfonf

3

/ oD[dkVfvlrsKd; tm;vkH;

1

r[m0Ho? 25? 2/ yg&**ø *rdómrd? aZmawwkH omoeH t[H/

,if; 25? 17/ &ZÆokcg, 0g,marm? em[H rr u'gyd p/

orÁK'ömoeaó0? Xyem, t,H rr/

2

r[m0Ho? 22? 13/

3

,if; 24? 14? 15? 58/

onf rif;om;i,f *grPd\ tvHatmufwGif nDñGwfpGm wnf&Sd

cJhMuonf/ ,if;onf oD[dkVfvlrsKd;rsm;twGif; trsKd;om;a&;0g'

tpyifjzpfcJhonf/ ,if;onf Ak'¨0g'vrf;pOfopf atmufwGif

pnf;½kH;cJhonfh &SifoefysKdrspfonhf aoG;ESihf rsLd;qufopf jzpfonf/

bmoma&; t,lonf;rIqD a&mufvkeD;yg;jzpfcJhonfh bmoma&;

tajcjyK trsKd;om;a&;0g' wpf&yfonf oD[dkVfvlrsKd; wpfckvkH;udk

jrifhwufapcJhonf/ Ak'¨0g'Dr[kwfolwpfa,mufudk vlom;owå0g

tjzpfyif r,lqcJhacs/ odkYjzpfí oD[dkVfvlrsKd; tm;vkH; >cif;csufr&Sd

Ak'¨0g'Drsm; jzpfoGm;Muonf/

{Vm&udk ESdrfeif;NyD;aemuf atmifjrifol 'k|*grPdonf vl

om;owå0g axmifaygif;rsm;pGmwdkYudk owfjzwfrItwGuf aemifw

&cJhonf/ yd,*Fk'DyrS &[EÅm&Spfyg;onf bk&ifrif;tm; aemifw

jzpfzG,f rvdkaMumif;? vlwpfa,mufESifh wpf0ufudkom owfjzwf

aMumif;? wpfa,mufrSm Ak'¨"r®oHC[laom o&P*kHokH;yg;udk

aqmufwnfol tjcm;wpfa,mufrSm ig;yg;oDv aqmufwnfol

rsm;jzpfNyD; t<uif;rSm rdpäm'd|d (,kHMunfrIrSm;olrsm;) ESihf 'kóDv

(oDvr&Sd) olrsm;rSm wd&pämefESihf tvm;wlolrsm; jzpfaMumif; rdefY

Mum;Muonf[k od&onf/ ]rif;BuD;taejzihf Ak'ömoemawmf

xGef;um;atmif trsKd;rsKd; aqmif½Gufojzihf rif;BuD;\ pdwfxJrS

xdkudpöudk z,fxkwfvdkufyg}

1

/

,if;odkYjzihf 0g'a&;&mjyif;xefonhf bmoma&;tawG;tjrif

onf Ak'¨0g'tajcjyK trsKd;om;a&;0g'udk jzpfay:apcJhonf/ xdk

tcsdefü Ak'¨0g'ordkif;wGif yxrqkH;tBudrftjzpf &[ef;awmfrsm;

onf EdkifiHa&;ESihf avmuDa&;&mudpörsm;wGif w&m;0if 0ifa&muf

vmMuonf/ ]&[ef;awmfrsm;udk zl;ajrmf&jcif;rSm r*FvmjzpfNyD; t

umtuG,fvnf; jzpfojzifh} 'k|*grPd\ awmif;yefrIt& &[ef;

awmfrsm;onf vGwfajrmufa&; wyfrawmfESihftwl vdkufygcJhMu

1

,if; 25? 103-111/


wdk;wufrIESpfumvrsm; 1 167

onf wkdif;wpfyg;om;wdkY\ tkyfcsKyfrIaMumihf ysufpD;ae&NyD;

bk&ifESihf ppfolBuD;wdkY tjiif;yGm;aeMuonf/ ynm&Sd&[ef;awmf

onf ppfolBuD;rsm;tm; ]Ak'ömoemawmfudk qufvufwnfwHh

ap&ef rnfolu pGrf;aqmifEdkifrnfenf;? wrD;vfrsm;avm odkYr

[kwf bk&ifrif;w&m;avm}[k ar;jref;onf/ ppfolBuD;rsm;onf

rdrdwdkY\ oabmxm;rSm udk,fhudk,fudk owfao&rnfh taersKd;

jzpfaMumif; oabmaygufoGm;Muonf/ odkYjzpfí wdóESihfr[m

wdórax&fwdkYonf ppfolBuD;rsm;udk bk&ifxH ,laqmifoGm;Mu

NyD; ,if;wdkYtMum; t&SnfwnfwHhonfh zsefajzjcif;udk aqmif½Guf

ay;vdkufMuonf

1

/

xdktcsdefu tu,fí tajrmftjrif BuD;rm;awmfrlMuonhf

rax&fBuD;rsm;u Mum;0ifaqmif½GufrIr&SdcJhvQif Ak'¨0g'ESihf oD[dkVf

vlrsKd;wdkY\ uHMur®m rnfodkYjzpfvmrnfudk rnfolrQ rajymEdkifacs/

bk&ifESihf ppfolBuD;rsm;om ynm&Sdrax&fBuD;rsm;\ aus;Zl;udk od

cJhMuonf/ odkYjzpfí aus;Zl;wifonhftaejzihf bk&ifESifh ppfolBuD;

rsm;u rax&fBuD;rsm;udk cHpm;rItjynhfjzihf þodkY avQmufxm;Mu

onf ]tu,fí wynhfawmf&JU wkdif;jynfta&; aqmif½GufrI

atmifjrifcJhygvQif wynhfawmfwdkY owif;pum;ydkYvdkufonfESihf

t&Sifbk&m;wdkYrjzpfrae <uawmfrlMuygbk&m;}[k avQmufxm;Mu

onf

2

/ þonfrSm tb,*d&dESihf tjcm;ausmif;wdkufrsm;udk bk

&ifESifh ppfolBuD;rsm;u r[mwdóESihf wdórax&fwdkYtm; v ª

'gef;&jcif;\ taMumif;w&m;jzpfonf/

,if;onf &[ef;yk*¾Kdvfwpfyg;tm; 0d[m&wpfckudk yk*¾vdu

vª'gef;onhf yxrqkH;aom rSwfwrf; jzpfonf/ ,if;onf bk&if

ESihf ppfAdkvfcsKyfrsm;tzdkY yk*¾Kdvfa&; aus;Zl;&SdrIaMumihf vkyfaqmif

csuf oufoufjzpfonf/ r[mwdórax&fonf ,cifu e,f

pGef e,fzsm;a'ü rxifr&Sm; aexdkifcJhNyD; aemiftcg bk&if\ t

1

r[m0Ho? 28? 67-76/

2

r[m0Ho? 28? 76-77/

'k|*grPdudk qufcHaom nDawmf o'¨gwdórif; (bDpD77-

59)onf Ak'ömoemawmftwGuf rsm;pGm aqmif½GufcJhNyD; t

aqmufttkH;rsm; aqmufvkyfcJhonhf 0d[m&trsm;tjym;wGif

aESmif;acwf oD[dkVfAk'ömoemordkif;wGif ta&;ygcJhonfh tEk

&m"yk&NrdKUawmfrS 'u©dPm*d&d0d[m&

1

vnf; yg0ifonf/

bDpDwpf&mpk apmapmydkif;uyif bdu©Krsm;onf EdkifiHawmf

ta&;udpörsm;wGif ydkrdk pdwf0ifpm;rI&SdcJhonf/ xkH;pHtwdkif; xD;eef;

qufcHrItpOftvmudk qefYusifvsuf o'¨gwdó\ om;BuD; vZÆD

wdóxuf ydkrdkESpfoufonhf om;i,f xlvxe (bDpD 59) tm;

xD;eef;udk &&Sdatmif yl;aygif;BuHpnfrIwGif &[ef;awmfrsm; yg0ifcJh

Muonf/ vZÆDwdó (bDpD 59-50) onf nDawmf xlvxetm;

jzKwfcsNyD; oHCmtm; vkH;0MunfñdkrI r&Sdjcif;ü okH;ESpfwdkifwkdif

oHCmawmftm; vspfvsL½Ixm;cJhonf

2

/

bDpD 1 &mpk aESmif;ydkdif;wGif oD[dkVfAk'¨0g'ordkif;ü tvGef t

a&;ygonhf tjzpftysuftcsKdUudk awGU&onf/ a&m[eZeyk'frS

wdó (T²ya) jAm[®Ponf 0¥*grPd (bDpD 43) tm; ppfaMu

nmvdkufonf/ wpfcsdefwnf;wGif tdEd,awmifydkif;rS wrDvf ol

ykef ckepfOD;onf tiftm;BuD;rm;onfh ppfom;rsm;ESifh r[mwdw¬

(Mannare) t&yfodkY usL;ausmfNyD; tEk&m"yk&odkY csDwufvmMu

onf/ wpfEdkifiHvkH; awmifrS ajrmufxd ppfyGJrsm; tESHYtjym;wGif

jzpfyGm;aeonf/ bDpD 43 rSpí q,fav;ESpf wkdifwdkif wrDvfvl

rsKd; ig;a,muf tEk&m"yk&NrdKUü tpOftquf tkyfcsKyfMuonf/

,if;tcsdeftwGif; 0¥*grPdrif;onf awmpGef Zeyk'ft&yfrsm;

wGif ykef;atmif;NyD;aexdkifcJh&onf

3

/

,if;olykefab;BuD;tjyif jAm[®Pwdóolykefab;[k vlod

rsm;onfh wpfEdkifiHvkH; rBuKHpzl; iwfrGwf acgif;yg;onhfab;ESihf

BuKHawGU&onf/ vltrsm; tpm;tpmvkH;0r&Sd? vlom;udkyif pm;&

1

,if;? 28? 7/ {Vm&\ tkwf*l[kvnf; ac:onf/

2

r[m0Ho? 28? 17-20/

3

,if;? 28? 37-42/



onftxd? ¤if;wdkY av;pm;Munfñdkonhf &[ef;awmfrsm;\

tom;udkyif pm;onftxd jzpfcJhonf/ axmifaygif; rsm;pGmaom

&[ef;awmfrsm;a&m vlOygoumrsm;yg aoqkH;Mu&onf? ausmif;

wkdufaygif;rsm;pGmudk pGefYypfcJhMu&onf? tEk&m"yk&NrdKUawmf&Sd r

[m0d[m& ausmif;wdkufBuD;rSm vkH;0pGefYypfcH jzpfoGm;onf?

ausmif;wdkuf0if;twGif; opfyifydwfaygif;rsm; BuD;xGm;ukefonf?

r[mxlyapwDawmfvnf; vkH;0vspfvsL&Ixm;&onf/ &[ef;awmf

rsm;pGmwdkY oD[dkVfrS tdEd,odkY xGufcGmoGm;Mu&onf/ wpfEdkifiHvkH;

uaomif;ueif;jzpfcJhonf

1

/

rax&fBuD;rsm;ESihf oD[dkVfacgif;aqmifrsm;onf tem*wfAk'¨

omoemawmfonf tEÅ&m,f&SdaMumif;odjrifawmfrlMuonf/ Ak'¨

omoemawmf vuf&Sdtajctae wnfwHhrIudkyif rsm;pGmNcdrf;

ajcmufvsuf&Sdonf/ Ak'¨omoemawmfudk csD;a`rSmufaxmufyHh&ef

oD[dkVfbk&ifr&Sd/ xdktcsdefxd q&mrsm;xHrS wynhfrsm;odkY EIwf&

tm*kHqif;oufcJhonfh yd#uwfokH;ykHudk tpOfrjywf EIwf&tm*kH

aqmifonfh tpOftvmonf ,if;qdk;½Gm;onhftajctae jzpf

ay:aepOf rjzpfEdkifawmhaom tajctaejzpfvmonf/ ,if;0rf;

enf;zG,f umvtwGif; oHCmawmf\ t"dupdk;&drfrIrSm ¤if;wdkY

taejzihf t&mtm;vkH;xuf wefzdk;xm;aom Ak'¨\w&m;awmf

rsm;udk umuG,f&efjzpfonf/ odkYjzpfí tajrmftjrif BuD;rm;awmf

rlMuaom rax&fBuD;rsm;onf a'oqdkif&m acgif;aqmifwpf

a,muf\ OD;aqmifrIjzifh rmwav (Mātale) t&yf&Sd tvk0d[m&

(Aluvihāra) ü pnf;a0;MuNyD; ordkif;wGif yxrqkH;tjzpf ]opöm"r®

t&SnfwnfwHha&; (pd&|dww¬H "r®ó)}twGuf t|uxmESifhwuG

aom yd#uwfokH;ykHudk ayxuftu©&mwifcJhMuonf

2

/

aemufqkH;wGif 0¥*grPdtb,rif; (bDpD 29-17) onf

q,fhav;ESpfMum r[mawmfvSefwkdufckdkufrIrsm; NyD;aemuf wrDvf

1

tbd-| 2? 427? 318/ tH-| 3? 93/

2

r[m0Ho? 28? 100-101/ 'Dy0Ho? 20? 45/ edum,o*F[? pm-9/

rsm;udk ESdrfeif;NyD; tEk&m"yk&NrdKUudk jyefvnfodrf;ydkufcJhonf/ þ

rif;onf ed*P²(*sdef;)wdkY\ *d&dausmif;wdkufudk zsufqD;NyD; ¤if;\

trnfudk a&SUrSxnhfNyD; tb,*d&dausmif;wdkufudk wnfaqmuf

cJhonf

1

/

rif;BuD;onf xdkausmif;wdkufudk ¤if;uHqdk;aepOfu tBuD;

tus,fulnDcJhonfh r[mwdó[kac:aom rax&fwpfyg;tm;

vª'gef;cJhonf/ 0¥*grPd\ ppfolBuD; ig;a,mufwdkYonfvnf;

ausmif;wdkufig;ck wnfaqmufcJhMuNyD; ,if;ausmif;wdkufwdkYudk

rdrdwdkY tcuftcJ&SdpOfu cifrif&if;ESD;cJhNyD; ulnDcJhonfh aus;Zl;

w&m;aMumihf wdótrnf&Sd rax&ftm; v ª'gef;cJhMuonf/

0¥*grPdrif;BuD;onf wrD;vfrsm;udk wkdufcdkuf&ef jyifqif

aepOf rif;BuD;\ url;½I;xdk;vkyfwwfonfh obm0aMumihf rif;

BuD;udk pdwfysufoGm;Muonhf ppfolBuD;tcsKdUrSm rif;BuD;udk pdwfqdk;

NyD; pGefYypfcJhvsuf wrD;vfrsm;ESihf yl;aygif;&ef qE´&SdcJhMuaMumif;

(tvGef jzpfEdkifonf) qdkonf/ ,if;Oya'rJh iwfrGwfacgif;yg;

aepOftwGif; wpfEdkifiHvkH; cdk;om;"m;jyrsm; aomif;usef;vsuf&Sd

ojzifh xdkppfolBuD;rsm;onf vrf;c&D;wGif cdk;om;"m;jyrsm; wdkuf

cdkufcH&ojzihf ynmwwf &[ef;awmfjzpfonfh [rÁK*v ’0d[m&

ausmif;wdkufae wdórax&fxH cdkvIHaecJhMuNyD; xdkae&mwGif

MuifemrIESihf tumtuG,fudk &&SdcJhMuonf/ xdkrax&fonf xdk

ppfolBuD;wdkY\ taMumif;udk od&aomtcg rax&frSm tBuD;t

us,f tcufBuKH&awmhonf/ EdkifiHawmfESihf Ak'¨omoemawmf

1

r[m0Ho? 28? 78-81/ edum,o*F[? pm-10/ 0¥*grPd tEk&m"

yk&NrdKUrS ESdrfeif;cH&NyD; xGufajy;&aomtcg y@Kumb,rif; wnf

aqmufcJhonhf *d&dausmif;rS ed*P²wpfa,mufu ]oD[dkVf irnf;BuD;

xGufajy;NyD (yvm,wd r[mumVoD[aVm)}[k us,favmifpGm

atmfcJhonf/ ,if;ed*P²rSm wrD;vfujym; tjzpfEdkifqkH; jzpfonf/

xdktcsdefu rif;BuD;onf ]tu,fí igtvdkjynfhcJhvQif þae&m wGif

ig 0d[m& (Ak'¨bmombkef;BuD;ausmif;) wpfckwnfaqmufrnf[k

pdwful;&SdcJhonf (r[m0Ho? 28? 42-44)



*kPf&nfESihf t&Sdeft0gudk tvGef½dkaopGm apmihfxdef;cJhMuonf/

r[m0d[m&oHCmawmfrsm;onf uGJjym;jcif;r&SdbJ EdkifiHawmfESihf

jynfolwdkY\ av;pm;rI? opöm&SdrIESihf axmufyHhrIwdkYudk &&SdcJhNyD;

(vlxk)tm½kHñGwfrIudk cGJjcrf;vsuf rdrdwdkYt,ltqudk rQa0&ef xdk

e,fy,ftwGif;odkY 0ifvmonhf tkyfpkopfrsm;udk rESpfoufMuacs/

odkYwap vlrIa&;? EdkifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;ESifh ajymif;vJrItaxGaxG\

ykHrSef tusKd;qufjzpfonfh wdk;wufajymif;vJrItopfrsm;udk zdESdyf

xm;&ef rjzpfEdkifacs/ oHCmxktwGif; uGJjym;rIonf ysufpD; qkwf

,kwfjcif;\ vu©Pmwpf&yf jzpfonfrSm aocsmaomfvnf; vIyf

&Sm;rIESihf wdk;wufrI\ vu©Pmjzpfonf/

aemufxyf &mpkESpfokH;ckcefYumvrSm ykHrSefordkif;\ tajymif;

tvJrsm;udk awGU&onf/ 0¥*grPd\ om;awmf apm&em* (bDpD

3-at'D 9)onf oHCmrsm;tm; &efNidK;zGJUNyD; ¤if;\nDtpfudk 0rf;

uGJawmfol r[mplvdu r[mwdó (bDpD 17-3)tm; ykefuefqefY

usifpOfu cdkvIHcGifhray;cJhaom ausmif;wdkuf q,hf&Spfckudk zsufqD;

ypfonf

1

/ Ak'¨0g'udk ¤if;\ apmfum;zsufqD;rIrSm r[m0Ho usrf;

jyKq&mtaejzihf ]raumif;rIjyKonhf rif;onf avmuEÅ&du i&J

odkY usa&mufoGm;onf}[k ,kHMunfoGm;onftxd BuD;rm;onf

2

/

&[ef;awmfrsm;\ ykHrSefvkyfief;tjzpf usrf;pmoifMum;rI t

awG;tjrifudk bmwdumb,rif; (at'D 38-66) vufxufwGif

r[m0Housrf;ü yxrqkH;tBudrf azmfjyxm;onf/ rif;BuD;onf

*E¦"k& (pmayoifMum;ydkYcsonhf) wm0efudk xrf;aqmifaeMuaom

oHCmawmfrsm;\ tokH;taqmifrsm;udk axmufyHhcJhaMumif;txl;

jyKazmfjyonf/ þae&mü pmayydkYcsonhf pmcsoHCmrsm;ESifh pm

oifoHCmrsm;udk txl;&nfñTef;zG,f&Sdonf/ bmwdumb,onf

'k|*grPdpwifcJhonhf tpOftvmudkvdkufNyD; ESpfusdyf&Spfqlbk&m;

wdkY\ a0omcyGJawmfrsm;udk usif;ycJhaMumif; od&onf

3

/

1

r[m0Ho? 34? 11-13/

2

,if;? 34? 14/

3

r[m0Ho? 34? 69? 66/

xl;yifhzdwfcsuft& tEk&m"yk&NrdKUawmfwGif aexdkif&ef <uvmcJh

onf

1

/ odkYjzpfí t&Sifjrwfonf tkyfcsKyfa&;vlwef;pm; tay:

xl;xl;jcm;jcm; MoZmvTrf;rdk;rIudk rjzpfrae tokH;jyKcJhonf/ ,if;

odkYjzpfjcif;onf r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkuf oHCmawmfrsm;\ *kPf

odu©mESihf t&Sdeft0gudk t[efYtwm; jyKcJhonfrSm aocsmonf/

odkYjzpfí r[m0d[m&oHCmonf r[mwdórax&ftm; vltdrf

rsm;odkY cPcP oGm;a&mufa&maESmrI (ukvoHo|) jzihf jypfwif

NyD; yAÁmZed,uH (oHCmhtodkif;t0ef;rS MuOfz,frI) jzifh ESifxkwf

onhf jypf'Pf csrSwfMuonf

2

/ ,if;onf bk&ifESihf ppfolBuD;rsm;

\ vkyfaqmifcsuftay: oG,f0dkufí qefYusifrIvnf; jzpfonf/

odkYwap r[mwdó\wynhf A[vrókwdó (rkwfqdwf

&Snf wdó)

3

onf ,if;odkY jypf'Pf csrSwfrItay: rQwonf[k

oabmrwlbJ jiif;qdkrIudk wdk;`rSihfcJhonf/ odkYjzpfí ,if; (A[v

rók)udkvnf; r[m0d[m&oHCmu rpifMu,fonhfbufodkY

bufvdkufrIjzihf Oau©yed, 0denf;uHjyKMujyefonf

4

/ A[vrók

wdóonf tvGefpdwfqdk;NyD; wynhf&[ef; rsm;pGmESihftwl t

b,*dausmif;odkY oGm;aeNyD; r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkufodkY jyefr

oGm;bJaeonf

5

/

,if;onf xdktcsdefxd r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkuf t&Sdeft0g

1

r[m0Ho? 28? 82/

2

r[m0Ho? 28? 95/ edum,o*F[? pm 10/ yAÁmZed,uHESihf ywfoufí

0d 4? 23 udk ½Iyg/ ,if;ykHpHjzihf r[mwdótay: qefYusifonhf vkyf&yf

twGuf tcuftcJr&SdonfrSm aocsmonf/ taMumif;rl r[mwdó

onf vlrIa&;uRrf;usifNyD; vlOyoumrsm;ESihf &if;ESD;uRrf;0ifonhf Oy"d

½kyf&SdNyD; ¤if;wdkYESihf cspfcifeD;pyfrI &SdykH&onf/ r[mwdóonf tawG;

tjrif us,fjyefYNyD; avmuDa&; todynmrsm;pGm &Sdonf/

3

edum,o*F[? pm-10 ü r['gVd,mwdó (Mahadāļiyā-Tissa) [k

azmfjyonf/

4

Oau©yeD,uHtaMumif;udk 0d 4? 49 wGif ½Iyg/

5

r[m0Ho? 28? 96/ edum,o*F[? 10/



atmufwGif nDñGwfpGm wnf&SdcJhonhf oHCmtwGif; oabmxm;

uGJvGJ\ tpyifjzpfonf/ tb,*d&d&[ef;awmfrsm;onf r[m

0d[m& ausmif;wdkufESihf oD;jcm;tkyfpktaejzihf aexdkifcJhMuaomf

vnf; tpydkif;wGif ,if;tkyfpkESpfcktMum; r[mwdórax&ftm;

csrSwfonhfjypf'PfrSm 0denf;ESifhtnD csrSwfonf[laomtcsuf

udk oabmrwlonfrSwpfyg; tawG;tac:ydkif;rSma&m avhusihf

tm;xkwfrIydkif;rSmyg jcm;em;rIr&Sdacs/

odkY&mwGif rMumrDtcsdeftwGif;ü tdEd,&Sd 0ZÆDykwå*dkPf;rS "r®

½kpdtrnf&Sd rax&f\ wynhfrsm; jzpfMuonhf &[ef;awmftcsKdU

oD[dkVfodkY a&mufvmMuNyD; ¤if;wdkYudk tb,*d&dausmif;wdkufü

vufcHxm;onf

1

/ t&Sdeft0gBuD;rm;onhf r[m0d[m&ausmif;

wdkufrS uGJxGufvmonfh tb,*d&dausmif;wdkufonf ¤if;wdkY\

tajctae awmifhwif;ap&ef r[mrdwftcsKdUudk &&SdvdkaMumif;

rSef;qEdkifonf/ 0ZÆDykwå*dkPf;om;wdkY\ oifMum;csufESihf t"dyÜm,f

aumuf,lrItcsKdUudk ax&d,*dkPf;jzpfonhf r[m0d[m&ausmif;

wdkuft,ltqu vufrcHacs/ t&Sifr[mAk'äCmo\ azmfjy

csuft& 0ZÆDykwå&[ef;wdkYonf rwlonhf t,l0g'rsm;teuf ax

&0g'u vufcHxm;aom tewåw&m;awmfESihf vkH;0 qefYusif

aom xm0&wnf&Sdonhf wpfudk,fa& 0dnmOfaumif &Sdonf[l

aom t,ltqudk ,lxm;aMumif; od&onf/ &[EÅmyk*¾Kdvfwpf

a,mufonf (&[EÅmtjzpfrS) jyefvnf avQmusEdkifonf/ ,if;

qefYusifzuf t,ltqrsm;tpm; t&Sifr[mAk'äCmou 0ZÆD

ykwåuwdkYrSm Ak'¨0g'*dkPf;uGJwpfck jzpfaMumif; vufcHonf

2

/

1

edum,o*F[? pm-10/

2

au ye yk*¾v0g'daem? omoae 0ZÆDykwåum ap0 ordwåd,m p A[d'¨g

A[l tnwdw¬d,m (tbd-| 3? 112)/ ordwåd,m 0ZÆdykwåum oAÁw¬d

0g'daem {uapö p r[moHCdum t&[aEÅmyd y&d[með £päEÅd (,if;?

147)/ tb,*d&dausmif;wdkufü vufcHxm;aom "r®½kpdrax&f\ w

ynhfrsm;vnf; ,if;0g'udk cH,lxm;Muoavm [lonfudk uREfkyfwdkY t

aotcsm rod&acs/

wdóESihf ¤if;\wynhfrsm;onf a&mufopfp &[ef;rsm;ESihf

¤if;wdkY\ oifMum;csufrsm;udk ESpfoufMuNyD; ,if;udktaMumif;jyK

í aemiftcg tdEd,&Sd ¤if;wdkY\q&mBuD; trnfudk,lNyD; tb,

*d&d &[ef;rsm;udkvnf; "r®½kpd*dkPf;[k ac:a0:vmMuonf

1

/ bk

&ifu ,if;tb,*d&doHCmzufwGif &SdaomaMumihf Ak'¨0g'*dkPf;

opf odkYr[kwf ,if;wdkY\ 0g'tay: w&m;0if wm;jrpfrI r&Sdonf

rSm xif&Sm;onf/

xdktcsdefrSpí tb,*d&d&[ef;awmfrsm;onf tdE´d,&Sd Ak'¨

0g'*dkPf;uGJrsKd;pkHESihf vIyf&Sm;rItopfESihf tpOfrjywf qufoG,frI&Sd

cJhNyD; ,if;wdkYrSwpfqihf pdwf"mwfwuf<urIESihf cGeftm;udk &&SdcJhykH&

onf/ ¤if;wdkYonf ¤if;wdkY\ t,ltqü rjyif;xefbJ jynfyrS

tawG;tjrifopfrsm;udk tNrJwrf;BudKqdkNyD; wdk;wufatmif BudK;

pm;cJhMuonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf ax&0g'udka&m r[m,meudkyg avh

vmNyD; ]yd#uwfokH;ykHtm; us,fjyefYpGm jyefYESHYaponf}

2

/ a&S;rl r

ysuf qufvufxdef;odrf;NyD; ax&0g'udkomvQif oiftHydkYcsaom

r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkufum; r[m,me0g'udk qefYusifNyD; t

jcm;rnfonhf qef;opfwDxGifrIudkrqdk tm;ray;acs/ r[m0d[m&

onf ax&0g'DwdkY vufcHonhf wdusaomoifMum;csufrsm;ESihf

tpOftvmudkom opöm&SdpGm apmihfxdef;cJhonf/ odkYjzpfí r[m

0d[m&ausmif;wdkuf&Sd oHCmawmfrsm;\ tjrifwGif tb,*d&d

&[ef;awmfrsm;rSm ax&0g'r[kwfbJ rSm;,Gif;onhf t,ltq

rsm;omjzpfonf/

r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkufonf t&Sifr[dEúdk,fwdkif txGwf

tjrwfjyKcJhonfh Ak'¨0g'\ rlvblwESihf yxrOD;qkH; aoOfajr

jzpfonf/ r[m0d[m&&[ef;awmfrsm;onf ¤if;wdkY\ BuD;jrwf

onhf tpOftvmtwGuf *kPf,lMuNyD; ¤if;wdkY ausmif;wdkuf\

1

edum,o*F[usrf;? pmrsufESm 10 t& ,if;*dkPf;opfonf at'D 15

&mpkwGif ]0¥*grPdrif; eef;pH 5 ESpfajrmuf}wGif ay:aygufvmonf/

2

Hiuen Tsiang, II, p. 247.



rSmyif aexdkifonf? vlYavmuudk vkH;0qif;rvm? edr®dw½kyf

oP²mefrQom awGU&jcif;jzpfNyD; vlom;wdkYtMum; Ak'¨bk&m;&Sif yGihf

ay:rvm? ,if; edr®dwAk'¨a&m edr®dwAk'¨ "r®udkoif,lxm;ol t

&SiftmeE´wdkYyg "r®udk a[mMum;Muonf? Ak'¨tppfrSm "r®udk

vkH;0ra[mMum;}[laom 0dnmP0g'udk ,lpGJxm;Muonf

1

/ xdkY

tjyif ,if;t,ltqt& Ak'¨onf ,if;odkYjzpfojzifh rnfonhf

t&mudkrQ rokH;aqmifbJ (e b*0g udÍöd y&dbkÍÆwd) avmuESifh

vdkufavsmnDaxG&Sdap&ef vª'gef;onfrsm;udk vufcHouJhodkY jyKrl

onf (avmumEk0wåew¬H)/ odkYjzpfí Ak'¨tm; jyKvkyfaomt&m

onf taxmuftyHhrjyKojzihf (ed½kyum&wåm) rnfonhftusKd;

udkrQ rjzpfapEdkif

2

/

xdkenf;twdkif;yif a0wkv ’0g'DwdkYonf a0g[m&\ t"dyÜm,f

tppftrSeft& oHCm[lonf w&m;ukd,ftm;jzihf r*fw&m;zdkvf

w&m;udkom qdkvdkonf (y&rw¬awm r*¾zvmae0 oHaCm)? r*f

zdkvfrS wpfyg; oHCm[lonfr&Sd? r*fzdkvfwdkYonf rnfonhft&m

udkrQ vufcHjcif;r&Sd? odkYjzpfí oHCmonf tvªypönf;rsm;udk

vuf cHonf ('u©dPH y#d*PSmwd) odkYr[kwf tv ªypönf;rsm;udk

pif Mu,fatmifvkyfonf ('u©dPH 0daoma"wd) odkYr[kwf oHCm

onf pm;zG,f aomufzG,fudk okH;aqmifonf[kqdkygu rSm;,Gif;

onf/ odkYjzpfojzihf oHCmtm; rnfonhft&mudkrQ vª'gef;í r

jzpfEdkifbJ oHCmtm; v ª'gef;orQonf rnfonhftusKd;udkrQ &&Sd

rnfr[kwf

3

/ ¤if;wdkYonf tjyeftvSef ,kHMunfcsufjzihf rnfonhf

vlom;pkHwGJrqdk arxkefrSD0Jaumif;onf[kvnf; ,kHMunfMuonf

4

/

1

,if;? pm-193/

2

,if;? pm-192/

3

,if;? pm-190-192/

4

,if;? 209/ {um"dyÜma,m arxkaem "ar®m y#dao0dwaAÁm/ {um

"dyÜm, odkYr[kwf wpfckaom &nf½G,fcsuf[lonf u½kPm odkYr[kwf

rk'dwmaMumihf odkYr[kwf trsKd;orD;wpfa,mufESihf bk&m;ausmif;wpfck

wGif &Sdcdk;0wfjyKNyD;aemuf twlwuG arG;zGm;&efjyKonhf av;eufonhf

t"d|mefudk qdkvdkaMumif; t|uxmü &Sif;jyonf/

bmwdumb,udkqufcHol bmomw&m; udkif;½Idif;NyD; rSm;

,Gif;rIwpfckjzihf MunfñdkcJhNyD;

1

"r®ESihf Ak'¨0g'a&;&mrsm; jyefYyGm;a&;

twGuf rsm;pGm BudK;yrf;aqmif½GufcJhol r[m'gXdur[mem*

(at'D 67-69) wGif ausmfMum;vSonhf *d&db@ylZmyGJawmf

2

udk

pwifusif;ycJhonf/ ¤if;\om;awmf tmr@ *grPd (at'D 79-

89)onf taomu\pHerludk vdkufemzG,f&Sdonhf oD[dkVfwpf

uRef;vkH;

3

rmCmw wd&pämefrsm;udk rowf&ef yxrqkH;xkwfjyef

cJhol jzpfonf/

¤if;udkqufcHol nDawmf uPd&ZmEkwdó (at'D 89-92)

onf &[ef;qdk; ajcmufq,fcefYudk apwd,yAÁw (r[dE¦avh)&Sd

ausmufaqmif acsmufurf;yg;jywfrS atmufodkYypfcs&ef trdefY

ay;cJhonf/ xdk&[ef;awmfrsm;onf omoema&;tjiif;yGm;rIESihf

ywfoufí rif;BuD;\ qkH;jzwfcsufudk vufrcHbJ Oykofaqmif

(odrf)twGif; rif;BuD;tm;owfjzwf&ef BuHpnfcJhMuonf

4

/ tqdkyg

1

rif;BuD;onf rdrdudk,fwdkifudka&m? rdzk&m;? om;awmfESpfa,muf? EdkifiH

awmfqifESihf EdkifiHawmftdrfwdkYudk oHCmawmfu vufrcHaomfvnf;

oHCmawmftm; vª'gef;cJhonf (r[m0Ho? 34? 6/

2

r[m0Ho? 34? 81/

3

r[m0Ho? 35? 6/

4

r[m0Ho? 35? 10-11/ r[m0Ho#Dum? pm-640/ t'du&rf trnf&Sd

yk*¾Kdvfu ,if;odkY jypf'Pfay;rIonf ]&[ef;awmftcsKdUudk EdkifiHa&;vIyf

&Sm;rIwGif yg0ifvmaponf}[k qdkonf (EHBC. p. 89.)/ ,if;onf

EdkifiHa&;vIyf&Sm;rIwpf&yf r[kwfbJ OykofaqmiftwGif; odkYr[kwf Oykof

aqmifESifhywfoufonfh oHCmtwGif; tjiif;yGm;rIomjzpfonf (Oayg

oxC&¥H)/ r[m0Ho#Dumü apwd,*d&d0d[ma& Oaygoxm *ga&

bdu©Lok OyÜEéH t¥H ]apwd,*d&d ausmif;wdkuftwGif;&Sd Oykoftdrfü

&[ef;awmfrsm;twGif; jzpfyGm;onhf tjiif;yGm;rI}[k &Sif;vif;pGm azmfjy

onf/ bk&ifrif;u ,if;tjiif;yGm;rIwGif Mum;0if aqmif½GufNyD; ,if;

tjiif;yGm;rIudk Nidrf;aponf/ odkYwap &[ef;tcsKdU rif;BuD;\ qkH;jzwf

csufudk rESpfoufMuojzihf ,if;Oykofaqmif twGif;rSmyif rif;BuD;udk

owfjzwf&ef BuHpnfMuonf/ bk&iftm; owfjzwf&ef vkyfMuHrI (&mZm

y&m"ur®) twGuf xdkoHCmrsm;tm; jypf'Pfay;rIudk jzpfay:aponf/



&ufpufonhf vkyf&yfonf xdkacwf &[ef;awmftcsKdU\ b0wGif

rawGUBuKHzl;aom tjzpftysufrsm;tjzpf azmfjyonf/ ,if;odkY

aom a&Smifwcif jzpf&yfrsm;onf oHCmawmf\ *kPfodu©mudk

xdcdkufapcJhonfrSm oHo,jzpfzG,frvdkacs/ ,if;odkY jzpfjcif;rSm

uREfkyfwdkY awGU&onhf bk&ifrsm;u rMumcP ausmif;wdkufwpf

ckudk rsufESmomay; odkYr[kwf qefYusifonfh taMumif;w&m;rsm;

aMumifh jzpfzG,f&Sdonf/ jrifhjrwfonhf &[ef;awmf wpfyg;onf

ausmif;wdkufwpfcktwGuf bk&ifhtodkif;t0dkif;\ rsufESmomay;rI

udk cyfMumMum &aepOfwGif raumif;rI jyKvkyfolvnf; xdktcsdef

ESihftrQyif ,if;tcGifhta&;udk qkH;½IH;aernfjzpfonf/

txufazmfjyjyyg uHqdk;onhfjzpf&yfNyD;aemuf q,fpkESpf okH;

ckESifh wpf0ufcefYumvtwGif; 0obrif; (at'D 127-171) u

wdk;wufrItcsKdU aqmif½Gufay;onhf tcsdefwdkifatmif apwd,*d&d

ausmif;wdkuftm; rnfonhfrif;rS *½kpdkuf axmufyHhcJhykHr&acs

1

/

¤if;\ aqmif½GufrIrSmvnf; ¤if; (rif;) touf&Snf&ef oHCm

awmfrsm;\ tMuHay;rIaMumihfjzpfojzihf rdrdtusKd; twGufaMumihf

om jzpfonf/ 0obrif;onf rsufESmrvdkufbJ ausmif;wdkuf

tm;vkH;twGuf OD;aqmifvkyfay;ykH&NyD; rif;BuD;onf "r®uxdu

rsm;tm; axmufyHhjcif;? apwDawmftopfESif Ak'¨qif;wkawmf

topfrsm; wnfaqmufjcif;? bkef;BuD;ausmif;wkdufa[mif;rsm;udk

jyefvnf jyKjyifjcif;rsm;jzihf Ak'ömoemawmftwGuf rsm;pGm

*dkif*g (r[m0Hot*Fvdyfbmomjyef? pm-247? atmufajc rSwfcsuf? 1)

onf apwd,0Sa, [laompum;vkH; (r[m0Ho 35;10) udk xlyg&mr

(r[dEÅavh) udk &nfñTef;onf[k ,lqcJhonf/ odkYwap r[m0Ho#Dum

pmrsufESm 640 ü ,if;onf apwd,*d&d0d[m& (r[dEÅavh) [k &Sif;

vif;pGm jyqdkNyD;jzpfonf/ *dkif*gonf ]&[ef;awmfrsm;onf uPd&[k

ac:aom *lodkY xGufajy;vGwfajrmufoGm;onf}[kvnf; ,lqcJhao;

onf/ xdk&[ef;awmfrsm;udk r[dEÅavh&Sd awmifurf;yg; apmufrS ypfcs

(NyD;uGyfrsuf) cJhonf/

2

r[m0Ho? 35? 80/

aqmif½GufcJhonf/ þrif;tkyfcsKyfpOftwGif; ajrmufydkif;&Sd em*'Dy

(,aeY tac: *smzemuRef;qG,f) uRef;rSmyif 0d[m&rsm; wnf

aqmufcJhonf

1

/ a0omcyGJawmf av;q,fhav;ckudk þrif; usif;

ycJhonf [kqdkonf/ þrif;onf EdkifiHawmf\ NrdKUjy? pD;yGm;a&;ESihf

usef;rma&; tajctaersm; wdk;wufatmifvnf; aqmif½GufcJh

onf/ 0obrif;ESihf a0g[m&duwdó (at'D 269-291) rif;

rsm; vufxuftwGif; &mpkESpfwpfckcefYumvwGif Ak'¨0g'ordkif;ü

ta&;ygonhf jzpf&yfrsm; &SdcJhykHr&acs/ bk&iftm;vkH;eD;yg; 0d[m&

rsm;udk *dkPf;*Pra½G; axmufyHhcJhMuNyD; Ak'ömoemwkd;wufa&;

twGuf ¤if;wdkYwwfpGrf;orQ aqmif½GufcJhMuonf/

a0g[m&duwdórif; vufxufwGif oD[dkVfordkif;wGif yx

rqkH; tBudrftjzpf a0wkv’0g' (Skt. Vaitulyavāda)[kac:aom

0g'a&;&m *dkPf;uGJwpfcktaMumif;udk od&onf/ r[m0d[m&

ausmif;wdkufudka&m tb,*d&dausmif;wdkuf

2

udkyg ausmif;wdkuf

ESpfckvkH;udk axmufyHhol 0obrif;onf Ak'¨0g'pnf;rsOf; pnf;

urf;ESihf EdkifiHawmf\ Oya'udkyg uRrf;usifonhf uydvtrwf

3

\

tultnDjzihf pkHprf;ppfaq;NyD;aemuf t,lrSm;rsm;yg&Sdonhf a0

wkv ’0g'tm; ESdyfuGyfcJhaMumif; od&onf/

tb,*d&dausmif;wdkuf\ "r®½kpdursm;xufydkíyif t,lrSm;

,Gif;onf[k ,lqcH&onhf ,if;a0wkv ’0g'Drsm;rSm rnfolrsm;jzpf

aMumif; &Sif;vif;rIr&Sdacs/ ygVdordkif;usrf;rsm;ü ,if;udpötwGuf

vkH;0 azmfjyjcif;r&Sd/ t&Sifr[mAk'äCmotvdkt&rl a0wkv ’0g'Drsm;udk r[mokn0g'Drsm;[kvnf; ac:onf

4

/ a0wkv ’0g'DwdkY

onf ]jrwfAk'önf wkodwmewfjynfwGif arG;zGm;NyD; wkodwm

1

E.Z. IB. Vallipuram Gold Plate, p. 237. udk½Iyg/

2

r[m0Ho? 36? 31-33/ *dkif*g t*Fvdyfbmomjyef? pm-258? atmuf

ajcrSwfcsuf 4/

3

,if;? 36? 41/

4

r[mokn0d'docFgwH a0wkv ’umeH? tbd-| 3? 258/



qGrf;pm;aqmif r[mygVdwGif &[ef;awmfrsm;tm; apmifha&Smuf

xm;cJhaMumif;qdkonf

1

/ odkY&mwGif tjcm;&[ef;awmfrsm;um; rnf

odkY&SdcJhoenf;/ ,if;&[ef;awmfrsm;onf rnfodkY oDwif;okH;awmf

rlcJhMuoenf;/ yd@ygw (tvªqGrf;) udk trDSjyKí oDwif;okH;jcif;

rSm iwfrGwfacgif;yg;pOf umvtwGif; rvG,fulacs/ qGrf;udk

r[mygVdrSjzpfap tjcm;ae&m&mrSjzpfap r&EdkifMuonhf &[ef;

awmftcsKdUrSm a<u;wifoGm;onhfwdkifatmif udk,fhudk,fudk apmifh

pnf;cJhMu&onf [laomtcsufrSm jzpfEdkiftHhavm/ odkYwnf;r

[kwf iwfrGwfab;twGif; &[ef;awmftcsKdU ¤if;wdkY\ apmifh

a&Smufol r&Sdjzpfaeonfh rdbrsm;udk odkYr[kwf eD;pyfonhf aqGrsKd;

rsm;udk apmihfa&SmufcJh&oavm/ a0g[m&duwdóonf oD[dkVf

uRef;twGif;&Sd t&d,0Hookwfawmfudk a[mMum;onhfae&mwdkif;

wGif qGrf;vª'ef;rIudk wnfaqmufaMumif;vnf; od&onf

2

/ ,ck

tcg t&d,0Hokwfudk a[mMum;jcif;onf Ak'¨0g'taejzihf rESpf

oufzG,f tajctae[laom trSwfoauFw jzpfonf/

a0g[m&duwdórif;onf udk,fcE¨mudk emusifatmif jypf

'Pfay;rIudk ½kyfodrf;cJhNyD;

3

a0omcyGJawmfudk

4

crf;em;pGm usif;y

NyD; Ak'¨omoemawmf tusKd;twGuf rsm;pGm aqmif½GufcJhonf/

a0g[m&duwdórif; tkyfcsKyfpOfumvonf ordkif;wGif r

jzpfzl;avmufatmif ESpfaygif; av;q,fcefY Mumanmif;cJhonf/

,if;aemuf uREkfyfwdkYonf oD[dkVfAk'¨bmom\ ordkif;rSwfrsm;wGif

jyóem trsm;qkH;umvtydkif;tjcm;wpfck jzpfzG,f&Sdonhf at'D

av;&mpk\ yxrESpf0ufodkY 0ifa&mufvmNyD jzpfonf/

1

r[m0Ho? 36? 20/

2

r[m0Ho? 36? 38/

3

r[m0Ho? 36? 28/ [ðomrkwåH a0g[m&H/

4

,if;? 36? 40/

00000000

at'D okH;&mpkwGif oD[dkVfodkY a&mufvmMuonhf a0wkv ’rsm;

tjzpf r[m0Housrf;wGif &nfñTef;cJholrsm;rSm ,if;t,ltqrsm;

udk trSefwu,f,lqjcif;&Sd r&Sd taotcsm rod&acs/ rSwfwrf;

rsm;ü ¤if;wdkY\ oifMum;csufrsm;ESihfywfoufí vkH;0 azmfjyjcif;

r&Sd/ a&S;usonhf ygVdordkif;usrf;jzpfonfh 'Dy0Housrf;ü a0wkv ’[laom a0g[m&tpm; 0dw@0g'

1

[laom a0g[m&udk okH;EIef;

xm;onf/ odkYwap ,if;a0g[m&\ t"dyÜm,fudk &Sif;jyjcif;

twGuf rjzpfEdkifacs/

ygVdt|uxmusrf;rsm;

2

ü txl;ojzihf tbd"r®ma&;&m euf

eJaom ,lqcsufrsm;ESihf ywfoufí ax&0g',lqcsuf r[kwf

onfudk pGJudkifxm;Muonfh oabmxm;uGJvGJol Ak'¨0g'Drsm;udk

&nfñTef;vsuf 0dw@0g'D[laom a0g[m&udk &Hzef&Hcg azmfjy

Muonf/ 0dw@0g'DESifh ax&0g'DESpfOD;vkH; wlnDaom usrf;pm

rsm;udk udk;um;MuNyD; ¤if;wdkY\ zGifhqdkcsufudk axmufcH&ef wdyd#

urS wlnDaomokwåefrsm;udk azmfjyMu&mwGif ¤if;wdkY\ t"dyÜm,f

aumuf,lrIykHpHom jcm;em;Muonf/

a0g[m&duwdórif;vufxuf oD[dkVfodkY a&muf&SdvmMu

onhf a0wkv ’0g'Drsm;udk &nfñTef;&mü edum,o*F[usrf;

3

wGif

"r®½kpdu[kac:aom tb,*d&d0goD &[ef;awmfrsm;onf t

aomuacwfu Ak'¨0g'udk ysufpD;ap&ef&nf½G,fí ouFef;0wfcJh

Muaom a0wkv ’[kac:onhf rdpäm'd|d0g'D ykPÖm;rsm; a&;om;cJh

aom a0wkv ’yd#uwfudk vufcHNyD; Ak'¨w&m;awmfrsm;tjzpf aMu

nmvsuf? ax&d,edum,0if (ax&0g'D) &[ef;awmfrsm;onf

¤if;wdkY\ oifMum;csufudk "r®0de,ESihf ñSdEdIif;wdkufqdkifvsuf ,if;

yd#uwfudk rSm;,Gif;onhf oifMum;csuftjzpf jiif;y,fMuonf/

1

'Dy0Ho 22;41-42/

2

tbd-| 2? 4? 133? 285/ r-| 2? 282? 301/

3

edum,o*Fusrf;? pm-11/



þü jAm[®Prsm;udk &nfñTef;jcif;rSm oD[dkVfodkY ,laqmif

vmonhf a0wkv ’yd#uwfudk ouúwbmomjzihf a&;om;xm;

aMumif; qdkvdk&ma&mufNyD; r[m,meokwåef tm;vkH;rSmvnf;

ouúwbmomjzihfyif a&;om;xm;aMumif; uREkfyfwdkY od&onf/

wpfcgwpf&H a0wkv’okwåefrsm;[kvnf; ac:aom a0ykv ’[l

aom a0g[m&udk r[m,meokwåefrsm;

1

udk azmfjy&ef wGifwGif

tokH;jyKonf/ to*Fa&;onfh tbd"r®morkpö,usrf;tvdkt&

a0ykv ’? a0'v ’? a0wkv ’[laom a0g[m&rsm;rSm wpfckwnf;

aomt&mudk &nfñTef;onf/ a0ykv’[laom a0g[m&udk aAm"d

owåyd#u[k ¤if;u t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkonf (Santiniketan rS 1950

jynfhwGif Pradhan wnf;jzwfonfh tbd"r®morkpö,usrf;? pm-

79)/ Kern a&m Pranavitana yg ESpfOD;vkH; a0wkv’0g'D [laom

a0g[m&udk r[m,me0g'DESihf xyfwljyK (twlwl[kqdk) jcif;

twGuf apm'em&ef taMumif; r&Sd[k ,lqMuonf

2

/

r[m0Housrf;jyKq&monf a0wkv ’[laom a0g[m&udk

tokH;jyKaomtcg a,bk,stm;jzihf rnfonhf Ak'0g'*dkPf;uGJ

wpfckrQ r&SdbJ r[m0d[m&0goDwdkY vufrcHEdkifonhf uGJvGJonhf

,lqcsufrsm;ESihf t"dyÜm,faumuf,lrI topfudkrqdk udk,fpm;jyK

aom rnfonhf r[m,me*dkPf;uGJudkrqdk azmfjy&ef ,if; a0g[m

&udk tokH;jyKcJhjcif;jzpfonfrSm xif&Sm;onf

3

/

a0wkv ’rsm; oD[dkVfwGif vIyf&Sm;cJhaom tcsdefonf tdE´d,&Sd

r[m,me0g'wGif ta&;ygonhf wdk;wufrItcsKdU&Sdonhf tcsdef

umvESihf wdkufqdkifaeaMumif; rSwfom;xdkufonf/ ,if;odkY jzpf

1

Kern : MIB. p. 4. 2

CJSe. G. Vol. II, p. 35-36. 3

oD[dkVfwGif ,aeYwkdifatmifyif vufcHxm;NyD;jzpfaom ,kHMunfrIESihf

tm;xkwfrItopfrsm;udk qefYusifonfh tawG;tjrif opfudk pGJudkif

xm;onhf rnfonhfAk'¨0g'Dudkrqdk a0wkv ’rsm;[k uifyGef;wyfMuonf/

a0wkv’ odkYr[kwf a0ykv’[laom a0g[m&onf pmayt& ]qefYusif

aom} ]jcm;em;aom}[k t"dyÜm,f&onf/

í a0g[m&duwdórif; vufxuftwGif; oD[dkVfwGif yxrqkH;

tBudrftjzpf a0wkv ’0g'Drsm;ay:vmjcif; at'DESpf&mpk\ 'kwd,

ESpf0ufwGifcefYwGif tdE´d,wpfae&mü ay:xGef;cJhaom r[m,me

ynm&Sif em*&ZÆKe\ t&Sdefjyif;onhf vIyf&Sm;rINyD;aemuf jzpfay:

vmjcif; jzpfonf

1

/ tkyfpkwpfck\ txnfudk,ftaejzihf a0wkv ’rsm; odkYr[kwf r[m,mersm;rSm r[m0d[m&oHCmawmfrsm;\

oGefoifrI atmufüwnf&Sdonfh EdkifiHa&;tmPmydkifrsm;\ zdESdyf

rIcH&aomfvnf; oD[dkVfwGif ,if;0g'opfrsm; vIyf&Sm;vmonfh

tcgwdkif; ax&0g'tawG;tjrifESihf oifMum;rIrsm;tay: ¤if;wdkY

\ MoZmvTrf;rdk;rIonf pGJNrJaeNyD; csKd;ESdrfí r&EdkifbJ&SdcJhonf/ t

csdefumvvGefaomf r[m,met,ltqESihf usihfMuHtm;xkwfrI

rsm;onf ax&0g'pepftwGif;odkY wjznf;jznf; 0ifa&mufvmNyD;

,if;wdkYudk vufcHvsuf ,if;wdkYrSm tppftrSef[kwfr[kwf ppf

aMumjcif;r&SdbJ ax&0g'tjzpf yl;aygif;vdkufMuonf/

a0g[m&duwdórif;onf a0wkv’0g'Drsm;udk ESdrfeif;cJhonf

omru a,bk,stm;jzihf oHCmudk pifMu,fatmif aqmif½Guf

cJhonf/ Ak'¨0g'onf qdk;0g;onhf tajctaewGif&SdNyD; oHCm

twGif; tusihfysufrIrsm; &SdykH&onf/ bk&ifonf oHCmtm; okH;

odef;ay;NyD; ta<u;&Sdonhf &[ef;rsm;pGmwdkYtm; ta<u;rS vGwf

ajrmufaponf[k qdkonf

2

/ ,if;odkYaom jzpf&yfrsKd;udk a&S;acwf

rsm;wGif rMum;zl;acs/ &[ef;rsm;onf bmaMumifh b,fvdk t

a<u;wif&onf[lonfrSm ar;zG,fwpf&yf jzpfonf/ ,if;onf

a0wkv ’0g'DwdkY\ udk,fusihfw&m; ysufuGufrI MoZmvTrf;rdk;rI

aMumihf jzpfjcif;ayavm/ q,fpkESpf ESpfckcefY tvGefu uk@em*

vufxuf (at'D 248-249)twGif; {uemvdu[k xif&Sm;

aom iwfrGwfacgif;yg;ab;jzpfcJhNyD; uk@em*onf uyfab;qdkuf

aepOftwGif; ausmfMum;vSonhf oHCmawmfrsm;\ trsm;okH;

1

HIL. II, p. 342. 2

r[m0Ho? 36? 39/



a*gXdumb,rif;onf pkHprf;ppfaq;rIjyKvkyfNyD; a0wkv †0g'D

rsm;udk ESdrfeif;NyD; ¤if;wdkY\ usrf;pmrsm;udk rD;½IdUvsuf acgif;aqmif

yk*¾Kdvf ajcmufq,fudk oD[dkVfuRef;rS ESifxkwfcJhonf/ ESifxkwfcH&

onfhteuf tcsKdUrSm oD[dkVfrSxGufcGmNyD; tdEd,awmifydkif; apmV

EdkifiH um0D&y¥eNrdKUü aexdkifMuonf

1

/

xdkumvonf tdE´d,ü to*FESihf 0okAE¨KwdkY\ a,m*gpm&

0g'vIyf&Sm;rI tm;aumif;aecsdefjzpfNyD; Ak'¨0g'twGif;odkY *E¨m&DESihf

rsufvSnfhtwwfrsm; 0ifa&mufvmcsdefjzpfonf

2

/

uma0wdkif;odkY xGufajy;cdkvIHMu&onhf oD[dkVf&[ef;awmfrsm;

onf t&Sdeft0g&SdNyD; pGrf;&nfESihf jynfhpkHNyD; aemiftcg oD[dkVfwGif

r[m,meAk'¨0g' acgif;aqmifjzpfvmrnfhf &[ef;i,f oHCrdMw

ESihf &if;EDS;cifrifoGm;Muonf/ r[m0Housrf;wGif þ&[ef;i,f

tm; xdktcsdefu tdEd,wGif bmomw&m;wdk;wufrI ]arSmftwwf

ponfudk oifMum;ay;jcif;ü uRrf;usifol (blw0dZÆm'daum0d-

a'g)

3

} tjzpf azmfjyonf/

wdkif;jynfrS xGufajy;vmMuonhf &[ef;awmfrsm;\ oem;

pzG,f yvdyfa&m*gtaMumif;udk oHCrdMwrax&f Mum;odaom

tcg tvGefYtvGef pdwfvIyf&Sm;oGm;NyD; oD[dkVfuRef;wGif r[m

,meAk'bmomudk ysHUESHYap&ef cdkifrmonhf &nf½G,fcsufjzihf oD[dkVf

odkY vmcJhonf/ a*gXmb,rif;onf ,if;wdkif;wpfyg;om; ynm

wwf&[ef;awmftm; MunfñdkoGm;NyD; rdrd\ om;ESpfa,mufudk

ynmoifay;&ef xdk&[ef;awmfxH tyfESHcJhonf/ oHCrdMwonf

rif;om;i,f r[maoeu rdrdtay: opöm&SdNyD; Munfñdkav;pm;

NyD; tBuD;jzpfol aZ|wdórSm ,if;odkY r[kwfaMumif; odvdkuf

onf/ zcifuG,fvGefNyD;aemuf aZ|wdó (at'D 323-333)

onf xD;eef;udk&aomtcg oHCrdMwonf aMumuf½HGHUNyD; oD[dkVf

1

r[m0Ho? 36? 110-112/ edum,o*F[? pm- 11/

2

HIL. II, p. 352,354.

3

r[m0Ho? 36? 113/


tcef; 7

wkd;wufonhfESpfumvrsm; 2

a0wkv ’0g'Drsm;onf a0g[m&duwdórif; ESdrfeif;vifhupm; xD;

eef;udk tMurf;enf;jzihf &&Sdvmol a*gXmb,rif; (at'D 309-

322)vufxufwGif wpfzef tb,*d&dausmif;wdkufü wpfzef

tm;xkwfMujyefonf/ a*gXmb,onf ¤if;rwkdifcif tkyfcsKyfcJh

aom? tkyfcsKyfa&;ydkif;wGif ratmifjrifaomfvnf; Ak'¨0g'Daumif;

wpfa,muftjzpf pHjyKxdkufaom od&doHCaAm"drif; (at'D

307-309)ESihf tvGef qefYusifpGm jyKrlaqmif½GufcJhonf/ a*gXm

b,onf tiftm;awmihfwif;vsuf &[ef;awmfrsm;tm; tokH;

taqmifypönf;rsm;udk aygrsm;pGm ay;urf;NyD; ausmif;wdkufrsm;udk

jyKjyifjcif;? ausmif;wdkuftopfrsm; wnfaqmufjcif;? a0omc

ylZmuJhodkYaom xif&Sm;onhfyJGawmfrsm;usif;yjcif;rsm; jyKcJhonf

1

/

"r®½kpdu odkYr[kwf tb,*d&d0goD &[ef;awmfrsm;u a0

wkv †udk vufcHaomtcg Oóvd,m wdótrnf&Sdaom r

ax&fwpfyg;onf tb,*d&dausmif;wdkufü rdrdudk,fwdkif acgif;

aqmifjzpfvsuf a0g[m&duwdórif;vufxufü jzpfysufcJhouJh

aom rESpfNrdKUzG,f&m tajctaetusKd;qufrsm;udk a&Smif&Sm;vdkcJh

onf/ odkYjzpfí xdkrax&fonf aemufyg&[ef;awmf okH;&mcefYESihf

ESifhtwl ausmif;wkdufrS xGufcGmoGm;cJhNyD; "r®½kpd*dkPf;ESihf tquf

toG,frvkyfbJ 'u©dP*d&dt&yfwGif oDwif;okH;aexdkifcJhonf/

,if;tkyfpk0if om*vtrnf&onhf rax&fBuDwpfyg;onf xdk t

&yfü bmomw&m;udk a[mMum;csdefrS pí 'u©dP*d&dt&yfwGif

om*vd,trnf&Sd *kdPf;opfwpfck ay:vmcJhonf

2

/

1

r[m0Ho? 36? 99-109/

2

edum,o*F[? pm-11/

qkH;jzwfcH&onf/ w&m;rQwrIjzihf vlxk\ av;pm;jcif; cH&onfh

w&m;olBuD;u bk&if\qEúdk qefYusifaomfvnf;

1

wdó&[ef;

tm; vl0wfvJypfonf

2

/

bmomw&m;a&;&m vl0wfaMumifrsm;\ acgif;aqmifjzpfol

r[maoerif;\ vkyfydkifcGifhtmPmonf ,if;rif;\ rqifrjcif

tvsifpvdk vkyfaqmifrIrsm;aMumihf usqif;oGm;onfrSm xif&Sm;

onf/ ,if;odkYjzpfí NyD;cJhaom jzpf&yfwGif ¤if;\trwfBuD;jzpfol

arC0PÖtb,tm; tavQmhay;vdkuf&NyD; ,cktcg trwf

onf bk&if\tvdkqEúdk vspfvsL½I&Jvmvsuf bk&iftvGefMunf

rsKd;jzihf qkH;jzwfcH&jcif;jzpfaMumif; owd&oifhonf/ r[m0d[m&ausmif;

wdkuf\qEúdk qefYusifNyD; ausmif;wdkufwpfckudk vufcHol rnfolrqdk

onf &[ef;,kwfjzpfNyD; tjypfwpfckjzihf pGyfpGJcH&onfrSm pdwf0ifpm;zG,f

aumif;onf/ r[m0Housrf; 37?;32 wGif 'u©dPm&mrausmif;wdkufrS

wdórax&ftm; ]oDvaMumif? r½dk;om;ol? rdwfaqG,kwf? apmihfpnf;rI

r&Sdol (uk[ae ZdrSrmeao? ygyrdawå tonaw)}[k azmfjyonf/

edum,o*F[usrf;? pm-13 wGif xdkrax&ftm; ]aum[kH wdó} oDv

aMumif wdó[k azmfjyonf/ odkY&mwGif tEk&m"yk&NrdKU&Sd aZw0e0d[m

& ta&SUzuf (*dwf) apwDteD; awGU&Sd&onhf 'kwd, r[dE´rif; (at'D

772-792) eef;pH ckepfESpfajrmufwGif a&;xdk;cJhaom ausmufpmü þ

rax&ftm; ]om*kvd r[[drd ,H erð ygV0k tydóawmp wdó r[

ax&emxó} NcdK;NcHa&mifh&JNyD; om*vr[max&f[laom trnfjzihf

ausmfMum;aom r[mwdórax&ftm;} (E.Z. III, p. 227.)[k &nfñTef;

azmjfyxm;onf/ ,if;ausmufpmudk om*vd,*kdPf;udk axmufcHol

wpfa,mufu a&;xdk;cJhzG,f&Sdonf/

1

r[m0Ho 37;39/ 0dedpä, r[mrap öm? w'g "r®duor®awm/ þonfrSm

arC0PÖtb,trwfudkyif &nfñTef;jcif; jzpf Edkifonf/ bk&ifhqEudk

qefYusifonhf ,if;odkYaom udpörsKd;udk aqmif½GufEdkifavmufatmif

t&Sdeft0g&Sdonhf tjcm;yk*¾Kdvf wpfa,muf r&SdEdkifonfrSm xif&Sm;onf/

edum,o*Fusrf;? pm- 14 ü ¤if;\ trnfudk "r®du[k azmfjyjcif;rSm

rrSefacs/ "r®daumwd o"kZae[dorÇm0dawm = olawmfaumif;rsm;u

rQw\[k csD;rGrf;cH&ol (r[m0Ho-#D? 884)/

2

r[m0Ho 37;38-39/

rS xGufcGmoGm;NyD; r[maoerif; (at'D 334-362) eef;wuf

onfESihf jyefvmonf

1

/ ,if;onf oHCrdMwtzdkY ESpfaygif; av;

q,feD;yg;rQ ¤if;\pdwfxJü MumjrihfpGm wnf&SdaecJhonhf tpD

tpOfudk aqmif½Guf&ef tcGifhta&;jzpfonf/

oD[dkVfordkif;wGif r[maoeonf EdkifiHtwGuf rsm;pGm t

vkyfvkyfcJhonhf pGrf;&nfowådESifhjynhfpkHonhf bk&iftaejzihfa&m

,cifrnfonhfrif;rS rpGrf;aqmifEdkifcJhonhf r[m0d[m&ausmif;

wdkuf\t&Sdeft0gudk qefYusifí rdrd\,kHMunfcsuftwdkif; aqmif

½Guf&ef owåd&SdcJholvnf;jzpfonf/

tb,*d&dausmif;wdkufü aexdkifol oHCrdMwonf r[m0d

[m&ausmif;wdkuftm; r[m,meAk'bmomtjzpfodkY oGwfoGif;

&ef BudK;yrf;rI ratmifjrifacs/ xdkYaemuf olonf r[m0d[m&

ausmif;wdkufae oHCmawmfrsm;tm; iwfrGwfacgif;yg;apvdkojzihf

jynfolrsm;tm; qGrf;ravmif;v ªa&; trdefYxkwfjyef&ef wynhfjzpf

ol r[maoerif;udk azsmif;zsonf/ ax&d,*kdPf;0if oHCm

awmfrsm;onf tEk&m"yk&NrdKUrS xGufcGmNyD; r[m0d[m&ausmif;

wdkufbufrS tNrJwrf; &yfwnfonhf a&m[eESihf rv,a'orsm;

odkY xGufcGmMuonf/ udk;ESpfwdkifwdkif r[m0d[m&ausmif;wkdufü

oHCmawmfrsm; qdwfokH;cJhonf/ oHCrdMwonf bk&ifESihfaomP

trwf\ axmufcHcsufjzihf ckepfxyfjrihfonhf avm[ygom'ESihf

r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkuf\ tjcm;rsm;pGmaom taqmufttkH

rsm;udk zsufqD;NyD; xdkypönf;rsm;jzihf tb,*d&d ausmif;wdkufü

ausmif;aqmifopfrsm; aqmufvkyf&ef tokH;jyKcJhonf/ r[m0d

[m&ausmif;wkduf\ ajrae&mwGif v,fxGefNyD; yJyifrsm; pdkufysKd;

cJhonf/ wpfcsdefwnf;wGif apwd,yAÁw(r[dE¦avh)udkvnf; t

b,*d&dausmif;wdkufrS "r®½kpdu*dkPf;0ifwdkY odrf;,lxm;cJhonf

2

/

1

r[m0Ho? 36? 113-117/ 37? 1-2/ edum,o*F[? pm-11-12/

2

r[m0Ho 37;3-16/ 37;76/ edum,o*F[? pm-12-13/ *dkif*gonf

r[m0Ho 37;75 *gxmudk atmufygtwkdif; bmomjyefxm;onf –



bk&ifrif;\ tMurf;zuf vkyfaqmifcsufaMumifh wpfEdkifiHvkH;

wkefvIyfacsmufjcm;cJhMuonf/ r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkuf\ xif

ay:ausmfMum;rIrSm jynfoltjrifonf ¤if;(rif;)udk qefYusifonfh

bufodkY ajymif;vJoGm;onftxd tvGefBuD;rm;cJhonf/ bk&ifrif;

ESihf teD;uyftquftoG,f&SdcJholrsm;yif rauscsrf;rIrsm;jzihf jynfh

vsuf&SdMuonf/ r[maoeonf r[m0d[m& ausmif;wdkuf\

jynfvlxktay: MoZmoufa&mufrIudk rqdkpavmufom oabm

oabmaygufcJhonf/ ¤if;\ teD;pyfqkH; rdwfaqG arC0PÖ t

b,trwfonf rv,Zeyk'fodkY xGufajy;NyD; ppfwyftiftm;

pkaqmif;vsuf bk&iftm; ppfaMunmcJhonf/ ,if;odkYjzihf r[m

aoeonf owdjyKrdoGm;NyD; ,if;tajctae\ qGJaqmifrIudk o

abmaygufoGm;cJhonf/ rdwfaqGa[mif;jzpfMuonfh bk&ifESihf

trwfwdkYonf wdwfwqdwf awGUqkH aqG;aEG;MuNyD; bk&ifonf

r[m0d[ma& ygaye? r[maoaee emodaw/

0oðok "r®½kpdum? bdu©L apwd,yAÁaw/

]"r®½kpdu &[ef;rsm;onf (xdktcsdefu) r[maoe rif;,kwf zsufqD;

ypfvdkufonfh r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkufü aexdkifMu\}[k bmomjyefNyD;

aemuf ]apwd,yAÁaw}[laom pum;vkH;udk a&SU*gxmyg ]trÁ|vH}yk'f

ESifh qufpyf&ef ,laqmifoGm;onf/ atmufajc rSwfcsufwpfck (plV

0Ho? t*Fvdyfbmomjyef? pm- 37? atmufajcrSwfcsuf 5) wGif *dkifum

u "r®½kpdu &[ef;rsm;onf r[m0d[m&ESihf trÁ|v 0d[m&rsm;udk

ydkifqdkifoGm;aMumif; azmfjyonf/ odkY&mwGif "r®½kpduwdkYonf r[m0d[m

&udk vkH;0 odrf;,ljcif;rjyKcJhacs/ ¤if;wdkYonf r[m0d[m&udk zsufqD;ypf

vkdufaomtcgwGifrS r[dE¦avhudk odrf;ydkufcJhMuonf/

,if;*gxm\ bmomjyeftrSefrSm þodkYjzpfoihfonf ]aumufuspf

,kwfrmol r[maoerif;u r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkufudk zsufqD;vdkuf

aomtcg "r®½kpdu&[ef;wdkYonf apwd,yAÁw(r[dE¦avh)wGif aexdkif

cJhMuonf}/ ,if;jyefvQif ]0d[m&blrd, om0g OE´0yk& 0gyd,/ {uV

b*d&da0a[& 0god "r®½kpD[k a*gpf om*d&da,[d 0dol[ = r[m0d[m

&ausmif;wdkuf ajrae&mudk xGef,ufNyD; yJrsm;pdkufysKd;Mu\/ ,if;aemuf

tb,*d&dausmif;wdkufrS "r®½kpdu &[ef;rsm;onf apwd,*d&dodkY oGm;

í aexdkifMu\} [kqdkaom edum,o*F[usrf;ESihf nDñGwfonf/

rdrd\trSm;udk 0efcHNyD; r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkufudk jyefvnfwnf

aqmufay;&ef uwdjyKcJhonf/ tjyeftvSef awmif;yefrIrsm;

zvS,fMuNyD;aemuf aysmf½TifzG,f ajyNidrf;rI jzpfay:cJhonf

1

/

odkY&mwGif pdwfqdk;trsufxGufaeMuonfh vlxkonf ta&;

,l&ef awmif;qdkMuonf/ bk&ifhtcspfawmf rdzk&m;rsm;teuf

pma&;0efcsKyf\

2

orD;jzpfolonf pdwfwGif emusifcgoD;rIaMumihf

vuform; wpfa,muftm; oHCrdBw&[ef;udk owfypfcdkif;

onf/ oHCrdBw\ rdwfaqG aomPtrwfudkvnf; owfypf

vdkufonf/ arC0PÖtrwf\

3

aumif;rGefonhf pDrHtkyfcsKyfrIjzihf

r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkufudk jyefvnf wnfaqmufcJhonf/

arC0PÖtb,trwf\ wdkufwGef;csufudk vufcHaomf

vnf; bk&ifonf r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkuftm; rESpfoufbJ &Sd

onf/ odkYjzpfí bk&ifonf r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkuf wm0efcH

yk*¾Kdvfrsm;\ tjyif;txefuefYuGufrIudk vspfvsL&INyD; xdkausmif;

wdkuf\ e,fedrdwftwGif; aZw0eausmif;wdkufudk wnfaqmuf

vsuf 'u©dPm&mr odkYr[kwf 'u©dP*d&dausmif;wdkufae om*vd

,*dkPf;0if t&Sifwdórax&ftm; v ª'gef;onf/ xdkudpöESihf ywf

oufí r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkufonf aemufwpfzef udk;vMum

oHCmawmfrsm; uif;qdwfoGm;jyefonf/ aZw0e0d[m&udk vuf

cHol wdórax&fonf &[ef;y&dowf tv,fü tEÅdr0w¬Kjzihf

4

1

r[m0Ho? 37? 17-35/

2

r[m0Ho 37;28 ü avcu"Dwm[k qdkonf/ odkY&mwGif edum,

o*F[? pm- 13 ü xdkrdzk&m;onf rdzk&m;acgifjzpfNyD; vrÁuPÖ\

orD;[kqdkonf/

3

r[m0Ho? 37? 26-30/ edum,o*F[? pm- 13/

4

r[m0Ho? 37;38/ tEÅdr0w¬K/ (1) arxkefrI (2) cdk;rI (3) vlowfrI (4)

psmefr*fzdkvfudk r&bJ &onf[k vdrfnmajymqdkrI[laom yg&mZdu av;

rsKd;teuf wpfckckudk usL;vGefoltm; tEÅd0w¬K usL;vGefol[k ac:onf/

tb,*d&dausmif;wdkufudk vufcHol r[mwdórax&fonf tmywf

wpfckjzihf qkH;jzwfcH&aomfvnf; (tEÅdr0w¬Kjzihf r[kwfbJ) tjcm;wpf



jyefqdkcJhonfrSm þrif;vufxufwGif jzpfonf

1

/ xdkrax&fonf

zm[D,ef ñTef;qdkcJhonf ]r[moDv} [kt"dyÜm,f&onhf ]wmrdk

uDwd} (Ta-mo-kiu-ti)ESihf twlwl jzpfEdkifonf

2

/ xdktcsdefu t

b,*d&dausmif;wdkufonf wdk;wufxGef;um;aeNyD; r[m0d[m&

ausmif;wdkuf\ vIyf&Sm;rIrsm; aemufusefaeykH&onf/ zm[D,ef

rSwfwrf;t& tb,*d&dausmif;wdkufü

3

&[ef; 5000 &SdNyD;

r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkufwGif &[ef; 3000 om&Sdonf

4

/

Ak'¨'gorif;\om;awmf yxr Oywdórif;vufxuf at'D

ig;&mpk tpydkif;wGif jzpfay:cJhaom iwfrGwfacgif;yg;ab;udk

ausmfvTm;&ef &[ef;awmfrsm;\ tBuHjyKcsufjzihf **Fga&m[P[k

ac:aom yGJawmfwpfrsKd;udk crf;em;pGm usif;ycJhonf/ iwfrGwf

acgif;yg;ab;BuKHwdkif; ,if;yGJawmfudk usif;y&rnf [kowfrSwfcJh

onf

5

/ Oywdórif;onf tvGefMuifemwwfNyD; tvGefbmom

w&m;udkif;½Idif;onhfrif; jzpfNyD; ¤if;toufxif&Sm;&SdpOftwGif;

¤if;\ tpm;tpmudk oHCmawmfrsm;\ vlodrsm;onfh qGrf;pm;

aqmif r[mygVdrS &,lcJhaMumif; od&onf

6

/

&[ef;jyKaeol þrif;\nDawmf r[memrrif; (at'D 403-

431)onf aemifawmfudk rdzk&m;u owfjzwfvdkufaomtcg vl

xGufNyD; xD;eef;wufonf/ r[memrrif;onf tb,*d&dausmif;

wdkufoHCm

7

udk MunfñdkNyD; ¤if;\rdzk&m;rSm r[m0d[m&oHCm

8

udk

Munfñdkonf/ t|uxmq&mBuD; t&Sifr[mAk'¨aCmo tEk&m

"yk&NrdKUodkY a&mufvmNyD; r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkufü oDwif;okH;

1

r[m0Ho? 37;276/

2

Fa Hien, p. 107; *dkif*g\ plV0Ho t*Fvdyfbmomjyef? yxrtkyf pm

rsufESm 16 rS atmufajcrSwfcsuf 5 udk Munhfyg/

3

Fa Hien, p. 102. 4

Fa Hien, p. 107. 5

r[m0Ho? 37? 189-198/

6

,if;? 37? 203/

7

þrif;onf ,if;ausmif;wdkufü &[ef;jyKaecJhykH&onf/

8

r[m0Ho 37;212-213/

ñdkav;pm;onfh &[ef;wpfyg;udk vl0wfvJypfcJhonf/ ,if;odkY jzpf

&onfrSm r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkufESihf jynfolYtjrifonf bk&if

udk qefYusifaomaMumihf jzpfEdkifonf/

r[maoerif;onf acwfNydKif tdE´d,rSmyif xif&Sm;oljzpf

onf/ taMumif;rl r[m,meAk'¨0g'tay: pdwfñGwfaom

aMumihf jzpfzG,f&Sdonf/ 'gXm0Housrf;

1

wGif jrwfAk'¨pG,fawmftm;

umuG,fapmifh a&Smuf&eftwGuf tdEd,rS ¤if;xHodkY ydkYay;vdkuf

aMumif;? odkYwap pG,fawmf"mwf oD[dkVfodkY qdkufa&mufoGm;

aomtcg ¤if;uG,fvGefNyDjzpfaMumif; rSwfwrf;wifxm;onf/

aAm"dowåqif;wktm; &nfñTef;azmfjycsufudk yxrqkH;tae

jzihf þacwfumvtwGif; awGU&Sd&onf/ ,if;onf xdktcsdefu

r[m,meMoZmvTrf;rdk;rI\ oufaojzpfaMumif; xif&Sm;onf/

,if; ]aAm"dowåudk,fpm;jyK oyÜm,fvSyNyD; qGJaqmiftm;aumif;

aom qif;wk}udk qifpG,fyef;ykxGif;oltjzpf ausmfMum;aom

r[maoerif;\ om;i,f aZ|wdó

2

u ¤if;\ crnf;awmf

(r[maoe)

3

twGuf rSmMum;rIjzihf xGif;xkcJhonf/

at'D 362 wGif r[maoerif;\ t½kduft&mudk om;BuD;

jzpfol od&darC0PÖrif; qufcHonf/ od&darC0PÖrif;onf

crnf;awmf\ rSm;,Gif;aom tjyKtrltm;vkH;udk r[m0d[m&

oHCmawmfrsm;xHwGif awmif;yef0efcsvsuf xdckdufysufpD;oGm;rI

tm;vkH;udk txl;jyKjyifNyD; rdrd\t&Sdeft0g tmPmjzihf r[m0d[m

&ausmif;wdkufESihf vlxk\arwåmudk jyefvnf&&Sdatmif t&mcyf

odrf;udk aqmif½Gufonf/ vdr®myg;eyfvSonfh bk&ifonf t&Sif

r[dE´\ a½Tqif;wkudk xkvkyfapNyD; t&Sifr[dE oD[dkVfodkY qdkuf

a&mufrIudk txdrf;trSwfjyK&ef crf;em;vSonf yGJvrf;obifudk

&ufaygif;rsm;pGm Mumatmif ESpfpOf usif;yonf/ rif;BuD;onf

1

'gXm0Ho? pm 301-302/

2

'kwd, aZ|wdórif; (at'D 389-398)

3

r[m0Ho? 37? 102/



oD[dkVfuRef; ae&mtESHYtjym;&Sd vlOyoumrsm;ESihf &[ef;awmf

rsm;udk yGJawmfodkY zdwfMum;vsuf qufcHrnfhbk&ifrsm;onf xdkyGJ

awmfudk ESpfpOf OD;aqmifusif;yatmif `rSifhwifay;cJhonf/ xdkyGJ

awmfBuD;onf qdk;½Gm;aom twdwfaeY&ufrsm;\ cg;oD;onhf t

rSwf&rIrsm; aysmufoGm;atmif aqmif½GufonfrSm xif&Sm;onf

1

/

þrif;eef;pH udk;ESpfajrmufwGif jrwfAk'¨\ vuf,mpG,fawmf

"mwfudk uvd*Fwdkif;

2

'EÅyk&NrdKUrS oD[dkVfodkY o,faqmifcJhonf/

,if;"mwfawmfudk NrdKUawmf\ txl;taqmufttkHtwGif; odrf;

qnf;xm;NyD; jynfolrsm; zl;ajrmfEdkif&ef ESpfpOf tb,*d&dausmif;

wdkufodkY yifhaqmifonf

3

/

oD[dkVfvlrsKd;wdkY\ trsKd;om;a&;vu©Pm wpf&yf jzpfvm

onhf ,if;jrwfAk'¨pG,fawmf"mwftm; ylaZmfrIwGif r[m0d[m&

ausmif;wdkuf\ yg0ifjcif;rjyKcJhonfrSm xl;jcm;onf/ tb,*d&d

ausmif;wdkufonf txl;ojzihf r[maoerif;vufxuftwGif;

oD[dkVf r[m,meA[dkXmetjzpf tdE´d,wGif vlodrsm;onf/ pG,f

1

r[m0Ho? 37? 53090/

2

r[m0Ho? 37? 92 *gxm/ 'gXm0Ho? pm- 340/

(Indian Architecture usrf;udk a&;om;jyKpkol) yga&;ba&mif; (Perey Brown)u ]pG,fawmfNrdKU ([kt"dyÜm,f&onhf) wpfcsdefwpfcgu tzdk;

rjzwfEdkifonhf ykdifqdkifrIudk tyfESHxm;&m þjrihfjrwfonfh 'EÅyk&NrdKUawmf

onf txdrf;trSwf oauFwrsm;tm;vkH; ,cktcg aysmufqkH;oGm;NyDjzpf

aomfvnf; yl&D (Pūri) odkYr[kwf bk0aeoGm& (Bhubanesvar) NrdKUrsm;\

teD;0ef;usif wpfae&m&mwGif wnf&Sdonf/ vufvSrf;rDonhf xdkae&m

a'o\ a&S;a[mif;ypönf; txdrf;trSwfae&mrSm taomu rif;BuD;\

ausmufpmwpfck wnf&Sdonhf a'gvd, awmifukef; (Daulia Hill) jzpf

onf (,if;? pm-35)/ ],if;jrifharmufaeonhf uZ*Eémx bk&m;ausmif;

ae&monf ydkrdka&S;usNyD; tzdk;rjzwfEdkifaom þAk'¨"mwfawmf oD[dkVfodkY

<uroGm;rD 'EÅyk&NrdKU&Sd Ak'¨pG,fawmf udef;0yfawmfrlcJhonhfae&m r[kwf[k

rqdkEdkifonhf ae&mjzpfaMumif; wdkufwGef;vsuf&Sdonf (pm-123)/

3

r[m0Ho 37;95-97/ 'gXm? pm-405-408/ Fa Hien rSwfwrf;? pm-

106-107/

awmf"mwfudk yifhaqmifcJhMuonfh rif;om;ESihf rif;orD;rsm; udk,f

wdkif r[m,meAk'¨0g'Drsm; jzpfzG,f&SdNyD; ,if;odkYjzpfíyif tb,

*d&d*dkPf;&[ef;awmfrsm;ESihf a&S;OD;pGm qufoG,frdykH&onf

1

/ xdk

tcsdefrSpí pG,fawmf"mwftm; xdef;odrf;apmihfrIrSm tb,*d&d

ausmif;wkduf\ wm0efjzpfvmNyD; r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkufESihf r

ywfoufbJ&Sdvmonf/

od&darC0PÖrif;onf tdE´d,bk&if ork`'´*kwårif;xH oH

tzGJUwpfck apvTwfNyD; Ak'¨*,mwGif oD[dkVfbk&m;zll;rsm;twGuf

bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufwpfck wnfaqmuf&ef cGifhawmif;cJhaMumif;

vnf; od&onf

2

/

aq;ynmwwfuRrf;onfh bk&iftjzpf vlodrsm;NyD; vlrsm;

twGufa&m wd&pämefrsm;twGufyg aq;buf0ifypönf;rsm; jzefY

jzL;ay;cJol Ak'¨'gorif; (at'D ig;&mpk tpydkif;) vufxufü em

rnfausmf w½kwfbk&m;zl;&[ef;awmf zm[D,efonf oD[dkVfodkY<u

vmcJhonf

3

/ þrif;onf ynm&Sifyk*¾Kdvfrsm;tm; csD;a`rSmufjcif;?

w&m;a[m yk*¾Kdvfrsm;tm; qGrf;qefawmfrsm; axmufyHhjcif;rsm;

jzifh Ak'¨omoem jyefYyGm;a&;twGuf rsm;pGm aqmif½GufcJhonf

4

/

r[m"r®uxD

5

[k vlodxif&Sm;aom r[max&fu ordkif;

wGif yxrqkH;tBudrftjzpf ygVdokwåeftcsKdUudk oD[dkVfbmomodkY

1

'gXm"mwk0HowGif rif;om;rif;orD;rsm;onf yxrwGif "mwfawmfudk t

Ek&m"yk&NrdKU\ taemufajrmufbuf&Sd arC*d&dausmif;wdkufae &[ef;

awmfwpfyg;tm; vQKdU0SufpGm ay;tyfcJhaMumif;? &[ef;awmfu bk&ifrif;

tm; owif;pum; ydkYcJhaMumif; qdkonf/

2

*dkif*g? r[m0Ho t*Fvdyfbmomjyefed'gef;? pm-39/

3

Ak'¨'gorif;onf aq;tESpfcsKyfusrf;wpfapmif a&;om;cJhonf/ oaAÁoH

a0ZÆow¬meH? uwGm om&w¬o*F[H (r[m 0Ho? 37? 146 *gxm)/

4

"r®bmPu0wåH/ r[m0Ho? 37? 150 *gxm/

5

þrax&f\ emrnf&if; tjcm;wpfck jzpfzG,f&Sdonf/ r[m"r®uxD[l

onf ]w&m;a[m yk*¾KdvfBuD;}[k t"dyÜm,f&onf/ a&S;acwf tcgwkef;u

vltrsm;udk ¤if;wdkY\ trnfemrxuf ¤if;wdkY vkyfaqmifonhf xif&Sm;

onfh ykHpHrsm;jzihf rMumcP todrsm;Muonf/



vsuf ausmif;wdkufxJudk 0ifoGm;onf/ oHCmawmfrsm;udk &Sdcdk;

ylaZmfNyD;aemuf ylaZmfonfh txdrf;trSwfESihf aus;Zl;wifonhf

taejzihf EdkifiHawmfudk oHCmawmfrsm;tm; v ª'gef;onfudk oHCm

awmfrsm;u ¤if;tm; jyefvnfay;tyfonf

1

/

arm*¾v †merif;vufxuf jzpfay:cJhonfh ta&;BuD;jzpf&yf

wpfckrSm tdE´d,rS Ak'¨qHawmf"mwf auo"mwkudk oD[dkVfodkY

aqmif,lvmjcif;jzpfonf/ uóyrif;vufxuf qdk;½Gm;onhfaeY

rsm;twGif; tdE´d,odkY xGufajy;oGm;onfh eef;awmfESifh eD;pyfol

odvmumvtrnf&Sd vli,fonf Ak'¨*,mwGif &[ef;tjzpfcH,l

onf

2

/ jrwfAk'¨qHawmfudk oD[dkVfodkY yifhaqmifcJhonfrSm trÁ

omraP&[k cspfpEdk; ac:a0:cH&ol tqdkyg oDvmumvyifjzpf

onf/ odvmumvonf bk&if\ylaZmfcsD;a`rSmufrI rsm;pGmcH &NyD;

tcrf;tem;rsm;twGuf oefvsufudkifaqmifol[k t"dyÜm,f&

onfh tod*¾g[bJGUudk yxrqkH; vufcH&&Sdoljzpfonf/ ,if;bGJU

onf aemiftcg EdkifiHawmf\ xif&Sm;onfh bGJUxl;*kPfxl; wpf

ckjzpfvmonf/ odvmumvtm; bk&ifhESrawmfESihf xdrf;jrm;ay;

vdkufonf/ qHawmf"mwftm; ½kyfyGm;awmfaqmifwGif &wem

MuKwfjzihfxm;NyD; tcgtm;avsmfpGm yGJawmfBuD; qif,ifusif;y

onf

3

/ arm*¾v †merif;onf aemifawmfvufxufu tEÅ&m,f

ESihfBuKH&pOftwGif; rnDrñGwfjzpfaeonhf Ak'¨omoemawmftm;

pifMu,foefY&Sif;atmif aqmif½Gufonf/

arm*¾v †merif;udk ¤if;\om;jzpfol ukrm&"mwkaoe (at

'D 513-522)u qufcHonf/ þrif;onf "r®o*Ðwd (oH*g,em

wif) wpfck jyKvkyfNyD; omoemawmfudk oefYpifapaMumif; tqdk&Sd

1

,if;? 39? 41-43/

2

ork'´&mZ*kwårif;\ cGifhjyKcsufjzihf od&darC0PÖrif; aqmufvkyfcJhonhf

ausmif;wdkufwGif (&[ef;jyKonfrSm tjzpfEdkifqkH;jzpfonf)/

3

r[m0Ho? 39? 44-56/ r[m0Housrf;wGif qHawmf"mwftaMumif;udk

,cktcg &SmazGrawGU&Sd&ao;onhf auo"mwk0Housrf;wGif tao;pdwf

jyqdkxm;aMumif; azmfjyonf (r[m0Ho? 39? 49? 58)/

vsuf oD[dkVfbmomjzihf&Sdonhf yd#uwfokH;ykH\tzGifh t|uxm

usrf;rsm;udk ygVdbmomodkY jyefqdkonfrSm þ rif;vufxufwGif

jzpfonf

1

/ r[memrif; uG,fvGefNyD;aemuf oD[dkVfEdkifiHonf ESpf

q,fhig;ESpfxufrenf; y&rf;ywmjzpfaecJhonf/ wrD;vf tmPm

odrf; ajcmufa,mufu tEk&m"yk&NrdKUwGif tpOftquf tkyfcsKyf

cJhMuonf/ oD[dkVfwpfuRef;vkH; zsufqD;cH&NyD; EdkifiHawmf\ bm

oma&; ,Ofaus;rIESifh pD;yGm;a&;tm;vkH; ydwfyif wm;qD;jcif;cH&

onf/ wrD;vfwdkY tvkyftauR;jyKaeaom t&Sdeft0g&Sdonhf

oD[kdVfvlrsKd;rsm; &SdaepOftwGif; oD[dkVfrdom;pkrsm;pGmonf a&m

[PZeyk'fodkY xGufajy;Muonf

2

/

"mwkaoerif; (at'D 460-478) onf xdkacwfxdktcsdefu

ol&Jaumif;jzpfNyD; EdkifiHawmftm; wdkif;wpfyg;wdkY tkyfcsKyfrI

atmufrS vGwfajrmufapcJhonf/ þbk&ifonf rlvu &[ef;

wpfyg;jzpfcJhNyD; ¤if;\ OD;av;jzpfol ynm&Sd&[ef;awmfwpfyg;u

arG;jrLapmihfa&SmufNyD; ynmoifay;cJhonf

3

/ "mwkaoerif;onf

vlxGufNyD; wrD;vfrsm;udk owfjzwfvsuf oD[dkVfvlrsKd;wdkY\

tkyfcsKyfrIudk jyefvnf wnfaqmufcJhonf/ þrif;onf Ak'¨om

oemawmf wdk;wufa&;twGufa&m EdkifiHawmf pnfyifa&; t

wGufyg rsm;pGm aqmif½GufcJhonf/ ¤if;\ vkyfaqmifrIrsm;teuf

uvm0g0 (Kalāvāva) a&avSmifuefBuD;udk azmfjy&rnfjzpfonf

4

/

þrif;onf r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkuftm; tvGefMunfñdkol

jzpfNyD; ausmif;aqmifBuD; 18 aqmifESihf a&uefrsm; wnfaqmuf

vsuf ax&d,*kdPf;0if oHCmawmfrsm;tm; vª'gef;onf/ ¤if;

wnfaqmufonhf tvm;wl ausmif;wdkufESihf a&uefrsm;pGmudk

vnf; ,if;*kdPf;0if oHCmawmfrsm;tm; vTJajymif; vª'gef;cJh

onf/ &[ef;tokH;taqmif ypönf;rsm; trsm;tjym;udk oHCm

1

,if;? 37? 243-244/

2

r[m0Ho? 38? 12-38/

3

,if;? 38? 14-17/

4

,if;? 38? 42/



awmfrsm;tm; v ª'gef;NyD; yd#uwfokH;ykHoifMum;rI jyefYyGm;a&;

twGuf tvGef tm;ay;ulnDcJhonf

1

/

rdrdonf r[m0d[m&ausmif;wkduf\ xD;eef;ESihf ywfoufol

rdwfaqGjzpfaomfvnf; tb,*d&dausmif;wkdufü vdktyfonhf wdk;

wufrIudk aqmif½Guf&ef arhaysmufrxm;ay

2

/ þrif;onf ax&d

,*dkPf;tm; v ª'gef;rnf[laom tMuHjzihf apwd,yAÁw (r[dE¦

avh)&Sd trÁw¬v0d[m&udk jyefrGrf;rHcJhaomfvnf; r[maoerif;

vufxufuwnf;u ,if;awmifukef;ukd odrf;ydkufxm;Muonfh

"r®½kpdu*dkPf;0if &[ef;wdkY\ tEl;tñGwf awmif;yefjcif;aMumihf

,if;*dkPf;0ifwdkYtm; v ª'gef;cJhonf

3

/

"mwkaoerif;onf Ak'¨ESifh aAm"dowåqif;wkawmf trsm;

tjym; wnfaqmufNyD; ,if;wdkYtwGuf taqmufttkHrsm;vnf;

aqmufvkyfcJhonf

4

/ þrif;onf t&Sifr[dE´qif;wkawmfwpfck

wnfaqmufNyD; t&Sifr[dE´tm; rD;oN*ØK[fcJhonhf ajrae&mwGif yGJ

awmfBuD;wpfck usif;yonf/ xdkae&mrSmyif ]'Dy0Housrf;}udk ½Gwf

qdk &Sif;jycJhonf[k qdkonf

5

/

zcifudk owfjzwfjcif;jzihf xif&Sm;aom om;jzpfol yxr

uóyrif; (at'D 478-496)u zcif "mwkaoerif;\ xD;eef;

udk qufcHonf/ uóyrif;\ nDjzpfol arm*¾v †merif;om;onf

aemifawmf uóyrif; tkyfcsKyfpOftwGif; touftEÅ&m,f pdwf

rcs&ojzihf oD[dkVfrS a&SmifNyD; tdE´d,odkY xGufajy;cJhonf

6

/ yxr

wGif ax&d,*kdPf;0if &[ef;awmfrsm;onf t"dutm;jzihf jynf

olrsm; NidKjiifcH&rnfudk pdk;&drfojzihf uóyrif;tm; rESpfoufvdk

bJ &SdMuonf/ &[ef;awmfrsm;onf uóyrif; wdk;csJUNyD; tokH;

1

,if;? 38? 44-51/

2

,if;? 38? 61/

3

,if;? 38? 75-78/

4

,if;? 38? 82? 85-88? 78/

5

,if;? 38? 88-89/

6

r[m0Ho? 39? 1-2/

taqmif ypönf;topfrsm;jzihf jynhfpkHatmif jyKjyifxm;aom

£ó&d, orPm&mrausmif;wdkuftv ªudk vufcH&ef jiif;qdkMu

onf/ odkYwap aemiftcgwGif ax&d, oHCmawmfrsm;onf

tavQmhay;NyD; ,if;ausmif;wkdufudk Ak'¨½kyfyGm;awmftm; v ª'gef;

&efcGifhjyKvsuf oG,f0dkufí tv ªcHvdkufMuonf

1

/ uóyrif;

onf "r®½kpdu oHCmawmfrsm;tm;vnf; ausmif;wdkufwpfck

aqmufvkyf v ª'gef;cJhonf

2

/

&[ef;awmfrsm;omru oD[dkVf&Sded*P²rsm;vnf; uóyrif;

tm; rESpfoufMuacs/ ed*P²rsm;onf arm*¾v†merif;\ olvQLd

rsm;tjzpf aqmif½GufcJhMuNyD; arm*¾v †merif; oD[dkVfodkY a&muf&Sd

&ef tcGifhtvrf; tcsdeftcgaumif;udk owif;ydkYcJhMuonf

3

/

yxr arm*¾v†merif; (at'D 496-513)onf tdE´d,rdwf

aqG tcsKdUESihftwl oD[dkVfodkY qdkufa&mufcJhNyD; ukXm&d

4

trnf&Sd

onhf bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufwpfckwGif ¤if;\ ppfwyftiftm;udk

pkaqmif; NyD; uóyrif;udk atmifEdkifvsuf xD;eef;udk &onf/

þrif;onf *dkPf;*Ptm;vkH;rS oHCmawmfrsm; ESpfoufonhf

rif;wpfyg;jzpfonf/ ¤if;\ atmifyGJNyD;aemuf oHCmawmfrsm;

tm; ylaZmf&ef tb,*d&d ESihf r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkuf ESpfvkH;odkY

oGm;a&mufcJhonf

5

/ r[m0d[m&ausmif;wkduf &[ef;awmfrsm;

onf ae&mudk oefY&Sif;NyD; ouFef;rsm;0wf½kHvsuf bk&ifopfudk

awGUqkH&ef axpOf0gvdkuf &yfaeMuonf/ arm*¾v’merif;onf

ppfwyfBuD;udk qifwHwkdif; ([w¬dygum&) tjyifbufwGif xm;cJh

1

r[m0Ho? 39? 10-13 *gxm/

2

,if;? 39? 15/

3

,if;? 39? 20-21/ ,if;ed*P²wdkYudk arm*¾v’merif;udk,fwkdif tdEd,rS

txl;ojzihf ¤if; (rif;)\ &nf½G,fcsufjzihf vTwfvdkufjcif; jzpfEdkifonf/

bmoma&;qdkif&m &aoh&[ef;toGifjzihf olvQLdrsm;tvkyfudk vkyfjcif;rSm

a&S;acwfrsm;wGif tjzpfrsm;onf/

4

r[m0Ho? 39? 21/

5

,if;? 39? 33/



&[ef;rsm;onf rmefrmeudk avQmhNyD; r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkufodkY

0ifa&mufcdkvIHvsuf aexdkifMuonf

1

/

tdE´d,wGif t&SifaZmwdygv BuD;jyif;cJh&onfh xdktcsdef

umvonf xif&Sm;ausmfMum;vSonhf Ak'¨0g'D ,kwådaA' ynm

&Sifrsm;jzpfMuonfh 'dEém*gESihf "r®udwådwdkY\ vIyf&Sm;rIBuD;NyD;aemuf

bmomw&m; acgif;pOfrsm;ESihf ywfoufaom ,kwådESihf vlxk

jiif;qdkrIrsm;udk avhvmrIrSm tvGefta&;ay;aMumif; owd&vQif

þjzpf&yfudk aumif;pGm em;vnfNyD; ESpfoufEdkifrnf jzpfonf

2

/

aemufqkH;ay: tdE´d,Ak'¨0g'tawG;tjrif oDtdk&Drsm;ESihf awGUxd

cJhNyD;jzpfonfh t&SifaZmwdygvtzdkY tdEd,wkdufi,fay:wGif jzpf

ay:aeonhf rsufarSmuf wdk;wufrIudk em;vnfrnfh tcGifhtvrf;

enf;yg;Muonhf oD[dkVf&[ef;awmfrsm;tm; ESdrfeif;&efrSm cufcJ

aomt&m jzpfrnfr[kwfacs/

a0wkv †0g'Drsm;tm; ,if;odkY vlod&SifMum; ESdrfeif;cJhaomf

vnf; aemufwufvmonhf 'kwd,t*¾ aAm"drif; (at'D 601-

611)onf r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkufxuf tb,*d&dESihf aZw

0e0d[m&rsm;twGuf ydkrdkaqmif½GufcJhjyefonf/ ¤if;\ rdzk&m;

onfvnf; tb,*d&dausmif;wdkufudk ydkrdk Munfñdkonf

3

/ trSef

pifppf 'kwd,t*¾aAm"drif;onf r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkufudk pdwf

0ifpm;ykHyifr&acs/ ykHpHtm;jzihf tcgwpfyg; aZmwdygv rax&f

BuD;u rdrd xlyg&mrapwDawmfBuD;udk 0wfjyKaepOf apwDawmf\

tpdwftydkif;wpfck uGJtufNydKusonfudk rif;BuD;tm; jyaom t

cg rif;BuD;onf pdk;&drfpum; ajymMum;NyD; Ak'¨ñSyf½dk;awmfudk avm

[ygom'odkY a½TUajymif;cJhaomfvnf; jyefvnfjyKjyif&ef aESmihfaES;

cJhonf/ ]wkefvIyfzG,f tdyfruf} jrifaomtcgwGifrS rif;BuD;onf

apwDawmfjrwftm; jyefvnfjyKjyifrIudk NyD;qkH;atmif aqmif½GufcJh

1

edum,o*F[? pm-15/

3

r[m0d[m0Ho 42;63-66/

2

History of Indian Laterature by M. Winternitz, p.362. History of BuddhistTought by E.J. Thomas, p. 245.

onf

1

/ wlnDonhf vrf;pOfay:wGif&Sdonhf arm*¾v ’merif;\

omomjyKaqmif½GufrIrsm; aemufydkif; tvsiftjref oH*g,em

wif&efESihf omoemawmfudk oefY&Sif;pifMu,fap&ef rnfonhf

t&monf ta&;wBuD; jzpfcJhoenf;/ ukrm&"mwkaoerif;\

oH*g,emESihf omoemoefY&Sif;a&; aqmif½GufrI\ oabm

obm0udk rod&acs/ jrwfAk'¨\ "r®tppftrSefrsm;ukd qkH;jzwf&ef

a&S;acwfrsm;u oH*g,em wpfckudk usif;ycJhNyD;jzpfonf/ odkYwap

tu,fí at'Dig;&mpkwGif t|uxmusrf;rsm;u ygVdawmf

rsm;udk zGJUpnf;xm;NyD;jzpfvQif at'D ajcmuf&mpkü usif;yonfh

oH*g,emonf rnfonhf &nf½G,fcsuf &Sdygoenf;/ ,if;onf

vlxktMum; "r®oif,lrIudk tm;ay;&ef crf;em;onhf "r®usrf;pm

½Gwfzwfjcif; wpf&yfom jzpfavoavm

2

/

q,fESpfcefYrQ EkdifiHa&;y#dyu©rsm;ESihf tkyfcsKyfolrsm; wpf

a,mufNyD;wpfa,muf vkyfBuHowfjzwfrIrsm; NyD;aemuf txuf

wGif azmfjyNyD;jzpfonfh &[ef;vlxGufjzpfol odvmumVrif; (at

'D 524-537) tkyfcsKyfrI acwfodkY a&mufvmonf/ þrif;onf

rowfjzwf& rmCmwtrdefYudk oD[dkVfwpfuRef;vkH;odkY

3

`rSihfwif

vdkufNyD; aq;½kHrsm;udk xdef;odrf;vsuf

5

ykHrSef bmoma&;udp örsm;

udk aqmif½Gufonf/

þrif;eef;pH q,fhESpfajrmufwGif umodwdkif; (Am&mPoD)

NrdKUodkY pD;yGm;a&;udpöjzihf oGm;a&mufcJhol yl&Ptrnf&onhf ukef

onf vkvifi,fwpfa,mufonf ]"r®"mwk} trnf&onhf usrf;

i,fudk oD[dkVfodkY ,laqmifvmcJhonf

5

/ ,cif tdE´d,EdkifiHodkY

1

r[m0Ho? 39? 57/

2

'v’arm*¾v’merif;vnf; yd#uwfusrf;pm ½Gwfzwfo&ZÑm,fyGJ usif;ycJh

aMumif; qdkonf (r[m0Ho? 44? 48)/ þ½GwfzwfrIonfvnf; ,if;odkY

oabm&Sdonfh ½Gwfzwfjcif;rsKd; jzpfzG,f&Sdonf/

3

r[m0Ho? 41? 30/

4

,if;? 41? 28/

5

,if;usrf;ü rnfonhf tcsufrsm; yg&Sdonf[lonfudk twdtus rod&

acs/ odkY&mwGif y&e0dweyk*¾Kdvfu ]odvmumvrif; vufxuf Am&m



xGufajy; cdkvIHaepOftwGif; tdEd,&Sd r[m,me0g'Drsm;ESihf quf

oG,frI rsm;pGm&SdcJhykH&onhf odvmumvonf ,if;usrf;pmudk

tvGef ½dkaoav;pm;pGm vufcHNyD; eef;awmfteD;wGif odrf;xm;NyD;

¤if; ESpfpOfykHrSefusif;yonhf yGJawmfwpfcktwGuf wpfESpfvQif

wpfBudrf ,if;usrf;pmudk aZw0e0d[m&odkY ,laqmifoGm;onf/

xdktcsdefu aZw0e0d[m&ü aexdkifMuaom 'u©dP*d&dausmif;

wdkufrS om*vd,*dkPf;0if &[ef;rsm;onf twdwfu bk&iftcsKdU

a0wkv †0g'Drsm;tay: xm;&SdcJhonhf qufqHrIudk owd&Muaom

aMumihf ,if;yGJawmf vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;ü yl;aygif;yg0if&ef ½GHrkef;Mu

onf/ odkYwap tb,*d&d*kdPf; oHCmrsm;u ¤if;wdkYtm; "r®

"mwkusrf;udk ylaZmf&ef qGJaqmifcJhMuonf/ r[m0d[m&oHCm

ESihf tEk&m"NrdKUol NrdKUom;tcsKdUrSm ,if;tpDtOfrsm;rS twlwuG

yg0ifywfoufrIr&SdbJ aeMuonf

1

/

xif&Sm;ausmfMum;vSonhf uAsmq&m bk&if plVarm*¾v †merif; odkYr[kwf 'kwd, arm*¾v†merif; (at'D 537-556) vuf

xuftwGif; "r®jyefYyGm;a&;ESihf "r®oifMum;rIwdk;`rSihfa&;wdkY twGuf

vIyf&Sm;rI BuD;wpf&yfudk awGU&onf/ w&m;a[m yk*¾Kdvfrsm;tm;

ylaZmfrIrsm;pGm jyKvkyfvsuf þrif;onf yd#uwfokH;ykHudk t|

uxmusrf;rsm;ESihftwl a[majym ydkYcsaponf/ usrf;pma&;om;

rIrsm;udkvnf; pDrHay;onf/ þrif;udk,fwdkif bmoma&;uAsm

("r®uAÁ) wpfck a&;zGJUvsuf ntcsdef NrdKUawmf&Sd w&m;yGJwpfck

tNyD;wGif qifausmukef;ay:wGif xdkifvsuf ,if;uAsmudk ½Gwf

qdkonf/ þrif;onf "r®usrf;pmoif,lrI ysHUESHYa&;ESifh ywfouf

í "r®udk oif,l&ef uav;rsm;udk csKdcsOfoMum;vkH;rsm;jzihf qGJ

PoDrS oD[dkVfodkY a&muf&Sdvmaom a0wkv’okwåefrSm Ak'¨\ Bwdum,

"r®ESihfqdkifaom usrf;pmjzpfonf[laom tcsufudk wpfpkHwpf&m oHo

,jzpfzG,f rvdkacs (Ceylon Journal of Science, G. Vol. II, p. 38.) [k

qdkonf/

1

r[m0Ho? 41? 37-40/ edum,o*F[? pm- 14-15/

aqmifonf[k rSwfwrf;wifcH&onftxd tvGef *½kwpdkuf jyKcJh

onf

1

/

EdkifiHa&;ESihf tusKd;quf odyfr&Sdaom tjcm;tedrfhtjrihf

jzpfrI ESpfumvtwefi,f MumNyD;aemuf yxrt*¾aAm"drif;

(at'D 568-601)vufxufodkY a&mufvmonf/ þrif;tkyfcsKyf

pOftwGif; uAsmq&mBuD; q,fhESpfa,mufonf oD[dkVfbmom

jzihf uAsmaygif;rsm;pGm a&;om;cJhMuonf

2

/ EdkifiHawmfESihf om

oemh&efolrsm;udk ESdrfeif;vsuf udk;ESpfcefY MumoGm;NyD;aemuf

3

'g

Xmod0r[max&trnf&onfh tBuHay;q&mawmf\ ñTefMum;

csufrsm;jzihf aumif;rGefonhf tvkyfrsm;udk vkyfaqmifcJhonf

4

/

þrif;vufxufwGif tvGefta&;ygonfh jzpf&yfwpfck jzpf

ay:vmaMumif; od&onf/ tdE´d,rS <uvmol aZmwdygvbGJU t

rnf&Sd rax&fBuD;wpfyg;onf trsm;jynfolESihfqdkifaom tjiif;

yGm;rI wpf&yfjzifh oD[dkVfüwnf&Sdonhf a0wkv †0g'udk ESdrfeif;cJh

onf/ a0wkv †wdkYudk jyif;jyif;xefxef axmufcHol 'gXmybkwd

[kac:aom tm'dyg'wpfa,mufonf ESdrfeif;cH&rIaMumihf raus

rcsrf;jzpfNyD; pdwfqdk;NyD; rax&fudk½kduf&ef vufjzihf csdef½G,fvdkuf

onf/ odkY&mwGif bk&ifonf aZmwdygvrax&ftm; tvGefY

tvGef MunfñdkoGm;NyD; ,if;ausmif;wdkufrSmyif qufvuf oD

wif;okH;&ef avQmufxm;onf

5

/ edum,o*F[usrf;ü þvlod

&SifMum; ESdrfeif;NyD;aemuf a0wkv †0g'odkY 0ifa&mufolr&Sdawmh

aMumif;ESihf tb,*d&dedum,ESihf aZw0eedum, ESpfckvkH;rS

1

r[m0Ho? 41? 58-60? 62/

2

r[m0Ho? 42? 13/ edum,o*F[? pm-15/

3

r[m0Ho? 42? 14/

4

,if;? 42? 14-34/

5

r[m0Ho? 42? 35-37/ edum,o*F[? pm-15/ edum,o*F[usrf;wGif

þtjiif;yGm;rIudk odvmumvrif;vufxufwGif jzpfaMumif; azmfjy

onfrSm rSm;,Gif;zG,f&Sdonf/



tbd"r®mü pdwf0ifpm;rItopfrSm xdkacwf\ ynmwwf

vlwef;pm;\ xl;jcm;onhf oGifjyifjzpfvmcJhonf/ [l,ifqefu

xdktcsdefü tdE´d,&Sd ynmwwf&[ef;rsm;rSm rsm;pGm ylaZmf*kPf

jyKjcif;cH&aMumif;ESihf

1

oD[dkVf&[ef;rsm;onfvnf; ¤if;wdkY\ A[k

okwESihf todynmpGrf;&nfrsm;twGuf xif&Sm;aMumif; rSwfwrf;

wifcJhonf

2

/ odkYjzpfí xdkacwfumv\ ,kHMunfrIqdkif&m pdwf

"mwfESifhtnD wwd, aZ|wdórif;onf ¤if;aojcif;w&m;ESihf

BuKHawGUcJhonfh ppfyGJodkY roGm;rD ¤if;\rdbk&m;tm; tbd"r®mudk

oifMum;NyD; tbd"r®mudk a[mMum;vsuf &&Sdonhf ukodkvftzdkYudk

rdrdtm;rQa0&ef rSmMum;cJhonf

3

/ 'kwd, r[dE´rif;onfvnf; t

bd"r®mudk us,fus,fjyefYjyefY a[mMum;ydkYcs&ef wdkufwGef;cJhonf

4

/

'kwd, 'ga|mywdórif; (at'd 650-658) vufxufwGif

r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkufESihf bk&ifwdkYtMum; wpfzef tjiif;yGm;rI

&SdcJhjyefonf/ 'ga|mywdórif;onf tb,*dausmif;wdkuf t

wGuf ausmif;taqmufttkHwpfck aqmufvkyf&efvdkaomfvnf;

r[m0d[m&oHCmu rdrdwdkY ausmif;wdkuf\ e,fedrdwftwGif;

wnf&Sdojzihf jiif;qdkonf/ odkYwap bk&ifonf rdrd\ tpDtrH

twdkif; tiftm;okH;í aqmif½Gufonf/ ax&d,*dkPf;0if oHCm

awmfrsm;onf wpfzef bk&iftm; rkef;wD;qefYusifMuvsuf bk&if

tm; vlOygoum wpfa,mufudk tquftoG,f jzwfawmuf

jcif;jzpfonhf ywåedukZÆeuH

5

jyKMuonf/ odkYwap bk&ifonf

r[m0d[m&oHCmtm; qefYusifrI wpfpkH&m rjyKvkyfcJhacs/

1

Huen Tsiang I, p. 81.

2

,if;? twGJ 2? pm-247/

3

r[m0Ho? 45? 109/

4

,if;? 44? 141/

5

r[m0Ho? 45? 141/ &[ef;rsm;onf oydwfudk wnfhwnfhtay: vSef

vsuf oGm;MuNyD; ¤if;wdkY rBuKdufonfh Oyoum tdrfa&SUwGif oydwfudk

arSmufxm;Muonf/ ,if;odkY jyKvkyfcsufrSm oHCmtaejzihf xdkOygoum

onf

1

/ þrif;onf om*vd,*dkPf;0if &[ef;awmf rsm;twGuf

a0VK0e0d[m&ausmif;wdkufudk wnfaqmufcJhonf

2

/ ordkif;wGif

'kwd,tBudrftjzpf rdzk&m;\aqGrsKd; wpfa,muftm; þrif;u

tod*¾g[bGJU ay;tyfonfudk awGU&onf

3

/

'kwd,t*¾aAm"drif; vufxuftwGif; uvd*Frif;onf EdkifiH

a&;y#dyu©aMumihf oD[dkVfodkY a&mufvmNyD; t&SifaZmwdygv

rax&fxHwGif &[ef;jyKonf/ þ&[ef; (uvd*Frif;)\ rdbk&m;

ESihf trwfrsm; oD[dkVfodkY vdkufvmNyD; ¤if;wdkYvnf; &[ef;jyKMu

onf/ t*¾aAm"drif;ESihf rdbk&m;wdkYonf oD[dkVfwGif aysmf½TifpGm

aexkdifEdkif&ef twwfEdkifqkH; aqmif½Gufay;Muonf/ uvd*Frif;

(&[ef;awmf)onf oD[dkVfü ysHvGefawmfrlonf

4

/

,if;aemuf &mpkESpf0uf wpfckrQavmufwGif oD[dkVfEdkifiH

onf EdkifiHa&;ESihf bmoma&;jyóemrsm; tpOfrjywf &SdcJhonf/

xdktcsdefrSpí aESmif;acwfrsm;wGif bk&ifrif;rsm;onf rsm;aom

tm;jzihf bmoma&;qdkif&m taqmufttkHa[mif;rsm;udk jyef

vnfjyKjyifNyD; ausmif;wkdufrsm;tm; axmufyHhrIrsm; jyKvkyfNyD;

xif&Sm;onhf yGJawmfrsm; usif;yNyD; Ak'¨omoemawmf pifMu,f&ef

BudK;yrf;cJhonf/

xdktcsdefu Ak'¨omoemawmfudk okwfoifjcif;(aom"e)\

qdkvkd&if;t"dyÜm,frSm tawmftwef xif&Sm;onf/ tNrJwrf;yif

omoemawmfokwfoifrIudk 0de,pnf;rsOf; pnf;urf;[laom

"r®uH ("r®ur®)

5

ESihftnD aqmif½GufaMumif; azmfjyonf/ omo

1

r[m0Ho? 42? 51-56/

2

,if;? 42? 43/ 0DvsH*dkif*gonf ,if;ausmif;wdkufae&monf tEk&m"

yk&ESihf r[dE¦avhtMum; wpfae&m&mwGif &SdEdkifonf[k ,lqonf/

(plV0Ho? t*Fvdyfbmomjyef? twGJ 2? pm-77? atmufajcrSwfcsuf 2)/

3

r[m0Ho? 42? 42/

4

,if;? 42? 44-50/

5

r[m0Ho? 39? 57/ tcef; 45? 46? 76/ tcef; 51? 64/



em okwfoifrIudk bk&if\trdefYjzihf oHCmawmfrsm;u aqmif

½Gufjcif;jzpfonf/ &[ef;awmftrsm;pkonf tcsdefumvrsm;ESifh

twl ajymif;vJaezG,f&SdNyD; ,if;udk a&S;½dk;tpOftvmtwdkif;

vdkufemvdkMuonhf oHCmawmfrsm;u pm&dwåysufjym;rI tjzpf

,lqonf/ uREkfyfwdkYtaejzihf ,if;obm0wdk;wufrItvsOf rjzpf

ay:ap&ef pm&dwåysufjym;rI avQmhusa&;tjzpf ,lqonhf bk&if

rif;rsm;ESihf MoZmwduúr BuD;rm;onfh bmoma&; acgif;aqmif

&[ef;awmfrsm;\ ratmifjrifaom BudK;yrf;rIrsm;udk ordkif;wp

avQmufwGif jrifawGUMu&onf/

'v †arm*¾v †meac: wwd,arm*¾v†merif; (at'D 611-

617)onf crf;em;vSonhf yd#uwfokH;ykH ½GwfqdkrI (yd#umeÍö

oZÑm,H) wpf&yf usif;yNyD; ynmwwfyk*¾Kdvfrsm;tm; ylaZmfou úm

jyKvsuf bmomw&m;todynm jyefYyGm;a&;twGuf tm;ay;

aqmif½GufcJhonf

1

/ þrif;vufxufwGif uXde (Kaìhina

ceremo-ny) yGJtaMumif; azmfjycsufwpf&yf awGU&onf

2

/

þrif;vnf; omoemawmf oefU&Sif;a&; aqmif½GufcJhonf

3

/

þrif;udk qufcHol odvmarC0PÖrif; (at'D 617-626)

vufxuftwGif; tb,*d&dausmif;wdkufwGif BuD;rm;onhf qlyl

rIwpf&yf jzpfyGm;onf/ tb,*d&dausmif;wdkufwGif aexdkifol

aAm"dtrnf&onhf &[ef;wpfyg;onf ,if;ausmif;wdkufae oH

Cmawmfrsm;pGmwdkY\ 0denf;ESifhrnDonhf tjyKtrludk qefYusif

vsuf bk&ifxH apm'uwufNyD; "r®uHjzihf udkifwG,fajz&Sifay;&ef

bk&iftm; awmif;qdkonf/ bk&ifu aAm"d&[ef;awmftm; om

oemoefY&Sif;a&; aqmif½Guf&ef wm0efay;tyfonf/ 'kóDv

&[ef;awmfrsm;tm;vkH; pk½kH;NyD; &[ef;awmf aAm"dtm; owfjzwf

vdkufNyD; ,if;Oya'udk zsufodrf;vdkufMuonf/ bk&ifonf t

vGefpdwfqdk;NyD; &mZ0wfjypfrI usL;vGefolrsm;\ vufrsm;udk jzwf

1

r[m0Ho? 42? 51-56/

2

r[m0Ho? 44? 47/

3

,if;? 44? 48/

ypfNyD;? xl;cwfxm;vsuf a&csKd;uefrsm;udk apmihfMunfhcdkif;onf/

xdkYjyif &[ef;wpf&mudk jynfESif'Pfay;NyD; tqkH;pGef ]omoem

awmfudk pifMu,fatmif} aqmif½Gufvdkufonf/ ,if;udpöjzpf

ysufNyD;aemuf ausmif;wdkufBuD;ESpfck tnDtñGwf yl;aygif;rIjzpf

ay:vmrnfudk pdk;&drfNyD; ax&d,*dkPf;0if oHCmawmfrsm;tm; t

b,*d&d ausmif;wdkufoHCmESihftwl OykofjyKyGJusif;y&ef awmif;

yefonf/ odkYwap xdkawmif;yefrIudk vkdufavsm&ef jiif;qdkonf

1

/

aemufxyf q,fESpf odkYr[kwf q,fhig;ESpfceftwGif; oD[dkVf

EdkifiHonf tkyfcsKyfoltcsif;csif; jzpfyGm;onhf jynfwGif;ppfyGJrsm;

aMumifh vufawGUtm;jzihf NydKuGJysufpD;cJhonf/ r[m0d[m&ESihf

tb,*d&duJhodkYaom csrf;omonhf ausmif;wkdufrsm;tm;vkH; vk

,ufcH&onf? xlyg&mruJhodkYaom apwDawmfrsm; zsufqD;cH&NyD;

&wemrsm;udk ,laqmifoGm;Muonf/ ausmif;wdkufrsm;wGif &Sd

onhf a½Tqif;wkawmfrsm;? wHcGefrsm;ESihf tjcm;tzdk;wef ypönf;

rsm; vk,uf,laqmifoGm;MuNyD; olykeftrsKd;rsKd;wdkY\ ppfwyfudk

xdef;odrf;&ef a&mif;csMuonf

2

/

tqdkyg jyóemrsm;NyD;aemuf 'kwd, uóyrif; (at'D

641-650) eef;wufaomtcg þrif;onf ysufpD;oGm;onhf

taqmufttkHrsm;udk jyefvnfjyKjyifNyD; twdwfwGif vkyfcJhonhf

¤if;\ raumif;rIrsm;udk ukpm;&ef bmoma&; vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;udk

aqmif½GufcJhonf

3

/ þrif;onf oHCmawmfrsm;tm; vSnfhvnf

oGm;vmNyD; w&m;"r®rsm; a[mMum;ap

4

vsuf ygVdawmfvufoef;

usrf;rsm; a&;om;&ef wdkufwGef;cJhonf

5

/ t|uxmusrf;rsm;ESihf

wuG tbd"r®mygVdawmfrsm;udk ½Gwfzwf o&ZÑm,f&efvnf; wdkuf

wGef;cJhonf

6

/

1

r[m0Ho? 44? 75-80/

2

,if;? 44? 130-140/

3

,if;? 44? 148/

4

,if;? 44? 148/

5

r[m0Ho? 45? 3/

6

,if;? 45? 150/



[k vlodrsm;aom &[ef;awmfrsm;onf xif&Sm;vmonf

1

/ xdk

&[ef;awmfrsm;onf rlvtm;jzihf tb,*d&d*kdPf;0ifrsm;jzpfykH&NyD;

&mpkESpf wpfckESihf wpf0ufMumrSom oD;jcm;tkyfpk wpfcktjzpf

uGJxGufoGm;cJhykH&onf

2

/ yHhoulaqmif &[ef;rsm;onf csufcsif;

acwfpm;vmNyD; bk&ifrif;rsm;onf xdk&[ef;rsm;xH zl;ajrmf 0if

xGuf oGm;vmrI wdk;csJUvmaMumif; awGU&onf

3

/ yÍör t*¾aAm"d

rif; (at'D 711-717) onf rdrdudk,fwdkif 0wfonhf t0wf

aumif;rsm;udkyif yhHoulaqmif &[ef;wdkY\ ouFef;rsm;tjzpf

v ª'gef;cJhaMumif; od&onf

4

/

yHhoulaqmif &[ef;awmfrsm;tygt0if *dkPf;BuD; okH;*dkPf;rS

oHCmawmfrsm;tm; v ª'gef;axmufyHhcJhol q|r t*¾aAm"drif;

(at'D 766-772) vufxufüvnf; omoemawmf oefY&Sif;a&;

aqmif½GufrItaMumif; wpfzefMum;&jyefonf

5

/ þtcsdefü ayg

vkEé½k0onf ydkrdk tcsuftcsmae&m jzpfvmNyD; þrif;onf

aygvkEé½k0udk NrdKUawmftjzpf yxrqkH; odrf;ydkufcJholjzpfonf

6

/

aemif aygvkEé½k0acwfwGif Ak'¨0g'usifhpOfrsm;twGif; tBuD;

tus,f [dE´LMoZmvTrf;rdk;rI &SdcJhonfudk awGU&onf/ [dE´LusifhpOf

vTrf;rdk;rI a&S;OD;vu©Pmrsm;udk þrif;vufxuf avmufwGif

owdjyKrdMuonf/ Oyrmtm;jzihf 'kwd, r[dE´rif; (at'D 772-

1

r[m0Ho? 47;66/ "kwifq,fhokH;rsKd;teuf yxrqkH; "kwifjzpfonhf yHho

ul"kwifudk aqmifonhf &[ef;awmfrsm;udk yHokulvdu (yHhoulaqmif)

rax&frsm;[k ac:onf/ xdk&[ef;rsm;onf ¤if;wdkY\ ouFef;rsm;udk vl

rsm; vTifhypfxm;onhf t0wfpkwfrsm;jzihf ¤if;wdkY\ ouFef;udk csKyfvky

fMuonf/ bDpD yxr&mpktcsdefuyif yHokulaqmif rax&frsm; &SdcJhonf/

2

r[m0Ho? 51? 52/

3

,if;? tcef; 47? 66/ tcef; 48? 4? 16/ tcef; 49? 60? 163? 76/

tcef; 50? 52/

4

,if;? 48? 16/

5

,if;? 48? 71-72/

6

,if;? 48? 74/

'kwd, 'gaXmywdórif;\ nDi,f pwkw¬ t*¾aAm"drif;

(at'D 658-674) vufxufwGif Nidrf;csrf;onhf acwfwpfckodkY

a&mufvmonf/ 'gXmod0trnf&Sd bk&ifhtMuHay; rax&f\ ñTef

Mum;csuft& twdwfu ¤if;\ aqGawmfrsKd;awmfrsm; jyKvkyfcJh

onfh bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufrsm;tay: rrQwrI tm;vkH;twGuf

NyD;jynhfpkHonfh jyKjyifrsm;udk aqmif½Gufonf/ rif;BuD;onf edum

,okH;ck (*kdPf;okH;ck)vkH;rS oHCmawmfrsm;tm; Munfñdkonf/

&[ef;awmfrsm;tm; xdef;odrf; apmihfa&Smufrnfh aus;½Gmrsm;?

tvkyftauR; jyKolrsm;? uyÜd,rsm;ESifh tjcm;vdktyfonfrsm;

tm;vkH;udk axmufyHhonf/ ]rif;BuD;onf edum,okH;ckrS oHCm

awmfrsm;tm; rsm;jym;NyD; aocsmonhf tcGefawmfrsm;ESihftwl

½Gmaygif; wpfaxmifudk v ª'gef;onf}

1

/

tdrfrS rnfonhftvªypönf;udkrQ vufcHrnf r[kwf[laom oauFw

jzpfonf/ tBuD;tus,f apmfum;rIwpf&yftjzpf ,lqonhf xdkbmom

a&; qE´jyrIonf oHCmtm; rav;pm;aom oHCmhvmbfudk avsmhyg;

atmifvkyfaom Oyoumtm; jyKvkyfonf (r[m0Ho? 45? 32-34)/

plV0*¾ygVdawmf (pm-262) t& ywåedukZÆeuHudk oHCmhy&dowfu

(odrfxJrSm) ur®0gpm½GwfzwfNyD; aqmif½Guf&onf/ r[m0Ho (plV0Ho)

rSwfwrf;ü 0denf;ygVdawmfwGif ñTefjyonhftwdkif; (odrfxJwGif ur®0g

pmzwfí) jyKNyD;aemuf vlxky&dowf a&SUarSmufü jrifEdkifonhf ykHpHjzifh

at'D ckepf&mpktcsdefu vufawGU aqmif½GufcJhykHudk azmfjyjcif; jzpfzG,f

&Sdonf/ plV0*¾0gVdawmfü vlOygoumwpfa,muftay: ywåedukZÆe

uHjyKEdkifonfh taMumif; &SpfrskdK;udk csrSwfxm;onf 1) oHCmtm;

vmbfvmbenf;atmif BudK;pm;jcif; 2) &[ef;awmfrsm;tm; udk,fxd

vufa&muf apmfum;&ef BudKyrf;ol 3) &[ef;awmfrsm;tm; ae&m

wpfae&mrS ESifxkwf&ef BuKd;yrf;ol 4) &[ef;awmfrsm;tm; apmfum;&ef

BudK;yrf;ol 5) oHCmawmfrsm; tMum; nDñGwfrI ysufjym;atmif

tm;xkwfol 6) Ak'&Sifawmfjrwftm; uJh&JUpum; qdkol 7) "r®tm;

uJh&JUpum; qdkol 8) oHCmtm; uJh&JUpum;qdkolwdkYjzpfonf/

1

r[m0Ho 46;6-16/



wpfEdkifiHvkH;onf bk&ifhpHerludk vkdufemMuonf/ bk&ifhtrI

awmfudk xrf;½GufMuonhf &mxl;jrihfaom wrD;vfvlrsKd;rsm;yif

bk&if\ bmoma&; aqmif½GufrIrsm;ü bk&ifhpHerltwdkif; twk,l

aqmif½GufMuonf/ rdzk&m;BuD;onf bdu©KeDrsm;twGuf ausmif;

wdkufwpfck wnfaqmufNyD; ¤if;wdkY vdktyfonfrsm; tm;vkH;udk

axmufyHh v ª'gef;onf

1

/

pwkw ¬ t*¾aAm"drif; tkyfcsKyfpOftwGif; yxrqkH;tBudrf

tjzpf aemiftcg ykHrSef Ak'0g'usifhpOfwpfck jzpfvmonhf tcrf;

tem;jzihf

2

y&dwf½Gwfzwfo&ZÑm,fjcif;ESihf ywfoufonhf &nf

ñTef;csuf wpf&yfudk awGY&onf/ þrif;onf rmCmw (olwpf

yg; toufudk rowf&)[laom trdefYudkvnf; xkwfjyefcJhonf

3

/

wd&pämef wdkY\ toufESihfywfoufonhf tawG;tjrifopfwpf&yf

vlxk ESvkH;om;ü vTrf;rdk;p jyKvmonfudk uREfkyfwdkY awGU&Sd&onf/

wwd,uóyrif; (at'D 711-792)vufxuf rmCmw trdefY

omru qdyfurf;ESpfckwdkYü (rpäwdaw¬ 'ka0) ig;rsm;udk arG;jrL

apmihfa&SmufcJhonf

4

/ 'kwd, r[dE´rif; (at'D 772-792) ESihf

1

,if;? 46? 10-27/

2

,if;? 46? 5/

3

,if;? 46? 3/

4

r[m0Ho? 46? 24/ *dkif*gonf rpäwdw¬[laom pum;vkH;udk bmomjyef

jcif;rjyKbJ pmzwfoltm; (,if;a0g[m&udk) ]rpäwdw¬} trnfjzihf xif

&Sm;aom ausmif;wdkufrsm;tjzpf ,lqcJhol 0duúroHC (Wickrema-singha)yk*¾Kdvftm; &nfñTef;cJhonf (E.Z. I, 216, 221, 227)/ ,if;

azmfjycsuf rSm;,Gif;onfrSm xif&Sm;onf/ oem;MuifemrI (u½kPm)

aMumihf ig;rsm;udk jrpfqdyfwdkYü arG;jrL auR;arG;xm;jcif;rSm oD[dkVf

aus;½Gmrsm;ü ,aeYwdkifatmifyif xif&Sm;aom tavhtusihfwpfck

jzpfNyD; ,if;onf a&S;a[mif; tpOftvmwpf&yfudk vkdufemaeMujcif;

jzpfzG,f&Sdonf/ Ak'0g'D aus;vufaeolrsm;onf txl;ojzihf Oykof

aeYrsm;ü xrif; odkYr[kwf tjcm; tpm;tpmrsm;jzihf ig;rsm;udk auR;

arG;avh&SdMuonf/ ,if;odkY arG;jrLxm;onhf ig;wpfaumifudk owfjzwf

yxr aoerif; (at'D 831-852)wdkYonf ig;rsm;? om;½dkif;rsm;

ESihf iSufrsm;tm; (rpämeH rd*yu©DeH) tpm;tpmrsm;udk w&m;0if

owfrSwfay;cJhNyD; yxr O',rif; (at'D 792-797? 'kwd,

'yÜKvrif;vnf;[l)onf uRJEGm;rsm;tm; ajymif;udk auR;&efESifh

usD;uef;rsm;ESihf tjcm;iSufrsm;tm; qefudk auR;&ef owfrSwfay;

cJhaMumif; od&onf

1

/

tEk&m"NrdKUNyD;aemuf oD[dkVfEdkifiH\ NrdKUawmfjzpfvmonhf

ykvw¬dyk& odkY[kwf ayvkEé½k0NrdKUonf xdktcsdefu usL;ausmfol

wdkYudk qefYusifonhf r[mAsL[mt&a&m teD;tem;&Sd us,fjyefY

onhf qnfajrmif;wmwrHudk taMumif;jyKí <u,f0csrf;omrI

aMumifhyg ta&;ygvmonf/ tEk&m"yk&NrdKUrSmrl BuD;yGm;rIrSm

a[mif;EGrf;oGm;NyD; tpdk;&eef;pdkufNrdKUjzpfjcif;xuf bmoma&;

qdkif&mNrdKUawmf wpfckomjzpfvmaeonf/ pwkw¬t*¾aAm"drif;

(at'D 658-674)onf aygvkEé½k0NrdKUudk ,m,Dtm;jzihf yxr

qkH;odrf;ydkufcJhNyD; þrif;onf xdkNrdKUrSmyif rarQmfvihfbJ ½kwf

w&uf emrusef;jzpfNyD; uG,fvGefonf/ þrif;onf jynfolvlxk

u ¤if;\ t½dk;jymrsm;udk aq;tjzpf tokH;jyKMuonftxd t

vGefaumif;NyD; bmom w&m; udkif;½dIif;oljzpfonf/

rme0r®rif; (676-711)vufxufwGif &[ef;awmfrsm;\

tvGeftrif; oufaomihfoufomae&onhf b0udkqefYusifykH&

onhf wkHYjyefrIwpf&yf taejzihfa&m a&S;a[mif; bmoma&;b0udk

jyefvnf &Sifoefaponhf taejzihfyg yHokulvdu (yHhoulaqmif)

jcif;onf &Gmol½Gmom;rsm;tm; tvGef pdwfrcsrf;ajrUzG,f jzpfaponf/

Oyrmtm;jzihf rMumrDu oD[dkVfawmifydkif;a'o? 0gvd*rf aum&mavh

(Vāligam Kōralē) e,füyg0ifonhf ueefauh aus;½Gm&Sd ,if;odkYaom

qdyfurf;wpfckü ig;wpfaumif;udk owfjzwfcJhol trsKd;om;wpfa,muf

onf aemufqufwGJ tusKd;qufrsm;rS vGwfuif;&ef aus;½Gm bkef;

BuD;ausmif;odkY 'PfaiG ½lyD; 10 rjzpfrae ay;aqmifcJh&onf/



&mpkESpf q,fhESpfckeD;yg;rQ ukefvGefcJhNyD;aemuf ,cktcsdefwGif

tEk&m"yk&NrdKUonf bk&ifxD;eef;pdkuf NrdKUawmftqihfrS avQmus

oGm;cJhNyD;jzpfNyD; ,if;\ aemufqkH;bk&ifrSm 'kwd, O',rif;

(at'D 885-896) jzpfNyD; ¤if;tm; qufcHcJholrSm 'kwd, aoe

rif; jzpfonf/

a&S;acwf tqufqufwGif Ak'¨0g' vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;\ t"du

A[dkae&m jzpfcJhaom avm[ygom'wGif 'kwd,aoerif; jyef

vnfjyKjyifNyD; tokH;taqmiftopfrsm; vSL'gef;NyD;aemuf tcsdef

umvrSmyif &[ef;awmf 32 yg;rQom &Sdawmhonf

1

/ EdkifiHa&;

t&a&m bmoma&;t&yg pdwf0ifpm;rIESihf vIyf&Sm;rItm;vkH;onf

,cktcg ta&;ygrIt&a&m t½G,ftpm;t&yg tvsiftjref

BuD;xGm;vmaeonhf NrdKUawmfopf aygvkEé½k0odkY tvQKdtvQKd

ajymif;a½TUaeNyD jzpfonf/

1

r[m0Ho? 50? 69-70/

00000000

792)onf ]ae&mtESHY&Sd ysufpD;,dk,Gif;aeonhf ewfpif(a'0ukv)

rsm;udk jyefvnfjyKjyifaponf? ewf½kyfrsm;udk wrifwum xkvkyf

aponf? jA[®Prsm;tm;vnf; rdrdpm;onhf &omrGefrsm;udk ay;

urf;onf? ¤if;wdkYtm; a½TjzihfjyKaom 0dkifuvyfwGif xnfhí EGm;

EdkYESihf oMum;udk ay;urf;v ª'gef;onf}

1

/ þ&mpkESpf apmapmydkif;u

tjcm;aom rif;wpfyg;

2

onf jA[®Prsm;tm; taxmuftyHhjyKcJh

aMumif; od&onf/

,cktcsdefrSpí &mpkESpf wpfckeD;yg;rQ yxrO',rif; (at'D

792-797? 'kwd,'yÜKvrif;vnf;[l) \ rdzk&m;u bdu©KeDr

ausmif;wkdufwpfck aqmufvkyfcJhonf[laom tcsufrSwpfyg;

xif&Sm; rSwfom;xdkufonhf azmfjycsufwpfpkHwpf&m rawGU&acs

3

/

a&S;a[mif; bmoma&;taqmufttkHrsm;udk jyefvnfjyKjyifxdef;

odrf;jcif;? bmoma&;yGJawmfrsm; usif;yjcif;ESifh &[ef;awmfrsm;

tm; y&du©&m&Spfyg; v ª'gef;jcif;rsm;rSm bk&ifrif;wdkY\ ykHrSef vkyf

½dk;vkyfpOfrsm; jzpfMuonf/

yxr aoerif; (at'D 831-851)

4

tkyfcsKyfpOftwGif;

ta&;ygaom acwfumvtydkif;tjcm; jzpfvmjyefonf/ þrif;

vufxufü tdE´d,rS 0Zd&jy0w*dkPf;

5

0ifyk*¾Kdvfwpfa,mufonf

oD[dkVfodkY a&mufvmNyD; tb,*d&dausmif;wdkuftwGif;&Sd 0D&uFk

&m&mrausmif;ü aexkdifvsuf 0Zd&,me"r®udk a[mMum;onf

6

/

edum,o*F[usrf;ü rwGvaoerif;onf &weokwfuJhodkYaom

pGrf;tifxufjrufonfh okwåefrsm;udk ESpfoufNyD; 0Zd&,me0g'

1

r[m0Ho? 48? 43? 144/

2

wwd, uóyrif; (at'D 717-724)? r[m0Ho? 48? 23/

3

r[m0Ho? 49? 25/

4

þrif;udk edum,o*F[usrf;ü rwGvaoe (Matva-Sena )rif;[k t

rnfay;onf/

5

,aeYtcsdefxd rnfonhf *dkPf;jzpfaMumif; twdtus rod&acs/

6

r[m0Ho? 1? 68/ edum,o*F[? pm- 16/



oifMum;csufrsm;udk vufcHcJhaMumif; jyqdkonf

1

/ xdkxuf rwG

vaoerif;vufxufrS pwifí ]0Zd&,me0g'onf ,if;0g'udk

umuG,fxm;NyD; vQKdU0Sufonhf"r®tjzpf vQKdU0SufpGm usihf&aom

aMumifh oD[dkVfEdkifiH&Sd ynmrwwfol vlrdkufwdkYtMum; xif&Sm;

cJhonf} [k qufvuf azmfjyxm;onf/

xdktcsdefü yef*s (Pāº¹ya)EdkifiH bk&ifonf {&mrppfwyfBuD;

jzihf oD[dkVfudk usL;ausmf 0ifa&mufNyD; bk&ifheef;awmf? NrdKUrsm;ESihf

bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufrsm;udk vk,ufvsuf a½Tom;Ak'¨qif;wkawmf

tygt0if ¤if;wdkY wefzdk;txm;qkH; t&mtm;vkH;udk ,laqmif

oGm;Muvsuf ]vuFmwpfuRef;vkH;udk tzdk;wefypönf;rsm;udk vk

,ufcHb0odkY a&mufapvsuf crf;em;vSonhf NrdKUawmfrSm bDvl;

rsm; vk,ufcH&onhf tajctaersKd;jzpfoGm;onf}

2

/ yxr aoe

rif;onf tEk&m"yk&NrdKUrS xGufcGmNyD; ¤if;\ usef b0tpdwf

tydkif;udk aygvkEé½k0NrdKUwGif ukefvGefcJhonf

3

/

þrif;udk qufcHNyD; aygvkEé½k0NrdKUü xD;eef;pdkufol 'kwd,

aoerif; (at'D 851-885)onf yef*s EdkifiHudk usL;ausmf&ef

oD[dkVfppfwyfudk apvTwfonf/ ,if;ppfwyfonf oD[dkVfudk

vk,ufcJhonfh bk&iftm; ESdrfeif;NyD; yef*s rif;om;wpfa,mufudk

xD;eef;tyfNyD; oD[dkVfwdkY ydkifqdkifonhf &wemtm;vkH; udk jyefvnf

,laqmifvmcJhonf/ pGrf;tm;jynhf tkyfcsKyfol 'kwd,aoerif;

1

edum,o*F[usrf;? pm- 16/ 0Zd&,meonf wefcdk;pGrf;&nfrsm;udk azmf

jycsufrsm;jynfhaeonhf usihfpOfpepfjzpfonf (History of India Literature, II, p 387, 392 udk½Iyg)/ rm,mZmvr`EÅ ESihf om&0*k,S (edum,? pm-

8)uJhodkYaom 0Zd&,musrf;pmrsm;\ acgif;pOfrsm;onfyif *E¨m&D0dZÆm

tawG;tjrifrsm;udk azmfjyvsuf &Sdonf/

2

r[m0Ho? 1? 33-36/

3

r[m0Ho? 1? 50/ edum,*F[? pm-16 wdkYü tqdkygrif; rwGvaoe

rif;onf rSm;,Gif;onfh t,l0g'udk vufcHaomaMumihf xDeef;udk pGefYcGm

xGufajy;&NyD; NrdKUawmftm; wrD;vfrsm;xH t½IH;ay;vdkuf&vsuf aygvkEé

½k0NrdKUrSm aoqkH;&onf}[k azmfjyMuonf/

vufatmufü oD[dkVfwpfuRef;vkH; jyefvnfnDñGwfNyD; csrf;om

<u,f0onf

1

/

þrif;onf ausmif;wdkufa[mif;rsm; ausmif;aqmifa[mif;

rsm;udk jyefvnfjyKjyifNyD; axmufyHha&; &HykHaiGrsm;udk vGwfvyfpGm

jyKvsuf crf;em;vSonhf y&dwf½GwfyGJESihf uqkefvjynhf yGJawmfrsm;

usif;yonf/ þrif;onf Ak'¨qif;wkawmfrsm;udka&m aAm"dowå

½kyfwkrsm;udkyg jyKvkyfcJhonf/ &weokwfudk a½Tjym;ay:wGif a&;

ckdif;NyD; ,if;a½Tjym;udk ylaZmfrI jyKonf/ ,if;onf þrif;tm;

qdkcJhNyD; 0Zd&,me0g' MoZmvTrf;rdk;rI&SdaMumif; azmfjyonf/ þ

rif;onf tbd"r®mudk ½GwfzwfrIrsm; jyKvkyfaponf

2

/

yHhoulaqmifrax&frsm; tb,*d&d*dkPf;rS cGJxGufNyD; oD;jcm;

*dkPf;wpfcktjzpf wnfaxmifcJhMuonfrSm þrif;eef;pH ESpfq,fh

ESpfajrmufwGif jzpfonf

3

/ usefonhf eef;pHESpfrsm;wGif *dkPf;BuD;

okH;*kdPf;twGif; rnDñGwfrIrsm; jzpfyGm;NyD;aemuf þrif;onfyif

pifMu,fatmif aqmif½Gufay;cJhaMumif;vnf; od&onf

4

/

Ak'¨ESihf [dE´L tavhtusifhrsm; ydkrdk eD;pyfvmaecJhNyD; 'kwd,

aoerif;onf ]tdk;wdkif;\ xdyfwGif tzdk;wef &wemrsm;ESihf ykvJ

vkH;rsm; tjynhfxnhfxm;aom a½Ttdk;tvkH; wpfaxmifudk jA[®P

ta,muf wpfaxmiftm; vª'gef;vsuf ¤if;wdkYtm; &wem pD

jc,fonhf a½Tom;0dkifuvyfjzihf EdkYCemxrif; auR;arG;NyD;aemuf

,if; (jA[®P) wdkYtm; a½TBudK;rsm; ay;urf;onf/ þrif;onf

jA[®PwdkYtm; aumif;rI&Sif rdwfaqG wpfa,muftjzpfjzihf ¤if;

wdkY\ ESvkH;om; qE´twdkif; t0wftpm;opfrsm; 0wfqifapNyD;

crf;em;aom yGJobifjzihf 0rf;ajrmuf 0rf;omjzpfapcJhonf}

5

/

1

r[m0Ho? 50? 50/

2

r[m0Ho? 50? 52/

3

,if;? 50? 52/

4

,if;? 50? 64/

,if; 50? 65-67/



vlOygoumrsm;onf *lae&[ef;awmfrsm;tm; tjcm; &[ef;

awmfrsm;xuf ydkí pdwfydkif;avhusihfrIESihf bmomw&m; tm;xkwf

rIwdkYwGif ydkrdkomvGefonf[k ,lqMuonf/ xdkYaMumihf tbd"r®m

0db*Ft|xm

1

ü wdótrnf&Sdaom bk&ifonf apwd,*d&d

awmif&Sd &[ef;awmfrsm;onf tEk&m"yk&NrdKUawmf&Sd &[ef;awmf

rsm;xuf omvGefonf[k t,l&SdaMumif; rSwfwrf;wifcJhonf

2

/

zm[D,efonf at'Dig;&mpktcsdefu r[dE¦avhwGifae xdkifcJhonfh

]tvGefoDvESihf jynhfpkHol orPwpfql} taMumif;udk &nfñTef;

xm;onf

3

/ t|uxmq&mBuD; t&Sifr[mAk'¨aCmo rax&fu

vltrsm;onf 'u©dP*d&d? [w¬dukpäd? apwd,*d&dESihf pdwåyAÁw

wdkYudk &[EÅmt&SifjrwfwdkY oDwif;okH;onhf ae&mrsm;tjzpf ,lq

MuaMumif; rdefYqdkonf

4

/ wrÁyPÖd'Dyt&yf&Sd plVem*vdkPf*ludk

ur®|mef;xdkifrnfh pHjyae&mtjzpf ,lqMuonf

5

/ O'krÁ&*d&d ('drÁK

vm*v)rSm rsm;pGmaom &[ef;awmfwdkY ur®|mef;bm0em ½IrSwf

&ef oGm;a&mufonhf 'kwd, xif&Sm;onhf ae&mjzpfonf

6

/ a&S;OD;

&[ef;awmfrsm;onf tjrwfqkH;jzpfNyD; xdk&[ef;awmfrsm;rSm vdkPf

*lrsm;wGif aexdkifcJhMuonf[laom ykHrSef ,kHMunfcsufudk &nf

ñTef;jcif;jzihf vdkPf*lrsm;ESihfa&m vkdPf*lae &[ef;awmfrsm;ESihfyg

qufpyfaeonfh aemufxyf pifMu,fjrifhjrwfrIudk ESpfoufapEkdif

rnfjzpfonf/

avh&Sdonf ('D 2? 211)/ &mZN*dK[fteD;&Sd ydyÜvd*lonf t&Sifr[muóy

rax&fBuD; ESpfoufaom *ljzpfonf/ wmvyk#rax&fonf vdkPf*lxJwGif

tazmfrrSD;wpfudk,fwnf; oDwif;okH;aexkdkif&rIudk tvGef ESpfoufaMumif;

oHCmhtv,fü >ruf[awmfrlonf (ax& *gxm? pm-316)/

1

tbd-| 2? 455/

2

odkY&mwGif r[dE¦avhü jzpfysufcJhonhf uPd&ZmEkwdó jzpf&yfudk jyef

Munfhyg (þusrf;? pm- 177)/

3

Fa Hien, p. 107. 4

0dok'¨dr*¾ 1? 117/

5

,if;? 1? 124/

6

&o0g[deD 2? 126/


tcef; 8


wnfaqmufykH

r[dE¦avh? a0ó*d&d,

1

? pdwåvyAÁw? &dXd*v (t&d|yAÁw)ESihf

Awådpv (Batticaloa)e,f&Sd &mZ*v odkYr[kwf &móa[v (Rās-

sahela)wdkYü awGU&onfh*lrsm;rSm a&S;OD; Ak'¨bmom&[ef;awmfrsm;

\ ae&mxdkifcif;rsm; jzpfMuonf/ t&Sifr[dE´ESihf tjcm; &[EÅm

t&Sifjrwfrsm;onf oD[dkVfü yxrOD;qkH;aom0gudk r[dE¦avh

t&yf&Sd *lrsm;ü oDwif;okH;awmfrlcJhMuonf/ a&S;OD;tcsdefrsm;wGif

*lrsm;udk &[ef;awmfrsm; aexdkifp&mtjzpf tokH;jyKcJhMuonf/

,if;rSm wpfpdwfwpfa'otm;jzifh ausmif;aqmif taqmuf

ttkH aqmufvkyf&ef rvG,fulaomaMumifh jzpfonf/ odkYwap

ausmif;aqmifBuD;rsm; aqmufvkyfNyD;aemufwGif bmomw&m;udk

ydkrdkMunfñdk ,kHMunfNyD; NcdK;NcHpGmusihfvdkonhf &[ef;awmf tcsKdUrSm

,aeYacwf tcsKdUaom &[ef;awmfrsm;uJhodkYyif awmifrsm; awm

eufrsm;&Sd *lrsm;wGif aexkdif&ef ydkrdk ESpfoufMuonf/ a,bk,s

tm;jzihf &[ef;awmfrsm;\ *laysmfqE´rSm ½dk;&Sif;NyD; vlolrJh wdwf

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bm0em tm;xkwf&ef `rIyfESHxm;Muaom &aoh&[ef;rsm;\ pHjy

aexdkifp&mtjzpf ,lqcJhaomaMumihf jzpfzG,f&Sdonf

2

/ odkYjzpfí

1

£ó&orPm&mr [kvnf;ac:onf/

2

r[mwPSmocF, okwfawmfwGif Ak'&Sifawmfjrwfu oDvudk,fusihf

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vnf; a0'duawmif&Sd £E´omv*lwGif ur®|mef; bm0em ½IrSwfawmfrl

oD[dkVfü yxrqkH;aom bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufrSm a'0geHyd,wdó

rif; wnfaqmufcJhonhf tEk&m"yk&NrdKU r[marC0e&Sd wdóm

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jzpfonf/ ,if;udk umvygomy&da0P[k ac:wGifonf/ aemif

wGif r[marC0etwGif; bk&ifESihftrwfrsm;u &[ef;awmf

rsm; oDwif;okH;&m ausmif;aqmifrsm;pGm aqmufvkyfcJhMuonf

2

/

xlyg&mrapwDawmfudk wnfNyD;aemuf apwD taqmufttkH

ESihf Ak'¨*,mrS r[maAm"dudkif;udk r[marC0etwGif; pdkufysKd;

NyD;aemuf aAm"dyifwdkYrSm oD[dkVfbkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkuf\ oGifjyif

rsm; jzpfvmonf/ ,if;jzpf&yfESpfckvkH;rSm a'0geH yd,wdórif;

vufxufwGif jzpfonf/ ra&S;raESmif;rSmyif a&m[PESihf oD[dkVf

&Sdtjcm;a'orsm;ü ausmif;wkdufBuD;rsm; ay:aygufvmcJhonf/

bDpD 'kwd,&mpk 'k|*grPdrif; vufxufwGif tEk&m"yk&NrdKU&Sd

taqmufttkHBuD; rsm;pGm&Sdonhf r[m0d[m&ausmif;wkdufBuD;

rSm &[ef;awmfrsm; oDwif;okH;aexdkif&m XmeBuD; jzpfvmonf/

tEk&m"yk&NrKdUawmfwGif bDpDwpf&mpkü tb,*d&dausmif;wkduf

ESihf at'Dav;&mpkü aZw0eausmif;wkduf[laom aemufxyf

ta&;ygonhf ausmif;wkdufBuD;ESpfckudk wnfaqmufcJhonf/

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&[k ac:onf/ at'Dig;&mpkwGif vufcHxm;onhf ,lqcsuft&

tu,fí ,if; ausmif;wdkuftwGif; apwD&SdvQif? ,if;apwD ae

&mwGif "r®Mum;emrIudk jyKvkyfvQif? xdkYtjyif t&yfav;rsufESmrS

<uvmMuonhf &[ef;awmfrsm; cGifhjyKcsuf rvdkbJyif ajcaq;Edkif?

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wGif xdkae&mrS xGufcGmEkdifvQif tenf;qkH; tus,ft0ef; av;

odrf;apmihfa&Smuf&ef ydkrdk vG,fulvmonf/

1

r[m0Ho? 15;203-204/

2

,if;? 15;200-213/

oD[dkVfuRef;tESHYtjym;ü jyefYusJpGm awGU&onhf *lckH;rsm;wGif

a&;xdk;xm;aom Ak'¨0g'\ tapmydkif; &mpkESpfrsm; tenf;i,f

twGif; vª'gef;rIqdkif&m urÜnf;pmtrsm;tjym;onf &[ef;awmf

rsm; toHk;jyKcJhonfh yrmPudkñTefjyNyD; bk&ifrif;rsm;? trwf

BuD;rsm;ESihf omreft&yfom;rsm;taejzihf ,if;*lrsm;udk oHCm

awmfrsm;tm; v ª'gef;&ef rnfrQpdwftm;xufoefaMumif; azmfjy

onf

1

/ &[ef;oHCmrsm;udkyif tv ª&Sifrsm;tjzpf azmfjyxm;onf

udk awGU&onf

2

/ ,if;odkYawGU&onfrSm rlvu tcsKdUrax&frsm;

udk,fwdkiftokH;jyK&ef &&SdcJhonhf*lrsm;udk ¤if;wdkYu wpfzef oHCm

tm; v ª'gef;cJhzG,f&Sdonf/ odkYr[kwf tcsKdUrax&frsm;onf rdrdwdkY

\ aqGrsKd;rsm;tm; *lrsm;jyKvkyfapNyD; rax&frsm;\udk,fpm; xdk

*lrsm;udk oHCmtm; vª'gef;zG,f&SdNyD;? xdkodkYjzpfí xdkrax&fwdkY t

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oD;jcm;pD *lrsm;udk v ª'gef;cJhMuonf

3

/ ,if;*lrsm;udk ¤if;wdkY rdom;

pk0ifyif ydkifqkdifovm; odkYr[kwf EdkifiHawmfuyif ydkifqdkifovm;

[lonfudkrl twdtus rqkH;jzwfEdkifacs/ jzpfEdkifonfrSm *ltrsm;

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onf/ ,if;odkYjyKjcif;onf Ak'¨0g'jyefYyGm;a&;twGufESihf vlxk

tMum; aumif;rGefonhf b0wpfckodkY wdk;wufvm&ef vIHUaqmfrI

wpf&yftjzpf aqmif½GufcJhonf/

1

xdkausmufpmrsm;onf tenf;ESihftrsm; wpfykHpHwnf;uJhodkY jzpfMuonf/

,if;ausmufpmrsm;onf þrnfþrnfaom *lrsm;udk oHCmawmfrsm;

tm; vª'gef;aMumif; rSwfwrf;wifxm;jcif; jzpfonf/ Oyrm ]em*trnf

&Sdaom Oyoum\om; wdó\*ludk oHCmtm; v ª'gef;ygonf}/

2

EZ, I, p. 144, No 4.

3

EZ, I, p. 18..


bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufrsm; 1 wnfaqmufykH 221

*lwpfcktm; &[ef;awmfrsm; aexkdifp&mjzpfvmatmif jyKjyif

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ausmuf tydkif;tprsm;udk z,fxkwfypfonfomru raumif;

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1

/

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ESifh ukvm;xdkifwpfvkH;uJhodkYaom ½dk;&Sif;onhf y&dabm*ypönf;rsm;

udkvnf; jyifqifxm;onf

2

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aq;okwfvdrf;xm;aMumif;yif azmfjyxm;onf

3

/ odkYjzpfí 0dok'd

r*fusrf;wGif pdwå*kwårax&fBuD; oDwif;okH;aexdkif&m r[m*gr

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wifxm;onf

4

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qGJxm;jcif; jzpfEdkifonf/ ,if;*lodkY tvnftywf <ua&mufvm

1

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*lrsm;ü 0ifaygufwHcg;ESihf jywif;aygufrsm;&SdaMumif; azmfjyonf/

2

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ay;aom &[ef;i,fwpfyg;taMumif; azmfjycsuf (tH-| 1? 34) ESihf

£Eómv*ludk vltrsm; wdk;wufaumif;rGefatmif aqmif½GufMuykH rSwf

wrf; ('d-| 2? 290) rsm;t& od&onf/

3

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tusefrsm;udk ,aeYwdkifyif awGUEkdifao;onf? Oyrm awmifydkif;a'o

rsm;&Sd u&rÁ*v*lESihf qd*d&d,t&yf&Sd *lrsm;wGif jzpfonf/

4

0dok'dr*¾ 1? 36/

Muonhf &[ef;awmfrsm;onf ,if;yef;csDum;udk ESpfoufoGm;

MuNyD; ,if;yef;csDum;rsm;\ qGJaqmifrIaumif;ykHudk *laerax&f

BuD;tm; avQmufxm;Muonf[k qdkonf

1

/ odkYjzpfí azmfjyonhf

*lwpfckrSm vlrItodkif;t0dkif;ESihf uif;&Sif;vdkonhf &[ef;wpfyg;\

cHpm;rIESihf Nidrf;csrf;onhf p½dkuf&Sdol yk*¾Kdvfwpfa,muf\ aexdkif

p&mjzpfonfhjyif eufeuf½Idif;½dIif; ur®|mef;bm0em tm;xkwf&ef

pHjyae&mvnf; jzpfonf/ *lwpfck\ twGif;ae&monf yltdkuf

onfh aEG&moDwGif ESpfoufpzG,f at;jronf/ *lrsm;ESihf wGJvsuf

wGif a&S;acwf &[ef;awmfrsm; oDwif;okH;aexdkif&ef wdwfqdwf

onhf ae&mrsm;ü wJausmif; (yPÖomvm)rsm;vnf; &SdEdkifonf/

Ak'ömoemawmfonf bk&ifESihfvlxk\ udk;uG,f&m bmom

w&m; jzpfvmNyD;aemuf &[ef;awmfrsm;onf rdrdwdkYtm; ypönf;

av;yg;jzihf taxmuftyHhjyKMuNyD; rdrdwdkYxHrS pdwfydkif;b0avhusihf

rIudk arQmfvihfMuonfh 'um'umrrsm;\ aus;Zl;udk rodusKd;uRHjyK

vsuf vloltquftoG,f jywfawmufonhf *lausmif; wJ

ausmif;rsm;? awmifay:wJausmif;rsm;ESifh awmawmifrsm;wGif

wpfyg;wnf; oDwif;okH;aexdkifcGifh r&Muawmhacs/ odkYjzpfí

wdk;wufvsuf&Sdonhf NrdKUjyrsm;ESihf <u,f0onhf aus;½GmBuD;rsm;\

teD;0ef;usifwGif bkef;BuD;ausmif;wkdufrsm; ay:aygufvmonf/

,if;onf oHCmESihf vl'um'umrrsm;tMum; tjyeftvSef

qufqHrIudk tqufrjywf vG,fulpGm xdef;odrf;Edkif&ef jzpfonf

2

/

1

odkY&mwGif pdwå*kwå rax&fBuD;onf rsufpdudk tay:odkY wpfcgrQ armh

rMunhfojzihf ,if;yef;csDum;udkvnf; rjrifrdaMumif; rdefYqdkonf/

2

Ak'äcwf tcsdefwGifvnf; bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufrsm;onf NrdKUBuD;rsm;teD;

wGif wnf&SdcJhonf/ Oyrm aZw0efausmif;awmfrSm om0w¬dNrdKU teD;wGif

wnf&Sdonf/ aESmif;acwfrsm;wGifvnf; bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufrsm;udk wdk;

wufaeaom NrdKUjyrsm;jzpfMuonhf tdEd,tv,fydkif; a0'domNrKdUteD;

qefcsDt&yfESihf wpfcsdefu twdk;wufqkH;jzpfcJhonhf yef*syfjynfe,f wuú

qdvmNrdKUrsm;\ teD;wGif ausmif;wkdufBuD;rsm; wnfaqmufcJhMuonf/

ausmif;wdkufBuD;rsm;onf NrdKUBuD;rsm;teD;ü wnf&Sdojzihf ,if;wdkYudk xdef;



(Ruvanvälisaya) odkY qufxm;aom yg'yDXdum q,fhajcmufck &SdaMumif;

azmfjycsufrSm apwDawmftwGif; Ak'qif;wkawmf q,fhajcmufck Xmyem

xm;aMumif;ESihf ,if; yg'yd|dumrsm;u bk&m;zl;rsm;tm; &yfoifhonfh

ae&mudk azmfjyvsuf tjyifrSm &yfvsuf ykyæ'gejzihf ylaZmfonhfae&m

udkazmjfyonf ("r®jy'Dydum? pm-312)/ ,if;azmfjycsufonf at'D 12

&mpkcefYu yg'yDXdumudk a0'dumblrdüomru apwDawmf0if;txd wGJ

pyfxm;aMumif; azmfjyonf/ ajcawmf&mrsm; xGif;xkxm;onhf ausmufzsm

rsm; ½k0ef0gvdqm,0if;wGif awGUEdkifao;onf/

ae&mXme q,fhajcmufckwdkYü apwDawmfwpfqltm; &Sdcdk;ylaZmfrIonf

tenf;qkH; at'D 15 &mpkxd qif;oufcJhykH&onf/ awm#* rka0 od&d

&m[kvyk*¾Kdvfu ¤if;a&;om;onhf qmVvd[ded oaE´ouxm (oD[dkVf

bmom) wGif ]auved, (NrdKU) &Sd BuD;rm; cHhnm;vSaom apwDawmfwGif

ae&mXme q,fhajcmufckwdkYü &yfem;vsuf zl;ajrmfylaZmfaMumif;} jyqdkonf

(pm-65)/ odkYwap t|uxmusrf;rsm;ü apwDawmfwpfqltm; ylaZmfrIESihf

ywfoufonhf vrf;ñTefrIrsm;onf wpfcgwpf&H jcm;em;onf/

aygvkEé½k0acwfodkY a&mufaomtcg ,if;yg'yd|dum t,ltqonf

tao;pdwf wdk;wufcJhonf/ aygvkEé½k0NrdKUawmfwGif ud&da0a[& ESifh &ef

a&mawGa[& uJhodkYaom a&S;a[mif;apwDawmfrsm; ywfvnf&Sd ykHrSef

ta0;wpfae&mwGif Ak'¨qif;wkawmfrsm;udk xnhfoGif;xm;onhf bk&m;cef;

i,f &Spfckudk awGUEdkifonf/ ,if; bk&m;cef;rsm;udk apwDawmfESihf tvGefeD;

uyfpGm wnfaqmufxm;onf/ ayvkEé½k0acwf apwDawmfrsm;rSm tEk

&m"yk&NrdKU&Sd apwDawmfrsm;xuf ao;i,faomaMumihf bk&m;cef; &Spfckxd

avsmhoGm;onfrSm xif&Sm;onf/ Oygoumrsm;onf ¤if;wdkY vuf,m&pf

vSnfhvnfpOftwGif; ,if;ae&mrsm;wGif 'l;axmuf &Sdcdk;ylaZmfMuonf/

rlvtm;jzihf yg'yd|dumonf Oyoumrsm;tm; apwDawmftwGif;&Sd Ak'

qif;wkawmfrsm;udk owd&aponf/ odkY&mwGif ayvkEé½k0 acwftwGif;

qif;wkawmfrsm;udk yg'yd|dumtpm; &Sdckd;0wfjyKolrsm;tm; taxmuf

tyHhjyK&ef xdkae&mrSmyif xm;onf/

yef;wifckH ae&mrS apwDawmfodkY wufa&mufNyD; vuf,m&pf vSnfh

jcif; t,ltqrSm acwfopf Munfñdkol Ak'¨0g'D wpfa,muftzdkY tawmf

twef tjrifrawmfEdkifzG,f&Sdonf/ odkYwap ,if;onf a&S;acwfrsm;u

trsm;jyKvkyfonhf tavhtusihfyifjzpfonf/ a0'dumblrdodkY OD;wnfoGm;

aom a&S;acwf avSum;qifh t<uif;tusefrsm;udk r&Dpd0g#d,ESihf uP³u

apwDuJhodkYaom apwDrsm;ü awGUjrifEdkifao;onf/ tdE´d,tv,fydkif;&Sd

vHcefYrQ&Sdonhf opf½GufwJausmif;i,f (yPÖomvm)

1

onfyif

pwk'domoHCmtwGuf aqmufvkyfaom 0d[m& jzpfonf

2

/

txufyg azmfjycsufrS ausmif;wdkufwpfcktwGuf cGJjcm;r&

onhf t&mrsm;rSm apwD? aexdkifp&m ae&mESihf "r®udk a[mMum;

jcif;wdkYjzpfaMumif; awGUEdkifonf/ odkYwap vkH;0 wdk;wufNyD;aom

bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkuf wpfckü tjcm;rsm;pGmaom tydktaqmif

ta,mifrsm; &SdMuonf/

ausmif;wkdufBuD;wpfckodkY t0if0wGif 9 &mpkESihf 10 &mpk

tcsdeffu ]a"m&#Kyger!d,}[kac:onhf ]*dwft0ifa&r@yf} t

aqmifwpfck&Sdonf/ ,if;onf bk&m;zl;rsm;taejzihf yef;refrsm;

udk a&aq;jcif; a&aomufjcif;rsm;jzihf tjrifhtjrwfxm;onhfae

&mXmeodkY r0ifrD udk,fvufoefYpifrIrsm; jyKvkyfEdkif&ef trsm;qkH;

jzpfEdkifzG,f&Sdonhf a&tdk;rsm;udk odrf;qnf;xm;onhf ae&mjzpf

onf/ aZw0e0d[m& ausmif;wdkuftwGif;&Sd ]*dwft0ifa&r@yf}

onf odomaom t½G,f&Sdonhf ESpfxyftaqmufttkH jzpfonf/

tjyifrSvmol rnfolrqdktm; tay:xyfrSmjzpfap? atmufxyf

rSmjzpfap? odkYr[kwf a&tdk;rsm;xm;onhf ae&mwGifjzpfap aexdkif

1

rlvu yPÖomvm[lonfrSm yk'f&if; t"dyÜm,ft& ]opf½GufwJ}[k

t"dyÜm,f&onf/ aemiftcgwGif ,if;a0g[m&onf rnfonhf bkef;BuD;

ausmif;rsKd;udkrqdk t"dyÜm,f oufa&mufaponf/ ,aeY acwfwGif

oD[dkVf&Sd Ak'¨bmom ausmif;wdkufrsm;twGif;&Sd acwfrD taqmufttkH

BuD;rsm;udkvnf; yPÖomvm[laom ygVda0g[m&rS qif;oufcJhonhf

]yeqv}[k oD[dkVfbmompum;jzihf ac:onf/ at'D 9 &mpk ausmuf

pmwpfckwGif ]ye[v} (pan-hala) [laom a0g[m&udk tokH;jyKxm;

onf (EZ.IV, p. 178-179)/ 2

,w¬ apwd,H ywd|dwH a[mwd? "r®ó0eH u&D,wd? pwl[d 'dom[d

bdu©L tm*EÉm tyÜ#dykpädwGm a,0 yga' a"m0dwGm ukÍödum, 'Gg&H

0d0&dwGm aoemoeH y#da,mZdwGm 0odwGm ,xmzmokuH *päEÅd? aom

tEÅraom pwk&wed,m yPÖomvmyd a[mwk? pmwk'doH oHCH

O'´dóuw0d[ma&mawG0 0kpöwd (tH-| 3? 271)/



cGihfrjyKaMumif; pnf;urf; owfrSwfxm;onf

1

/ xdkr@yfonf t

e,fe,ft&yf&yfrS vma&mufMuonhf bk&m;zl;y&dowftm; udk,f

vufaq;aMum okwfoif&efESihf t0wftpm;vJ&ef tcef;ae&m

vGwf &SdEdkifavmufatmif tawmftwef BuD;rm;ykH&onf

2

/

tEk&m"yk&NrdKUawmf&Sd tcsKdUaom bk&m;rsm;\0if;twGif;odkY

t0ifwGif avSum;xpfrsm;teD;wGif vufaq;ZvkH ykHoP²mef&Sd

onfh wGif;acgif;rsm;ESihf ausmufwkH;rsm;udk awGU&onf/ tEk&m

"yk&NrdKUteD;&Sd yHukvd,ausmif;wdkufwGifawGU&onhf ,if;odkYaom

ausmufvufaq;cGufwGif awGU&onhf tv ªaumif;rI pmwef;

wpfckwGif ajcaq;a&[k t"dyÜm,f&onhf yga'g0ed (ygVd yg'

a"m0eD) [laom ykHpHjy a0g[m&onhf ,if;udk &nfñTef;onf/

rdzk&m; uvsmP0wDa&;xdk;onhf ½k0ef0gvdqm, (Ruvanväli-

sāya) ausmufpmwGif ajcaq;cGuf[k t"dyÜm,f&onhf yga'ed

(ygVd yg'a'gPd) [laom a0g[m&vnf; ,if;udkyif &nf½G,f

onf/ ajcaq;cGuf[k ac:Edkifonhf ausmufwpfvkH; a&avSmif

uefrsm;udk xlyg&mrapwDuJhodkYaom bk&m;rsm;wGif awGU&onf/

,if; ajcaq;cGufrsm;onf 0wfjyK qkawmif;vmolrsm;taejzihf

jrifhjrwfonhf ae&mawmfrsm;odkY r0ifrD ajcaq;&ef a&xnhfxm;

aom ausmufajcaq;uefrsm;jzpfaMumif; azmfjyonf

3

/

bkef;BuD;ausmif;0if;twGif; ta&;tygqkH;rSm Ak'"mwfawmf

udk Xmyemxm;onfh apwDjzponf/ ½k0ef0gvdqm, rSmuJhodkY

yifr apwD&ifjyifü tenf;qkH; 0if;ESpfck&Sdonf/ aemufwpfckudk

0gvdu*FP (oJcif;&ifjyif) [kac:onf/ ,if;udk tjzLa&mif oJ

1

EZ.III p. 227. 2

OykofaeYrsm;ü &Spfyg;oDvapmifhokH;&ef cyfvSrf;vSrf;wGif&Sdaom bkef;BuD;

ausmif;rsm;odkY oGm;a&mufMuonfh aus;½Gmrsm;rS Munfñdkol Oyoum

rsm;tzdkY ausmif;wdkuf0if;twGif;odkY r0ifrD ausmif;wdkuf twGif;&Sd a&uef

rsm;wGif udk,fvufokwfoifvsuf t0wftpm; topfrsm;vJjcif;rSm ,aeY

wdkifatmifyif xkH;pHwpfck jzpfonf/

3

ynm&Sif y&e0dwe\ The Satupa in Ceylon, p. 64 udk ½Iyg

cif;xm;NyD; eH&Hjzihf um&Hxm;onf

1

/ tEk&m"yk&NrdKUü ,aeYwdkif

awGU&ouJhodkY tay:qihf&Sd ausmufwkH;jzL cif;xm;onhf twGif;

ydkif;0if;udk qif½kyfrsm;jzihf wefqmqifxm;aom [w¬dygum&ac:

atmufcH eH&Hxdef;jzihf ywf&Hxm;onf/ yifr 0ifayguf av;ckwGif

awm&P[k ac:onhf crf;em;aom t0if rkcfOD;&Sdonf

2

/

apwD\ trdk;ckH;onf a0'dumblrd

3

odkYr[kwf ykyæm"le

4

[k

ac:onhf wjznf;jznf; ao;oGm;onhf puf0kdif;ykH okH;qifhrS

jrihfwufoGm;NyD; ,if;onf apwD\ atmufajcykHpH jzpfonf

3

/

,if;t0dkif; okH;qihfwGif tay:qkH;tqifhESihf tv,ftqifhudkyif

yef;ylaZmfrnfh yef;wifckHtjzpf tokH;jyKonf/ tay:qkH;tqihfrSm

ukpäda0'dumblrdjzpfonf/ atmufqkH; tqifhwGif yg'yDXdumac:

avSum;qihf q,fhajcmufck &Sdonf/ ,if;udk apwDywfvnf ykHrSef

ae&mtcsKdUü qufxm;onf/ ,if;wdkYrSm bk&m;zl;rsm; &yfem;NyD;

'l;wkyfvsuf tay:ypö,mwGif yef;rsm;ylaZmfNyD;aemuf vSnhfvnf

NyD; 0wfjyK&Sdcdk;&ef ae&mrsm;udk ñTefjyonf/ rZÑdredum,f t|

uxmüygonhf taMumif;t&m wpf&yfrSm rax&fwpfyg;onf

taemufzuf avSum;rsm;rSwpfqifh a0'dumblrd (ypädrrkc edód

awe aomygaee) rS wufoGm;NyD; apwDawmftm; yef;refrsm;

v ª'gef;cJhykH taMumif;udk azmfjyonf

5

/

1

r[m0Ho 33;31/ 34;70/ a&S;acwfrsm;wGif 0gvdu*FPom &SdcJhykH&onf/

aemifacwfrsm;wGif EdkifiHawmf csrf;om<u,f0vmNyD; ausmif;wdkufrsm;udk

wdk;csJUaomtcg NcH0if;us,fvmNyD; cGJxm;cJhzG,f&Sdonf/

2

r-| 3? 170/ r[m0Ho 38? 10/

3

r-| 3? 170/ a0'dumblrd[lonf t0ifrkcfOD;udk qdkvdkonf/

3

r[m0Ho 30;51? 58? 60/ 33;22/ *kdif*gonf ]ykyæm"me} yk'fudk

]yef;ylaZmf&ef avSum;xpfoP²mef tqihf[k bmomjyefonf/

5

r-| 3? 170/ tbd-| 1? 114/ r[mapwd,H y'u©dPH uwGm aomV-

ook yg'yd|dumok yÍöywd|dawe 0E´dwGm/

at'D 12 &mpk cefYwGif a0'dumblrdodkY wufNyD; vuf,m&pfvSnfhonhf

xkH;pH jywfawmufoGm;cJhaMumif; awGU&onf/ *k½kVKa*grd trnf&Sdyk*¾Kdvfu

¤if; a&;om;onhf "r®jy'Dydum (at'D 12 &mpk) usrf;wGif ½k0ef0gvdqm,



ykHrSeftm;jzihf aAm"dyifwnf&Sd&m0if;\ t&yfav;rsufESmwGif

awm&P odkYr[kwf 0ifayguf*dwf av;ck&SdNyD;

1

jrifhwufaeonfh

ausmufyvufazmif;\ a0'Dwpfckudk apwDawmf ywfvnfwGif

2

csxm;vsuf ,if;tay:wGif Oyoumrsm;u &Sdckd;0wfjyKEdkifonf/

aAm"dyifteD;wGif aAm"dC&

3

odkYr[kwf aAm"da*[&Sdonf/ apwd

,C&ESihfrwlbJ 0wfjyKausmif;wpfckESihfwlonhf ,if;taqmuf

ttkHudk opfyifay:rS wnfaqmufxm;onf r[kwfbJ opfudkif;

rsm;atmuf&Sd yifpnfywfvnfwGif

4

wnfaqmufxm;jcif; jzpf

onf/ wpfcgwpf&HwGif aAm"dC&twGif; Ak'¨qif;wkawmfrsm; &Sd

onf

5

/ apwd,C&uJhodkYyif þtaqmufttkH (aAm"dC&)onf

vnf; r[maAm"dyifjrwftm; vuf,m&pf vSnfhvnfMuonfh

bk&m;zl;rsm;tm; trdk;tumay;&ef &nf½G,fykH&onf/

aemufxyf ta&;BuD;onhf t&mwpfckrSm Ak'¨qif;wkawmf

xm;&Sdonhf y#drmC& (qif;wkawmfaqmif) jzpfonf/ qif;wk

1

r[m0Ho 34;108? 128/

2

,if; 34;52? 103/

3

r[m0Ho 15;205/ 37;15/ 38;43/ 41;65/ 0d-| 3? 14? 70/

&mpkESpfaygif; rsm;pGmywfvkH; bk&ifrsm;pGmwdkYonf r[m0d[m&ausmif;

wdkuftwGif;&Sd r[maAm"dyifESihf tjcm;a'orsm;&Sd aAm"dyif ywfvnf

wGif aAm"dC&rsm; wnfaqmufMuaMumif; azmfjyonf/

4

þonfrSm r[m0Ho tcef; 40? *gxmtrSwf 54 üazmfjyonhf rSwf

wrf;jzpft&jzpfonf/ ,k0&mZ r[dE (at'D 851-886 'kwd, aoe

rif; vufxuf)onf (oD[dkVf) r[maAm"dyifü aAm"dC&wpfck pwif

aqmufvkyfonf/ xkyfwef;ESifh xdaeojzihf aAm"dudkif;wpfckudk ckwf

jzwf&rnf[k owdjyKrdonhf vuform;rsm;u ,k0&mZtm; taMumif;

Mum;Muonf/ ,k0&mZonf r[maAm"dyiftm; tvª'ge jyKNyD; aAm"d

C&udk wnfaqmuf&vG,fulap&ef aAm"dudkif;jrwfonf tay:odkY

auG;ygapownf;[k qkawmif;t"d|mefjyKvdkufonf/ qkawmif;onfh

twkdif; jzpfvmcJhonf/ ,if;rSwfwrf;t& aAm"dC&udk aAm"dudkif;

rsm;\ tay:rS wnfaqmufjcif;r[kwfbJ tudkif;rsm;atmufrS wnf

aqmufjcif;jzpfaMumif; od&onf/

5

r[m0Ho 37? 31/

apwDywfvnfwGif apwd,C& odkYr[kwf apwDtdrf[kac:

onhf taqmufttkH&Sdonf

1

/ ,if; taqmufttkHonf ,if;udk

qefcsDESihf bdvq(Bhilsa)uJhodkYaom apwDtcsKdU\ a0'dumblrdodkY oGm;

onhf avSum;xpfrsm;udk bk&m;zl;rsm; tokH;jyKEdkifqJ jzpfonf/ trSef

aomf t0dkif;ykH a0'dumblrd okH;ckonf apwDawmf\ tajccHjzpfNyD; ay

tawmfjrihfaom tay:qkH; ypö,mtxuf&Sd trdk;ckH;wGif "mwfawmfrsm;

udk Xmyemxm;onf/ odkYjzpfí a0'dumblrdwpfavQmuf apwDawmf

ywfvnfü vrf;avQmufjcif;onf twGif;&Sd "mwfawmfrsm;ukd r½dkao&m

a&mufonf/

1

wpfcgwpf&H apwd,a*[[kvnf; ac:onf (0d-| 3? 70/ r[m0Ho?

97;90-91)/

apwd,C&\ rlv&if;jrpfudk twdtus rod&acs/ t&Sifr[mAk'¨

aCmo\ tóvm,eokwftzGifh (r-| 3? 281) wGif tóvm,e

trnf&Sd Oyoumonf Ak'¨w&m;udk vdkufemusihfokH;oGm;NyD;aemuf rdrd

tdrftwGif; apwDwpfql wnfaqmufcJhonf (twåaem taEÅm eda0-

oaea,0 apwd,H uma&od)/ ¤if;udk qufcHolrsm;onf t|uxm

usrf;udk a&;om;onhfacwfwdkifatmif ,if;tpOftvmudk vdkufemcJhMu

NyD; tdrfaqmufonhf tcgwdkif;wGif tdrftwGif;ü apwDwpfqludk wnf

aqmufMuonf (,m0ZÆ'd0om tóvm,e0Hao Zmwm eda0oeH

uma&wGm taEÅmeda0oae apwd,H uma&aEÅ0)/ apwDudk tdrf

twGif; xnhfoGif;&onf[laom tpOftvmudk jzpfay:apcJhonfh ,if;

tavhtusihf &SdEdkifygovm;/

þudpöESihf ywfoufí *ltwGif;rSmyif&Sdonhf um&favapwDrSmuJh

odkYaom &nfñTef;csufudk jyKvkyfEdkifonf/ "mwfawmfrsm;rSm oufawmf

xif&Sm; jrwfAk'¨udk udk,fpm;jyKonf/ Oyrmtm;jzihf rdrdESihf aemufyg

&[ef;awmfrsm; Ak'¨bk&m;&Sifudk zl;ajrmf&ef tdE´d,odkY <ua&mufvdk

aMumif; t&Sifr[dE´\ azmjfycsufudk Munhfyg/ Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf y&d

edAÁmef pHawmfrlNyDjzpfaMumif; avQmufxm;Muaomtcg t&Sifjrwfu

]Ak'¨\ "mwfawmfarGawmfrsm;udk zl;jrif&jcif;rSm Ak'¨bk&m;&Sifudk zl;ajrmf&

jcif;yifjzpfonf}[k t&Sifjrwfu ajzMum;onf ("mwlok 'da|ok 'da|m

a[mwd Zdaem? r[m0Ho 17? 3)/ odkYjzpfí ,if;odkYaom "mwfawmf

rsm;udk Xmyem (xnhfoGif;) aom apwDwpfqludkvnf; oufawmf

xif&Sm; jrwfAk'¨oDwif;okH;awmfrlonhf ae&mtjzpf ,lq&rnfjzpfonf/



zkH;tkyfxm;aom trdk;ygonhf ausmufwdkifay:&Sd trSwfw&ae&m

ay:wGif wnfaqmufxm;aom taqmufttkHi,fwpfck jzpfcJh

ykH&onf/ ,if;taqmufttkHü wpfcgwpf&HwGif wHcg;rsm; &SdNyD;

1

twGif;ü vSyonhfaumfaZmrsm; cif;xm;onf

2

/ ,if;onf t

wGif;ü yef;rsm; ylaZmfvª'gef;rIjyK&ef ae&mygonhf apwDudk xnhf

oGif;xm;onhf tdrfwpfaqmifESifh tenf;ESihftrsm; wlaeonf

3

/

a&S;a[mif;okawoeqdkif&m t<uif;tusefrsm;wGif awGU&

onfhtwdkif; apwd,C&udk xlyg&mrESihf trÁw¬v uJhodkYaom

t½G,ftpm;i,fonhf apwDrsm;üom awGU&onf/ ½k0ef0gvd?

tb,*d&dESihf aZw0euJhodkYaom rnfonhf apwDBuD;rsm;wGifrS

apwd,C& jyKvkyfxm;onfudk rawGU&acs/ ,if;odkY t½G,f

tpm; BuD;rm;onhf apwDrsm;ü apwd,C&wnfaqmuf&ef rjzpf

EdkifonfrSm xif&Sm;onf/ apwd,C&[lonf apwDawmftwGuf

omru aexJrdk;xJwGif ywfívrf;avQmufMuonhf bk&m;zl;rsm;

twGufyg em;ckd&ef &nf½G,fcsufjzihf wnfaqmufjcif; jzpfonf/

apwd,C&onf taqmufttkHukd umuG,fay;aomfvnf;

txl;ojzihf vjynhfnrsm;wGif ½dk;pif;crf;em;onhf oyÜm,fvSyrI

udk ysufpD;aponf

4

/ wpfcgwpf&HwGif apwDudk yef;csDaq;a&;rsm;

(pdwåur®)jzihf wefqmqifxm;onfh 'kwd, t*¾aAm"drif; (at'D

601-611) jyefvnfjyKjyifNyD;aemuf xlyg&mrapwD jzpfykHESihf wl

onf

5

/ trÁw¬vapwDudk o'¨gwdórif; (bDpD 77-59)u raem

odkYjzpfygu apwD[lonf jrwfAk'öDwif; okH;awmfrlaom *Eük#dyifjzpfNyD;

,if; (*Eük#d) onf trdk;&SdoifhonfrSm obm0usygonf/

1

r[m0Ho? 48;66/

2

0d-| 2? 89/

3

jyefvnf rGrf;rHxm;onhf acwfopf apwd,C&wpfckudk oD[dkVf&Sd twåe

*v’t&yfü awGUjrifEdkifonf/

4

y&e0dwea&;om;onhf Stupa in Ceylon usrf;yg apwd,Ctcef;udk ½Iyg/

5

r[m0Ho? 42? 56/

odvm odkYr[kwf pdefeDrIefYjzihf a½Ta&mifaq;okwfcJhonf

1

/

aemufxyf ta&;ygonhf t&mwpfckr Sm aAm"dyif jzpfonf/

tcsKdUaAm"dyifrsm;rSm 0¹rmeaAm"d

2

uJhodkYaom txl;rnfemrrsm;

jzihf xif&Sm;onf/ ,if;onf Ak'¨0g'Drsm; ,kHMunfxm;onhf jrifh

jrwfaom opfyiftm; jrwfEdk;av;pm;rIESihf ywfoufonhf t

axmuftxm; jzpfonf/ bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkuf wpfckwGif aAm"d

yifonf Ak'"mwfawmfrsm; NyD;aemuf 'kwd, ae&mwGif &Sdonf/

apwD odkYr[kwf Ak'¨qif;wkawmf odkYr[kwf Ak'¨"mwfawmfrsm;udk

Xmyemxm;onhf tmoeC&

3

zufudk xkd;aerSomvQif? odkYr[kwf

aAm"dyif\ aumif;pGm BuD;xGm;rIudk aqG;ajrUaeaom odkYr[kwf

xdk;xGufaeaom tudkif;udk z,f&Sm;rIonf taxmuftyHhjyKyg

cJhvQif vlcE¨mudk,fwGif cGJpdwfukoouJhodkY aAm"dudkif;udk ckwf

jzwfEdkifonf/ tu,fí iSufrsm;onf ,if; aAm"dudkif;ay:wGif

em;aeí apwDawmftm; npfEGrf;apvQif aAm"dudkif;udk jzwf

awmuf z,f&Sm;aumif;onf

4

/ okdYwap tjcm;rnfonhf &nf½G,f

csufjzihfrQ aAm"dudkif;udk rjzwfaumif;acs

5

/

1

&o0g[ded 2? pm- 10/ r[m0Ho? 34;124/

2

r[m0Ho? 48;5/

3

tmoeC&[lonf yef;ylaZmf&ef ae&mrsm;yg&Sdonhf taqmufttkH jzpf

onfrSm xif&Sm;NyD; wpfcgwpf&H ,if;ae&mrsm;wGif azmfjyNyD;jzpfonfh t

wdkif; Ak'¨"mwfawmfrsm;udk Xmyemxm;onf/ tEk&m"yk&NrdKUESihf r[dE¦avh

t&yfrsm;wGif&Sdonhf ,if;yef;ylaZmf&ef ae&mrsm;\ a&SUwGif ausmufjzihf

wnfaqmufonhf ]tmoe}rsm;&SdNyD; C&[laom a0g[m&onf ,if;yef;

ylaZmf&ef ae&mrsm;udk ac:jcif;jzpfonf/ rMumrDu ½k0ef0gvdqm,

t&yf&Sd ,if;yef;ylaZmfonhf ae&mrsm;udk wpfppDjzKwfMunhfvkdufaotcg

tjcm;ypönf;rsm;ESihftwl "mwfawmfrsm;yg&Sdonhf MuKwfrsm;udk awGU&SdcJh

onfudk owdjyKoihfonf/ acwfopf apwDawmfrsm;\ ywfvnfwGif ae

xdkifp&m trdk;tum&Sd odkYr[kwfr&SdbJ yef;ylaZmf&eftwGuf ae&mav;ck

awGU&NyD; a&S;acwf crf;em;onhf tmoeC&\ ao;i,faom avSum;

qif;rsm;taejzihf ,lqEdkifonf (0[mvu')/

4

þazmfjycsufu aAm"dyifrsm;onf apwDawmfteD;wGif wnf&SdMuaMumif;

azmfjyonf/

5

tH-| 1? 356/ tbd-| 2? 408/



ay:ü tjyma&mif rsufESmMuufudk vSL'gef;onf

1

/ þqif;wkawmf

tm; trnfemr rsm;pGmjzihf &nfñTef;Muonf/ Oyrm O½kodvm

y#drm? r[modvmy#dvm? odvmow¬K? odvmorÁK'¨? odvmr,

Ak'¨? odvmr, rkedE´? odvmr,ra[oDwdkYjzpfonf/

þqif;wkawmftm; &nfñTef;onhf tcgwdkif;wGif odvm

(ausmuf) [laom a0g[m&udk rcGJbJ wGJokH;xm;onfrSm pdwf0iff

pm;zG,fjzpfonf/ tjcm;ausmufqif;wkawmfrsm; &SdMuaomfvnf;

þqif;wkawmfudkomvQif ]ausmufom;qif;wkawmfBuD;}[k vl

odrsm;onf/ pwkw¬r[dE´rif; (at'D 956-972) \ r[dE¦avh

ausmufpmwGif ]r*Fvr[modvmy#drm} r*Fvausmufom;qif;

wkawmfBuD;[k &nfñTef;onfudk awGU&onf

2

/ þrif;\ aZw

0em&mrausmufzsmay:wGif a&;onhfpmü tqifhjrifh csD;rGrf;

onfh a0g[m&rsm;jzifh ]r[modvmy#drm}udk &nfñTef;xm;onf

3

/

&nfñTef;xm;csufrsm;u xl;jcm;pGm t½dktaojyKjcif;cH&NyD; tvGef

wefzdk;BuD;rm;onhf "mwfawmfrsm;uJhodkYyif ylaZmfjcif;cH&onhf a&S;

a[mif; ausmufqif;wkawmf wpfql&SdaMumif; azmfjyonf/ 0duúr

odaCF (Wickremasinghe) trnf&Sd yk*¾Kdvfu pwkw¬ r[dE´rif;

ausmufpmwGif azmfjyxm;onhf ausmufom;Ak'¨qif;awmfonf

a'0geHyd,wdórif; xlyg&mrapwDawmfü wnfaqmufcJhaom

qif;wkawmf jzpfEdkifonf[k ,lqcJhNyD;

4

at'D ig;&mpkwGif tb,

*d&dausmif;wdkufü w½kwfbk&m;zl;&[ef;awmf zm[D,ef awGU&SdcJh

onhf qif;wkawmfESihf twlwl jzpfEdkifonf[laom jzpfEkdifajcjzihf

aumufcsufcscJhonf

5

/

1

,if; 40? 77/

2

EZ, I, p. 92. 3

EZ, I, p.p. 218,218,233. 4

EZ, I, p. 217. 5

EZ, I, p. 230. a'0geHyd,wdórif;\ Ak'¨qif;wkawmfonf tEk&m"yk&NrdKU orm"d

(t&yf)wGif awGU&onhf xif&Sm;ausmfMum;aom xdkifawmfrl Ak'¨qif;wk

awmf jzpfovm;[k ar;vdkzG,f&Sdonf/ þqif;wkawmfonf vma&muf

awmfaqmifonf oD[dkVfbkef;BuD;ausmif;wpfckü rnfonfh tcsdef

upwif ta&;ygvmcJhaMumif; pl;prf;&ef pdwf0ifpm;zG,f aumif;

onf

1

/ t&Sifr[dE´\ r[m0d[m&ausmif;wkduf yEéufwGif r[m

xlyESihf r[maAm"dyifrsm;twGuf ae&m&SdcJhaomfvnf; qif;wk

awmfaqmiftwGuf ae&mryg&SdaMumif; awGU&onf/ þae&mü

bDpDokH;&mpk bk&iftaomuacwftwGif; Ak'¨qif;wkawmf wnf&Sd

cJhaMumif; rod&onfudk owd&oifhonf/ Ak'¨qif;wkawmfrsm;

onf qefcsDESihf bm&[kw&Sd a&S;a[mif; yef;ykvuf&mrsm;rS vGJí

rawGU&acs/ Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf oufawmfxif&Sm;&SdrIudk jzpfEdkifpGm

arQmfvihf&rnfjzpfaom pdwftm½kH udk,fpm;jyKrIrsm;rSmyif Ak'¨&Sif

awmfjrwftm; ajcawmf&m? pufbD;ykH odkYr[kwf yef;ukH;yef;qdkif;

rsm;ESihf xD;rdk;xm;onhf xdkifckHrsm;uJhodkYaom oauFwrsm;jzifhom

ñTefjycJhonf/ bm&[kw yef;ykvuf&mrsm;ü awGU&onfh jrifuGif;

wpfckonf ajcawmf&ma&SUü 'l;axmufaeonhf tZmwowåKrif;

udk udk,fpm;jyKaMumif; ausmufpmwGif twdtus azmfjyonf

]tZmwowåKonf Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwftm; 'l;axmufí &Sdckd;OD;ñGwf

onf}

2

/ tdE´d,wGif Ak'¨qif;wk xkvkyfjcif;ESihf ,if;tm; ylaZmf

udk;uG,frIudk taomuaemufydkif;acwfrS pNyD;owfrSwfjcif;udk

cdkifvkHaponhf taxmuftxm; rsm;pGm&Sdonf/ um&fef (Karn)

trnf&Sdyk*¾Kdvf

3

u pkaqmif;xm;onhf taxmuftxm;rsm; tm;

vkH;onf Ak'¨qif;wk xkvkyfudk;uG,frItprSm bDpDwpf&mpkxuf

aemufrus[lonfudk azmfjy&ef tm;omaMumif; ,lqcJhonf/

odkY&mwGif tenf;qkH; at'D ig;&mpkxd wnf&SdcJhNyD; vkH;0

aysmufroGm;ao;onhf oD[dkVftpOftvm wpfckonf Ak'¨qif;wk

1

,aeYacwfwGif Ak'¨qif;wk xm;onfhae&m[k trsm;odMuonfhtwdkif; xdk

qif;wkaqmifonf oD[dkVfbkef;BuD;ausmif; wpfck\ t"duae&mjzpfonf/

2

tZmwowåK b*0awm 0E´aw/ bm&[kw ausmufpm (Barua and Sinha)? pm-36/

3

MIB, p. 95.



awmfordkif;udk bDpDokH;&mpktcsdefxd ajc&mcHxm;onf

1

/ aZ|

wdórif; (at'D 323-333)\ vkyfaqmifrIrsm;ESihf ywfoufí

r[m0Housrf;ü ]xlyg&mrapwDawmfwGif a'0geHyd, wdórif;

u BuD;rm;NyD; oyÜm,fvSyonhf ausmufqif;wkawmfwpfql xnhf

oGif;cJhaMumif;} rSwfwrf; wifxm;onf

2

/ tu,fí ,if; azmfjy

csufudk vufcHvQif oD[dkVfonf urÇmay:wGif yxrqkH;aom Ak'¨

qif;wkawmf wnf&SdcJhonhf EdkifiHjzpfonf/ a'0geHyd,wdórif;

onf trSefyif ,if;qif;wkawmfudk jyKvkyfcJhovm; odkYwnf;

r[kwf aESmif;acwf tpOftvmonf xlyg&mrapwDawmftwGif;

awGU&SdcJhonhf rnfonhft&yfwGif jyKvkyfonf[k rod&aom a&S;

acwf Ak'qif;wkawmfudk oD[dkVfEdkifiH\ yxrqkH;aom Ak'¨bmom

bk&if (a'0geHyd,wdórif;) wnfaqmufcJhonf[k ,lqavo

vm;[lonfudk twdtus rod&acs/ tdE´d,&Sd qefcsDESihf bm&

[kwt&yfrsm;wGif&Sdonhf a&S;acwfyef;ykqif;wkawmf rsm;tMum;

Ak'¨qif;wkawmfwpfql rawGU½kHrQjzihf bDpD okH;&mpkwGif tjcm;rnf

onhf ae&mwGifrS Ak'¨qif;wkawmf wpfql jyKvkyfcJhjcif; r&Sd[k

1

w½kwf&[ef;awmf zm[D,efu ¤if;a&mufaepOftwGif; tdE´d,ü wnf&Sd

aeonhf ajymqdkpOfwpfckudk &nfñTef;xm;onf/ ,if;ajymqdkpOf t&

y&aoeZdw (Prasenajit) rif; (yaoe'Daumovrif;) u Ak'öufawmf

xif&Sm;&SdpOftcgwGif pEúl;eHYomom;jzihf Ak'¨qif;wkawmf wpfqljyKvkyfap

aMumif; od&onf/ zm[D,efu ,if;qif;wkawmfonf aESmif;acwfwGif

xkvkyfMuonfh qif;wkawmf tm;vkH;\ pHjyqif;wkawmf jzpfvmaMumif;

qdkonf (Fa Hien, p. 56-57)/ oD[dkVfwGif yaoe'Daumovrif; wnf

aqmufcJhonhf Ak'¨qif;wkawmf taMumif; azmfjycsufyg&Sdonhf aumov

AdrÁ0PÖem usrf;pmwpfapmifvnf; &Sdonf/ ,if;usrf;udk at'D 13 odkYr

[kwf 14 &mpkcefYwGif a&;om;cJhzG,f&Sdonf (DPPN, I, p. 698)/ r[m0Ho

tcef; 30? *gxmtrSwf 72 wGif 'k|*grPdrif; (bDpD 101-77) onf

ok0PÖrmvD r[mapwDwGif Ak'ä½Tqif;wkawmf wpfql XmyemcJhaMumif;

rSwfwrf;wifxm;onf/

2

r[m0Ho 35? 128 *gxm/ a'0geHyd,wdaóe? aom ywd|mydwH yk&m/

xlyg&mar O½kodvm-y#drH pm½k'óeH/

aumufcsufcsygu aMumif;usKd; rqDavsmfacs/ tdE´d,wdkufe,f\

wdk;wufrIjzihf oD[dkVfwGif tawG;tac:opfrsm; aygufyGm;vmrI

udk wm;qD;&ef wpfckck &SdcJhovm;/

txufwGif azmfjycJhonfh ]ausmufqif;wkawmfBuD;} (O½k

y#drm) onf trsm;tav;*½kjyK ½dkaojcif;cH&onhf xif&Sm;onhf

qif;wkawmfjzpfonf/ aZ|wdórif; (at'D 323-333) onf

,if;qif;wkawmfudk xlyg&mrapwDrS a½TUajymif;NyD; ygpDewdó

yAÁw ausmif;wdkufwGif ylaZmfxm;cJhonf

1

/ wpfzef r[maoe

rif; (at'D 334-362) onf ,if;qif;wkawmfudk xdkausmif;

wdkufrS a½TUajymif;NyD; tb,*d&ausmif;wdkufwGif

2

xm;cJhonf/

Ak'¨'gorif; (at'D 4 &mpkukefcefY) onf þqif;wkawmf\ rsuf

vkH;awmfywfvnfwGif &wemrsm; pDjc,fcJhonf

3

/ "mwkaoerif;

(at'D 460-478)onf þqif;wkawmftwGuf taqmufttkH

wpfck wnfaqmufNyD; Ak'¨'gorif; v ª'gef;cJhonhf &wemrsm;

aysmufqkH;oGm;aomaMumihf rsufvkH;awmfwpfpkHwGif jyefvnfjyKjyif

rnfh &wemrsm;udk v ª'gef;cJhonf/ "mwkaoeonf a&mifvQH

puf0ef;ESihf txGwf (em;uif;awmf) ESihf tjyma&mif &wemrsm;

jzihfpDjc,fxm;onhf qHawmfrsm;udkvnf; jyKvkyfapcJhonf

4

/ odvm

arC0PÖrif; (at'D 617-626) onf qif;wkawmf\ taqmif

a[mif;udk jyefvnfjyKjyifcJhNyD; &wemrsm;pGmjzihf wefqmqifvsuf

aumv0gyda&uefudk þqif;wkawmfBuD;tm; v ª'gef;cJhonf

5

/

'kwd,aoerif; (at'D 851-885) onf ysufpD;oGm;onfh qif;

wkawmfaqmifudk jyefvnfjyKjyifNyD; ¤if;\ rdzk&m; ,if;taqmif

1

r[m0Ho 36? 129 *gxm/ ygpdewdóyAÁw[lonf tEk&m"yk&NrdKU?

Ek0&0g0 (Nuvaraväva)teD; wl;azmfawGU&SdcJhonhf t<uif; tusefrsm;

jzpfonf/

2

,if; 37? 14/

3

,if; 37? 123/ 38? 61-62/

4

,if; 38? 61-64/

5

,if; 44? 68-69/



usKd;qDavsmfpGm azmfjyonfh tjcm;ae&mrsm;rSmyif apwDESihf aAm"d

yifrsm;udkom ñTef;qkdNyD; qif;wkawmf odkYr[kwf qif;wkaqmifudk

vkH;0ñTef;qdkjcif;r&Sd

1

/ teEÅ&d,uHESihf ywfoufí &Sif;vif;csuf

wpfckwGif Ak'¨y&dedAÁmefpHvGefNyD;aemuf wpfpkHwpfa,mufonf ap

wDawmfudk NzKdzsufvQifjzpfap aAm"dyifudk jzwfvQifjzpfap Ak'¨

"mwfawmfrsm;udk yGef;yJhatmifvkyfvQifjzpfap xdkyk*¾Kdvfonf tm

eEÅ&d,uHudk usL;vGefolESihf tvm;wlaMumif; jyqdkonf

2

/ odkY&m

wGif qif;wkawmfudk zsufqD;jcif; odkYr[kwf yGef;yJhatmifvkyfjcif;

ESifh ywfoufonhf azmfjycsuf vkH;0r&Sdacs/ qif;wkawmfxJü Ak'¨

"mwfawmfrsm;udk xnfhoGif;xm;rSomvQif xdkqif;wkawmftm; t

a&;BuD;onf[k ,lqonf

3

/ "mwfawmfrsm; xnfhoGif;jcif;r&SdbJ

qif;wkawmfonf bmoma&;wefzdk; tenf;i,frQom&Sdaom

odkYr[kwf bmoma&;wefzdk;r&Sdaom ypönf;wpfckom jzpfonf/

,if;azmfjycsufrsm;xuf 0db*Ft|uxm

4

wGifawGU&aom

azmfjycsufwpf&yfrSm ydkí thHMozG,f aumif;onf/ ,if;azmfjy

csufrSm ]wpfpkHwpfa,mufonf apwDawmfudkjzpfap aAm"dyif

udkjzpfap zl;ajrmfjcif;jzihf Ak'¨gvrÁPyDwd

5

udk &&Sd\}[kjzpfonf/

odkY&mwGif Ak'¨qif;wkawmftm; ,if;odkYjyK&ef azmfjyjcif;r&Sdacs/

tu,fí tvm;wl azmfjycsufrsKd;udk ,aeYjyKvkyfrnfqdkvQif

uREkfyfwdkYtaejzihf tvdktavsmufyif wpfpkHwpfa,mufonf Ak'g

vrÁPyDwdudk Ak'¨½kyfyGm;awmftm; zl;ajrmfjcif;jzihf &&SdEdkifonf[k

rqdkif;rwGyif ajymqdkrnfjzpfonf/ odkYwap t|uxmü qif;

wkawmfwpfqltm; zl;ajrmfjcif;udk aemufxyfwpfck jzpfEdkifajc

taejzihf azmfjyjcif; rjyKacs/ Ak'¨½kyfyGm;awmftm; zl;jrifjcif;rSm

1

Oyrm tbd-| 2? 332? 408/ r-| 1? 258/ tH-| 2? 377/ 0d-| 4? 152/

2

a&S;acwf oD[dkVf Oya't& ,if;jypfrIudk usL;vGefvQif ao'Pfay;onf/

3

tH-| 1? 341/ tbd-| 2? 408/ 0d-| 3? 424/

4

tbd-| 2? 332/ tbd-| 1? 115 udkvnf;½Iyg/

5

Ak'¨gvrÁPyDwd[lonf Ak'¨udk zl;ajrmf&mrSjzpfap Ak'¨*kPfudk atmufarh&m

rSjzpfap &&Sdvmonfh ESpfoufrIyDwdjzpfonf/

at'DESpf&mpktwGif; r[m0Housrf;ü wpfqlwnf;aom Ak'¨

qif;wkawmfESihf qif;wkawmfaqmifudk &nfñTef;xm;csufudkom

uREkfyfwdkYawGU&onf/ 0obrif; (at'D 127-171)onf Ak'¨qif;

wkawmf av;ql jyKvkyfNyD; ,if;qif;wkawmfrsm;twGuf taqmif

wpfck aqmufvkyfcJhaMumif; od&onf

1

/ at'D okH;&mpkwGifvnf;

qif;wkawmfESifh ywfoufonhf &nfñTef;csuf wpfckudkom &&Sd

onf/ aMu;qif;wkawmf ESpfqludk a0g[m&duwdórif; (at'D

269-291)u oGef;vkyfaMumif;od&NyD; tqdkyg qif;wkawmfrsm;udk

zl;ajrmfolrsm;tzdkY urÇmay:&Sd rnfonhf ae&mrS Ak'¨qif;wkawmfxufrqdk

ydkrdkBuD;jrwfaom qGJaqmifrI&Sdonf/ (tdE´d,0efBuD;csKyfa[mif;) *sm0g[m

vm ae½l;onf þqif;wkawmfudk ESpfoufcJhNyD; ]a'[&m'ef tusOf;

axmifwGif tusOf;cscH&pOfu tvGefwnfNidrfat;csrf;onhf þAk'¨qif;wk

awmfjrwf\ ½kyfoGifawmfonf uREkfyftm; oufom&m&apNyD; cGeftm;udk

ay;onfomru pdwf"mwfusqif;onhf tBudrfrsm;pGmudk ausmfvTm;&ef ul

nDay;EdkifcJh\}[k qdkcJhonf (Jawaharlal Nehru's Autobiography, p. 271)/ þqif;wkawmfonf urÇmay:ü awGU&SdorQwGif toyÜm,fqkH; jzpfzG,f&Sd

onf/ tD;bD [maA;vf (E.B. Havell) u ¤if;\usrf; (Handbook of Indian Art, p. 155) wGif qm&emx(rd*'g0kef) Ak'¨qif;wkawmfwGif ,if;ESifh

wlnDonhf rsufESmawmf&SdaMumif;qdkonf/ odkYwap rlvqif;wkawmfrsm;

\ rsufESmawmfESpfckudk avhvmol wpfa,muftzdkY qif;wkawmf ESpfck

tMum;wGif rsm;pGm jcm;em;onfudk awGUEdkifonf/ tEk&m"yk&NrdKUawmfrS

Ak'¨qif;wkawmf\ rsufESmawmfwGif awGU&onhf ½dk;pif;rI? wnfNidrfonhf

cGeftm;ESihf cdkifusnfrIoGifjyifrsm;onf rd*'g0kefAk'¨qif;wkwGif awGU&onhf

EkysKdNyD; rdrdudk,fudk auseyfaeonhf oGifjyifü aysmufqkH;aeonf/ tEk&m"

yk& qif;wkawmf\ rsufESmawmf\ r[mqefonhf av;eufrIrsm;u

tHhMorIESihf av;pm;rIudk awmif;qdkonf/ wpfcsdefwnf;wGif rd*'g0kef qif;

wkawmf\ touf0ifonhf oyÜm,frIu arwåmESihf MunfndKrIudk awmif;

qkdonf/ rd*'g0kef Ak'¨qif;wkawmfonf qufqHrIwGif ydkrdk ajcmufaoGUNyD;

ynm&SifqefNyD; oD[dkVfqif;wkawmf\ oyÜm,fNyD; [efcsufnDonhf pD;qif;

rI vdkaeNyD; opfom;jzihf jyKvkyfonhf jyKjyifxm;rIonf rlvoGifjyif\ pGrf;

&nf uif;rJhonhf twkjyKvkyfxm;onhf vufawmfudk jyonf/

1

r[m0Ho 35? 89/



r[maAm"dyif\ ta&SUzuf aAm"dC&(aAm"daqmif)wGif xm;&Sd

aMumif;od&onf

1

/ odkYwap at'Dav;&mpkrSpí r[m0HoESifh t

jcm;usrf;rsm;ü bk&ifrsm;pGmwdkY wnfaqmufcJhonhf qif;wkawmf

rsm;ESifh qif;wkaqmifrsm;tm; azmfjyrI rsm;pGmudk awGU&onf/

t&Sifr[mAk'¨aCmo\ ygVdt|uxmusrf;rsm;ü ae&mXme

ESpfckwGifom Ak'¨qif;wkawmfrsm;tm; &nfñTef;csufrsm; yg&Sdaomf

vnf; qif;wkawmfaqmiftaMumif;udkrl vkH;0 azmfjyjcif;rjyKacs/

t|uxmusrf;rsm;t& Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf\ "mwfawmfrsm;udk Xm

yem (xnhfoGif;)xm;rSomvQif qif;wkawmf wpfqltzdkY ta&;yg

onf/ at'D 5 &mpk ygVdt|uxmusrf;rsm;udk a&;om;csdefu

oHCmawmfrsm;tm; vSLzG,f0w¬Krsm; vSL'gef;csdefwGif ]ynm&Sd

yk*¾Kdvfrsm;} (y@dwrEkóm) onf Ak'¨"mwfawmf yg&Sdonhf qif;

wkawmf odkYr[kwf "mwfawmfMuKwf (o"mwkuH y#drH 0g apwd,H

0g) udk xm;avh&SdNyD; a&S;OD;pGm tpm;tpmESihf aomufawmfa&

rsm;udk a&S;OD;pGm qif;wkawmf odkYr[kwf "mwfawmfMuKwftm; v ª

'gef;Muonf

2

/ rnfonhftcsdefwGif r[maAm"dudkif;wpfckudk jzwf

awmufEdkifonf[laom tcsufESifhywfoufí aqG;aEG;&mwGif

,if;aAm"dudkif;wpfckonf xlyudkjzpfap odkYr[kwf "mwfawmf yg

&Sdonhf qif;wkawmf (o"mwkuH ye xlyH 0g y#drH 0g Am",-

rmeH) udkjzpfap aESmihf,SufrSomvQif ,if;aAm"dudkif;udk jzwf

awmufEdkifaMumif; jyqdkonf

3

/

at'D 5 &mpk rwkdifrD ordkif;rSwfwrf;ü azmfjyonhf qif;wk

awmfaqmifonf aygvkEé½k0acwfESihf ,if;acwfaemufydkif; qif;

wkawmfaqmif tao;pdwfESihf wlonfjzpfap odkYwnf;r[kwf xdk

qif;wkawmfaqmifrsm;rSm qif;wkawmfwpfckay:rS aqmufvkyf

xm;aom omreftrdk;(r@yf)rsm;jzpfovm; [lonfrSm tawmf

1

r[m0Ho 36? 31/

2

0d-| 3? 424/

3

tH-| 1? 341? tbd-| 2? 332/

twef &Sif;vif;rIr&Sdacs/ odkYwap tqdkyg qif;wkawmfaqmifrSm

qif;wkawmftm; avESihf &moDOwk'PfrS umuG,frnhf trdk;rQ

omjzpfonf[laom tcsufrSm ydkrdkjzpfEdkifzG,f&Sdonf/

,if;taqmufttkHrsm;\ t½G,ftpm;ESihf ykHoP²mefrnf

odkYjzpfap ygVdt|uxmusrf;rsm;ü ,if;y#drmC& odkYr[kwf qif;

wkawmfaqmifudk vkH;0azmfjyjcif;r&SdonhftcsufrSm tvGefpdwf0if

pm;zG,f aumif;aomtcsufjzpfonf/ &[ef;awmfrsm;tm; apwd

,*FP (apwD&ifjyif) ESihf aAm"d,*FP (aAm"d&ifjyif)? apwd,

C&ESihf aAm"dC&? Oykoftdrf? ygeD,rmvu (aomufa&aqmif)

ESihf y&da0P (aexdkif&mausmif;aqmif)udk wHjrufvSnf; oefY&Sif;

&efuJhodkYaom aeYpOfwm0eftcsKdUudk aqmif½Guf&rnf[k qdkonf

1

/

odkYwap y#drmC&taMumif;udk azmfjycsufr&Sdacs/ orEÅygom'd

um (0de,t|uxm) wGif aoemoe (aexdkif&efae&m) ESihf

taoemoe (aexdkif&ef roihfawmfonhfae&m) rsm;\ pm&if;

udk ay;xm;onf

2

/ odkYwap qif;wkawmfaqmifonf bkef;BuD;

ausmif;wkduf&Sd taqmufttkH tm;vkH;\ ykHpH ESpfrsKd;jzpfonfh

aoemoe pm&if;rSma&m taoemoe pm&if;rSmyg ryg0ifacs/

xkdtcsdefu wnf&SdqJjzpfaomfvnf; Ak'¨qif;wkawmftm;

ygVdt|uxmusrf;rsm;ü &Sdckd;ylaZmfrnhf ae&mwGif ae&mray;cJh

jcif;rSm tHhMozG,faumif;onf/ ur®|mef;bm0em pD;jzef;rnfh

&[ef;rsm;onf apwDawmfESihf aAm"dyifrsm;udk ylaZmf&ef oGm;NyD;

,if;aemufrS qGrf;cH0if&ef ñTefMum;csufrsm;&Sdaomfvnf; Ak'¨qif;

wkawmfudkrl vkH;0 rodusKd;uRH jyKcJhonf

3

/ &Sdcdk;ylaZmfrIudk aMumif;

1

0dok'¨dr*¾ 1? 337/ r-| 2? 300/ tH-| 1? 375/ tbd-| 2? 334/

2

0d-| 3? 70/ apwd,C&H aAm"dC&H tmoeC&H or®KZÆedt¥H 'g½kt¥H

0pöuk#D £|uomvm 0¹udomvm 'Gg&aum|aum ygeD,rmavm

ra*¾g aygu©&PDwd {wmed [d taoemoemed/ 0d[ma&m t¹a,ma*g

ygoma'g [r®d,H *k[m r@ayg ½ku©rlvH a0VK*karÁmwd £rmed

aoemoemed/

3

'D-| 1? 107/ r-| 1? 260/ tbd-| 2? 336/



wpfaumif\ ½kyfykHESihf Ak'\ t*¾om0u ESpfyg;wdkY\ ½kyfykHrsm;ESihf

&wempDjc,fonfh r@y (r@yf)wpfckudkvnf; ay;cJhaMumif; qdk

onf

1

/ azmfjyyg ypönf;rsm;twGuf ae&mvGwfvdkonfrSm xif

&Sm;onf/ odkYjzpfí tenf;qkH; at'D 5 &mpkukef txd qif;wk

awmfaqmiftcsKdUrSm txJwGif yef;ykypönf; trsKd;rsKd;&Sdonhf crf;

em;us,f0ef;aom taqmufttkHrsm; &SdcJhonf[k ,kHMunhf&onfh

tcsuf&Sdonf/ xdktcsdefrSpí aemiftcsdefrsm;wGif qif;wkawmf

rsm;ESifh qif;wkawmfaqmifrsm;rSm ydkíydkí xif&Sm;acwfpm;vmykH

&onf/ at'D 10 &mpkwGif ,aeYacwfü uREfkyfwdkY awGUjrif&

onfhtwdkif; qif;wkawmfaqmiftwGif; rD;tdrfrsm;xGef;ñSd&ef

2

v ª

'gef;rIrsm;awGU&onf/ odkYwap ordkif;rSwfwrf;rsm;udk a&S;a[mif;

t<uif;tusefrsm;u taxmuftuljyKonhf aygvkEé½k0acwf

txd qif;wkaqmifESihf ywfoufí &Sif;vif;onhf xifjrifcsuf

wpf&yfudk r&EdkifbJ&Sdonf/

w&m;a[m w&m;emtwGuf ae&mxdkifcif;rSm bkef;BuD;

ausmif;wdkufwpfckrSm cJGjcrf;r&aomt&m wpfckjzpfonf

3

/ tEk

&m"yk&NrdKU&Sd avm[ygom'\ ajrnDxyfudk ykHrSeftm;jzihf w&m;

a[mcef;tjzpf tokH;jyKcJhonf

4

/ tjcm;ae&mrsm;wGif a,bk,s

tm;jzihf "r®r@y[kac:onhf cef;us,frsm; taqmifrsm;udk

txl;ojzihf w&m;em&ef &nf½G,fcsufjzihf wnfaqmufMuonf

5

/

tcsKdUae&mrsm;wGif w&m;a'oemrsm;udk y"meC&wGif a[m

Mum;onf

6

/ "r®r@yrsm;onf us,f0ef;jcif; &SdykHr& odkYr[kwf

oufaomifhoufom jzpfykHr&acs/ w&m;emaewkef; a>rudkufcH&

1

r[m0Ho? 39;52-53/

2

EZ.III, p. 264.

3

tH-| 4? 246/

4

0dok'¨dr*¾ 1? 88/ 0d-| 3? 240/ r-| 4? 246/

5

0dok'¨dr*¾ 1? 92/ &o0g[deD 2? 3/ "r®omvm (w&m;a[m cef;r

aqmif)[laom a0g[m&onf at'D 12 &mpk yxr y&uúr Am[krif;

vufxufwkdifatmif rawGU&acs (r[m0Ho 78;42)/

6

r-| 1? 92/

Ak'¨gvrÁPyDwdudk&&Sd&ef tvG,fulqkH;aom enf;vrf;wpfckjzpf

aomaMumihf tu,fí t|uxm usrf;jyKq&mrsm;onf ½kyfyGm;

qif;wk ylaZmfudk;uG,frIudk bmoma&;wefzdk;&Sdonhftaejzihf t

odtrSwf jyKcJhovm;[lonfESihfywfoufí wdusonhf om"u

wpf&yfudk &Smoifhonf/

,if;odkY &SmazGjcif;onf uREfkyfwdkYxHodkY ta&;ygonhf jyó

emwpf&yfudk ,laqmifvmonf/ ygVdt|uxmusrf;rsm;udk a&;

om;pOfu Ak'¨qif;wkawmfrsm; wnf&SdaeNyDjzpfaMumif; uREfkyfwdkY

od&NyD; t|uxmusrf;rsm;udk jyKpkonhfacwfrwdkifrDuyif Ak'¨

qif;wkawmfrsm;omru qif;wkawmfaqmifrsm;yg wnf&SdaeNyD

jzpfaMumif; oufaojy&ef r[m0Housrf;t& xif&Sm;NyD;jzpf

onf/ at'Dig;&mpk tapmydkif;tcsdefu w½kwfbk&m;zl; &[ef;

awmf zm[D,efonfvnf; tEk&m"yk&NrdKUawmfü Ak'¨qif;wkawmf

BuD; wpfqltaMumif;ESihf ,if;qif;wkawmf\ BuD;us,fcrf;em;ykH

udk azmfjycJhonf/ zm[D,efonf ukefonfwpfa,muf þqif;wk

awmftm; ,yfawmifwpfacsmif;udk vSL'gef;aeonfudk awGUjrif

cJhonf

1

/ ygVdt|uxmusrf;rsm;udk a&;om;csdefu Ak'¨qif;wk

awmfrsm;ESihf qif;wkawmfaqmifrsm; wnf&SdNyD;jzpfonfudk tenf;

i,frQyif oHo,jzpfzG,frvdkacs/ odkYjzpfrl t|uxmusrf;rsm;ü

qif;wkawmfrsm;tm; tb,faMumifh bmoma&;qdkif&m udk;uG,f

rI jyKtyfaomae&mudk ray;cJhygoenf;? xdkYjyif bkef;BuD;ausmif;

wdkufwpfck\ ykHpHrsKd;pkH&Sdonhf qif;wkawmfaqmif taMumif;udk

azmfjyjcif;rjyKcJhygoenf;/

ajz&Sif;csufESpfrsKd; jyKvkyfEdkifonf/ yxr? a&S;a[mif; oD[dkVf

t|uxmusrf;rsm;udk a&;om;csdefu bkef;BuD;ausmif;rsm;ü qif;

wkawmfaqmif &SdcJhykHr&jcif;ESihf xdktcsdefu wnf&SdqJ qif;wk

awmfrsm;rSm tvGefenf;yg;NyD; ,if;(qif;wkawmfrsm;)rSm &Sdcdk;

ylaZmfrI pepfa[mif;\ qef;opfwDxGifrI wpf&yfjzpfaomaMumifh

ta&;rygao;jcif;jzpfonf/ ,if;qif;wkawmfrsm;udk twGif;wGif

1

Fa Hien, p. 102-103.



"mwfawmfrsm;&SdrSomvQif ylaZmfp&m t&m0w¬Ktjzpf ,lqonf/

tcsKdUaom qif;wkawmfrsm;rSm ao;i,fNyD; ajymif;a½TUí &onf/

taMumif;rl txufwGif azmjfycJhonhftwdkif; oHCmawmftm;

tv ªay;tcrf;tem;rsm;ü wpfae&mrS wpfae&modkY ,laqmif&

aomaMumihf jzpfonf/ ,if;odkY ao;i,faom qif;wkawmfrsm;

twGuf oD;jcm;qif;wkaqmifrvdkacs? bkef;BuD;ausmif;wkduf odkYr

[kwf apwd,C& odkYr[kwf aAm"dC&wGif rnfonhfae&mürqdk

xm;Edkifonf/ xdkqif;wkawmfrsm;twGuf txl;qif;wkawmf

aqmif rvdkacs/ ,if;tajctaersm;aMumifh a&S;a[mif; oD[dkVf

bmom t|uxmusrf;rsm;ü qif;wkawmfaqmifudk azmfjyrnfh

tcGifhtvrf;r&Sdojzihf ,if;a&S;a[mif; rl&if;oD[dkVft|uxm

usrf;rsm;udk opöm&SdpGm rSDjirf;jyK a&;om;cJhMuonhf ygVdbmom

t|uxmusrf;jyKq&mrsm;onf ¤if;wdkYacwfwGif qif;wkaqmif

rsm; wnf&SdNyD;jzpfaomfvnf; ,if;wdkYudk azmfjy&ef a&;om;pOfrS

tjyifodkYxGufoifhonf[k r,lqcJhMuacs

1

/

Ak'¨qif;wkawmfonf oD[dkVfü txl;ojzihf r[m,me0g'DwdkY

tMum; a&yef;pm; vlodrsm;cJhaomaMumifhvnf; jzpfEdkifonf/

ygVdt|uxmusrf;rsm;udk r[m,me0g'udk tjyif;txef qefY

usifcJhonhf r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkuf\ OD;aqmifrIjzihf a&;om;

cJhNyD; ,kHMunfpdwfcs&onhf ax&0g'*dkPf;0ifESihf r[m0d[m&tpOf

tvmrsm;udk pdwftm;xufoefpGm `rSifwifoljzpfonfh t&Sifr[m

Ak'¨aCmoonf r[m,meESihf ywfoufonhf rnfonhf tcsuf

udkrS &nfñTef;vdkjcif;r&Sdacs/ Ak'¨qif;wkawmfudk ESpfBudrfrQ &nf

ñTef;cJh&mrSmyif qif;wktm; ta&;ygrIudk rjybJ qif;wkawmf

wGif&Sdonhf "mwfawmfudkomvQif ta&;ygaMumif; azmfjycJhonf/

qif;wkaqmifudkvnf; rodusKd;uRH jyKcJhonf/

1

odkYwap aemufwpfzufwGif t|uxmusrf;rsm;onf acwfNydKif tjzpf

tysufrsm;ESihf taMumif;t&mrsm;udk udk;um;azmfjycsufrsm; jynfhESufae

aMumif; uREkfyfwdkY od&onf/

Ak'¨pG,fawmf"mwftm; xm;&Sdonhf oabmxm;ESihf ywfouf

ívnf; azmfjyyg ,lqcsufudk taxmuftyHhjyKaponf/ Ak'¨pG,f

awmf"mwftm; at'Dav;&mpk udwådod&d arC0PÖrif;vufxuf

wGif oD[dkVfodkY aqmif,lcJhNyD; ,if;onf tvGefta&;ygonhf

"mwfawmfjzpfaomfvnf; at'D 5 &mpk ygVdt|uxmusrf;rsm;ü

,if;pG,fawmf"mwfudk azmfjyjcif; r&Sdacs/ zm[D,efonf pG,f

awmf"mwf taMumif; azmfjycJhNyD; rsufjrifoufaotjzpfjzihf ESpf

ywfvnf jynfolrsm;tm;jyyGJtwGuf pDwef;vSnfhvnfNyD; tb,

*d&dausmif;wdkufodkY pG,fawmf"mwfudk yifhaqmifonhf pG,fawmf

vSnfhyJGtaMumif; tao;pdwfudk azmfjycJhonf

1

/ þta&;tBuD;

qkH; pG,fawmf"mwftm; ygVdt|uxmusrf;rsm;ü azmfjyjcif;r&Sd

jcif;twGuf ay;Edkifonhf wpfckwnf;aom &Sif;vif;csufrSm ,if;

pG,fawmf"mwfudk oD[dkVfodkY r[m,me0g'\ taxmuftyHhjzihf

yihf,lcJhNyD; ,if;pG,fawmf"mwfonf tb,*d&dausmif;wkdufydkif

taejzihf xif&Sm;cJhaomaMumihfjzpfonf/ Ak'¨qif;wkawmfrsm;ESihf

ywfoufívnf; xdkenf;twlyif jzpfzG,f&Sdonf/

a&S;OD; qif;wkawmfaqmif\ t½G,ftpm;ESihf ykHoP²mefrnf

odkYyifjzpfap tenf;qkH; at'D 5 &mpk ukefcgeD;xdtcsdefwGif xk

xnftawmftwef BuD;rm;onhf taqmufttkHtjzpfodkY wdk;

wufcJhNyD;jzpfaMumif; ,kHMunfEdkifonfh om"ursm;&Sdonf/ r[m0H

ousrf;

2

ü yxrarm*¾v †merif; (at'D 496-513)vufxuf oD

[dkVfodkY yifhaqmifcJhonhf qHawmf"mwf (auo"mwk)udk qif;wk

awmfaqmifwGif ylaZmfxm;cJhonf/ þAk'¨qHawmf"mwfuJhodkYaom

tzdk;wef&wemudk Ak'¨omoemudk Munfñdkonhff Ak'¨0g'DoD[dkVf

bk&ifwpfyg;u ckdifcHhjcif; pnf;Muyfjcif;r&Sd "mwfawmf\ vkHjcKHrI

vnf; raumif;onhf taqmufttkHwpfckwGif xm;cJhjcif;rSm

qifjcifzG,f jzpfonf/ tqdkyg Ak'¨qif;wkawmfaqmifrSmyif

arm*¾v †merif;u ¤if;rdcifbufu OD;av;ESihf¤if;\ZeD;½kyfykH? jrif;

1

Fa Hien, p. 105-107.

2

r[m0Ho 39? 50-51/



0!Kem (Sala-va¹unā)\ tv ª'gejzpfonf/ ,if;ausmufpm t

a&;tom;onf at'D 12 &mpk jzpfzG,f&Sdonf

1

/ bwåomvm

[laom a0g[m&ESifh wpfqufwnf;wGif ]ovmu*¾}[kac:aom

opfom;jzihf jyKvkyfonhf vufrSwf odkYr[kwf wkHuifrsm;jzpfzG,f&Sd

onfudk qGrf;a0pkudk &,l&ef qGrf;pm;aqmifodkY r0ifrD &[ef;

awmfrsm;tm; xkwfay;onhf taqmif&Sdonf

2

/

&[ef;oHCmawmfrsm; oDwif;okH;onhf ae&mrsm;udk a,bk

,stm;jzihf 0d[m&? tm0go odkYr[kwf y&da0P[laom t

rnfrsm;jzihf vlodrsm;onf

3

/ odkYwap a&S;acwfoD[dkVfwGif aemuf

qkH;a0g[m& ( y&da0P) [laom a0g[m&rSm txif&Sm;qkH; jzpf

onf

4

/ bkef;BuD;ausmif;wkdufwpfckwGif &[ef;awmfrsm; aexdkif

onhf taqmifrsm;tjzpf tokH;jyKonhf y&da0P rsm;pGm&Sdonf/

tEk&m"yk&NrdKU&Sd r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkufwGif ,if;odkYaom y&d

a0PESihf jymom'aygif; 364 ck &Sdonf[k qdkonf

5

/ xlyg&mr

apwDwGif y&da0Pta&twGuf rsm;pGm&SdNyD; ,if;wdkYteuf plV

em*rax&f oDwif;okH;cJhonfh tod*¾g[uy&da0Pudk xdktrnf

jzihf uREfkyfwdkY odMuonf/ a&m[P(t&yf)&Sd wdór[m0d[m&

wGif at'D 9 &mpkESifh 10 &mpk ESpfrsm;twGif; y&da0Paygif;

1

E.Z. III, p. 133. 2

r[m0Ho 15? 205/ 36? 74/ 49? 32/ 3

0d 3? 61/ 96/ 0dok'¨dr*¾ 1? 87/ r[m0Ho 44? 31/

4

ygVdpum;vkH; y&da0PrS qif;oufvmaom oD[dkVfpum;vkH; yd&da0e[l

aom a0g[m&udk ,cktcg oD[dkVfwGif Ak'¨0g'ESifh ta&SUwdkif; bmom

pum;rsm;udk oifMum;rI\ t"dubmom&yftjzpf ydkYcsay;onhf &[ef;

oHCmESihfqdkifaom aumvdyfudkomvQif em; vnfMuonf/ 0d[m&[laom

a0g[m&udk ½kyfwkawmfaqmifudkomvQif okH;EIef;onf/ tm0go[lonf

&[ef;oHCmawmf tenf;i,fom oDwif;okH;NyD; bkef;BuD;ausmif;wkduf

wpfck\ tjcm;oGifjyifrsm;r&Sdonhf ae&mjzpfonf/

5

edu,mo*F[? 12/ ,if;jymom'rsm;rSm rnfodkYjzpfonfudk jyqdk&efcJ,Of;

onf/ avm[ygom'ykHpH&Sdonhf pnf;a0;nDrlonhf cef;rjzpfEdkifonf/

6

&o0g[deD 2? pm-122-123/

onhf azmfjycsufrsm;pGmawGU&onf

1

/ xdkjzpf&yfrsm;u a,bk,s

tm;jzihf w&m;a[mcef;rrsm;onf rsm;jym;onhf y&dowftwGuf

vkHavmufpGm us,f0ef;jcif;r&SdbJ ywf0ef;usifrSm ajr½dkif;jzpf

aMumif; azmfjyonf/

0d[m&tm;vkH; eD;yg;rQwGif a,bk,stm;jzihf vjynhfvuG,f

aeYrsm;ü &[ef;awmfrsm; OykofjyKuH aqmif&ef pnf;a0;onhf

Oaygoxaqmif wpfck &SdNrJjzpfonf

2

/ tEk&m"yk&NrdKU&Sd bkHudk;xyf

&Sdonhf emrnfausmf avm[ygom'onf r[m0d[m&ausmif;

wdkuf\ Oykofaqmifjzpfonf

3

/ þcrf;em;vSonfh taqmuf

ttkHodkY0if&ef 0ifaygufav;ckü 0ifaygufwHcg; ('Gg&aum|u)

rsm;&Sdonf

4

/ tEk&m"yk&NrdKUawmfrSmyif xlyg&mr? r&dp0¥d (Mari-

cavaììi)ESihf 'u©dP0d[m&uJhodkYaom tjcm; ausmif;wdkufrsm;ü

vnf; oDjcm; Oykofaqmifrsm; &SdMuonf

5

/ a&m[P (t&yf&Sd)

1

*0&0gvt*FPt&yfwGif t&d,0Hookwfudk em,laeonhf rax&f wpf

yg;onf a>rayG; udkufcH&onf (tH-| 2? 105)/ trsKd;orD; wpfa,muf

onf pdwåawmifwGif opfyifwpfyifatmufü rwfwwf&yfNyD; w&m;em&

onfrSm cef;rtwGif; vkHavmufonfh ae&mr&SdaomaMumifh jzpfEdkifonf/

xdktrsKd;orD;\ om;i,fonf xdkopfyifatmufrSmyif olrteD; tdyfaysmf

oGm;pOf a>ra[muf tudkufcH&onf (tH-| 2? 105)/ y"med,rax&f

onf cE¨apv0d[m&ü t&d,0Hookwfudk em,laepOf tqdyfjyif;onhf

a>rtudkufcH&onf (r-| 1? 81)/ r[m*gr (t&yf)&Sd r[m0gyd0d[m&

wGif t&d,0Hookwfudk em,l&ef oGm;onhf uk×&ZÆtrnf&Sd aemufxyf

rax&fwpfyg;rSm ae&m&vdkí 0if;tjyif&Sd jrufcif;wGif &yfaecJh&onf/

þrax&fonf a>ra[muf (wpfrsKd;) tudkufcH&onf (&o0g[deD 2? 4)/

tjcm; trsKd;orD;wpfa,mufonf r[m*gr(t&yf)&Sd rPdapwD*dwf

teD;&Sd "r®r@wGif w&m;em&ef oGm;onf/ eH&HteD; oJjzihf aqmhupm;

aeonhf olr\om; a>ra[muf tudkufcH&onf (&o0g[deD 2? 3)/

2

r[m0Ho 34;30/ 35;85/ 36;16-17? 107/

3

,if; 27? 4/

4

,if; 27? 41/

5

,if; 36? 107/



pdwåvyAÁw0d[m&ausmif;wkduf&Sd *dwfuJhodkYaom tcsKdU0ifayguf

rsm;wGif 'Gg&ygvu½lyac: wHcg;apmihf½kyfrsm;&Sdonf

1

/ pdwåv

yAÁw&Sd OykofaqmifwGif awGU&onhf ½kyfykHrsm;rSm bdu©KeDi,f wpf

yg;onf ,if;wHcg;apmihf½kyfykHudk ai;Munhf&if; twGif;ü jzpfay:

vmonhf jyif;jyonhf &m*pdwfaMumihf aoqkH;oGm;aMumif; t|

uxmusrf;rsm;ü azmfjycH&avmufatmif tvGeftrif; vSyNyD;

touf0ifMuonf

2

/

tcsKdUbkef;BuD;ausmif;rsm;ü aESmif;acwfrsm;wGif "mwkom

vm odkYr[kwf "mwka*[[kac:onhf Ak'¨"mwfawmfrsm;udk xdef;

odrf;xm;&ef taqmufttkH &SdcJhonf

3

/ ,if; taqmufttkHrsm;

rSm qHawmf"mwfESihf pG,fawmf"mwfuJhodkYaom txl;"mwfawmf

rsm;udk xdrf;odrf;&ef ,cifu aqmufvkyfcJhonhf taqmufttkH

rsm;tm; twkjyKí aqmufvkyfcJhjcif; jzpfzG,f&Sdonf/ qHawmf

"mwf udef;0yf&m taqmufttkHudk azmfjyNyD;jzpfonf/ tEk&m"

yk&NrdKU&Sd 'gXm"mwkC&(pG,fawmfwkduf)onf bmoma&;t& t

vGef ta&;ygaom vSyonhf taqmufttkHjzpfNyD; bkef;BuD;

ausmif;wkdufESihf qufxm;onf/ at'D 7 &mpkwGif w½kwf&[ef;

awmf [l,ifqef azmfjyonfhtwkdif; tenf;qkH; bk&ihfeef;awmf

ESihf qufoG,fxm;onf

4

/ pG,fawmfbk&m;ausmif; taqmufttkH

wGif t*Fawjzihf jyKvkyfonfh ESpfoufzG,f qif½kyfrsm;&Sdonf

5

/

tenf;qkH; r[m0d[m&? aZw0eESihf tb,*d&duJhodkYaom

ausmif;wdkufBuD; tcsKdUwGif &weygom'[k xif&Sm;onhf t

1

ykHrSeftm;jzihf tEk&m"yk&NrdKUESihf tjcm;ae&m;rsm;&Sd a&S;a[mif;taqmuf

ttkHysufrsm;rS od&orQ a&S;acwfrsm;wGif bmoma&; taqmufttkH

trsm;pk\ 0if0wGif tapmifhausmufwkH;rsm; &SdMuonf/

2

tbd-| 2? 480/ 'D-| 3? 170/

3

r[m0Ho 37;15 (at'D 4 &mpk)/ plV0Ho 46;29 (at'D 7 &mpk)/

4

Hiuen Tsiang, XI,, p. 429. 5

r[m0Ho? 38;8/

aqmufttkHwpfrsKd;vnf; &Sdonf

1

/ rnfonhf taqmufttkH

trsKd;tpm; jzpfonf rnfonhf&nf½G,fcsufjzihf tokH;jyKcJhonf

[lonfwdkYudk qkH;jzwfay;Edkifonfh tajctaer&Sdacs/ tu,fí

tm&fwef (Ayrton) \ &weygom'[lonfudk ]qifcHtaqmuf

ttkH} (Elephant Stablee) tjzpf azmjfycsufudk oabmwlvQif

,if;onf y&dowftrsm; pka0;onhf tcrf;tem;rsm;twGuf

&nf½G,faom taqmufttkHBuD; jzpfonf/ pG,fawmf"mwfESihf

tjcm;"mwfawmfrsm;udk trsm;jynfoltm; jyorItwGuf &nf½G,f

cJhovm;[lonfudk rqdkEdkifacs

2

/

bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufwkdif;wGif &[ef;awmfrsm;udk qGrf;pm;

aomufzG,fjzihf tvkyftauR;jyKonhf bwåomvm[kac:onhf

qGrf;pm;aqmifwpfck &Sdonf

3

/ rlvu a'0geHyd,wdó rif;BuD;

aqmufvkyfcJhonhf r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkuftwGif;&Sd bwåom

vmrSm r[mygvd[k xif&Sm;onfudk uREkfyfwdkY odMuonf

4

/

,if;qGrf;pm;aqmifonf oHCm*dkPf;uGJrsm; jzpfay:NyD;aemuf

rSmyif *dkPf;*P rcGJjcm;bJ tEk&m"yk&NrdKU&Sd t"duausmif; wdkuf

BuD;rsm;&Sd oHCmawmftm;vkH;udk qGrf;vSL'gef;cJhonfh A[dkXme jzpf

cJhonf

5

/ r[mygvdaqmifwGif csufNyD;xrif;rsm;udk xnfhonfh

ausmufavS odkYr[kwf ausmufcGuf&Snf &Sdonf

6

/ ausmufcGuf

&Snfrsm;teuf wpfckwGif awGU&onhf ausmufpmwpfckü *v

em0g (galnāv) ausmufavS[laom trnfwpfckudk awGU&onf/

,if;ausmufcGuf&Snfonf "mwfawmfrsm;udk apmihfxdef;&ol ov

1

r[m0Ho? 35;7/ qefcsDwGifvnf; &wej*[ [kac:aom taqmuf

ttkHwpfck&Sdonf (Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarm III, p. 202). 2

y&e0dweyk*¾Kdvfu &wemokH;yg;tm; &Sdckd;ylaZmf&ef oD;jcm;aqmufxm;

onhf taqmufttkHjzpfzG,f&Sdonf[k ,lqcJhonf (EZ. III, p. 226.n.4.)/ 3

r[m0Ho 15? 205/ 20? 23/ 36? 12/

4

'Dy0Ho 17? 92/ r[m0Ho 15? 23/

5

&o0g[deD 2? 51/ Fa Hien, p. 105; Hiuen Tsian, p. 250. 6

r[m0Ho 41? 67/



odkYaom a&S;acwfrsm;ü pmMunfhwdkufrsm; r&SdcJhonfrSm jzpfEdkif

zG,f&Sdaomfvnf; bDpD wpf&mpkwGif yd#uwfokH;ykHudk ayxuf

tu©&mwifcJhaMumif;od&ojzihf tEk&m"yk&ESihf r[m*grNrdKUrsm;&Sd

ausmif;wdkufBuD;rsm;ü usrf;pmtkyfrsm; pkaqmif;xm;cJhonfrSm

oHo,jzpfzG,f rvdkonhfjyif 'Dy0HoESihf r[m0Housrf;rsm;udk

at'D 4 &mpkESihf 5 &mpkESpfrsm;twGif; a&;om;cJhonf/ r[m

0Housrf;ü t&Sifr[mAk'¨aCmoonf *E¦mu&0d[m&ü oDwif;

okH;aexdkifNyD; ¤if;\t|uxmusrf;rsm;udk a&; om;cJhaMumif;ESihf

,if;taqmufttkHudk yÍör uóyrif; (at'D 913-925)u

jyefvnfjyKjyif rGrf;rHcJhaMumif; rSwfwrf;wifcJhonf

1

/ ,if; (*E¦m

u&0d[m&)onf r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkuf\ yd#uwfwdkufudk

&nfñTef;cJhovm;[lonfudk rod&acs/

1

,if; 37? 243/ 41? 67/

00000000

363 ck&Sdonf

1

/ ,if;ausmif;wdkufBuD;ü odvmyó,y&da0P

[l aomtrnfrSm pmayü xif&Sm;onf

2

/ bk&ifrif; rsm;pGmwdkY

wnfaqmufcJhonfh 0d[m&rsm;pGmwdkYü y&da0Paygif;rsm;pGmtm;

azmfjycsufrsm;udk ordkif;usrf; ae&mrsm;pGmwGif awGU&onf/ vuf

aq;&ef &nf½G,fcsufjzihf &[ef;awmfrsm; aexdkifonhf ae&m

a&SUwGif a&tdk;rsm; wnfxm;NyD; a&tdk;xJrSa&udk cyf,l&ef a&

rIwf (U¼uñka) udk tokH;jyKonf

3

/

&[ef;awmfrsm; aexkdifonhf taqmifrsm;tMum;wGif y"me

C&[kac:onhf aemufxyf ta&;ygonhf taqmifwpfrsKd;&Sd

onf/ ,if;trnfonf rlvtm;jzihf ur®|mef;bm0em tm;xkwf

onhf taqmifjzpfonf/ odkYwap aemiftcgwGif,if;ausmif;

aqmif\ txl;&nf½G,fcsufudk arhaysmufvdkufNyD; ,if;trnf

emr usefaecJhonf/ aemiftcgwGif ,if;y"meC&onf bkef;BuD;

ausmif;wdkufwpfck\ y"meem,uq&mawmf oDwif;okH;onhf

taqmif jzpfvmykH&onf/ odkYjzpfí t&Sifr[mAk'¨aCmoonf

y"meC&ausmif;aqmifwGif oDwif;okH;aexdkifonhf r[m0d[m&

ausmif;wkduf\ y"meem,ujzpfonhf oHCygvrax&fudk zl;

awGUcJhaMumif; od&onf

4

/ orEÅygom'dum 0denf;t|uxmwGif

vltrsm;onf yJGawmfaeYrsm;wGif y&da0P (oHCmawmfrsm; oD

wif;okH;onhf ausmif;aqmif) rsm;ESihf y"meC& (em,uq&m

awmfrsm; oDwif;okH;onhfausmif;aqmif) rsm;odkY 0ifa&mufMuNyD;

yd#uwfokH;ykH uRrf;usifonhf q&mawmfrsm;ESihf w&m;a[m "r®u

xdu q&mawmfrsm;tm; tjcm;&[ef;wpf&mESifhtwl yifhzdwfMu

aMumif;qdkonf

5

/ wpfcgwpf&HwGif w&m;a'oemrsm;udk y"me

C&rSmyif a[mMum;onf

6

/ y"meC&udk ur®|mef;tm;xkwfonhf

1

E.Z. III, p. 223. 2

&o0g[deD 2? pm-59/

3

r-| 2? 284/ 0dok'¨dr*¾ 1? 337/

4

r[m0Ho 37;232/

5

0d-| 3? 69/

6

r-| 1? 81/



taqmiftjzpf oD;oefYtokH;jyKcJhvQif tjyifrSvmolrsm;tm; 0if

a&mufcGifhESihf awGUqkHar;jref;jcif; zdwfMum;jcif;rsm;jzihf aESmihf,Suf

rIudk cGifhjyKjcif;rSm roihfouJhodkY xif&onf/

at'D 5 &mpkcefYxd tapmydkif;umvuyif y"meC&onf

rlv&nf½G,fcsuf trSefwu,f rwnf&Sdawmhaomfvnf; a&S;

a[mif; bkef;BuD;ausmif;ESihfqdkifaom tavhtusihf t<uif;

tusef wpfcktaejzihf usefaecJhykH&onf/ odkYr[kwf y"meC&

wGif oDwif;okH;onfh q&mawmfrsm;onf xkH;pHtaejzihf aeYpOf

em&DtwefMum w&m;xkdifcJhykH&onf? odkYr[kwf ur®|mef;xkdifjcif;

tpm; *gxmrsm; okwåefrsm;udkyif ½GwfyGm;cJhykH&onf/ odkY&mwGif

,if;y"meC&udk ,aeYacwf Oaygoxaqmifrsm;uJhodkY a&S;

acwfrsm;wGif

1

ausmif;wdkufBuD;wpfck\ r&Sdrjzpfvdktyfaom t

pdwftydkif;wpfcktjzpf ,lqcJhonf/ ,aeYacwf oD[dkVfwGif Oayg

oxaqmifudk a,bk,stm;jzihf aexdkifp&mtaqmuf ttkH

tjzpf tokH;jyKaomfvnf; bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufwpfck\ r&Sdrjzpf

vdktyfaom oGifjyifwpfcktjzpf,lqNyD; xdktaqmifwGif OykofjyK

1

y"meC&udk oD[dkVfbmomjzihf yd,*Fv (piyangala)[kac:onf/ r[dEÅ

avh (t&yf)wGif&Sdaom pwkw¬ r[dE´rif;\ urÜnf; ausmufjym;rsm;ü

yd,*Fv a0g[m&udk azmfjyrI yg&Sdonf (EZ. I, p. 95.)/ xdktwl yÍör

uóyrif;\ aZw0e ausmufzsma&;pm (EZ. I, p. 47)? yÍör uóy

rif; rm!dvd*d&d, (Mä¹iligiriya) ausmufpm (EZ. II, p. 25)? 0obrif;\

ay½krm,uFkvrf (Perumäi-yaºkulam) ausmufxGif;pm (EZ. II, p. 28)? ,ck udkvrfbdk jywdkufwGif&Sdonhf wdór[m&mr ausmufzsmxGif;pm

(EZ. III, p. 106) ESihf rEémuapäa[&d (Mannar Kacheheri) ausmufpm

(EZ. III, p. 103)wdkYjzpfonf/

at'D 10 &mpkcefYwGif yd,*FP[laom a0g[m&udk tdrfjzpfap

awmjzpfap vlolreD; qdwfNidrfonhf ae&mtm;vkH;udk azmfjy&ef wlnDpGm

okH; EIef;cJhonf/ "rÜd,mt#K0g*g#y' (usrf;) u ygVd tE¨0eudk t'F0e

(Añdavana) yd,*Fv[k &Sif;jyonf/ odkYwap rlvblwtm;jzifh yd,*Fv

odkYr[kwf y"meC&[lonf taqmufttkHwpfjzpfonf/

tcrf;tem;udk ykHrSef aqmif½Gufjcif;r&Sdacs

1

/ pBuFefaqmifwpfck

odkYr[kwf t&Sifr[dE´ tokH;jyKcJhonhf pBuFefvrf;wpfckudk r[m0d

[m&ausmif;wdkuf

2

twGif; &nfñTef;aomfvnf; aESmif;acwfrsm;ü

pBuFefrsm;udk azmfjycsufrsm; ordkif;rSwfwrf;rsm;ü rawGU&ay/ odkY

&mwGif pBuFefaqmifudk ur®|mef;xdkif&ef ta&;BuD;onhf t

aqmiftjzpf ,lqcJhonf/

bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkuf\ tjcm;oGifjyifrsm;teuf wpfckrSm

0pöuk#d odkYr[kwf a&tdrfjzpfonf

3

/ bkef;BuD;ausmif; Oypm

twGif;&Sd oihfwifavsmufywfaom ae&mrsm;wGif wHjrufpnf;ESifh

xif;rsm;udk odkavSmifxm;&eftwGuf oD;jcm;wJrsm;&Sdonf/ xdkYjyif

trsm;aomufokH;&eftwGuf a&tkd;rsm;xm;&dSonhfae&m yged,

rmvuae&mvnf; &Sdonf

4

/

ygVdt|uxmusrf;rsm;rSma&m ygVdordkif; rSwfwrf;rsm;rSmyg

tEk&m"yk&acwfü yd#uwfpmMunhfwdkuf wpfcktm; &nfñTef;

xm;csuf rawGU&onfrSm thHMozG,fjzpfonf/ at'D 12 &mpk

yxry&uúrAm[krif;

5

vufxufa&mufrS yd#uwfpmMunhfwkduf

wpfckudk wkduf½kduf yxrqkH; &nfñTef;onfudk awGU&onf/ ,if;

1

oD[dkVf&Sd acwfopf bkef;BuD;ausmif;rsm;wGif Oykofaqmifonf a,bk,s

tm;jzihf 0gwGif;umvtwGif;omvQif 0denf;uHaqmifrIrsm;twGuf tokH;

jyKonf/ tcsKdUausmif;wdkufrsm;wGif pBuFefaqmifudkyif ur®|mef;xdkifjcif;

twGuf tokH;rjyKaomfvnf; ausmif;wdkufwpfck\ oGifjyiftaejzihf

awGU&onf/

2

r[m0Ho 78? 37/ 'ka0 p ayg|umva,/

3

þae&mü tEk&m"yk&NrdKU tjyifywfvrf;&Sd taemufzuf bkef;BuD;ausmif;

wdkufrsm;ESihf tjcm;a&S;a[mif;ae&mrsm;wGif awGU&onhf wefqmqifxm;

onhf usifi,ftdrf (tjzpf) ausmufwkH;rsm;udk tm½kHpdkufMunhfrnfqdkygu

pdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;rnfjzpfonf/ ,if; usifi,ftdrf ausmufwkH;rsm;ESihf

ywfoufí auseyfzG,f &Sif;vif;csufrsm; ray;Edkifao;bJ&Sdonf/ Archa-eological Survey of Ceylon, Vol. I, p. 56. udk½Iyg/

4

0d-| 3? 70? tH-| 1? 27/

5

r[m0Ho 78? 37/ 'ka0 p yd#umva,/



ESihfywfoufNyD; tpyxrwGif jypfwif a0zefcJhMuonf

1

/

avmuDa&;ESifhqdkifonhf &mxl;rsm;r&Sdonhf a&S;acwfrsm;wGif

bkef;BuD;ausmif;tkyfcsKyfa&;rSm tawmf &Sif;vif;onf/ em,u

a½G;cs,frI pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;udk xdef;odrf;jcif;ESihf ae&mudk

oefY&Sif; oyf,yfpGm xm;&Sdjcif;rsm;uJhodkYaom wm0efrsm;om jzpf

onf/ odkYwap aemiftcgwGif &[ef;oHCm OD;a&wdk;wufvm

jcif;ESihf vloltrsm;tjym; vma&mufrIudk zdwfac:vsuf&Sdonhf

bmoma&; oauFwrsm; trsm;tjym;wnfaqmufrIrsm;ESihftwl

ausmif;wkdufwpfck\ pDrHcefYcGJa&;onfvnf; XmecGJrsm;pGm &Sdonhf

NyD;jynhfpkHonhf Xmewpfck\ tpdwftydkif; jzpfvmykH&onf/

ausmufpmrsm;u a&S;acwfoD[dkVf bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufrsm; tkyf

csKyfa&;pepf\ pdwf0ifpm;zG,f ykHoP²mef wpf&yfudk uREkfyfwdkYtm;

ay;xm;onf

2

/ ,if;ausmufpma&; rSwfwrf;trsm;pkrSm at'D 9

&mpkESihf 10 &mpkacwfyif jzpfaomfvnf; &nfñTef;xm;onhf tkyf

csKyfa&;pepfrSm ykHpHwl a&S;OD;pHepfrsm;ay:wGif tajccHxm;aMumif;

onfudk aocsmpGm rod&acs/ ykHrSeftm;jzihfrll 0denf;usihf0wfrsm;ESihf

tnD xl;cRefajymifajrmufaom Aswåy#dAvjzpfonfh oDv0EÅ &[ef;

awmftm; ,if;odkYaom &mxl;udk cefYtyfcJhonf[laom tcsufudk

aMumif;usKd;qDavsmfpGm ,kHrSm;rJh rSwfoifhonf/ ,aeYacwfrSmuJhodkY

&[ef;wpfyg;taejzihf q&mwynhf qufcHrIaemufcHjzihf ausmif;wdkuf

wpfck\ &mxl;udk awmifqdkcGifh r&Sdonf rSm xif&Sm;onf/ q&mwynfh

qufcHrIt& (bkef;BuD;ausmif;tkyfcsKyfa&;) &mxl;qufcHrIESihf ywfouf

onhf yxrqkH;aom taxmuftxm;udk yÍör uóyrif; (at'D

913-923) vufxuftwGif; a&;xdk;cJhonhf Ak'¨Haea[v (Buddhanne-häla) ausmufpmwGif oJvGefpudk awGUEdkifonf (EZ. I pp. 194-196)/

1

0d-| 2/ 68//

2

Oyrmtm;jzihf aZw0em&mr ausmif;wdkuf ouúw ausmufpm (EZ, I, p. 4) udk ½Iyg/ r[dE¦avh&Sd pwkw¬ r[dE´rif; ausmufpmESpfck (EZ, I, p. 84)? pwkw¬r[dE´rif;\ aZw0em&mrausmufpm (trSwf 2) (EZ, I, p. 323)? yÍöruóyrif;\ ausmufpm (EZ, I, p. 43)/


tcef; 9


ausmif;wdkuftkyfcsKyfa&;

bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufwpfck\ tkyfcsKyfa&;onf oHCm\vuf

atmufwGif vkH;0&Sdonf/ bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkuf toD;oD;wGif

,if;\ pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;ESihf trdefYvkyfydkifcGifhudk wm0ef,lxm;

onhf ae0godu r[max& (Xmaer[max&f)

1

wpfyg;&Sdonf/

em,ur[max&fonf ta&;ay: udpö&yfrsm;ESihf ywfoufí

udk,fydkifqkH;jzwfcsufudk tokH;jyK&ef vkyfydkifcGifh&Sdonf/ ykHpHqdk&rl

apwd,*d&d (r[dE¦avh) ausmif;wdkuf\ y"meem,ujzpfol

tb,rax&fonf tcgwpfyg;ü vk,uf&ef ausmif;wdkuf t

wGif;odkY 0ifa&mufcJhMuonfh olykefwpfa,mufESihf ¤if;\ aemuf

vdkufaemufygrsm;tm; oHCduypönf;jzihf {nfhcHcJhzl;onf/ r[m

ax&f\ vkyfaqmifrIonf 0denf;pnf;urf;rsm;ESifh nDñGwfrIr&Sd

aomfvnf; rax&fonf wefzdk;BuD;rm;onhf oHCduypönf;udk

umuG,fa&;twGuf ,if;odkYjyKoifhonf[k ,lqcJhonf/ aqG;aEG;

rIjyKNyD;aemuf rax&f\t,ltqESihf ywfoufí &[ef;tcsKdU

vufcHcJhaomfvnf; xdk&[ef;rsm;onf t&Sifjrwf\ vkyfaqmifrI

1

tH-| 1? 32/

tapmydkif;umvrsm;ü qufcHrIOya'ESihf Ak'¨0g'ESihfqdkifaom avmuD

a&; &mxl;qdkif&m pnf;rsOf;rsm;ESihf ywfoufí &Sif;vif;pGm rod&acs/ t

jzpfEdkifqkH;rSm ausmif;wdkufwpfck\ em,uyk*¾Kdvfukd oHCmawmfu cefYtyf

zG,f&Sdonf/ þudpötwGuf rnfonhf tajccH pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm; &SdcJh

,if;odkYaom &[ef;awmfrsm;udk ausmif;wdkufrsm;wGif aexdkifcGifh

rjyKaom &[ef;awmfrsm;vnf; &SdcJhykH&onf

1

/ tjiif;yGm;rIudk jzpf

ay:aponhf &[ef;rsm;vnf; &SdcJhonf/ ausmufpmwpfckwGif

oabmuGJvGJrI&SdvQif tpm;tpmudk &[ef;rsm;tm; ray;awmhbJ

acG;rsm;? iSufrsm;udk ay;&rnf[k qdkxm;onf

2

/ &[ef;ESpfyg;

tMum; tjiif;yGm;rIjzpfvQif rw&m;ajymqdkaom yk*¾Kdvftm;

ausmif;wkdufwGif aexdkifcGifh rjyKacs

3

/ ausmif;wdkufwpfckrS ESif

xkwfcH&onhf &[ef;onf tjcm;ausmif;wdkufwpfckwGifvnf; ae

xdkifcGifhr&Sdawmhacs

4

/ aZw0efausmif;wdkuf ouúwausmufpm

wGif tjcm;ausmif;wdkufrsm;udk ulnD odkYr[kwf ¤if;wdkYudk,fwdkif

,if;ausmif;wdkufrsm;ESihf qufqHolrsm;onf xdkausmif;wdkufwGif

rae&[laom pnf;rsOf;wpf&yf csrSwfxm;onf

5

/ ,if;pnf;rsOf;

ESihf ywfoufí xdktcsdefu edum,trsKd;rsKd;tMum; t"du jcm;

em;rIESihf remvdkjzpfrI\ oauFwwpfcktaejzihf t"dyÜm,faumuf

,lEdkifzG,f&Sdonf

6

/

tay:xyfrSmjzpfap atmufxyfrSmjzpfap &Sdonhf txuf

wGif azmfjycJhaom ]*dwft0ifa&tdrf} taqmifwGif rnfonhf

wpdrf;yk*¾KdvfudkrS ae&mxkdifcif;twGuf ray;tyfay/ xdkae&m

wGif tjyifolrsm; ydkifqdkifonhf rnfonhfypönf;udkrQvnf; odrf;

qnf; rxm;ay/ tckdif;taprsm;\ ypönf;rsm;rSwpfyg; tjcm;

ypönf;wpfckckudk tu,fí xdkae&mwGif odrf;qnf;xm;vQif wm

0ef&Sd tvkyform;rsm;tm; tvkyfjzKwfypfNyD; ¤if;wdkY ydkifqdkifonhf

ajrrsm;udk xdef;odrf;apmihfa&SmifhrIrS z,f&Sm;ypfonf/ ¤if;wm;jrpf

rIonf bkef;BuD;ausmif; taqmufttkHudk acwåcP aexdkif&m

1

EZ. I, p. 5-6, 86. 2

EZ. III, p. 358-359. 3

EZ. I, p. 5.

4

EZ. III, p. 103. 5

EZ. I, p. 4. anyavihāra-sahāyya½ kurvatā'pi na vastarya½. 6

EZ. III, p. 227.

,lq&ef aMumif;usKd; cdkifvkHayonf/ trSefpifppf acwfopf pnf;

rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;udk a&;qGJ&mwGif r[dE¦avhESihf tb,*d&dt&yf

wdkYü ,aeYwdkifawGU&onhf a&S;acwf pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;udk rSD

jirf;jyKcJhaMumif; r[dE¦avh (t&yf) &Sd pwkw¬ r[dE´rif; ausmuf

pmu &Sif;vif;pGm azmfjyonf

1

/

uREkfyfwdkY &Edkifonfh bkef;BuD;ausmif; pDrHcefYcGJa&;ESihf ywf

oufaom ausmufpma&;rSwfwrf;rsm;rSm r[m,meqdkif&m Mo

ZmvTrf;rdk;onhf ausmif;wdkufrsm;\ pnf;rsOf;rsm;jzpfMuonf/

,if;odkYaom rSwfwrf;wpfckrSm tcsKdUaom ausmif;wdkufi,frsm;

\ pDrHcefYcGJrItwGuf pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk rSwfwrf;wifxm;aom aZ

w0em&mr ouúwausmufpmjzpfonf/ apmapmydkif;u awGUjrif

&onfhtwdkif; r[dE¦avhonfvnf; "r®½kpduwdkY odrf;ydkufxm;

onhf at'D 4 &mpktcsdef r[dE´rif;vufxuftwGif; r[m,me

MoZm vTrf;rdk;rI atmufodkY a&mufcJhonf/ r[dE¦avht&yf&Sd

trÁ|v (Ambasthala)rS aovapwd,teD; ausmufwkH;ay:wGif

a&;xGif;xm;onhf Ak'¨\um,okH;ck (Bwdum,)udk csD;rGrf;xm;

onfh at'D 8 &mpkcefY ouúwuAsmtydkif;tpwpfckrSm r[m,m

e MoZmvTrf;rdk;rI\ aocsmaom taxmuftxm; jzpfonf/ odkY

jzpfí r[dE¦avht&yf&Sd pwkw¬r[dE´rif;\ ausmufjym;ESpfckonf

vnf; r[m,me MoZmvTrf;rdk;rIatmuf&Sd bkef;BuD;ausmif;wkduf

wpfckudk tkyfcsKyfonhf pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;udk t"du azmfjy

xm;aMumif; ,kHMuonhf aMumif;usKd;qDavsmfrI &Sdygonf/ uHr

aumif;onfrSm xdktcsdefxd r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkuf odkYr[kwf

tjcm; ax&0g'bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkuf\ pDrHcefYcGJa&;ESihf ywfouf

...uRrf;usifvdrfrmaom yk*¾Kdvfrsm;udk a½G;cs,fxm;onhf tusKd;&SdrI

aMumifh ¤if;ydkifaom tb,*d&d0d[m&ü zdtm;aMumihf ¤if;udk ESpfouf

apaom pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;ESihf (r[dE¦avh&Sd) apwd,*d&d0d[m&wGif

,cifuwnf&SdNyD;jzpfaom pnf;rsOf;rsm;rS (EZ, I, p. 91,11, 6-7)/ 1

CJSc. G. Vol.II, p. 42.


bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufrsm; 2 ausmif;wdkufcsKyfa&; 257

onhf rnfonhftvm;wl rSwfwrf;udkrQ rawGU&acs/ odkYwap

tkyfcsKyfrIpepfESpfcktMum; tenf;qkH; r&Sdrjzpfvdktyfonhf pnf;

rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;wGif wpfpkHwpf&m BuD;rm;onhf jcm;em;csuf&SdcJh

aMumif; taxmuftuljyK&ef taMumif;w&m; r&Sdacs/

&[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;? tvkyform;rsm;ESihf aus;uRefrsm;ESihf

avmuDqefqef tkyfcsKyfrIESihfqdkifonhf pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm; &SdcJh

onf/ ,if;pnf;rsOf; pnf;urf;rsm;udk oHCmawmfrsm;\ tBuH

ay;csufESihf twnfjyKcsufrsm;jzihf bk&ifu csrSwfay;onf/ wm

0ef0wå&m;rsm;udk cGJjcm;xm;NyD; ,if;wdkYESihf qufoG,fxm;onhf

vpmaiGESihf tzdk;tcrsm;udk txl;azmfjyonf/ tkyfcsKyfa&;qdkif

&m Xmeaygif;pkHESifh tvkyform;rsm;twGuf vkyfief;rsm;udk vuf

rSwfxdk;jcif;uJhodkYaom vkyfief;tm;vkH;udk oHCmawmfESihf ñSdEIdif;

Muonf/ tvkyftauR;rsm;udk oHCmawmfrsm;\ oabmwlnD

csufjzihfomvQif jypf'Pfay;rIESihf tvkyfjzKwfrIrsm;udk jyKvkyfEdkif

NyD; ,if;odkYaom udpörsm;ESihfywfoufí aqmif½Guf&ef &[ef;

yk*¾Kdvfwpfyg;csif;pDwGif tcGifhta&; r&Sdacs

1

/ &[ef;awmfrsm;onf

bkef;BuD;ausmif;wkdufrsm;odkY vª'gef;xm;aom aus;½Gmrsm;ESihf

v,fajrrsm;rS &&Sdonhf tcGefrsm;udk wm0ef,lonf/ pm&if;rsm;udk

aeYpOfodrf;xm;NyD; wpfvukefwdkif; ,if;wdkYudk wpfzef vpOfpm

&if;wGif oGif;onf/ ESpfukefwGif ESpfywfvnf pm&if;azmfjycsufudk

oabmwlnDrItwGuf oHCmha&SU arSmufü wifoGif;NyD; tu,fí

pm&if;rsm;ESihf ywfoufí uGm [csuf? tm;enf;csufrsm;&SdcJhvQif

rSwfykHwif (yÍÆdum) udk odrf;qnf;xm;onhf rax&fwpfyg;u

pkHprf;ppfaq;rIrsm;udk jyKvkyfonf

2

/

ausmif;wdkuf (tm&mr)wpfck\ tvkyform;rsm; tm;vkH;udk

ykHrSeftm;jzihf ,if;ausmif;wkduf\ tcGef tv ªawmfaiGrS ay;urf;

1

EZ. I, p. 85. 2

EZ. I, p. 4,87.

onf/ tm&mrwpfckudk jyKjyifxdef;odrf;&ef vkdtyfonhf vkyfief;

tao;pdwfudk tvGef*½kwpdkuf pOf;pm;NyD; vkyfief;tao;pdwf

wkdif;twGuf tzdk;tcudk vufrSwfxdk;onf/ yef;aumufolrsm;

uJhodkYaom omreftvkyform;rsm;udkyif aiGaMu;twdtus yrm

Pudk ykHrSefay;onf

1

/ &[ef;awmfrsm;udk,fwdkifudkvnf; ¤if;wdkY\

tvkyftwGuf 0w¬KaiGrsm; vª'gef;onf/ ykHpHtm;jzihf vpmaiG t

qifh trsKd;rsKd;udk 0de,? okwåESihf tbd"r®udk oifMum;ol &[ef;

rsm;ESihf ausmif;wdkufudk apmihfa&Smufolrsm;ESihf ñSdxm;onf

2

/

tpm;taomuf qGrf;uGrf;udk bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkuf 0if;

twGif;&Sd trsm;okH; rD;zdkwGif jyifqifonf

3

/ bdu©Krsm;onf rdrd

wdkY\ qGrf;tzdkYudk&,l&ef jzefYjzL;onhfae&modkY oGm;&onf/ &[ef;

awmfrsm;tm; qefpdrf;rsm;udk v ª'gef;rI rjyKacs

4

/ axmywfESihf

aq;0g;uJhodkYaom tjcm;tv ªypönf;rsm; jzefYa0rIudk ausmif;wdkuf

twGif;rSmvnf; jyKvkyfNyD; &[ef;awmfrsm;onf ,if;ypönf;rsm;udk

vufcH&,l&ef owfrSwfxm;onhf ae&modkY BuD;pOfi,fvdkuf <u

awmfrlMu&onf

5

/

rSm;,Gif;pGm oufarG;0rf;ausmif;jyKonhf &[ef;,kwfrsm;udk

ausmif;wkduftwGif;ü aexkdifcGifh rjyKacs/ Oyrm pdkufysKd;arG;jrL

a&;ESihf pD;yGm;a&;vkyfonfh &[ef;awmfrsm;? ajr,mydkifqdkifonhf

&[ef;awmfrsm;? bmomw&m;udk qefYusifonfh jypfrIudk usL;vGef

olrsm;? ¤if;wdkY\ wm0efudk raqmif½GufbJ aeolrsm;ESihf ¤if;wdkY

\ jypfrIrsm;aMumifh ausmif;wdkufrS ESifxkwfcH&onhf &[ef;rsm;?

1

EZ. I, p. 87. 2

EZ. I, p. 85,87. 3

oD[dkVf&Sd acwfopf Ak'¨bmom ausmif;wdkufrsm;wGif ,if;udk 'efa*

(dangē)[k ac:onf/

4

EZ. I, p. 85. 0denf;Oya'awmfESihf okwåefa'oemawmfrsm;t& &[ef;

awmfrsm;onf qGrf;qefawmf tpdrf;rsm;udk cH,ljcif; rjyKacs/

5

0d-| 2? 72/



½GufrIrsm;tjyif em,u&[ef;awmfrsm;\ ta&;ygonhf yk*¾Kdvf

a&; tvkyftauR;rsm;vnf; yg0ifonf

1

/ bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkuf

rsm;wGif tvkyfvkyfMuonfh tvkyform;rsm;rSm taxGaxG &ydkif

cGifh tcGifhta&;rsm;tjyif ,if;tvkyform;rsm;udk xdef;odrf;&ef

txl;&nf½G,fcsufjzihf bk&ifrif;rsm;u aus;½Gmrsm;ESihf tcGef

twkyfrsm; csrSwfxm;onfh om"ursm;&Sdonftxd tvGefBuD;

rm;us,fjyefYonf

2

/

ausmif;wdkufBuD;wpfckudk xdefodrf;jcif;ESihf qufvufapmihf

a&SmufrIrsm;twGuf ykHrSefckdifNrJonhf 0ifaiGwpfck r&Sdrjzpf vkdtyf

onf/ ,if;ykHrSef0ifaiGtwGuf &if;jrpf trsm;tjym;rS &,lonf

3

/

MunfndKol Oygoumrsm;onf rdrdwdkY\ om;i,frsm;tm;

oHCmawmfrsm;udk jyKpkvkyfauR;&ef v ª'gef;avh&SdaMumif; trsm;od

aomfvnf; ,if;rSm ykHrSefr[kwfbJ tNrJwrf;vnf; r[kwfacs/

xdkYjyif yk*¾KdvfwpfOD; wpfa,mufwnf; ausmif;wkdufBuD;wpfckudk

xdef;odrf; apmihfa&Smuf&ef rjzpfEdkifbJ txl;ojzihf aexdkifol

&[ef;rsm; t&mtaxmif &Sdvmaomtcg rjzpfEdkifacs/ odkYjzpfí

ykHrSef 0ifaiGtwGuf tjcm;&if;jrpfrsm; wnf&Sd&rnfjzpfNyD; ,if;odkY

aom tcGefaiGrsm;rSm vlxktm; rcufcJapoihf[k ,lqonf/

ykHrSef tNrJwrf; axmufyHhrIrsm;udk tMurf;zsif;tm;jzifh av;rsKd;

cGJjcm;Edkifonf/ yxrrSm ajr½dkif;rsm;? v,f,majrrsm;ESihf aus;½Gm

rsm;? 'kwd,rSm a&uefESihf qnfajrmif;rsm;? wwd,rSm qefpyg;?

tjcm; oD;ESHrsm;ESifh bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufudk apmihfa&Smuf&ef tyf

Oygoum[k ac:qdkonf/ odkYwap aemifwGif t"dyÜm,f usOf;ajrmif;

oGm;NyD; ,if;a0g[m&udk oufBuD;½G,ftdk yk*¾Kdvf? txl;ojzihf qif;&Jol

oufBuD;½G,ftdk? Ak'¨a0,sm0pörsm;udk aqmif½GufNyD; bkef;BuD; ausmif;rsm;

udk rMumcP oGm;a&mufol[k qdkvdkonf/

1

r[m0Ho 37? 173/

2

,if; 37? 63/ 42? 23/

3

0g&feol&d,\ Inscriptional Evidence bearing on the Nature of Religious Endourments in Ancient Ceylon aqmif;yg;udkvnf; zwf½Iyg/ UCR. Vol. I, Nos, I, 2; Vol. II, Nows, I, 2.

taejzifh eef;awmft&m&Sdrsm; tokH;jyKaexdkif&ef &nfñTef;í jyK

vkyfxm;ykH&onf[k ,lqzG,f&Sdonf/ bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufrS ydkif

qdkifonfh tvkyform;rsm;? EGm;rsm;? vSnf;rsm;ESihf uRJrsm;udk rnf

olwpfa,mufrQ rydkifqkdifEdkifacs/ bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufu ydkif

qdkifonhf aus;½Gmrsm;wGif oihfawmfonhf pkHprf;ppf aq;rIrsm;

jyKNyD;aemuf aumufcHxm;onhf 'PfaiGrsm;udk bkef;BuD;ausmif;

wdkuftm; ay;tyfNyD; EdkifiHawmfu rydkifqdkif&acs

1

/

bkef;BuD;ausmif;ydkif ajrrsm;ay:&Sd opfyifrsm;udk rckwfvJS&

ay

2

/ wpfcgwpf&H vltrsm;onf ausmif;wdkufrsm;odkYoGm;NyD;

opfyifrsm;udk awmif;,lMuonf/ &[ef;awmfrsm;u ,if;opfyif

rsm;udk oHCmuydkifonf[laom taMumif;jycsufjzihf ¤if;wdkYtm;

jiif;qdkMuonf/ odkYwap tu,fí vlyk*¾Kdvfonf ,if; (opfyif)

wdkYudk &,l&ef twif;tMuyf avQmufxm;MuvQif? odkYwnf;r[kwf

tMurf;zuf&ef Ncdrf;ajcmufMuvQif oihfavsmfonhf tcGefudk avsmf

aMu;tjzpf ay;NyD;aemuf? odkYr[kwf ausmif;wdkuftwGuf tvkyf

tudkifwpfck vkyfudkifNyD;aemuf ¤if;wdkYdtm; opfyifrsm;udk ,l&ef

rdefYMum;Muonf/ ]tyf wpfacsmif;rQ&Sdaom opfyifwpfyifonf

yif BuD;av;aom b@m(*½kbPf)jzpfonf}/ cGifhjyKcsuf r&SdbJESihf

yif ,if;opfyifrsm;udk &[ef;rsm; aexkdkif&mtaqmif aqmuf

vkyf&ef tokH;jyKEdkifonf/ opf½Gufrsm;? yef;rsm; odkYr[kwf opfoD;

rsm;udkyif vlyk*¾Kdvfrsm;tm; ay;cGifhr&Sdacs

3

/ ,if;odkYaom wm;jrpf

csufrsm;rSm bkef;BuD;ausmif;rsm;tm; tjyifrS vk,ufolrsm;udk

umuG,f&ef &nf½G,fcJhonfrSm xif&Sm;onf/

r[m0d[m&? tb,*d&d? aZw0e? r[dE¦avhESihf wdó

r[m&mruJhodkYaom t"duusonhf ausmif;wkdufrsm;ü tvGef

rsm jym;onhf &[ef;awmfrsm; oDwif;okH;awmfrlMuonf/ at'D 5

1

EZ. II, p. 10-13. 2

EZ. I, p. 87. 3

tbd-| 2? 322/



&mpkwGif oD[dkVfodkY tvnftywf<ua&mufcJhonhf w½kwf&[ef;

awmf zm[D,eftqdkt& tb,*d&dausmif;wdkufü &[ef; 5000?

r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkufü 3000? r[dE¦avhü 2000 &Sdonf/

EdkifiHwpf0ef;vkH;wGif trsm;okH; ae&mXmerS tpm;tpmudk &,l

Muonfh &[ef;awmf 60000 &SdaMumif;vnf; zm[D,efu qdkNyD;

xdkYtjyif bk&ifrif;onf aemufxyf &[ef; ig;axmif odkYr[kwf

ajcmufaxmifpmtwGuf trsm;okH; tpm;tpmaxmufyHhrIudk NrdKU

awmf&Sd tjcm;ae&mrsm;ü jyifqifxm;aMumif;vnf; qdkonf

1

/

w½kwf&[ef;awmf [l,ifqef (at'D 7 &mpk)url xdktcsdefu

oD[dkVfEdkifiHü &[ef;oHCm 20000 &Sdonf[k od&aMumif;

rSwfwrf;wifcJhonf

2

/ ,if;azmfjycsufrsm;rSm tawmftwef twd

tus r[kwfvQifawmif ¤if;wdkY taejzihf oD[dkVfEdkifiHwGif

&[ef;oHCm tvGefrsm;jym;aMumif; ñTefjyMuonf/

bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufrsm;tm; xdef;odrf;jcif;ESihf jyKjyifjcif;

rsm;twGuf rsm;jym; BuD;rm;onhf tvkyfrsm;twGuf vdktyfonhf

twif;tMuyf ckdif;aprIyrmPudk pdwful;jzihf rSefMunhfEdkifonf/

wpfukd,fa& vdktyfcsufrsm;ESifh ¤if;wdkYaexdkifoDwif;okH;onhf

ausmif;cef;rsm;ESihf ausmif;0if;udk oefY&Sif;jcif;uJhodkYaom vkyfief;

tcsKdUudk &[ef;awmfrsm;udk,fwdkif vkyfudkifMuonf/ odkYwap

usefvkyfief;rsm;ESihf ywfoufí tcdkif;taprsm;ESihf tvkyform;

rsm;pGmvdktyfonfrSm xif&Sm;onf/ pwkw¬r[dErif; a&;xdk;cJh

onhf r[dE¦avhausmufpmt& r[dE¦avhausmif;wdkufrSmyif

ausmif;wdkufa&;&m wm0efESihf vIyf&Sm;trsKd;rsKd;udk aqmif½Gufae

Muonfh tNrJwrf; tvkyform; 200 ausmf&SdaMumif; od&onf/

bk&ifrif;rsm;ESihf rdzk&m;rsm;pGmwdkY oHCmESifh bkef;BuD;ausmif;

wkdufrsm;tm; tm&mrdursm;ESihf taptyg;rsm;udk v ª'gef;Mu

1

Fa Hien, p. 102,105,107. 2

Hiuen Tsiang, Bk. XI, p. 247.

aMumif; rSwfwrf;&Sdonf

1

/ odvmarC0PÖrif; (at'D 7 &mpk)

zrf;,lcJhonhf tusOf;cH wrD;vfppfom;rsm;udk aus;uRefrsm;tjzpf

ausmif;wdkufrsm;odkY v ª'gef;cJhonf

2

/ wpfcgwpf&HwGif tvkyfvuf

rJh qif;&Jolrsm;onf &[ef;awmfrsm;tm; ulnDNyD; aexdkif&ef

bkef;BuD;ausmif;rsm;ü tvkyftauR;rsm; jzpfoGm;Muonf

3

/ ,if;

yk*¾Kdvfrsm;tm; bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufwGif vkdtyfonfrsm;udk vkyf

aqmif tokH;jyKonf/ t*Fkwåedum, t|uxmwGif a&m[P

t&yf&Sd bkef;BuD; ausmif;wdkufwpfckwGif aexdkifonhf qif;&Jom;

vlzsif;wpfa,muf okH;pGJonhf tokH;p&dwftaMumif;udk &[ef;

awmfrsm;u vufawGU usDp,fMuonfh taMumif;rSm pdwff0if

pm;zG,f jzpfonf

4

/ ausmif;wdkufrsm;wGif &[ef;awmfrsm;ESihftwl

aexdkifMuonhf bdu©Kbwdu[kac:aom aemufvlwef;pm; wpf

&yf&Sdonf/ ,if;a0g[m&\ t"dyÜm,ft& ,if;yk*¾Kdvfrsm;onf

¤if;wdkY\ oufarG;0rf;ausmif;twGuf &[ef;awmfrsm;udk rSDcdkae&

onfrSm xif&Sm;onf

5

/ at'D 10 &mpk ausmufpmwpfck

6

t&

Oygou[kac:onhf oHCmtvkyftauR;wpfcsKdUvnf; ausmif;

wdkufwGif aexdkifaMumif;od&onf

7

/ ,if;trsm;aumif;usKd;aqmif

1

Oyrm r[m0Ho 46? 10? 14? 28? 164/

2

,if;? 44? 73/

3

'k*¾wrEkóm oHCH edóm, ZD0dómrDwd 0d[ma& uyÜd,um&um

a[mEÅd (0d-| 3? 283)/

4

tH-| 2? 215/

5

EZ. III, p. 227. 6

EZ. III, p. 227. 7

tdEd,awmifydkif; wrD;vf ausmufrsm;ü Oygou[kac:onhf bkef;BuD;

ausmif; tvkyftauR; vlwef;pm;wpf&yftaMumif; azmfjyonf (EZ. III, p. 228.)/ oD&dvuFm bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufrsm;ü ,aeYwdkifatmifyif

&[ef;awmfrsm;\ bkef;BuD;ausmif;qdkif&m tcrf;tem;rsm; vdktyfcsuf

rsm;udk aqmif½GufaeMuonhf oufBuD;½G,ftdkrsm;&SdMuNyD; a,bk,stm;

jzihf Oygou[k vlodrsm;aom uyÜd,rsm;vnf; &SdMuonf/ rlvtm;jzihf

rnfonhf Ak'¨bmomudk udkif;½dIif;oludkrqdk vlrIb0tqifhudk rcGJjcm;bJ



arG;zGm;ygap}

1

/ ,if;odkYaom ausmufpmtcsKdU\ tqkH;wGif acG;ykH?

usD;uef;ykHrsm;jzihf o½kyfazmf xGif;xkxm;onf/ aemufausmufpm

wpfckwGif ]þ (v ª'gef;rI) udk qufvufí rvkyfaqmifolonf

arawå,sbk&m;&Sif ¤if;\tdrfa&SUodkY <u0ifjzwfavQmufvQifyiff

(t½dktaojyK&ef) ¤if;\vufudk rí r&Edkifol jzpfygapownf;}

[k azmfjyonf/ ,if;odkYaom owday;csuf rsm;onf ,kHMunf

Muol aus;vufae yk*¾Kdvfrsm;tm; bkef;BuD;ausmif;ajrrsm;rS a0;

&modkY xGufroGm;Edkifap&ef rsm;pGm taxmuftuljyKcJhjcif; jzpf

onf/ wpfcgwpf&H txl;ojzihf qif;&J'ku©ESihf BuKH&csdefrsm;wGif

,if;odkYaom ajrrsm;udk a&mif;cs odkYr[kwf aygifESHMuonf/ ,if;

odkYaom ajr,mrsm;udk jyefvnfa½G;,lonhf yxr O',rif;\

rdzk&m;ESihf ywfoufaom om"uwpf&yf &Sdonf/

bk&ifrif;rsm;? rdzk&m;rsm;ESihf yk*¾vdu tvª&Sifrsm; ay;tyf

onhf a&uefrsm;ESihf wl;ajrmif;rsm;rSm ta&twGuftm;jzihf rsm;

pGm&Sdonf/ þae&mwGif ax&d,*dkPf;odkY a&avSmifuef 18 ck

v ª'gef;cJhol "mwkaoerif;udk txl; azmfjyxdkufonf/ bkef;BuD;

ausmif;wdkufrsm;odkY v ª'gef;onfh a&avSmifuef trsm;pkrSm ,aeY

acwfwGif aysmufqkH;NyD; &Smr&awmhonhf aus;½Gma&uef rsm;

jzpfMuonfudk rSwfom;oihfonf/ oD[dkVfEdkifiHuJhodkYaom pdkufysKd;

a&;EdkifiHwpfckwGif ,if;a&avSmifuefrsm;ESihf qnfajrmif;rsm;rSm

0ifaiG&&Sdonhf tzdk;wef &if;jrpfrsm;jzpfMuNyD; ,if;wdkYrS &&Sdonfh

a&cGefuJhodkYaom 0ifaiGrSm ta&;ygcJh&rnfjzpfonf/

1

EZ III, p. 198. 2 EZ III, p. 258. 3

r[m0Ho 49? 28/

4

r[m0Ho tcef; 35? *gxmtrSwf 48 ESihf tcef; 36? *gxmtrSwf 3/

EZ. I, pp. 211; 254-255 wdkYudk ½Iyg/ trsKd;orD; wpfa,mufonf ¤if;wdkY

rdom;pkydkifonhf a&uefwpfckudk oHCmtm; v ª'gef;cJhonf/

5

r[m0Ho 38? 44-51/

ESHxm;onhf aiGaMu;rsm;? pwkw¬rSm tcGef pnf;Muyf aumufcHjcif;

rsm;ESihf jypf'PfaiG rsm;jzpfMuonf/

,if;axmufyHhaiGrsm;udk rnfonhftcsdefu pwifcJhaMumif;

twdtusqdk&ef cufcJonf/ odkY&mwGif ,if;axmufyHhaiGwnf&SdrI

rSm oD[dkVfuRef;odkY Ak'¨0g'a&muf&Sd vmcsdefxuf rsm;pGma&S;rus

onfrSm tvGef aocsmonf

1

/

odkY&mwGif bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufwpfcktm; axmufyHhay;tyf

onhf yxrqkH; rSwfwrf;wifwifcJhonhf rSwfwrf;rSm bDpD wpf

&mpkü 0¥*grPdrif;u r[mwdórax&f oDwif;okH;aexdkifonfh

ukyduúv ausmif;wkduftm; ]oHCabm*}udk v ª'gef;aom tcsdefü

jzpfonf/ ,if; tv ªtaMumif;udk auwutjym; (ketaka leaf)ay:wGif a&;cJhonf

2

/ oHCabm*[laom a0g[m&[lonf rnf

odkYaom axmufyHhrIrsKd; jzpfonf[k twdtus rqdkEdkifacs/ ,if;

taxmuftyhH[lonf ajr½dkif;? v,f,m? a&uef odkYr[kwf aus;

½GmrS&&Sdonhf 0ifaiGrsm;yif jzpfEdkifonf

3

/ xdktcsdefrSpí aESmif;

acwf&mpkESpfrsm; wpfavQmufvkH;wGif ajr½dkif;rsm;? v,f,m ajr

rsm;? xdef;odrf; apmihfa&Smufa&; aus;½Gmrsm;udk bk&ifrif;rsm;ESihf

1

0d 3? 300 wGif ydvdE´0pärax&ftm; AdrÁdom&rif;u aus;½Gmudk vª'gef; aMumif; azmfjyxm;onf/ xdkaus;½GmwGif aexdkifol 500 udk tm&mrdu

]ausmif;wdkuf\ tvkyform; uyÜd,rsm;} tjzpf azmfjyxm;onf/ ,if;

aus;½Gmtm; rif;BuD;u rax&ftm; ay;tyfjcif;rSm rax&ftm; tm&m

rduwpfa,mufudk rax&ftm; v ª'gef;&rnf[k ajymxm;onhf uwd

twdkif;aqmif½Guf&rnfudk ysufuGufaomaMumihf jypf'Pftaejzihf ay;

tyfjcif; jzpfonf/

2

r[m0Ho 33? 50/

3

ygarmu©0DvsH *dkif*gonf oHCabm*[laom a0g[m&udk ]&[ef;awmf

rsm; tokH;jyK&ef ajrrsm;}[k bmomjyefonf/ odkYwap ajrudk v ª'gef;

axmufyHhonf[k ,kHqjcif;twGuf rQwrIr&Sdacs/ oHCabm*[l onf

pmayenf;t& oHCmawmfrsm;\ ]ydkifqdkifrI} ]tcGefawmf} ]ypönf;

Opöm}[k t"dyÜm,f&onf/



rdzk&m;rsm;u bmoma&;Xmersm;tm; v ª'gef;rIESihfywfoufonfh

taxmuftxm;rsm;pGmudk awGU&Sdvm&onf

1

/ zm[D,efrSwfwrf;

t& at'D ig;&mpkwGif ,if;ajr½dkif;ajrvGwfrsm;udk vª'gef;ykHudk

od&onf/ ]ol (rif;BuD;)onf xdkYaemuf vlrsm;? v,fajrrsm;ESihf

tdrfrsm;udk xdktcsdefrSpí om;pOfrsKd;quf ,if;v ª'gef;rIudk rnfol

rQ ESpfpOftcGef odkYr[kwf xkwfjyefrIudk rjyKjyif&Jap&ef owåKj

jym;rsm;ay:wGif pma&;vsuf &[ef;awmfrsm;tm; v ª'gef;onf}

2

/

bkef;BuD;ausmif;ajrrsm;onf bkef;BuD;ausmif;rsm;twGufom

ru bkef;BuD;ausmif;a0,sm0pö vkyfaqmifolrsm;tm;vnf; t

ajccH 0ifaiGrsm;jzpfMuonf/ ajrpm&ifiSm;rsm;onf ¤if;wdkY\

wm0efudk aqmif½GuforQ aysmf½TifEdkifonf/ ,if;ajr½dkif;rsm;?

v,f,majrrsm;ESihf aus;½Gmrsm;onf tpdk;&ajrcGefrsm;rS vGwf

uif;NyD; w&m;0ifudpörsm;ESihfywfoufí tpdk;&t&m&Sdrsm; ,if;

aus;½Gmrsm;odkY 0ifa&mufEdkifjcif;r&Sdacs

3

/ tu,fí wpfa,muf

a,mufonf ,if;ajrrsm;ESihf ½Gmrsm;odkY tumtuG,f odkYr[kwf

cdkvIHcGifhtwGuf 0ifa&mufcJhrl xdkajrESihfxdkaus;½Gmrsm;ü 0ifa&muf

zrf;qD;cGifhr&Sdacs/ tu,fí wpfpkHwpfa,mufonf umuG,f

wm;qD;rItwGuf rxdkufwefcJhrl bkef;BuD;ausmif;ajrrsm;rS ¤if;

wdkYudk xGufapNyD;rSom zrf;qD;cGifh&SdEdkifonf/ xdkajre,fedrdwfrsm;

twGif; t&m&Sdrsm;onf xdkyk*¾Kdvfrsm;tm; rzrf;qD;Edkifacs

4

/

,if;Oya'udk tvGefav;pm;NyD; *½kwpdkuf apmifhpnf;Mu

onf/ ,if;Oya'udk oufOD;qHydkif tmPmydkifpdk;onhf bk&if

wpfyg;yif azmufzsuf&ef tEÅ&m,fBuD;rm;ykHudk o½kyfazmfxm;

onhf pdwf0ifpm;zG,f jzpf&yfwpfck&Sdonf/ wwd, O',rif;

1

r[m0Ho 34? 63/ 35? 83/

2

zm[D,efrSwfwrf;? pm – 109/

3

EZ. I, pp. 167-169; 173-174; II, pp. 3-4. 4

EZ. I, pp. 203, 206; II, pp. 6-8, 23, 29. þae&mü AdrÁdom&rif;BuD;\

&[ef;oHCmtjzpfodkY 0ifa&mufNyD;olwpfa,muftm; rnfonhft&mudkrQ

rjyK&[laom aMunmcsufudk trSwf&oihfonf/

(at'D 934-937)vufxufwGif w&m;½kH;t&m&SdtcsKdU bk&ifudk

aMumufNyD; wayg0eac:onhf a&S;acwfO,smOfodkY xGufajy;Mu

onf

1

/ bk&ifESifh tdrfa&SUrif;wdkYonf xdk (wayg0e)odkY oGm;MuNyD;

¤if;wdkY\ vufrsm;udk jzwfaponf/ ,if;tMurf;zufNyD; Oya'ESihf

rnDnGwfaom ,if;vkyf&yftay: auseyfrIr&Sdojzihf ,if;awm

tkyfwGif oDwif;okH;aexkdifMuonhf &[ef;awmfrsm;onf ,if;ae

&mudk pGefYcGmNyD; a&m[PZyk'fodkY <uoGm;Muonf/ odkYjzpfojzihf

vlxkESihf ppfom;rsm;onf qefYusifykefuefMuNyD; tb,*d&d

ausmif;wdkuftwGif;&Sd &wejymom'fxufodkY wufNyD; bk&ifudk

Ncdrf;ajcmufNyD; wayg0eü bmomw&m;udk rav;rpm;vkyf&ef

ulnDcJhaom t&m&SdtcsKdU\ OD;acgif;udk jzwfNyD; jywif;aygufu

ypfcs&ef awmif;qdkMuonf/ ,k0&mZrif;ESihf ¤if;\rdwfaqG tm'd

yg'wdkYonf tkwfwHwdkif;ay:rS ckefcsNyD; aMumuf½GHUrIaMumifh a&m

[PZeyk'fodkY xGufajy;Muonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf &[ef;awmfrsm;

xHodkY oGm;a&mufzl;ajrmfNyD; ajcawmf&if;ü 0yfwGm;vsuf idk,dkNyD;

,if;odkYaom ½dkif;pdkif;onhf trItwGuf rdrdwdkYudk cGifhvTwfyg&ef

wdk;vQKd;awmif;yefMuonf/ xdk&[ef;awmfrsm;ESihf tjcm; edum,

okH;ckrS &[ef;awmfrsm;\ Mum;0ifjzefajzay;rIaMumifh bk&if? vlxk

ESihf ppfwyftMum; >cif;csufr&Sd &ifMum;aphrI jzpfoGm;onf

2

/

rnfolrQ ,if;bmoma&; axmufyHhrIrsm;udk rcsKd;azmuf

odkYr[kwf qufvufíray;bJ rae0HhMuacs/ þae&mwGif tcsKdU

ausmufpmrsm;ü ,if;bmoma&; taxmuftyHhrsm;udk csKd;azmuf

Edkif odkYr[kwf aESmihf,SufEdkifolrsm;tm; wpfrlxl;jcm;onhf owd

ay;csufrsm; yg&SdonfrSm pdwf0ifpm;zG,ftjzpf rSwfom;oihfonf/

ausmufpmwpfckü þodkYazmfjyonf ]tu,fí v,fajrrsm;tm;

aESmihf,SufrIudk zefwD;Edkifol&SdcJhrl xdkyk*¾Kdvfrsm;onf tpm;tpm

r&&SdygapESihf/ aemifb0wGif acG;rsm; usD;uef;rsm;tjzpf jyefvnf

1

EZ. I, 134, n. 3. 2

r[m0Ho 43? 14/



(u[myP) 100 v ª'gef;aMumif; azmfjyonf/ þae&müvnf;

NrdKUawmf\ ESpfpOf twdk;aiGudk t&d,0HoyGJawmftokH; p&dwf

twGufom tokH;jyKonf/ xdkae&mwGif awGU&onhf aemufxyf

ausmufpm tydkif;tpwpfck

1

wGif ed#v0d#d, od0trnf&Sd tjcm;

yk*¾dKvfwpfa,mufonf a'0*d&dausmif;wdkuf tokH;p&dwftwGuf

aiG'*Fg; 20 vª'gef;aMumif;vnf; azmfjyonf/ ,if;ausmufpm\

ed*kH;ydkif;rSm tvGefpkwfjywfaeaomfvnf; txufyg tajccHjzihf

twdk;aiGudk t&d,0HoyGJawmftwGuf okH;pGJ&efjzpfaMumif; tcdkif

trmqdkEdkifonf/ uvk'd,aygukP

2

t&yfrS at'D 9 &mpk

ausmufpmwGif 'Vemtrnf&Sdol trsKd;om;wpfa,mufonf 'u©d

Pm*d&d ausmif;wkdufae oHCmawmfrsm;tm; qGrf;vª'gef;&ef &nf

½G,fNyD; a½Tom;'*Fg; 23 jym;

3

v ª'gef;aMumif; yg&Sdonf/ tjcm;

yk*¾Kdvftrsm;tjym;vnf; þudpöESihf ywfoufNyD; toD;oD; oHCm

awmfrsm;tm; qGrf;vª'gef;Muonf/

tjcm;ykHrSef 0ifaiG&onhf &if;jrpfwpfck &Sdao;onf/ bkef;

BuD;ausmif;rsm;ü aus;uRefrsm;udk xdef;odrf;&efESihf aus;uRef

tjzpfrS vTwfay;&ef aiGaMu;tyfESHrI ykHpHjzihf &&Sdjcif;jzpfonf/

Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfonf uRefa,musfm;udkjzpfap uRefrdef;rudk

jzpfap vufcH&ef &[ef;awmfrsm;tm; wm;jrpfawmfrlcJhonf

4

/ odkY

wap tNrJae&[ef;rsm;ESihf cPae&[ef; ta&twGuf rsm;jym;

vmojzihf aus;uRefrsm;onf bkef;BuD;ausmif;rsm;ü tvkyf vkyf

vmcJhMuonf/ orEÅygom'dum (0de,) t|uxm

5

usrf;wGif

bk&ifrif;rsm;onf bkef;BuD;ausmif;rsm;odkY aus;uRefrsm; vª'gef;

1

,if;? III, p.251

2

,if;? III, p.258. 3

wpfu[myPonf 70-72 x½GdKifcefY tav;ESihf nDrQonf/

4

'D 1? 61/

5

0d-| 3? 283/ 0d[ma&ok &mZl[d tm&mrdu'gom emr 'dEém a[mEÅd?

awyd yAÁmaZwkH e 0¥wd/ bkZdaó uwGm ye yAÁaZwkH 0¥wd/

a,bk,stm;jzihf ausmif;wdkufBuD;rsm;udk xdef;odrf;apmihf

a&Smufa&;twGuf ,if;odkYaom v ª'gef;rIrsm;tjyif txl;&nf½G,f

csufrsm;jzihf tjcm; v ª'gef;axmufyHhrIrsm;vnf; &SdcJhonf/ jyKjyif

olrJhaeonhf a&S;acwf taqmufttkHrsm;udk apmihfa&Smuf&efESihf

,if;wdkYudk aumif;pGmjyKjyifEdkif&ef &nf½G,fcsufí v ª'gef;axmufyHh

jcif;trsm;pkudk jyKvkyfcJhMujcif; jzpfonf

1

/ oHCmawmfrsm;tm;

taxGaxG qGrf;cJzG,frsm; v ª'gef;a&;twGuf taxmuftyHhrsm;

udkyif awGUEdkifonf/ ykHpHtm;jzihf &móa[ (Rāssahela) t&yf&Sd

ausmufpmt& 'defcJrSwpfyg; tjcm;bmrSr&Sdonhf ajr,mwpfck\

0ifaiGrS qDESihf (EGm;) EdkYrsm;udk v ª'gef;aMumif; od&onf

2

/

vlxk\ pD;yGm;a&;b0 ajymif;vJrIrsm;ESihftwl bmoma&;

taxmuftyHhrsm;vnf; ykHpHwpfrsKd; jzpfvmonf/ at'D 4 &mpk

ESifh 5 &mpk ausmufpmtrsm;pkonf ,if;odkYaom ajymif;vJrIudk

azmfjyMuonf/ a&S;OD; &mpkESpfrsm;twGif; bmoma&; taxmuf

tyHhrsm;udk jcHajrrsm;? pdkufajrrsm;? aus;½Gmrsm;? a&avSmifuef

rsm;ESihf qnfajrmif;rsm;taejzihf awGUjrifMu&onf/ odkYwap

at'D 4 &mpkcefYrSpí a&S;acwf tjyKtrlrsm;wGif bmoma&;

twGuf &if;ESD;v ª'gef;rItcsKdUü ,if;ypönf;rsKd;ESihf aiGESpfrsKd;vkH;udk

&if;ESD;`rIyfESHrIrsm; jzpfvmMuonf/ ,if;topf wdk;wuf ajymif;

vJrIonf jynffyEdkifiHrsm; txl;ojzihf a&mrtifyg&mESihf ul;

1

EZ. I. pp. 89, 254-; EZ, II, p. 218 2

EZ. IV. p. 173-174 (Inscription III). dihi tei kir misa on va¼aj no karana koì.

tvª&Sifrsm;udk,fwdkif tESpfoufqkH;jzpfonhf ypönf;rsm;udk wrvGefb0

wGif ,if;odkYaom ypönf;rsm; jynfpkH<u,f0Edkifap&ef &[ef;awmfrsm;ESihf

bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufrsm;tm; vª'gef;vdkonhf Oygoumrsm; &SdMuonf/ xdk

udpöESihfywfoufí azmfjyyg tvª&Sifrsm;wGif odomxif&Sm;onhf 'defcsOf?

qDESihfEGm;EdkYrsm;udk ESpfoufrI &SdcJhjcif;jzpfEdkifonf/ rdrdtvªaiGudk tjcm;rSm;

,Gif;pGm tokH;jyKrIudk umuG,f&ef ,if;odkYaom owfrSwfcsufrsKd; vdktyf

aomaMumihfvnf; jzpfEdkifonf/



oef;a&mif;0,frI wdk;wufvmjcif;aMumihf jzpfonf/ at'D 1 &mpk

Mo*wfpwwfpf (Augustus) bk&if vufxufcefYrSpí at'D 7

&mpk tvufp`E´&D;,m; (Alexandria) usqkH;csdeftxd tdE´d,ESihf

a&mrtifyg,mwdkY tMum; ykHrSefESihf us,fjyefYonhf i½kyfaumif;?

[if;cwftarT;tBudKif? a&arT;? cgomydwfom;? ykvJESihf tzdk;wef

ausmufrsufrsm; ukefoG,frI wdk;wufcJhonf/ ,if;ukefypönf;

trsm;pk xGuf&Sdonhf oD[dkVfEdkifiHonfvnf; ,if;ukefoG,frI

a&pD;aMumif;wGif arsmygcJhonf/ oD[dkVfqdyfurf;trsm;tjym;ESihf

EkdifiHtwGif;ydkif;rSmyif a&mrEdkifiHokH; '*Fg;jym; tajrmuftjrm;

awGU&Sdjcif;u oD[dkVfonf a&mrEdkifiHESihf ukefoG,frI&SdcJhaMumif;

azmfjyvsuf&Sdonf/ wpfcsdefwnf;avmufwGif oD[dkVfonf tjcm;

aom *&dESihf yg&Sm;EdkifiHrsm;ESihfvnf; ukefoG,frI&SdcJhonf/

azmjfyyg edkifiH&yfjcm;wdkif;jynfrsm;ESihf qufqHrItopfonf

EdkifiHawmf\ pD;yGm;a&;b0ESihf ukefpnfjzefYa0rIESihf aiGaMu; vJ

vS,frIrsm;tay: xl;jcm;onhf MoZmvTrf;rdk;rI &SdcJhonf/ ,if;odkY

jzpfjcif;rSm ukefoG,frItopfjzihf ,cifwnf&SdNyD; ukefoG,frI t

opfudk tpm;xdk;vdkufonf[k rqdkvdkacs/ ukefoG,frIpepfa[mif;

ESihf ,SOfvsuf ukefoG,frIpepfopf tjrpfwG,fvmcJhjcif; jzpfonf/

EdkifiHjcm; wkdif;jynfrsm;ESihf qufqHrI\ tusKd;tjrwfrSm t"du

tm;jzihf ESpfrsKd;jzpfonf/ yxrtaejzihf owåKj'yfpifudk aiGaMu;

tjzpf tokH;jyKrI us,fjyefYxif&Sm;vmNyD; 'kwd,taejzihf NrdKUawmf

rSma&m oD[dkVf&Sd tjcm;ukefoG,frI A[dkXmersm;rSmyg ukefpnf

jzefYjzL;&efESihf zvS,f&ef &nf½G,fcsufrsm;jzihf ukefonftzGJU t

pnf; rsm;pGm ay:vmonf/ ,if;onf acwfopf ukefoG,frIü

ukyÜPDrsm;ESihf bPfrsm;\ a&SUajy;jzpfonf/ ,if;ukefoG,fa&;

tzGJUtpnf;rsm;xHwGif ukefypönf;rsm;udkjzpfap aiGaMu;udkjzpfap

tyfESHxm;EdkifNyD; &&Sdonhf tjrwfaiGudk rnfokdYtokH;jyK&rnfqdk

onhf ñTefMum;csufrsm;udk ,if;tzGJUtm; ajymMum;xm;cJhEdkif

onf/ ,if;odkY (ñTefMum;xm;cJh) aom bmoma&; aiGya'om

rsm;udk at'D 4 &mpkcefYrSpí awGU&SdEdkifonf/ xif&Sm;onhf o½kyf

azmf wifjyrItaejzihf at'D 4 &mpkwGif a&;xdk;cJhonfh awmPd

a*v (Tōºigala) ausmufpm

1

udk udk;um;Edkifonf/

od&darC0PÖ (at'D 362-389)rif; eef;pH 3 ESpfajrmuf

wGif a&;xkd;onfh ,if;ausmufpmonf yk*¾Kdvfa&; rSwfwrf;wpf

ckjzpfNyD; tvª&SifESihf ukefoG,frItzGJUtpnf;wdkYtMum; oabmwl

nDcsufjzpfykH&onf/ ,if;rSwfwrf;t& EdkifiHawmf trwfBuD;wpf

a,muf\om;jzpfonhf a'0trnf&Sdolonf NrdKUawmf ajrmufydkif;

c½dkifwpfck&Sd uv[kre (Kalahumana) [kac:aom ukefoG,f

a&; tzGJUtpnf;xHwGif pyg;vSnf;ESpfpD;wdkufESihf q,ftrkP

(amuºa)? OE´K ([if;cwfarT;BuKdifwpfrsKd;) ajcmuftrkPESihf yJ

q,ftrkPudk tyfESHxm;aMumif; od&onf/ t&if;aiGudk rokH;&

odkYr[kwf ravQmhap&bJ ESpfpOf ,if;rS&&Sdonhf pyg;\ twdk;aiG

50 &mEIef;ESihf tjcm;toD;tEHSrsm;\ twdk;aiG 25 &mEIef;udk

,[doy0, (Yahisavaya) [kac:aom bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkuf

topfwGif ESpfpOfusif;yonhf t&d,0HoyGJawmf tokH;p&dwf t

wGuf v ª'gef;&rnfjzpfonf/ ,m*k? eHeufpmESihf aeYv,fpm t

Mum;wGif pm;&onhf tpm;tpmrsm;? 'defcsOf? ysm;&nf? xef;vsuf?

qDOD;? axmywf? qm;? opf½Gufpdrf;rsm;ESihf rD;zdkacsmifwGif vdktyf

onhf tjcm;ypönf;rsm;udk ,if;tv ªaiGrS okH;pGJ&rnfjzpfonf/

,if;onf pdwf0ifpm;zG,f bmoma&;tvªaiG tyfESHrIykHpH

wpfrsKd;jzpfonf/ aiGaMu;ya'omyiftaejzihf bmoma&;twGuf

tyfESHaiGrsm;ESihf ywfoufonhf om"ursm;vnf;&Sdonf/

v[ktm#Am@d*v (Lahuäìabāndigala) ausmufpmwGif

EdkifiHawmf 0efBuD;wpfa,muf\ om;jzpfonhf od&deu trnf

&olonf a'0*d&dtrnf&Sdausmif;wdkufBuD;wGif tokH;jyK&ef NrKdU

awmf ta&SUzuf&Sd r[mwbu bk&m;qif;wk a½Tcs&ef aiG'*Fg;

1

EZ, III, p. 177.



jzihf ,lqcH&onf

1

/ ,if;onf vlY*kPfodu©mwefzdk;udk avhusihf&ef

BudK;pm;rIwpf&yftjzpf ,lqonf/ Ak'¨'go (Ak'¨\aus;uRef)[k

t"dyÜm,f&onhf vltrnfrsm;rSm a&S;acwf Ak'¨0g'Drsm;twGif;

xif&Sm;jcif;rSm ,if;odkYjzpfvdkrIaMumihfjzpfonf/ a'0geHyd,wdó

rif;BuD;onf r[maAm"dudkif;jrwfudk tdE´d,rS yifhaqmifvmNyD;

aemuf rsm;rMumrD ,if;aAm"dudkif;udk ylaZmf&ef okH;&uf wdkifwdkif

aAm"dyifwHcg;apmifh tjzpfaqmif½GufcJhaMumif; od&onf

2

/ þ

rif;udk,fwkdifyif oD&dvuFm EdkifiHawmfESihf tjcm;ydkifqdkifrIrsm;udk

Ak'¨omoemawmftm; v ª'gef;cJhonfrSmvnf; ,if;&nf½G,fcsuf

jzihf aqmif½Gufjcif;rsKd;jzpfonf/ ,if;onf ½dkaoudkif;½Idif;rIESihf

ylaZmfouúm&jyKrIudk xkwfazmfjyo&ef orkwdoabmjzihf aqmif

½Gufjcif;rQom jzpfonf/ r[m'gXdu r[mem*rif; (at'D 67-

79) onf oHCmawmfrsm;u wm;jrpfaomfvnf; rif;BuD;? rdzk&m;?

om;awmf ESpfa,muf? pD;awmfqifESihf xD;eef;udk oHCmawmftm;

v ª'gef;NyD;aemuf tojymwpfodef; yrmP&Sdonhfwefzdk;udk oHCm

awmfrsm;tm; vª'gef;vsuf ukd,fwdkifESihf v ª'gef;NyD;t&mtm;vkH;udk

jyefvnf a½G;,lonf

3

/ t|rt*¾aAm"drif; (at'D 801-812)

onf r,fawmftm; rdrdudk oHCmawmftm; v ª'gef;apNyD;aemuf

]rdrdudk,fESifh nDrQ onfh yrmP} ("r®wå*¾[PH)udk ay;acsjcif;jzihf

vGwfajrmufol jyefjzpfoGm;onf

4

/ rif;BuD; ,if;odkYjyKjcif;rSm ¤if;

\ trIxrf;rsm;tay: aus;uRefrsm;[k ac:rdjcif;twGuf 'Pf

cwfonhf taejzihf jyKvkyfjcif;jzpfonf/ rif;BuD;udk r,fawmfjzpf

1

&wemokH;yg; (o&P*kHokH;yg;)udk qnf;uyfudk;uG,f&ef enf;vrf;okH;rsKd;

&Sdonf/ wpfrsKd;rSm rdrdukd,fudk tyfESHjcif;[k t"dyÜm,f&onfh twå

oHed,smwe o&P*kHjzpfonf (tH-| 1? 304)/ ,if;azmfjycsuft&

&wemokH;yg;\ aus;uReftjzpf cH,ljcif;[laom t"dyÜm,fodkY ouf

a&mufoGm;onf/

2

r[m0Ho 19? 32 *gxm/

3

,if;? tcef; 34? 86-88 *gxm/

4

,if;? tcef; 49? 62-64 *gxm/

MuaMumif;ESihf

1

¤if;wdkYudk &[ef;abmifodkY 0ifa&mufrjyKaomf

vnf; ¤if;wdkUtaejzifh aus;uReftjzpfrS vGwfajrmufNyD;aemuf

0ifa&mufcGifhjyKaMumif; &Sif;vif;pGm azmfjyxm;onf/ aus;uRef

rsm;udk vufcHjcif;onf Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf\ tmPma'oemawmf

ESihf qefYusifaomaMumifh rZÑdredum,ft|uxm

2

ü ,if;odkYaom

aus;uRefrsm;udk vufcHjcif;rSm roihfavsmfaomaMumihf ,if;wdkYudk

vufcHrnfjyKaomtcg tv ª&Sifu ]uyÜd,um&udk vª'gef;yg\?

tm&mrdu (t&rfapmihf)udk vª'gef;yg\}[k qdkív ª'gef;&rnf[k

owfrSwfcJhonf

3

/

,if;owfrSwfcsufonf tcuftcJwpf&yfudk a&Smif&Sm;&ef

tESpfom&tm;jzihf jznfhqnf;ay;rI r[kwfbJ pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;

pmom;udk tokH;jyK&ef vdr®monhf tMuHay;rIwpf&yf jzpfzG,f&Sd

onf/ odkYwap udk,fusihfodu©mt& rnfodkYyif oihfavsmfonhf

trnfemrwpfckjzihf ac:a0:okH;EIef;apumrl trSefaomf bkef;BuD;

1

odvmarC0PÖrif;onf wrD;vf ppf½IH;okHYyef;rsm;udk uReftjzpf bkef;BuD;

ausmif;rsm;odkY vª'gef;aMumif; a&SUtcef;rsm;ü awGU&NyD;jzpfonf (r[m

0Ho 44? 73)/

2

r-| 2? 113? 'god'go0aoae0 awoH y#d*¾[PH e 0¥wd? uyÜd,-

um&uH 'r®d? tm&mrduH 'r®Dwd {0H 0kawå ye 0¥wd/

3

uyÜd,um&u[lonf a,bk,stm;jzihfqdkrl &[ef;awmfrsm;\ vdktyf

csufrsm;udk wm0ef,laqmif½Gufay;onhf vlOygoum wpfa,muf jzpf

onf/ uyÜd,um&uonf tcrJh tvkyftauR;jyKNyD; ¤if;\aqmif½GufrI

udk vufcHvQif &[ef;onf wpfpkHw&m ay;urf;&efrvdkbJ rdrd\ vdktyf

csufrsm;twGuf uyÜd,um&utm; vGwfvyfpGm ajymMum;Edkifonf/ xdk

rSwpfqifh &[ef;onf 0denf;pnf;urf;ESihf twdtus nDñGwfrItjyif vl

trsm;\ ,kHMunfrIjzihf rnfonhf vufaqmifyPÖmrS ay;urf;zG,f rvdk

bJ ,kHMunfpdwfcspGm aqmif½GufEdkifonf/ odkY&mwGif þü azmfjyonhf

uyÜd,um&u[lonf bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkuftwGuf aqmif½Guf&ef t

jcm;olrsm;u ay;tyfjcif;cH&olrsm;jzpfzG,f&Sdojzihf uRef[laom t"dyÜm,f

oufa&mufzG,f &Sdonf/ tm&mrdu[lonf bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufü

tvkyfvkyfolrsm; taptyg;rsm; jzpfMuonf/



ausmif;rsm;ü aus;uRefrsm; &SdcJhonf[laom tcsufrSm olYuRef

tjzpfrS rvGwfrcsif; &[ef;abmifodkY 0ifcGifhrjyK&[k azmfjyonhf

txufyg orEÅygom'dumusrf;t& oHo,rjzpfEdkifawmhacs/

&Edkifonhf taxmuftxm;rsm;u a&S;acwfwGif bkef;BuD;

ausmif;rsm;ü a,musfm; rdef;r aus;uRefrsm;udk tvkyfcefYxm;NyD;

¤if;wdkYudk xdef;odrf;rItwGuf aiGaMu;trsm;tjym; `rIyfESHxm;

aMumif; azmfjyonf/ tEk&m"yk&&Sd

1

at'D 6 &mpkrS 7 &mpka&;

xdk;onhf ausmufpmwdk &SpfckwGif tEk&m"yk&NrdKU tb,*d&d

ausmif;wdkuf&Sd aus;uRefrsm;udk xdef;odrf;apmihfa&Smuf&eftwGuf

trnfemr azmfjyxm;onhf vltrsm;tjym;\ aiGaMu; vª'gef;

rIrsm;udk rSwfwrf;wifxm;onf/ ,if;wdkYteufrS ajcmufa,muf

onf toD;oD; 100 u[myPpD tyfESHMuNyD; ,if;wdkYteufrS

1

EZ, IV, p. 139-140. y&e0dweu ]uRef} ]tcdkif;tap}[k bmomjyefcJh

onhf pum;vkH;rSm ]0[&v (vaharala)}jzpfonf/ ,if;ausmufpmESihf

tjcm;ausmufpmrsm;ü pum;vkH;ESihf ykHpHrsm;pGm azmfjyonf/ ,if;wdkYrSm

0[&dv? 0a[&dv? 0da[&dv ponfwdkYjzpfonf/ þaqG;aEG;rIwGif

y&e0dwe\ bmomjyefaemufodkY vdkufxm;ygonf/ odkYwap 'Da*s

0dZ,&wae (Interpretation of Vaharala ect., in Sinhalese Inscriptions UCR. Vol. Z, No. I, p. 103.) u y&e0dwe\ bmomjyefESihf ywfoufí

½Iaxmihf rsKd;pkHrS ar;cGef;xkwfxm;NyD; 0[&v[laomyk'fudk ]opfom;

&ufr}[k bmomjyefonf/ (0dZ,&waeu 0[&vyk'fudk opfom;

odkYr[kwf opfom;&ufr[k t"dyÜm,f&onhf ouúw 0doQ&+vrS qif;

oufonf[k ,lqonf/)

ausmufpmwGifygonhf 0[&vyk'fonf uRef[kt"dyÜm,f&onf

jzpfap opfom;&ufr[k t"dyÜm,f&onfjzpfap oD[dkVf a&S;acwfu Ak'¨

bmombkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufrsm;ü aus;uRefrsm;udk tvkyfcefYxm;onf

[l aom ordkif;tcsuftvufrSm txufwGif awGjrif&onhf twdkif;

t|uxmESihf ordkif;usrf;rsm; azmfjycsuftwGuf cGeftm;&SdqJ jzpfonf/

uRefudkñTef;onfjzpfap opfom;udk ñTef;onfjzpfap 0[&v twGuf

ay;tyfonhfaiGaMu;rSm þaqG;aEG;rIESihfywfoufonhf tcsufjzpfaom

bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufwpfck\ 0ifaiGjzpfonf/

wpfa,mufrSm 1000? aemufwpfa,mufrSm 2000 tyfESHonf/

,if;v ª'gef;rIrS &&dSonhf ukodkvfaumif;rIudk tjcm; owå0grsm;

tm; trQay;a0xm;onf/

tu,fí bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufrsm;ü aus;uRefrsm;udk xdef;

odrf;&ef aiGaMu;tyfESHrIudk ukodkvf[k ,lqvQif ,if;aus;uRef

wdkYukd uRefjzpfjcif;rS vGwfajrmufatmif jyKvkyfjcif;rSm ydkíyif

ukodkvftjzpf ,lqrnfjzpfonf/ odkYjzihf uRefrsm;udk bkef;BuD;

ausmif;rsm;odkY vª'gef;jcif;onf ukodkvf&&ef enf;vrf; ESpfrsKd;udk

&&Sdaponf/ ,if;odkY v ª'gef;jcif;onfyif ukodkvfjzpfNyD; ,if;tvª

ypönf;udk a½G;Ekwfjcif;onfvnf; a½G;,loltm; ukodkvf&aponf/

,if;vkyf&yfESpfrsKd;vkH;onf bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkuftm; tusKd;&

aponf/ at'D 14 &mpktpydkif;wGif 0dv*r®Kv r[max&f a&;

om;onhf tem*w0Hoa'oemusrf;

1

wGif raumif;rItukodkvf

p½dkufqdk;rsm;rS vGwfajrmuf&ef aus;uRefrsm;udk vGwfatmif vkyf

ay;&rnfjzpfaMumif; azmfjyxm;onf/

aus;uRefrsm;udk v ª'gef;jcif;ESihf ,if;wdkYudk jyefvTwfay;jcif;

rSm bmoma&; tpGef;a&mufrI\ wpfpdwfwpfa'ojzpfaMumif;

,lqEdkifzG,f&SdNyD; tcsdKUaom ,if;jzpfpOfudk ,lqrIenf;vrf;rsm;

rSm þt,lonf;rIudk &SmazGjcif;jzihf wdk;wufoGm;cJhonf/ bkef;

BuD;ausmif;wdkufrsm;ESihf qufpyfaeonhf tppftrSef aus;uRef

rsm;&SdaepOf v ª'gef;jcif;cH&NyD; vGwfajrmufNyD;jzpfonfh tcsKdUaom

aus;uRefrsm;rSm uRefrsm; vkH;0r[kwfMuawmhbJ vlrItqihf t

wef;jrifh vGwfvyfolrsm; jzpfoGm;Muonf/ ,if;yk*¾Kdvfrsm;udk cP

wmrQ udk,fhudk,fudk v ª'gef;Mujcif;jzpfEdkifNyD; ukokdvf&&ef &nf

½G,fNyD; em&Dydkif; rdepfydkif;rQvnf; vª'gef;MuzG,f&Sdonf/

rdrdudk,fudk Ak'¨"r®oHCmhaus;uReftjzpf v ª'gef;Mujcif;rSm t

qihfjrifh bmoma&; vkyfaqmifrIESihf ukokdvfw&m;wdk;yGm;rI tae

1

tem*w0Hoa'oem? pm-42/



ojzihf r[mygVd qGrf;pm;aqmifu ¤if;tm; auR;arG;xm;&onf

1

/

(w½kwfbk&m;zl; &[ef;awmf) zm[D,ef\ atmufygar;cGef;onf

at'D ig;&mpk oD[dkVfbkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufrsm; rnfrQ csrf;om

<u,f0onfudk azmfjy&ef vkHavmufayvdrfhrnf? ]csrf;om<u,f0

onhf &[ef;oHCmqkdif&mrsm;wGif tzdk;wefausmufESihf rPd

(ywåjrm;) trsm;tjym;&SdMu\/ bk&ifwpfa,mufonfyif tzdk;

rjzwfEdkifonfh ykvJrsm;udk t"r®&,l&ef zrf;pm;jcif;cH&\/ xdk

bk&ifonf aemiftcg &[ef;awmfrsm;tm; rdrd\ raumif;

pdwftBuHtpnfudk zGihf[ 0efcHNyD;aemuf xdkbk&ifu xdkaeYrSpí

bk&ifwpfyg;tm; bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkuf&Sd ypönf; Opömxm;onhf

ae&modkY 0ifa&mufMunhf½IcGifhrjyK&efESihf &[ef;awmfwpfyg;onf

&[ef;odu©m 0gav;q,f &NyD;aemufrSom 0ifa&mufcGifhjyK&ef

pnf;rsOf;csrSwf&ef oHCmawmfrsm;tm; avQmufxm;onf

2

/

ausmif;wdkufBuD;rsm; <u,f0csrf;omaomfvnf; aumif;pGm

v ª'gef;axmufyHhrIjyKjcif; rcH&onhf ausmif;wkdufi,frsm; &Sdao;

onf/ e0rt*¾aAmrif;(at'D 828-831)vufxufwGif ausmif;

wdkufi,frsm;rS oHCmawmfrsm;onf ¤if;wdkY\ ,m*kpm; aomuf

zG,fudk &,l&ef r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkufodkY oGm;a&mufMu&onf/

odkY&mwGif xdktaMumif;udk bk&if Mum;odawmfrlaomtcg bk&if

onf xdkausmif;wdkufrsm;tm;vnf; axmufyHhv ª'gef;rI jyKcJhonf

3

/

bdu©KeDausmif;wdkuf xdef;odrf;a&;ESihf tkyfcsKyfa&;taMumif;

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1

r[m0Ho 44? 11-12/

2

Fa Hien, p. 104. 3

r[m0Ho 44? 88-90/

olu aus;uReftjzpfjzifh oHCmawmftm; v ª'gef;cJhonfrSm oH

o,jzpfzG,frvdkacs/ uHraumif;onfrSm oD&dvuFmbk&iftm;

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1

/ azmfjy

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2

(ausmif;wdkuft&yf)rS ausmufpm av;

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ausmif;rsm;ü aus;uRefjzpf&jcif;ESihf udk,fwdkif aus;uReftjzpfrS

vGwfajrmufrI&&Sdjcif;wdkYudk bmomw&m; udkif;½Idif;rIESihf ukodkvf

1

EZ. II, p. 107. 2

EZ. II, p. 132-133.



w&m;tjzpf ,lqaMumif; xif&Sm;onf/ rdrdudk,fudk aus;uRef

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1

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2

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3

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4

/ wpfcgwpf&H bk&ifrif;rsm; tcuftcJBuKHae&pOf

bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufrsm;onf ¤if;wdkYtm; axmufyHhxm;&onf/

odkYjzpfojzihf 'kwd,oHCwdórif; (at'D 611)onf ¤if;tkyfcsKyf

pOf tcuftcJESihf BuKH&pOftwGif; tpm;tpm jywfawmufoGm;

1

Slab-inscription of Kassa V, EZ.I, p. 44. 2

See EZ.III, p. 122; IV, p. 145-149. 3

r[m0Ho 37? 150-=173 *gxm/

4

tbd-| 2? 426/



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1

0d-| 1? 67/

2

r[m0Ho 46? 27/

3

E.Z. II, p. 25. 4

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taersm;aMumifh ajymif;vJoGm;onf/ rlvynwfcsufrsm;t& Oy

orÜ' (&[ef;cH) uHaqmif&ef oHCmq,fyg;vdkonf? om;a&p

wpfckxuf ydkí jyKvkyfxm;aom zdeyfudk tokH;rjyK&? ESpfywf

wpfBudrfxuf ydkía&csKd;jcif;udk wm;jrpfonf? ta& odkYr[kwf

om;a&rsm;udk xkdifckHrsm;tjzpf tokH;rjyK&/ ,if;odu©myk'frsm;udk

1

0d 3? 397 ½Iyg/

2

0d 2? 98/ (*PabmZeodu©my')/

vdkufemusihfokH;vsuf&SdpOf t&Sifr[mupöm,e\ wynhf t&Sif

aomPonf t0EÅdwdkif;

1

rS om0w¬dodkY Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwftm; zl;

ajrmf&ef oGm;a&mufcdkufwGif q&mjzpfol t&Sifr[mupöm,e

udk,fpm; Ak'&Sifawmfjrwftm; þodkY avQmufxm;onf ]&Sifawmf

jrwfbk&m;? t0EÅdwdkif;wGif &[ef;awmfrsm; tvGef&Sm;yg;ygonf/

odkYjzpfí &[ef;ta&twGuf tenf;i,frQjzihf OyorÜ'uHaqmif

&ef cGifhjyKawmfrlyg/ t0EÅdwdkif;ü vrf;rsm;rSm tvGef Murf;wrf;vS

ygonf/ odkYjzpfí xdkt&yfü wpfckxufydkaom om;a&pjzihf jyK

vkyfonhfzdeyfudk pD;cGifhvnf; jyKawmfrlyg/ t0EÅd wdkif;om;wdkYonf

rMumcP a&csKd;jcif;udk ESpfoufMuygonf/ odkYjzpfí rMumcP

a&csKd;&ef cGifhjyKawmfrlyg/ EdkifiH tv,fydkif;rSm vltrsm; zsmMurf;

udk tokH;jyKouJhodkY t0EÅdwdkif;rS vltrsm;onf om;a&rsm;udk

xdkifp&mtjzpf tokH;jyKMuygonf/ odkYjzpfí xdkNrKdUwGif om;a&

e,fudk xdkifp&mtjzpf tokH;jyK&ef cGifhjyKawmfrlyg}/

txufyg awmif;yefrIaMumifh Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfonf oHCm

awmfrsm;tm; pk½kH;vdkufNyD; ,if;odu©myk'f tm;vkH;udk t0EÅdwdkif;

wGifomru rZÑdra'otjyif&Sd EdkifiHtm;vkH;twGufyg ajymif;vJ

ay;cJhonf/ xdktcsdefrSpí rZÑdra'o tjyifzuf&Sd &[ef;awmf

rsm;onf 0denf;uRrf;usifonhf &[ef;awmf wpfyg;tygt0if

&[ef;ig;yg;jzihf OyorÜ'uHaqmifvmEdkifonf? om;a&p wpfp

xufydkí jyKvkyfxm;onfh zdeyfudk pD;vmEdkifonf? ESpfouforQ

a&udk tBudrfBudrf csKd;vmEdkifonf? om;a&cif;udk xdkifp&m tjzpf

tokH;jyKvmEdkifonf

2

/

wpfcgwpf&HwGif iwfrGwfacgif;yg;rIonf &[ef;awmfrsm;

oufaomihfoufom jzpfa&;twGuf tpm;taomufESihf ywf

oufonhf 0denf;odu©myk'fwpfcsKdUudk jyKjyifajymif;vJ&ef vdktyf

onf/ &[ef;awmfrsm;tm; tpm;taomufrsm;udk odrf;qnf;

1

OaZÆeDNrdKU? tdE´d, tv,fydkif; *Ggvd,m (Gwalior) jynfe,f/

2

0d 3? 288/


&[ef;awmfrsm;\ vlrIb0 1 wdk;wufrIrsm; 287

wdk;wufpjyKvmonfh tajctaersm;aMumifh b0\ obm0rSef

rsm;udk &ifqdkifvm&NyD; 0de,odu©myk'frsm;udk rlvykHpHtwdkif;

vdkufemusihfokH;&ef cufcJaMumif; qifjcifrdvmMuonf/ &mZ

N*dK[foH*g,em qkH;jzwfcsufonf 0denf;odu©myk'frsm;udk wpfpkH

wpf&m ajymif;vJjyKjyifrIudk qefYusifcJhonf/ odkYjzpfí 0denf;

odu©myk'f\ pmom;udk rajymif;vJ? t&Sifr[muóyrax&fBuD;

xdkrQ tav;ay; csrSwfcJhonhf jynfolwdkY\ jypfwifa0zefrIudk

roihfa&mufapbJ &[ef;awmfrsm;onf ¤if;wdkYudk,fwdkif tcsif;

csif; oabmwlnDrIr&SdbJ 0denf;odu©myk'frsm;udk t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdk

jcif;jzihf tcuftcJrsm;udk ausmfvTm;rnfh enf;vrf;rsm;udk azmf

xkwfcJhMuonf/ ,if;t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkcsufrsm;ESihf aqG;aEG;csufrsm;

udk ygVdrkwåu0dedpä, (ygVdawmfrsm;ü rawGU&onfh tqkH;tjzwf)

rsm;[kac:onf

1

/ xdkt&Sifjrwfrsm;onf ,if;odkY r,lqcJhaomf

vnf; ,if;ygVdrkwåu0dedpä,rsm;onf jyifqifcsufrsm;ESihf pnf;

rsOf;topfrsm;ESifh wlnDMuonf/ ygVdawmfrsm;ü awGU&Sd&onhf

twdkif; rlva[mMum;csufrsm;\ tESpfom&ESihf nDñGwfrI r&Sd

aomfvnf; oHCmu vufcHxm;onhf ,lqcsuftopfrsm;ESihf

vdkufemusihfokH;rIrsm;vnf; &SdMuonf/

bDpD wpf&mpkonf oD[dkVfAk'¨bmomordkif;ü ta&;tBuD;

qkH;aom tcsdefumvjzpfonf/ &[ef;awmfrsm;\ b0aeenf;ESihf

a&m Ak'¨"r®ESifhyg oufqdkifonhf tvGefwmoGm;onfh tusKd;rsm;

ESihf tajccH ajymif;vJrItcsKdU ,if;&mpkESpf ukefcgeD;wGif jzpfay:cJh

onf/ xdktcsdefu wpfEdkifiHvkH; wpfjcrf;udk jynfy usL;ausmf0if

a&mufolrsm;\ zsufqD;jcif;udkcH&NyD; tjcm;wpfjcrf;rSm rBuKHpzl;

aom iwfrGwfacgif;yg;rI ab;aMumihf tBuD;tus,f ysufpD;ae

1

0d-| 2? 23/ at'D 13 &mpkwGif t&Sifom&dykMwm a&;om;onhf ygVd

rkwåu0dedpä,[konhf usrf;pmtkyfwpfck &Sdonf/ ,if;usrf;ü 0de,

yd#url&if;usrf;pmrsm;ü rawGU&onhf aqG;aEG;csufrsm;ESihf qkH;jzwf

csufrsm; yg0ifonf/

azmfjyNyD; erlemtenf;i,frSm 0denf;odu©myk'frsm; ynwfrI

ESihf ,if;odu©myk'frsm;udk jyefvnf jyKjyifjznfhpGufrIwdkYrSm tcsdef

tcgESihf ae&ma'orsm;udk taMumif;jyK&NyD; vlrIa&;ESihf pD;yGm;a&;

tajctaersm;\ vTrf;rdk;rI cH&aMumif; azmfjyMuonf/

Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf\ oHCmudk tkyfcsKyfrIonf ppfrSefonhf

'Drdku&ufwpfpepf wpfckESihfwlonf/ trSefpifppf Ak'önf oHCm

awmfrsm;tm; trdefYay;Edkifaomfvnf; ,if;tmPmudk wpfBudrf

wpfcg tokH;jyKcJhaMumif; rawGU&acs/

r[my&dedAÁmeokwfawmfü Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfu t&SiftmeE´m

tm; ]rdrdtaejzihf oHCmudk pDrHcefYcGJol} odkYr[kwf ]oHCmonf

rdrdtm; rSDckdaeonf}[k vkH;0 rawG;rdaMumif; rdefYMum;awmfrlonf

udk awGU&on

1

/ xdkYjyif Ak'önf &[ef;awmfrsm;tm; ]udk,fhudk,f

udkESihf"r®udkom trDSo[JjyKMu&ef? tjcm;rnfonhft&m odkYr[kwf

rnfolwpfa,mufudkrQ rudk;uG,fMu&ef} ñTefMum;awmfrlonf

2

/

]'Drdkua&pDenf;us wnfaqmufrIudk BudKufESpfoufonhf ousrsKd;

1

wxm*wó acg tmeE´ e {0H a[mwd ]t[H bdu©KoHCH y&d[&d-

ómrDwd 0g rrka'ódaum bdu©KoHaCmwd 0g} ('D 2? 100)/

2

twå'Dyg 0d[&x twåo&Pm teno&Pm? "r®'Dyg "r®o&Pm

teno&Pm (,if;? 100)/ tcsdKUaom Oa&mywdkufom; ynm&Sifrsm;

onf ,if;pmykd'fudk ]rdrdukd,fudk rD;tdrfrsm;uJhodkY (tvif;a&mifjzihf) ae

xdkifMuavmh} (Rays Davids, D²gha Nikāya Translation, Vol. II,p. 108.) [k

bmomjyefvdkMuonf/ odkY&mwGif þpmydk'fü ]'Dy}[laom a0g[m&onf

uRef;udk a[mNyD; rD;tdrfudk rqdkvdkacs/ 'D-| 2? pm 138 wGif ,if;yk'fudk

]r[mork'´*wH 'DyH 0d, twåmeH 'DyH ywd|H uwGm 0d[&x = udk,fh

udk,fudk r[mork'´&mxJü wnf&Sdonhf uRef;uJhodkY (aexdkif&m) jyKíae

xdkifMuavmh}[k zGifhqdkonf/ oHo&mudk r[mork'´&m (oHom&om*&)

ESihf EIdif;,SOfNyD; ork'´&mtv,fü ab;uif;onhft&mrSm uRef;jzpfonf?

rD;tdrfr[kwfacs/ ]'DyH u,d&mx ar"m0D? ,H MoaCm embduD&wd =

ynm&Sdonf a&tvsOf rvTrf;rdk;Edkifonfh uRef;udk zefwD;Muavmh} ("r®y'?

25 *gxm)/ rD;tdrf[laom tawG;udk c&pf,ef bdkifb,fvfusrf;rS &,l

onfrSm aocsmonf/



0ifjzpfaomaMumihf Ak'önf 'Drdku&ufwpf tawG;tjrifrsm;udk

ESpfoufcJhjcif;jzpfzG,f&Sdonf/ Ak'önf rdrd\ oHCmhy&dowfudk

'Drdkua&pDenf;us zGHUNzdK;apvdkojzihf 0de,pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk t

aMumif;wdkufqkdifrSom ynwfcJhonf}

1

/

0de,onf y&rw¬opömr[kwfbJ oHCmhtzGJUtpnf;wpfck\

udk,fusihfw&m; aumif;rGefrItwGuf a0g[m&ynwfrQomjzpf

onf/ ae&ma'otrsKd;rsKd; tcsdeftcgoD;oD;wGif vdktyfvmwdkif;

0de,odu©m yk'frsm;udk jyKjyifajymif;vJcJh&onf/ ,if;udk odjrif

awmfrlaom Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfu t&SiftmeE´mtm; rdrd (Ak'¨)

uG,fvGefNyD;aemuf vdktyfvQif oHCmonf ck'úodu©myk'frsm;udk

½kwfodrf; odkYr[kwf jyKjyifEdkifaMumif; rdefYMum;awmfrlonf

2

/

Ak'ÿ&dedAÁmefpHvGefNyD;aemuf vtenf;i,ftMumwGif &mZ

N*dK[fNrdKUü usif;yonhf yxroH*g,emwGif ]ck'´gEkck'ú odu©myk'f

rsm;}ESihf ywfoufí ar;cGef;wpfck ay:aygufcJhonf/ ck'´gEkck'ú

odu©myk'frsm;[lonf rnfonfwdkYjzpfaMumif;ESihf ywfoufí ,l

qcsuftrsKd;rsKd; ay:xGufcJhonf/ Ak'¨taejzihf rnfonfudk ck'´g

Ekck'úodu©myk'frsm;[k qdkvdkaMumif; &Sif;vif;atmif rar;vdkuf

Edkifjcif;twGuf t&SiftmeE´monf tpnf;ta0;\ jypfwifrIudk

cH&onf/ azmfjyyg ar;cGef;ESifhywfoufí wlnDonhf twnf

jyKcsuf&&ef rjzpfEdkifcJhacs

3

/ odkYjzpfí oH*g,em\ tBuD;tuJjzpf

1

Nalimaksh Dutt in The Cultural Heritage of India, Vol, I, p. 290. 2

tmucFrmaem tmeE´ oHaCm rrpöa,e ck'´gEkck'úmed odu©my'ged

orl[eEÅK ('D 2? 127)/

3

odkY&mwGif t*Fkwå&t|uxmü aemufwpfokwfwGif (tH-| 2? 216)

awGU&onhf ck'´gEkck'úmed[laomyk'fudk zGifhqdk&mwGif ]ck'´gEkck'úmeDwd

pwåm&d yg&mZdumed XaywGm aooodu©my'ged = ck'´gEkck'úmed [lonf

yg&mZdu av;yg;rS wpfyg;aom odu©myk'frsm;udk qdkvdk\}[k zGifhqdkonf/

t|uxmü ,if;t,ltqrSm t*Fkwå&edum,fudk tokH;jyKaomq&mwdkY\

t,ltqjzpfaMumif; azmfjyonf/ ]£rH ye t*Fkwå&edum,H 0vÍÆe

ump&d,m pwåm&d yg&mZdumed XaywGm aoomed oAÁmedyd ck'gEkck'umeD

ol t&Sifr[muóyrax&fBuD; wifjyonhftwdkif; oHCmonf

odu©myk'ftopfrsm; rcsrSwf&ef? wnf&Sdodu©myk'fwdkYudk rxkwfy,f

&ef? Ak'ÿnwfNyD;odu©myk'frsm;udk vdkufemusihfokH;&ef wpfnDwpf

ñGwfwnf; qkH;jzwfcJhMuonf/

,if;odkY qkH;jzwfvdkufjcif;twGuf t&Sifr[muóy\ t"d

uwifjycsufrSm rnfrQyif ck'gEkck'ú odu©myk'frsm;jzpfapumrl

wpfpkHwpfckaom odu©myk'frsm;udk xkwfy,fcJhvQif jynfolYtjrif

onf rdrdwdkYudk qefYusifvdrfhrnf[líjzpfonf/ tcsKdUaom 0denf;

odu©myk'frsm;udk vlOygoumrsm; odESihfNyD;jzpfonf[k t&Sifjrwf

uqdkonf/ vlwdkYonf &[ef;awmfrsm;tzdkY tyfonf rtyfonf

wdkYudk odESihfNyD;jzpfaeonf/ tu,fí oHCmonf ck'úodu©m

yk'ftcsKdUudk xkwfy,fcJhvQif ]Munfhprf;? &[ef;a*gwr\ wynhf

rsm;twGuf csrSwfcJhaom pnf;rsOf;rsm;onf ol\tavmif;udk rD;

½IdU&mrSxGufonhf rD;cdk;rsm; rNidrf;rDtxdyif MumcJhonf/ ¤if;wdkY\

q&m toufxif&Sm;&SdpOf tcsdefwGifom ,if;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk

vdkufemcJhMuonf? ,cktcsdefwGif ¤if;wdkY\ q&mt&Sif uG,fvGef

NyD? ¤if;wdkYonf ,if;odu©myk'frsm;udk rvdkufemMuawmhNyD}[k ajym

qdkolrsm;&SdvmEdkifonf/ ,if;rSm t&Sifr[muóy\ qkH;jzwf

csufudk vufcHcJhonfh taMumif;jycsufjzpfonf/ t&Sifjrwftae

jzihf jynfolYjypfwifa0zefcH&jcif;[laom taMumif;jycsufrS wpf

yg; odu©myk'frsm;udk jyKjyifajymif;vJrItwGuf rnfonhf w&m;0if

taMumif;jycsufudkrQ ray;cJhonfrSm tvGefta&;ygonf

1

/

xdkaeYrSpí rsufarSmufacwfwdkifatmif ax&0g'oHCm

onf pkaqmif;xm;orQaom odu©myk'frsm;xJrS wpfckwavudkrQ

yifjyKjyifajymif;vJrIvnf;rjyK? odu©myk'ftopfrsm;udkvnf; 0de,

odu©myk'ftwGif;odkY xnfhoGif;jcif; vkH;0rjyKvkyfcJhacs/ odkYwap

tcsdefumv Mumjrifhvmaomtcg ax&0g' oHCmawmfrsm;onf

wd 0'EÅd} (tH-| 2? 216)/

1

0d 4? 480/ (yÍöowdu©Eu)/



ESihf 0dyóem"k&[l aom a0g[m&rsm;udk rawGU&acs/ rlvblw

,lqcsuft& "r®ESihfywfoufonfh A[kokwa&m ur®|mef;

bm0em ½IrSwfrIyg &[ef;b0\ tpdwftydkif;jzpfonf/ ,if;odkY

cGJa0rIudk at'D ig;&mpkwGif a&;om;onhf t|uxmusrf;rsm;ESihf

tjcm;ygVdawmfr[kwfonhf usrf;rsm;üom awGU&onf/ y&d,wåd

oifMum;rIonf Ak'ömoemawmf\ &if;jrpfjzpfonf[laom t

awG;opfudk vufcHjcif;onf ,if; (*E¦"k& 0dyóem"k&) qef;opf

wDxGifrIudk ay;cJhykH&onf/

,if;vkyfief;wm0ef ESpfrsKd;teuf *E¦"k&udk 0dyóem"k&

xuf ydkrdk ta&;BuD;onf[k ,lqcJhonf/ t|uxmwdkYü awGU&

onfh erlemrsm;u Aswåy#dAvjzpf (pGrf;EdkifNyD; y&d,wådynm&Sd)

onfh &[ef;rsm;onf rdrdudk,fudk *E¦"k&wm0efudk xrf;aqmifNyD;

y&d,wådynm enf;yg;onhf oufBuD;½G,ftdk &[ef;rsm;? txl;o

jzihf t½G,fvGefrS &[ef;jyKvmolrsm;onf 0dyóem"k& wm0efudk

xrf;aqmifMuaMumif; awGU&onf/

odkYjzihf pu©Kygvrax&fu ]igonf toufBuD;NyD;rS &[ef;

abmifodkY 0ifa&mufcJh\? ightaejzihf *E¦"k&wm0efukd xrf;aqmif

&ef rpGrf;Edkifawmhyg? odkYjzpfí 0dyóem"k&wm0efudk xrf;NyD;

w&m;tm; xkwfygrnf}[k rdefYqdkonfudk awGU&onf

1

/ oD[dkVf

uRef; a&m[Pt&yfü rkqdk;jzpfol rdvu©wdóonf toufBuD;

aomf omoemhabmifodkY 0ifa&mufvsuf q&mtm; ]t&Sifjrwf

bk&m;? pmayy&d,wåd oif,ljcif;rSm pGrf;Edkifol\ wm0efjzpfyg\/

wynhfawmf\ o'¨gw&m;onf 'ku©udk taMumif;jyKí jzpfcJhyg\/

1

t[H r[v’uumav yAÁZdawm? *E¦"k&H yla&wkH e oud©ówd? 0dy-

óem"k&H ye oud©ómrd ("r®y'-| 1? 4)/ "r®y't|uxm usrf;jyK

q&monf Ak'ä&SUarSmufü ajymqdkbdouJhodkY ,if;pum;vkH;rsm;udk t&Sif

pu©Kygvrax&fxHodkY ay;tyfcJhonf/ odkY&mwGif Ak'¨vufxuf awmf

tcgu ,if;odkY wm0efcGJa0rIrsm; r&Sdacs/ ,if;cGJa0rIudk *E¦"k&ESifh 0dy-

óem"k&[laom pum;vkH;rsm; wdk;wufvmNyD;aemufrS a&;om;cJh

onfrSm xif&Sm;onf/

onfudk awGUcJh&NyD/ oD[dkVfwpfuRef;vkH; z½dkz&Jjzpfaeonf/ yd#

uwfokH;ykHudk EIwfwuftm*kHaqmifrI qufvufwnf&Sdjcif;udkyif

pdk;&drfzG,f Ncdrf;ajcmufcJhonf

1

/ ,if;odkYaom tajctaewGif t

a0;udk BudKjrifawmfrlMuonhf rax&fBuD;rsm;onf aemufqkH;wGif

Ak'¨"r®Mum&SnfpGm wnfwHhap&ef &nf½G,fí tvk0d[m&ausmif;

wdkufü yd#uwfokH;ykHudk ayxuftu©&m wifcJhjcif;jzpfonf/

,if;pdk;&drfzG,f uyfab;umvwGif oHCmawmfrsm;\ o

abmxm;onf t"duajymif;vJoGm;cJhykH&onf/ iwfrGwfacgif;yg;

ab;BuD;NyD;aemuf uv’*grZey't&yf&Sd r@vm&mrausmif;

wdkufwGif usif;yonfh &maygif;rsm;pGmaom &[ef;awmfrsm;wuf

a&mufonfh tpnf;ta0;wpfckwGif ,cifu wpfBudrfwpfcg

ray:aygufzl;aom ar;cGef;opfwpfck ay:aygufvmjyefonf/

,if;ar;cGef;rSm ]Ak'ömoemawmf\ rlv&if;jrpfonf tb,f

enf;? y&d,wådavm odkYwnf;r[kwf y#dywådavm}[lí jzpfonf

2

/

jrwfAk'¨\ rlvw&m;awmft& "r®udk usihfokH;rI (y#dywåd)onf

oif,ljcif;(y&d,wåd)xufydkí rsm;pGm ta&;BuD;aMumif; uREkfyfwdkY

tm;vkH; odMuonf/ odkYwap ,if;tajccH ,lqcsufESifh ywf

oufonhf tawG;tjrif jcm;em;csufonf rax&fjrwfrsm;

tMum; ay:aygufcJhykH&onf/

,if; taMumif;t&mESihfywfoufí ,lqcsuf tkyfpkESpfck&Sd

onf/ yHhoulaqmif rax&frsm;u y#dywådonf omoemawmf\

&if;jrpfjzpf\[k qdkMuonf/ odkY&mwGif "r®uxdurax&frsm;url

1

ykHpHtm;jzihf ,if;acwfwGif &[ef;awmfwpfyg;onfom r[meda'ó

ygVdawmfudk tm*kHaqmifEdkifawmhonf/ xdk&[ef;rSm udk,fusihfw&m;

ysufjym;rIjzihf ausmfMum;onf/ odkYjzpfvihfupm; oDv&SdMuonhf ynm

wwfrax&fBuD;rsm;onf ,if;usrf;udk xdk&[ef;xHrS roifvdkaomf

vnf; xdkrax&fuG,fvGefNyD;aemuf xdkusrf;*ef aysmufqkH;roGm;ap&ef

xdkrax&fxHrSyif oif,lcJhMu&onf (0d-| 2? 274)/

2

y&d,wåd Ekacg omoeó rlvH O'g[k y#dywåDwd (tH-| 1? 71)/



y&d,wådt"dujzpf\[k qdkMuonf

1

/ tkyfpkESpfckvkH;onfh rdrdwdkY

tqdkudk axmufcH&ef jiif;ckHrIrsm;ESihf taMumif;jycsufrsm;udk wif

jyMuonf/ aemufqkH;wGif y&d,wådonf omoemawmf\ &if;jrpf

jzpfNyD; y#dywådonf omoemh&if;jrpf r[kwf[k qkH;jzwfMuonf/

yHoulaqmifrax&fwdkY EIwfqdwfoGm;MuNyD; "r®uxdu rax&fwdkY

tEkdif&oGm;Muonf

2

/

txufyg qkH;jzwfcsufESihf ywfoufí t*Fkwå&t|uxmü

þodkY rSwfwrf;wifcJhonf ]0dyóem w&m;tm;xkwfol &[ef;

wpf&m odkYr[kwf wpfaxmifyif &Sdaomfvnf; y&d,wådudk oif,l

rIr&SdvQif opömav;yg;udk xdk;xGif;í odjrifrI r&SdEdkif

3

/ xdkt,l

tqESihfwlpGmyif 'DCESihf rZÑdredum,ft|uxmusrf;rsm;üvnf;

atmufygpum;vkH;rsm;jzihf azmfjyMuonf/ ]y#dywådESihf y#da0"&Sd

onfjzpfap r&Sdonfjzpfap y&d,wåd&SdvQif Ak'¨omoemawmf

wnfwHhEdkif\/ ynm&Sdyk*¾Kdvfwpfa,mufonf wdyd#uudk Mum;em

&jcif;ü usefESpfrsKd;vkH;udk &&SdEdkif\/ odkYjzpfí y&d,wådwnf&SdvQif

Ak'¨omoemonf wnf&SdEdkif\}

4

/ 0db*Ft|uxmüvnf; y&d,wåd

oifMum;rI\ wefzdk;udk ao;odrfatmif jyKvkyfjcif;rSm r[m

trSm;wpfck jzpfaMumif; qdkonf

5

/

odkY&mwGif t|uxmusrf;rsm;ü azmfjyonhf ,if;,lqcsuf

onf "r®y'wGifawGU&onhf tenf;i,frQom y&d,wådoifMum;rI

1

yHhoulaqmifrax&f[lonf zkeftvdrf;vdrf; ayusHaeonhf ouFef;udk

om 0wff½kHolrsm;jzpfMuonf/ "r®uxdurax&f[lonf"r®udk uRrf;usif

onhf w&m;a[myk*¾Kdvf odkYr[kwf q&mrsm;jzpfMuonf/

2

tH-| 1? 71/

3

tm&'¨0dyóumeH bdu©LeH owrÜd o[órÜd oH0dZÆmae y&d,wåd,m

towd t&d,r*¾yÜ#da0a"m emr ea[mwd (tH-| 1? 71)/

4

y#da0a"m p y#dywåd p a[mwdyd e a[mwdyd? omoe|dwd,m

y&d,wådyrmPH/ y@dawm [d awyd#uH okwGm a'Gyd yla&wd ..

wo®m y&d,wåd,m Xdwd,m omoeH XdwH a[mwd ('D-| 3? 82/ r-| 4?

81)/

5

tbd-| 2? 455/

&Sdaomfvnf; "r®udkodjrifolonf y&d,wådudk rsm;pGmoifMum;rI&Sd

aomfvnf; "r®udk odjrifrIr&Sd olxuf ydkjrwfonf[laom rlv

tawG;tjrifESihf nDñGwfrIr&SdaMumif; uREkfyfwdkY odMuonf

1

/ odkY

wap tajctaersm;u &[ef;awmfrsm;tm; ,if;odkYaom o

abmxm;udk cH,l&ef wGef;tm;ay;cJhykH&onf/

y&d,wådoifMum;rIonf vlrIa&; ta&;wBuD; vdktyfcsufudk

&&SdapaomaMumihf ,if;\wefzdk;udk tvGefESpfoufcJhMuonf/

qdwfNidrf&mü wpfudk,fwnf; ur®|mef;w&m; yGm;rsm;aeolonf

vlYtodkif;t0dkif;ESihf jywfawmufoGm;onf/ xdkyk*¾Kdvf\ vlYtrsm;

twGuf tokH;usrIudk tvsiftjref em;vnfrI r&Sd/ ynmwwf

yk*¾Kdvfum; vlYtrsm;u tvGefvdktyfNyD; rsm;pGm ESpfoufonhf vdk

tyfcsufudk ay;onf/ odkY&mwGif ,if;odkYjzpfjcif;rSm obm0jzpf

ojzihf y&d,wådoifMum;rIudk rsm;pGm ta&;ay;jcif; jzpfonf/ odkY

jzpfí owådxmr &SdMuonhf ynmwwf &[ef;awmfrsm;onf

pmayoifMum;MuNyD; y&d,wåd (oifMum;rI)onf y#dywåd (tm;

xkwfrI)ESihf y#da0" (xdk;xGif;odjrifrI)wdkYxuf rsm;pGm ta&;BuD;

onf[laom ,lqcsufudk ydkí cdkifrmpGm wnfaqmufcJhMuonf/

,if;wdk;wuf ajymif;vJrItopfrS r&Sdrjzpf vdktyfonfhtae

jzihf *E¦"k&ESihf 0dyóem"k&[laom oufarG;0rf;ausmif;tvkyf

ESpfrsKd;odkY qifhuJajymif;vJoGm;cJhykH&onf

2

/ *E¦"k& odkYr[kwf usrf;

pmrsm;jzihf toufarG;jcif;[lonf "r®udk oif,ljcif; ydkYcsjcif;[k

qdkvdkNyD; 0dyóem"k& ur®|mef;jzihf toufarG;jcif;[lonf b0

udk tedpö (tNrJr&Sdjcif;)? 'ku© (qif;&Jjcif;)ESihf tewå (xm0&

wnfNrJonhf t&mr&Sd)[k qifjcifí aexdkifjcif;[k t"dyÜm,f&

onf

3

/ rl&if;ygVdawmfusrf;*efrsm;ü ,if;odkYaom tvkyfcGJjcm;

owfrSwfjcif;rsKd;udk rawGU&acs/ a&S;OD;Ak'¨0g'usrf;*efrsm;ü *E¦"k&

1

"r®y'? 19-20 *gxm/

2

0dyóem"k&udk wpfcgwpf&H 0go"k&[kvnf;ac:onf (tbd-| 3? 77)/

3

"r®y'-| 1? 5/



rdrdtaejzihf ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ rwnfNrJrIudk oufaojy&ef r[m

or®wrif;quf\ trnftm;vkH;udk ½GwfjycJhbdouJhodkY ]tedpöm

0w ocFg&m}

1

tpcsDonhf*gxmudk ½kwfw&uf xnfhoGif;vdkuf

onf/ ,if;onfvnf; t|uxmusrf;rsm;ü azmfjyonhf tawG;

tjrifESihf udkufnDrIyif jzpfonf/

t|uxmusrf;rsm;ESihf tjcm;usrf;rsm;rS aq;ynmrSmyif

txl;uRrf;usifonhf &[ef;awmfrsm;&SdaMumif; odMu&onf

2

/ rlv

ygVdawmfusrf;rsm;t& &[ef;awmfrsm;onf aq;ynmudk oif,l

&ef rjzpfEdkifaomfvnf;

3

t|uxmusrf;rsm;ü &[ef;awmfrsm;

tm; oDwif;okH;azmfrsm;? rdzuJhodkYaom tvGef eD;pyfolrsm;ESifh

rdrdwdkYESihf qufpyfywfoufaeonhf tjcm;eD;pyfolrsm;tm; aq;

0g; uko&ef cGifhjyKxm;onf

4

/

ajr,mOya'ESifhywfoufonhf A[kokwtygt0if tod

ynme,fy,fü &[ef;awmfrsm;\ atmifjrifNyD;ajrmufrIrSm r[m

0d[m&ausmif;wdkufrS tmbd"r®du a*g'wå trnf&Sd rax&ftm;

bwd,rif; (at'D 36-66) u oD[dkVfEdkifiH\ w&m;½kH;csKyfeD;yg;rQ

wlnDonhf &mxl;udk ay;tyfcJhonftxd tvGef txGwftxdyfodkY

a&mufoGm;cJhykH&onf

5

/ a*g'wårax&fonf 0de,tbd"r®mESpfrsKd;

vkH;wGif trSefwu,f uRrf;usifonfh uRrf;usifynm&Sifjzpfonf/

1

'Dy0Ho 5? 49/

2

yorkv (Pasmula) r[momrd rax&fa&;om;onhf aboZÆrÍÆLom

usrf;? r,l&yg' y&da0Pausmif;wdkufae jyÍödyv (Principal) rax&f

(at'D 13 &mpk) a&;onhf a,m*&P0 (Yogarºava) usrf;ESihf jya,m*

&wem0vD (Prayogaratval²) usrf;rsm;rSm Ak'¨bmom &[ef;awmfrsm; a&;

om;onhf aESmif;acwf aq;usrf;rsm;teuf tcsKdUjzpfonf/ aboZÆ

rÍÆLomusrf;\ oD[dkVfbmomedó,udk a0vd0d# (Väliviµa) yd@ygwdu

o&PuF& rax&f a&;om;cJhonf/

3

'D 1? 10? 58/ jA[®ZmvESihf omrnzvokwf/

4

0d-| 2? 64/

5

0d-| 1? 266/

wynhfawmf 0dyóem"k&udk jznfhqnf;ygrnf}[k avQmufonf

1

/

,if;odkYavQmufvsuf rdvu©wdóonf q&mxHrS ur®|mef;

w&m; &,lNyD;aemuf bk&m;zl;oGm;&if; tjcm;0wfBuD;0wfi,frsm;

udk jznhfusihf&if; pdwåvyAÁwwGif wpfaeY? *ar@0gv r[m

0d[m&wGif wpfaeY? uw&*grESihf tjcm; bk&m;zl;ae&mrsm;wGif

wpfaeY? oGm;a&mufaexdkifvsuf ur®|mef;w&m;[k ¤if;,lqonhf

t&mü udk,fhudk,fudk `rIyfESHcJhonf

2

/

,if;odkYaom wdk;wufrItopfrsm;t& &[ef;awmfrsm;onf

rdrdudk,fudk pmayoifMum;&eftwGuf t"du`rIyfESHMuNyD; ur®|mef;

bm0em ½IrSwfrIudk 'kwd,tjzpf ,lqcJhMuonf/ yd#uwfokH;ykHudk

oif,l&mrSmyif y#dywådtusihfudk oifMum;ay;onfh 0de,yd#u

udk EIdif;,SOfrIt& aemufydkif; wdk;wufvmonhf yd#uwfwpfck

jzpfaom ½kyfydkif; pdwfydkif;qdkif&m jyóemrsm;ESihf oufqdkifonhf

tbd"r®yd#uavmuf ta&;ryg[k ,lqvmMuonf/ odkYjzpfí

pwkw¬ r[dE´rif; a&;xdk;onhf emrnfausmf r[dE¦avh ausmufpm

wGif 0de,yd#uudk oifMum;onhf q&mtm; ig;zdkY (oD[dkVfa0g

[m& vasag)3

? okwåefyd#uudk oifMum;onhf q&mtm; ckepfzdkY

ay;&rnfjzpfNyD; tbd"r®myd#uudk oifMum;olq&mtm;rl q,hf

ESpfzdkY ay;&rnf[k csrSwfa&;xdk;xm;onf/ 0de,ESihf okwåyd#uudk

oifMum;ol q&mtm;ay;onhf ESpfzdkYvkH;udk tbd"r®myd#uudk oif

Mum;onhf q&mwpfa,mufwnf;tm; ay;xm;onf/ ,if; qGrf;

qefawmf cGJa0rIEIef;onf 0denf;oifq&mtm; wwd,qifhwGif

xm;NyD; tbd"r®moifq&mtm; yxrqifhwGif xm;aMumif; xif

&Sm;pGm od&onf/ þonfrSm ynmodu©mudk oDvodu©mxuf t

1

baEÅ *aE¦m emr y#dAvó bma&m? r,SH ye 'ku©Lyedom o'¨g?

0go"k&H yla&ómrd (tH-| 1? 28)/

2

,aeYacwfrSmyif ,if;odkYaom b0rsKd;udk vdkufemaeonhf &[ef;awmf

rsm;&SdMuonf/

3

vasag [laom a0g[m&\ t"dyÜm,fESihfywfoufí raocsmao;acs/



qihf`rSifhxm;aMumif; qdkvdkonf/

rlvtm;jzihf *E¦"k&[lonf yd#uwfudk oif,lydkYcsjcif;udkom

vQif qdkvdkonf/ odkY&mwGif umva½GU avsmaomtcg ,if;a0g

[m&\ rlvt"dyÜm,f us,f0ef;oGm;NyD; ,if;onf bmompum;?

o'´g? ordkif;? ,kwådaA'? aq;ESifh tjcm;oifMum;rI e,fy,frsm;

udkyg ikHrdvmonf

1

/ bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;wdkufrsm;onf oifMum;

ydkYcsjcif;ESihf ,Ofaus;rIwdkYtwGuf tcsuftjcmae&mrsm;jzpfvm

NyD; &[ef;awmfrsm;onf rif;nDrif;om;rSpí v,form;rsm;txd

oifMum;ay;&rnfh bmom&yftm;vkH;wGif uRrf;usifMu&onf/

tvGefpdwf0ifpm;&mESihf ta&;ygonhf *E¦"k&wdk;wufrI\

tusKd;qufwpfckrSm at'D 6 &mpkü r[m0Housrf;udk a&;om;

jcif;jzpfonf/ okwåefrsm;pGmwdkYü bk&ifrif;rsm;? 0efBuD;rsm;? ol

ykefrsm;? ckd;om;rsm;? ppfwyfrsm;? ppfjyKjcif;rsm;? wdkufyGJrsm;? aus;

½Gmrsm;? NrdKUrsm;? NrdKUawmfrsm;? e,fy,frsm;ESifh ,if;odkYaom t

aMumif;t&mrsm;udk Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfu wd&dpämeuxm (wd&pämef

pum;)[k a[m>rufNyD; &[ef;awmfrsm;tm; ,if;odkYaom edrfh

usNyD; ydefzsif;onhf pum;rsm;udk ajymqdkjcif;tay: ESpfoufjcif;rS

wm;jrpfxm;onf

2

/

tm;vkH;odMuonhftwdkif;yif r[m0Housrf;onf bk&ifrif;

rsm;? 0efBuD;rsm;? olykefrsm;? ppfyGJrsm;? aus;½Gmrsm;ESihf NrdKUrsm;uJhodkY

aom wd&dpämeuxm (wd&pämefpum;)rsm;udk rsm;pGmazmfjyonf/

&[ef;awmfwpfyg;tzdkY ,if;odkYaom avmuDpum;rsm;ESihf quf

pyfaerIrSm ta&;ygonf/ r[m0Housrf;udk a&;om;ol t&Sif

r[memronf ,if;udk aumif;pGm odNyD;jzpfonf/ odkYwap t&Sif

jrwfonf Ak'¨omoemawmfudk apmihfa&Smufrnhf uHygvmMuonhf

1

Päpi¼iyāna ausmufpmwGif ,kwådaA'ESihf o'´gusrf;rsm;udk uRrf;usif

onhf q&mrsm;udk &Edkifaomtcg ¤if;q&mwdkYtm; ]vpmaiG}ay;NyD;

,if;bmom&yfrsm;udk oifMum;ay;&rnf[k qdkxm;onf/

2

'D 1? 62/

onhf oD[dkVfvlrsKd;rsm;\ ordkif;udk a&;oihfonf[k ,lqonf/

odkYwap ,if;okdYaom ordkif;taMumif;t&mrsm;ü epfjrKyfaejcif;

rSm Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf\ rlvoifMum;csufESihf qefYusifonf/ odkY

jzpfí t&Sifjrwfonf ,if;tcuftcJudk ausmfvTm;&ef enf;vrf;

wpfckudk awGU&SdcJhonf/

t|uxmusrf;rsm;ü bk&ifrif;rsm;? 0efBuD;rsm;ESihf ,if;odkY

aom yk*¾Kdvfrsm;taMumif;udk ajymqdkNyD;aemuf tu,fí wpfpkH

wpfa,mufonf xdkrQ wefckd;tmPmESifh jynhfpkHolonfyif aemuf

qkH;ü tdkjcif;emjcif;ESihf BuKHawGU&ao;\[k qifjcifrnfqdkvQif

,if;ajymjcif;onf ur®|mef;tm½kHjzpfvmEdkifaMumif; azmfjyonf

1

/

odkYjzpfí r[m0Housrf;ü u@wpfck qkH;wdkif; usrf;jyKq&monf

b0\rwnfNrJrI tawG;tjrif odkYr[kwf pdwfydkif;b0 tqkH;tr

wpfckygonhf *gxmwpfyk'fudk xnfhoGif;xm;onf/ r[m0Ho

usrf; pmudk,füvnf; oihfawmfonhf ae&mrsm;ü Mum;ñSyf xnhf

xm;onhf pdwfydkif;qkdif&m qkH;rpum;rsm; yg&Sdonf/ xdkYjyif u@

wdkif;udkvnf; ]okZeyÜom'oHa0*w¬m, uaw r[m0Hao =

MunfñdkolwdkY\ ESpfoufyDwd jzpfjcif;ESihf oHa0*yGm;rsm;&ef a&;

om;tyfaom r[m0Housrf;} [kazmfjyonhf ykHpHuspmaMumif;

jzihf tqkH;owfxm;onf/ usrf;jyKq&monf rdrdusrf;pmtm;

bk&ifrif;rsm;? 0efBuD;rsm;? olykefrsm;ESihf ppfyGJrsm; taMumif;ESihf

ywfoufonhf ordkif;taejzihf r[kwfbJ avmu\ tedpöobm

0udk oifMum;&efESihf pmzwfol\ pdwfxJodkY wnfNidrfonhf aysmf

½TifrIESihf oHa0*w&m; ysHESHYap&ef &nff½G,fonhf ur®|mef;tm½kHjzpf

onhf bmoma&;qdkif&m usrf;pmtaejzihf todtrSwfjyK&ef

BudK;pm;cJhykH&onf/ ,if;onf ynmwwf usrf;jyKt&Sifjrwf\

wd&dpämeuxm (wd&pämefpum;)rsm;udk a&Smif&Sm;cJhykHjzpfonf/

'Dy0Housrf;jyKq&monfvnf; r[mor®wrif;rSpí rif;

om; od'¨w¬wdkifatmif bk&ifrif;wdkY\ pm&if;udk azmfjyNyD;aemuf

1

'D-| 1? 85/



&[ef;oHCmawmfta&twGuf rsm;jym;vmNyD; ¤if;wdkY\

vlOygoumrsm;tay: vkyfaqmifrIrsm;udk vdktyfonf[k ,lq

vmaomtcg &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;tm; apmifha&Smuf&ef bkef;

BuD;ausmif;wdkufrsm;tm; BuD;rm; rsm;ajrmifonfh tvª'gersm;

jyKvkyfvmMuaMumif; odcJhMuNyDjzpfonf/ ,if;odkYaom ,m,D t

ajctaersm;onf &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;\ b0wGif aemufxyf

ajymif;vJrIrsm;udk jzpfay:aponf/ tu,fí &[ef;awmfrsm;

onf bkef;BuD;ausmif;ydkifajrudk okH;pGJ&ef vdyfjymoefYonfqdkvQif

,if;onf bmoma&;jzihf vTrf;jcif;jzpfayvdrfhrnf/

tajctaeopfudk ykHrSefjzpfoGm;ap&ef oHCmonf 0de,

pnf;urf;topfrsm; wDxGifrItay: oabmwl&NyD; ]vmboDrm}

[kac:onhf usifhpOfopfwpfckudk wDxGif&onf/ odkYjzpfí orEÅ

ygom'dumwGif ]]vmboDrm (0ifaiG tydkif;tjcm;)ESihf ywfouf

í ,if;udk Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfvnf; cGifhjyKawmfrrl (oH*g,emwGif)

"r®udk pkaqmif;cJhMuonfh rax&fBuD;rsm;vnf; rwnfaqmufcJh

Muacs/ odkYwap bk&ifrif;rsm;ESihf 0efBuD;rsm;onf ausmif;wkduf

wpfckudk wnfaqmufNyD;aemuf (xdkajrae&m) ywf0ef;usif&Sd wpf

*g0kwf? ,lZem0uf odkYr[kwf wpf,lZem (tuGmta0;twGif;

tydkif;tjcm;rsm;)udk owfrSwfNyD; ]þae&monf igwdkYausmif;

wdkuf\ 0ifaiG&&Sdonfh tydkif;tjcm;jzpf\}[k trnfemrsm;udk

a&;xGif;xm;onhf ausmufwdkifrsm;udk pdkufxlvsuf ]þajr{&d,m

twGif; xGuf&SdorQtm;vkH;udk igwdkYausmif; wkdufudk v ª'gef;&rnf}

[k ausmif;wdkuf tydkif;tjcm;udk ydkif;jcm;onf}/ ,if;udk vmboD

MuyfrIjzihf a&;qGJcJhonf (Coomaraswamy : Mediaeval Sinhalese Art, p. 47, 59, 168.)/ 0dZÆmvuFm& y&da0P ausmif;wdkufudk wnfaxmifol

&wermav od&d"r®mavmu rax&f (1828-1887) onf qwaum

&av (Sat-Kōralē)&Sd ausmif;wdkufrsm;pGmudk yef;csDum;rsm; a&;qGJay;cJh

onf[k od&onf (Koµahēnē Prajāñkirti : Sri Dharmāloka Charitaya, 1937, p. 8.)/

bkef;BuD;ausmif;ta&;ESihfqdkifonfh rIcif;wpfckwGif t&SifjrwfqkH;

jzwfcsuftay: tvGefYtvGef ESpfoufoGm;ojzihf bk&ifonf

aMunmarmif;cwfí ]ig touf&SifaeorQ &[ef;awmfrsm;?

&[ef;rdef;rrsm; odkYr[kwf vlrsm;ESihfywfoufonhf rnfonhf trI

wGifrqdk tmbd"r®du a*g'wårax&f\ qkH;jzwfcsufonf aemuf

qkH; jzpf\/ t&Sifjrwf\ qkH;jzwfcsufudk rvdkufemoltm; ig t

jypfay;rnf}[laom trdefYjyefwrf;udk xkwfjyefonf

1

/

pmayomru tEkynmonfvnf; *E¦"k&0efaqmif &[ef;

awmfrsm;\ pdwf0ifpm;rI e,fy,ftwGif; xnhfoGif;cJhonf/ tm

eE´ au ukrm&qGmrD (¾nanada K. Coomaraswamy) trnf

&Sd(yk*¾Kdvf)u okH;oyfonfrSm ]Ak'¨0g'onf tdE´d,rS awmifzuf

wGif oD[dkVf? jrefrm? &Srf; (,dk;',m;)ESihf *smAm;ESihf ajrmufzuf

wGif w½kwfESihf *syefEdifiHrsm;odkY jyefYESHUoGm;cJhonhf tEkynmNydKif

zufudk ausmfvGefNyD; trSefyif t"duae&modkY a&mufvmcJhonf/

,if;odkYjzifh &[ef;awmfrsm;onfyif tenf;qkH; vufrIynm t

&nftaoG;\ oDtdk&Dydkif;qdkif&m A[kokwtcsKdU&Sd&ef ta&;w

BuD;jzpfvmNyD; ,if;onf rMumcP ,if;odkYjzpfonf/ &[ef;awmf

1

r,d oaEÅ bdu©LerÜd bdu©LeDerÜd *d[DerÜd t"du&PH tmbd"r®du a*g-

'wåaw¬a&e 0dedpädwH ok0dedpädwH/ wó 0dedpäa, twdw¬rmeH &mZm-

Pm, Xaywd (0d-| 1? 286)/ a*g'wårax&fonf avmuDa&;&m udpö

rsm;wGif w&m;olBuD; wpfa,mufuJhodkY jyKrlcJhoavm[laom tcsuf

udk taotcsm rod&acs/ bk&ifrif;w&m;\ aMunmcsufudk rax&f

jrwf\ todynmESihf Oya'a&;&m wwfuRrf;rIESihf tqihfjrifh t&nf

taoG;rsm;udk todtrSwfjyKonfhtaejzihf azmfjyjcif;jzpfEdkifonf/ ,if;

onf rax&fjrwftay: jynfolwdkY xm;&Sdonhf tqihfjrifh ½kdaoav;

pm;rIudk ñTefjyjcif;vnf;jzpfonf/ tu,fí rax&fjrwftaejzihf rnf

onhf avmuDa&;&m rIcif;rsm;wGifrqdk BuD;r ª;aqmif½GufvQifjzpfap BuD;

av;onhf jypf'PfpD&ifrI odkYr[kwf udk,fcE¨mudk ñSOf;yef;rIESihf quf

pyfaeonfh rnfonfh pD&ifrIudkrqdk aqmif½Gufrnf r[kwfacs/ BuD;av;

onhf jypf'PfpD&ifrIESihf udk,fcE¨mñOf;yef;rIudk wm;jrpfonhf bk&ifrif;

rsm;yif &SdcJhonf/



rsm;onf todynmenf;yg;ol tEkynmonf wpfa,muf\

om&dykMwmuJhodkYaom vuf&mrsm;udk ¤if;xHrSoif,l&efxuf &Sif;

jy&ef ydkrdk arQmfhvifhcHMu&onf/ q,fh&Spf&mpkwGif &[ef;awmfrsm;

tMum; vufrIynmonfrsm;yif &SdcJhonf}

1

/

plV0*¾ygVdawmfü emrnfqdk;jzihf ausmfMum;onhf qAÁ*¾D&[ef;

rsm;onf ¤if;wdkYaexdkif&m ausmif;rsm;wGif a,musfm; rdef;r

½kyfykHrsm; a&;qGJapaMumif; od&onf/ odkY&mwGif Ak'¨onf ,if;

udpöudk wm;jrpfcJhNyD; EG,frsm;? yef;rsm;uJhodkYaom ykHpHrsm;udkom

a&;qGJ&ef cGifhjyKawmfrlonf

2

/ t|uxmwGif ,if; ,lqcsufudk

tao;pdwfazmfjyNyD; &[ef;wpfyg;tzdkY tjcm;yk*¾Kdvf wpfa,muf

tm; vla,musfm; vlrdef;rykHrsm;udkomru wd&dpämef txD;trykH

rsm; (atmufxpfqkH;) wDaumif\ trykHudkyif rqGJckdif;aumif;

acs/ &[ef;awmfwpfyg;onf rnfolYudkrqdk *dwfapmihf ('Gg&ygv)

ykHudkyif jyKvkyf&ef rawmif;qdk aumif;acs

3

/ odkY&mwGif t|uxm

ü yom'(MunfnKdjcif;)ESihf oHa0*udk yGm;apEdkifaom Zmwfedygwf

awmfrsm;ESihf qGrf;cH<uaeonhfykHrsm;uJhodkYaom ½kyfykHrsm;udk ykHoGef;

jcif; yef;csDqGJjcif;rsm;udk cGifhvTwfjcif;jzihf wpfpkHwpfckaom vGwf

vyfrItwdkif;twmudk cGifhjyKonf

4

/

odkYjzifh &[ef;awmfrsm;onf MunfnKdolrsm;tm; yom'ESihf

oHa0*udkjzpfyGm;ap&ef &nf½G,fvsuf Zmwfedygwfawmfrsm;ESifh Ak'¨

oufawmf xif&Sm;&SdpOfu jzpf&yfrsm;jzihf rdrdwdkY\ ausmif;wdkuf

1

Mediaeval Sinhalese Art, p. 47. 2

0d 4? 252/

3

bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufrsm;twGif;odkY 0ifonhf *dwfapmifhykHrSm tvGefvlod

rsm;onf/

4

a&;qGJxm;aom jzpf&yfrsm;ü trsKd;orD;trsKd;om; ½kyfykHrsm;ESihf wd&dpämef

rsm;udk a&;qGJ odkYr[kwf ykHoGef;xm;onfrSm xif&Sm;onf/ odkYwap

tu,fí ,if;½kyfykHrsm;onf yom'ESihf oHa0*udkjzpfyGm;apEdkifvQif

,if;wdkYudk cGifhvTwfEdkifonf/ odkYjzpfí r[m0Housrf;\ tcef;wdkif;udk

txufygtwdkif; tqkH;owfxm;jcif;jzpfonf/

rsm;udk v ª'gef;&ef tm;&SdvmMuonf/ wpfcsdefwnf;wGif &[ef;

awmfrsm;onf vSyoyÜm,faom yef;csDrsm; qif;wkawmfrsm; &Sd

onhf ausmif;wdkufrsm;u tzdk;wefypönf;rsm; v ª'gef;Muonhf bk

&m;zl;rsm;pGmudk qGJaqmifonhf tppftrSefobm0udk rodbJ &SdcJh

Muonf/ þonfrSm &[ef;awmfrsm;tzdkY rdrdwdkYaexdkif&mausmif;

wdkufudk tEkynmcHpm;rIESifh tEkynm vuf&majrmufrIwdkYjzifh qGJ

aqmif&ef rufvkH;wpfckvnf;jzpfonf/

at'D ig;&mpkcefYwGif oD[dkVf &[ef;awmfonf yef;yktEk

ynmwGif wkEdIif;rnhfolr&Sdatmif jzpfcJhykH&onf

1

/ w½kwfrSwfwrf;

wpfckt& eefaw (eE´)trnf&onhf oD[dkVf&[ef;awmf wpfyg;

onf at'D 456 ckESpfwGif w½kwf{u&mZfxHodkY oHwref

qufoG,frItwGuf apvTwfcH&ojzihf &[ef;awmfonf xdktcsdef

u rdrdESihftwl rdrdudk,fwdkifjyKvkyfonhf qif;wkawmf okH;qludk

w½kwf{&mZftm; vufaqmiftjzpfay;&ef ,laqmifcJhonf/

at'D 386-556 wGif xD;eef;pdkufcJhonhf a0wmwm (Wai Tartar)

rif;quf ordkif;q&mtvdkt& tm&Stv,fydkif;EdkifiHrsm;rS vlrsm;

ESihf bk&ifrsm;onf qif;wkawmfykHwlrsm; &&Sd&ef tEkynmonf

rsm;udk apvTwfí tcsif;csif; twk,lMuaomfvnf; rnfolrQ

eefaw\ vuf&mrsm;udk r,SOfNydKifEdkifacs/ q,fvSrf;rQtuGmwGif

&yfjcif;ü ,if;wdkYonf trSefyif awmufajymifonf[k xif&

aomfvnf; ydkrdkeD;uyfpGm csOf;uyfoGm;ygu udk,fcE¨monf w

jznf;jznf; aysmufuG,f oGm;onf

2

/

1

urÇmausmf qd*d&d, (Sigiriya) yef;csDrsm;onfvnf; at'D 5 &mpk vuf

&mrsm;jzpfMuonf/

2

Ceylon by Tennent, Vol. I. p. 615-620. 'DaCmva'g½k0 (Degaldoruva) ESihf &d'd0d[m&&Sd yef;csDum;rsm;udk at'D

18 &mpkaESmif;ydkif;wGif tausmfMum;qkH; yef;csD q&mjzpfonfh a'0&rayg

v odv0awae trnf&Sd oD[dkVf&[ef;awmf a&;qGJcJhonf/ tEkynm

a0zefa&; q&mrsm;pGmwdkY\ tm½kHpdkufrIudk &&Sdaponhf ,if;yef;csDrsm;udk

rmvm0wåausmif;q&mawmf arm&awm# r[mem,urax&f\ BuD;



odkYwap wpfcsdefwnf;ü uyÜd,a0g[m&rygbJ v ª'gef;aMumif;

azmfjyonhf ausmufpmtcsKdUvnf; &SdMuonf/ tcsKdUaom ,if;

a&avSmifuefESihf wl;ajrmif; vª'gef;rIrsm;udk txl;&nf½G,fcsuf

wpfpkHwpf&mudk azmfjyjcif;rjyKbJ xm;Muonf

1

/ v ª'gef;pOfu

EIwfjzihf uyÜd,a0g[m&rsm;udk tokH;jyKcJhNyD;jzpfí ausmufpmwGif

,if;wdkYudk xyfrH xnhfoGif;rxm;jcif;vnf; jzpfEdkifonf/

0wåuajrudk Ak'¨omoemawmf wnfwHha&;twGuf vdktyf

onhftaejzihf todtrSwfjyKNyD;onfESihf ,if;wdkYudk xdef;odrf;

apmihfa&Smuf&efrSm oHCm\ wm0efjzpfonfrSm xif&Sm;onf/ odkY

jzpfí ausmif;wdkufydkifypönf;udk umuG,f&ef vdktyfonf[k ,lq

vQif oHCduypönf;jzihf olykefoluefrsm;? vk,ufolrsm;ESifh qlyl

aomif;usef;olrsm;tm; {nhfcHauR;arG;&ef &[ef;tm; tBuHjyK

xm;onf/ wpfae&mwGif r[dE¦avhrS em,uq&mawmf tb,

rax&f ausmif;wdkufudk vk,uf&efvmonhf olykefwpfa,muf

tm; wnfcif;{nfhcHykHudk awGU&onf

2

/ tjcm; &[ef;rsm;onf

rax&f\vkyfaqmifcsufESifh ywfoufNyD; jypfwif a0zefMuonf/

odkY&mwGif rax&fu xdk&[ef;awmfrsm;tm; ,if;okdY jyKjcif;jzihf

rdrdonf ausmif;wdkufypönf;rsm;udk olykefvufrS u,fwifxm;

vdkufNyD; olykefudkjyKpk&ef tokH;jyKvdkufaom yrmPrSm apwd,

C&wGif cif;onhf ajcokwfzkH\ wefzdk;xufyif enf;ao;aMumif;

&Sif;jyvdkufonf/ odkYjzihf a0zefolrsm; ,kHMunfoGm;Muonf/ ,if;

azmfjyrItNyD;wGif orEÅygom'dumü xufjrufonfh &[ef;awmf

onf xdkodkYaom trlt,mjzihf jyKvkyfoifhaMumif; qdkonf

3

/

aq;ynmü uRrf;usifonhf &[ef;awmfrsm;&SdaMumif; uREfkyf

wdkY awGU&NyD;jzpfonf/ eD;pyfonhf vlrsm;rSm aq;0g;ukorIqdkif&m

tBuHÓPftwGuf xdkodkYaom &[ef;rsm;xH oGm;a&mufMurnf

1

e.g., EZ. III, p. 154. Ihscription of Bhātika Abhaya (38-67 A.D.) etc. 2

þusrf;? pm – 255 wGif ½Iyg/

3

0d-| 2? 68/

rm[k ac:\}}

1

/

bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufrsm;udk v ª'gef;rIrsm; ay;tyfonfudk

azmfjyonhf oD[dkVfa&S;acwf ausmufpmrsm;udk ,if;tavht

usihfESihftnD wnfaqmufcJhMuykH&onf/ twåmPduPk (attāºikaºu)[kac:onhf ,if;odkYaom ausmufpmrsm;udk wnfaqmuf

onfh tcgor,wGif bk&ifrif;udk,fpm;jyK EdkifiHawmf\ tqihf

jrihf t&m&Sdrsm;onf ,if;ay;tyfrIudk trdefYtmPmay;&ef ,if;

ae&modkY vludk,fwdkif vma&mufMuonf/ odkY&mwGif vmboDrm

[lonfudk bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufrsm;tm; ajrv ª'gef;onhf a&S;

acwf ausmufpmrsm;pGmteuf wpfckwGifrQ ryg&Sdjcif;jzpfonfrSm

pl;prf;zG,fjzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif e,fedrdwfrsm;udkydkif;jcm;onhf oDrm

tmwkVK aum# (s²mā äµulu koµ) [laom pum;vkH;rsm;udk ,if;

ausmufpma&; rSwfwrf;rsm;teuf tcsKdUwGif xnhfoGif;xm;NyD;

,if;pum;vkH;rsm;onf vmboDrm t,ltqudk aqmifonhf

taejzihf t"dyÜm,faumuf,lEdkifzG,f&Sdonf

2

/

,cktcsdefwGif ydkif;jcm;xm;onhf ajrudk 0de,tpOftvm

rsm;u todtrSwfjyKNyD; oabmwlvufcHojzihf &[ef;awmfrsm;

onf bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkuf\ 0ifaiGESifh ukefusp&dwfudk pdwf0if

pm;&ef tvGefaumif;aom taMumif;jycsufrsm; &SdcJhonf/ ,cif

awGUcJhNyD;jzpfonfhtwkdif; ESpfywfvnf aiGpm&if; azmfjycsufudk t

wnfjyK&ef oHCmhtpnf;ta0;odkY wifjy&aMumif; awGU&onf

3

/

1

0d-| 3? 418/ vmboDrm emr ae0 or®morÁKa'¨e tEknmwm? e

"r®o*Fg[uaw¬a&[d Xydwm/ tyd p acg &mZ&mZr[mrwåm 0d[m&H

uma&wGm *g0kwH 0g t¹a,mZeH 0g a,mZeH 0g orEÅawm y&dpädE´dwGm

t,H trSmuH 0d[m&ó vmboDrmwd emrvdcdwau xarÇ edcPdwGm

,H {w¬EÅa& OyÜZdwd oAÁH wH trSmuH 0d[m&ó a'rmwd oDrH Xaywd?

t,H vmboDrm emr/

2

See EZ. I, p. 167-168, Iripinniyava pillar Inscription, p. 173, Rambava Pillar Inscriiption ; III, p. 103-105, Mannar Kaoceri Pillar Inscription.

3

þusrf;? pm – 258 udk ½Iyg/



oHCmhpD;yGma&;b0 ajymif;vJrI\ ra&SmifvTJEdkifaom tusKd;

quftaejzihf Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf\ rlvoifMum;csuf tESpfom&

ESihf qefYusifonhf ,if;odkYaom usihfBuHrIrsm;pGmudk ¤if;wdkY\

oDvodu©mwGif vdkufemvmMuonf/ trsKd;orD; trsKd;om; ESpf

rsKd;vkH;udk bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkuf tvkyform; tcdkif;taprsm;

tjzpf vufcHcJhMuykHudk atmufu@rsm;ü awGUcJhMuNyD;jzpfonf

1

/

tajctaeopfu awmif;qdkonhf ,if;odkYaom avhusihf

tm;xkwfrIrsm;pGmwdkYonf rlv 0de,pnf;rsOfrsm;ESihf qefYusifMu

onf/ &[ef;awmfrsm;onf &mZN*dK[f yxroH*g,em qkH;jzwf

csufrsm;ESihf qefYusifonhf 0de,odu©myk'frsm;udk ajymif;vJ&ef

tcGifhtmPmESihf owådr&SdMuacs/ &[ef;awmfrsm;onf tajc t

aeopfudk vspfvsL½Ixm;&efvnf; rpGrf;EdkifMuacs/ &[ef;awmf

rsm;onf tcuftcJESifh BuKHMu&onf/ atmufwGif xkwfjyxm;

onhf erlemtcsKdUrSm &[ef;awmfrsm;taejzihf trSefpifppf ¤if;

wdkY\ ajz&Sif;rIrSm Ak'"r®\ tESpfom&ESihf tawmftwef qefY

usifaomfvnf; 0de,pnf;rsOf; pmom;rsm;udk qefYusifjcif; r&SdbJ

tcuftcJrsm;tm; vdr®myg;eyfpGm ausmfvTm;EdkifcJhMuykHudk azmfjy

vdrfhrnfjzpfonf/

0denf;awmft& &[ef;onf ajrBuD;udk udk,fwdkif rwl;&

odkYr[kwf tjcm;wpfa,mufudk rwl;ckdif;aumif;acs/ tu,fí

wl;vQif wl;ckdif;vQif ygpdwftmywfoifhonf

2

/ odkY&mwGif bkef;

BuD;ausmif;wdkufESihf qufpyfaeonhf ajr,mrsm;&Sdvmaomtcg

,if;odu©myk'fudk vdkufem&ef tvGefcufcJonf/ odkYjzpfí ,if;

odu©myk'fudk zGifhqdk&mwGif orEÅygom'dumusrf;u ygVdrkwåu

0dedpä,taejzihf pdwf0ifpm;zG,f tqkH;tjzwf ay;xm;onf/

,if;0dedpä, tqdkrSm ]þonfrSm ygVdawmfü rawGU&aom tqkH;

tjzwfjzpf\/ tu,fí a&uefudk wl;avmhqdkvQif tyf\/ ae

1

þusrf;? pm – 273 udk ½Iyg/

2

0d 2? 49/ a,m ye bdu©K yx0ð caP,s 0g cPmay,s 0g ygpdwåd,H/

&mwpfckudk wl;rSomvQif a&uef[kac:\/ odkYjzpfí ,if;onf

oifhavsmfaom tokH;tEIef;jzpf\/ a&wGif;udk wl;avmh? a&tdkif

udk wl;avmh? acsmufudk wl;avmh[k qdk&müvnf; þpnf;urf;

twdkif;jzpf\/ odkY&mwGif þae&mudk wl;avmh? þae&mü a&uef

udk wl;avmh[kqdkvQif rtyf/ opfOudk wl;avmh? opfjrpfudk wl;

avmh[k ae&mrñTef;bJqdkvQif tyf\/ þEG,fyifudk wl;avmh?

þae&mü&Sdaom þopfO odkYr[kwf þopfjrpfudk wl;avmh[k

qdkvQif rtyf

1

/ þonfrSm tcuftcJudk ausmfvTm;&ef pum;vkH;

rsm;udk vSnfhpm;vdkufjcif;omjzpfonf/

a&avSmifuefrsm;onf bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufrsm;twGuf t

awmftwef aumif;rGefaom 0ifaiGtaejzihf axmufyHhrIwpf&yf

jzpfaMumif; awGU&onf/ odkY&mwGif t|uxm

2

tvdkt& tvªY&Sif

u uyÜd,a0g[m&jzihf v ª'gef;rSom oHCmonf a&avSmifuefudk

vufcHaumif;onf/ tu,fí ]wynhfawmfonf a&avSmifuef

udk v ªyg\}[komqdkvQif ,if;a&avSmifuefudk tv ªrcHaumif;

acs/ ypönf;av;yg;udk &&Sd&ef &nf½G,fcsufjzihf v ª'gef;ygu oHCm

onf a&avSmifuefudk tv ªcHEdkifonf/ a&avSmifuefrsm;udk

bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufrsm;odkY vª'gef;aMumif; azmfjyonfh ausmuf

pmtcsdKUwGif ,if;tpOftvmESihftnD ypönf;av;yg;twGuf &nf

rSwfí oHCmawmftm; ,if;a&avSmifuefrsm;udk v ª'gef;aMumif;

azmfjyonhf trSefwu,f vdktyfonhf pum;vkH;rsm; yg0ifonf

3

/

1

0d-| 3? 21/ t,H ygVdrkwåu0dedpäa,m - aygu©&Pð cPmwd 0'wd?

0¥wd/ cPma,0 [d aygu©&PD emr a[mwd/ wo®m t,H uyÜd,

a0g[ma&m/ {ao0 ea,m 0gyð wVmuH tm0g#H cPmwd tm'Dokyd/

£rH MomoH cP? £ro®ð Moumao aygu©&Pð cPmwd 0wåKH ye e

0¥wd/ uEH cP? rlvH cPmwd ted,arwGm 0wåKH 0¥wd/ £rH 0v’ ð

cP? £ro®ð Moumao uEH 0g rlvH 0g cPmwd 0wåKH e 0¥wd/

2

0d-| 3? 20/

3

e.g., EZ. I, p. 211, Pālumäkiccāva Inscription of Gajabāhu I (174-196 A.D.).



tm; udk;uG,f&mtjzpf cefYtyfxm;cJhovm;? Ak'¨y&dedAÁmefpHvGefNyD;

aemuf oHCmonf aemufqkH;tjzpf rnfolYudk pOf;pm;oenf;[k

ar;jref;onf/ t&SiftmeE´m\ tajzrSm y#dao"yifjzpfonf/

xdkYaemuf 0efBuD;csKyfu þodkY rSwfcsufjyKonf ]t&Sifbk&m;

tmeE´m? udk;uG,f&mr&SdcJhvQif (tyÜ#do&aP) oHCmnDñGwf a&;

twGuf tajccHum; tb,fygenf; (aum a[wk omr*¾d,m)}/

t&SiftmeE´mu ]ykPÖm;? igwdkYrSm udk;uG,f&mr&Sdonf r

[kwf/ igwdkYrSm udk;uG,f&m &Sd\/ ,if;rSm "r®jzpf\}[k ajzonf

1

/

EdkifiHawmf 0efBuD;csKyfu tzGJUtpnf;ESihf ywfoufonfh ,if;

jrifhjrwfonhf oabmvu©Pmudk ESpfouf&ef pGrf;&nfr&SdaMumif;

>ruf[aomtcg t&SiftmeE´mu &Sif;vif;csufay;onf ]&[ef;

awmfrsm;twGuf Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf csrSwfxm;onhf 0de,pnf;

urf;rsm;&SdNyD; ygwdarmufudk jy|mef;xm;NyD;ygNyD (ygwdarmu©H

O'´d|H)/ wpfpkHwpfckaom yx0D{&d,mtwGif; aexdkifMuonhf

&[ef;awmfrsm;onf OaygoxaeYrsm;ü tm;vkH; pka0;MuNyD;

tvSnhfusol &[ef;awmfwpfyg;udk ,if;0de,udk ½Gwfqdk&ef

awmif;yef\/ xdk½GwfqdkrItwGuf rnfonhf&[ef;rqdk csKd;azmufrI

udk aMunmvQif tjcm;&[ef;awmfrsm;onf xdk&[ef;awmftm;

"r®ESihftnD aqmif½Guf\/ rnfolurQ xdk&[ef;tm; ,if;udk

jyKvkyf&ef rwdkufwGef;bJ ,if;udk jyKvkyf&ef "r®uom jyK\}/

xdktcg 0efBuD;csKyfu aemufxyf ar;cGef;wpfck xyfar;onf

]t&Sifbk&m; tmeE´m? ,cktcg t&Sifbk&m; ½dkaoaom? ylaZmf

aom? MunfnKdaom? av;pm;aom? NyD;vQif t&Sifbk&m; rSDckd

tm;xm; aom &[ef;awmfwpfyg; &Sdygovm;}/

t&SiftmeE´mu ,if;ar;cGef;udk &SdygaMumif; ajzMum;aom

tcg 0óum&onf a0cGJr&jzpfoGm;onf/ 0efBuD;csKyfu þodkY

tHMopGmqdk\ ]t&Sifbk&m;udk wynhfawmfu Ak'ujzpfap odkY

wnf;r[kwf oHCmujzpfap Ak'¨ y&dedAÁmefpHvGefNyD;aemuf rnf

1

þusrf;? pm- 311/

rSm obm0yifjzpfonf/ odkYwap &[ef;awmfrsm;onf vlwdkif;udk

wpfa,mufcsif;pD aq;uko&ef rarQmfvihfMuacs/ odkYwkdifatmif

&[ef;awmfrsm;onf rdrdwdkYtaejzihf aq;ynmudk rwwfajrmuf

aMumif; ajymMum;jcif;vnf;r&Sd? vltrsm;tm; vSnfhjyefoGm;&ef

vnf; rjiif;qdkMuacs/ em;vnfrIjzihf vkyfaqmif&onhf tajc

taeodkY qdkufvmonf/

tu,fí Oygoum wpfa,mufonf &[ef;awmfwpfyg;

tm; vlemudk uko&ef awmif;yefygu ,if;awmif;yefcsufudk

todtrSwfjyKrnf r[kwfacs/ &[ef;awmfwpfyg;xH aq;zuf

tMuHjyKrI &,lvdkygu vlOygoumonf uyÜd,a0g[m&udk em;

vnf&rnf/ tu,fí Oygoumwpfa,mufonf a&m*gwpfck

twGuf rnfonhfaq;0g;udk ay;&rnfqdkonfudk &[ef;wpfyg;xH

pkHprf;ar;jrefvQif ,if;Oygoumtm; ajymjyaumif;onf/ Oyg

oumu ]t&Sifbk&m;? wynhfawmf\ rdcifonf emrusef; jzpf

aeygí aq;ñTef;ay;ygbk&m;}[kqdkvQif xkdyk*¾Kdvftm; wpfpkH

wpf&m jyefrajymaumif;acs/ odkY&mwGif &[ef;u &[ef;wpfyg;

oifhrdcif\ a&m*grsKd; cHpm;ae&pOf þrnfaomaq;udk ay;zl;

aMumif; &[ef;upwifí 'umtm; ajymMum;aumif;onf/ Oyg

oumu &[ef;ajymjyonfudk em;axmif rSwfom;NyD; rdciftm;

xdkenf;twdkif; ukoygu tjypfr&Sd

1

/

orEÅygom'dumü azmfjyonhf pdwf0ifpm;zG,f jzpf&yfwpfck

udk o½kyfazmfonhftaejzihf azmfjyEdkifzG,f&Sdonf/ 0obrif;

(at'D 127-171)\ rdzk&m; aexdkifraumif; jzpfaomtcg trsKd;

orD;wpfa,mufonf r[my'krax&fxH oGm;a&mufNyD; uko

rnfhaq;udk ñTefMum;ay;&ef awmif;yefonf/ odkYwap 0de,

uRrf;usifol t&Sifjrwfonf aq;ynmudk rwwfuRrf;[k rqdkbJ

txufwGif azmfjyonhf enf;twdkif; tjcm;&[ef;awmfrsm;ESihf p

um;pjrnf ajymonf/ trsKd;orD;onf xdkpum;pjrnf ajymqdkjcif;

1

,if;? 67/



-==========

rS aq;enf;udk odoGm;NyD; ,if;aq;udk vlemtm; pDrHay;cJhonf/

rdzk&m;BuD; usef;rmoGm;aomtcg ¤if;wdkYonf u[myP 300

ESihftwl ouFef;okH;pkHudk aqmif,lcJhMuNyD; ,if;wdkYudk rax&f\a&SU

wGif csxm;NyD; ]t&Sifbk&m;? þtv ªaiGrsm;udk yef;tv ªtwGuf

tokH;jyKyg}[k avQmufxm;onf/ r[my'krax&fonf ,if;onf

q&mvkyfol\ tzdkYbm* (tmp&d,bm*)

1

jzpff\ qifjcifvsuf

,if;0w¬KaiGudk vufcHapNyD; yef;ylaZmf&mü tokH;jyK&ef ñTefMum;

awmfrlonf

2

/

tay:wGif xkwfazmfjycJhonhf ,if;odkYaom ykHpHrsm;onf

pD;yGm;a&; vlrIa&; ajymif;vJrI\ &vm'ftjzpf ykHpHopfjzihf bkef;

BuD;ausmif;b0 wdk;wufcJhykHudk o½kyfazmfMuonf/ oD[dkVfEdkifiH\

EdkifiHawmf bmomjzpfvmonhf tusKd;qufaMumihf &[ef;awmf

rsm;onf vlrIa&; EkdifiHa&;udpö&yfrsm;ü pdwf0ifpm;vmMuykHudk

azmfjyNyD; tcef;rsm;ü awGUcJh&NyD;jzpfonf/

1

tmp&d,bm* [lonfudk trIaqmifay;jcif;twGuf aus;Zl;txdrf; t

rSwf taejzihf ,lqEdkifonf/

tcgwpfyg;ü ykPÖm;tdkwpfa,mufonf Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf\ tBuHtpnf

twdkif; aqmif½Gufjcif;ü udk,fa&;udk,fwm udpöwpfckwGif atmifjrifrI&

oGm;NyD; &Sifawmfjrwf\ tBuHjyKrItwGuf tmp&d,bm*taejzihf Ak'¨

tm; ouFef;wpfpkH v ª'gef;&mwGif Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfu ,if;ouFef;udk t

vªcHonf/ xdkudpöESifhywfoufí oH,kwåedum,fü tokH;jyKxm;aom

a0g[m&rSm tmp&d,bm* jzpfjcif;rSm xl;jcm;onf (oH 1? 179)/

2

r[my'krrax&f\ ,if;0w¬KaiGudk vufcHjcif;rSm 0denf; ½lyd,odu©myk'f

ESihf qefYusifonf/ ,if;odu©myk'ft& &[ef;onf a½Tudkjzpf ap

aiGudkjzpfap tyfESHonfudk udk,fwdkifvnf; vufrcH&? olrsm;udkvnf;

vufrcHap&/ a,m ye bdu©K Zmw½ly&ZwH O*aPS,s 0g O*PSmay,s

0g? Oyedu©dwåH 0g om'da,,s? ygpdwåd,H (0d 1? 345)/ ,if;xif&Sm;onhf

0denf;pnf;urf;udk azmufzsufrIudk r[my'kr rax&fonf Owå&&mZykwå

ay;ydkYvdkufonfh a½TapwD (ok0PÖapwd,) udk vufcH&ef roifhavsmf

ojzihf jiif;qdkonhf t,ltqjzihf pOf;pm;oihfonf (0d-| 2? 130)/

rax&fjrwfonf 0denf;wGif tvGefuRrf;usifoltjzpf xif&Sm;onf/

tkyfcsKyfa&;ydkif;ESihf ywfoufí oHCemu,q&mawmf odkY

r[kwf oD[dkVfwpfuRef;vkH;&Sd oHCmawmfrsm;udk xdef;csKyfrnhf

A[dkoHCmhtzGJUwpfck r&Sdacs/ Ak'y&dedAÁmefpHNyD;aemuf oHCmawmf

tm; trdefY odkYr[kwf ñTefMum;csufrsm;udk xkwfjyefrnfh tqifh

jrifh tmPmydkiftzGJU r&Sdacs/ oHCmhacgif;aqmif odkYr[kwf

oHCem,u xm;&Sdjcif;rSm Ak'w&m;awmf\ rlvtESpfom&udk

qefYusifonf/ oHCmhtzGJUudk 'Drdkua&pDenf;us zGJUpnf;xm;

aMumif; awGUcJh&NyD;jzpfonf/ Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfonf ysHvGefawmf r

rlrD tcsdefuav;wGif teD;uyfjyKpk apmihfa&Smufoltm; ]tmeE´m?

oifwdkYonf þodkY pOfpm;vdrfhrnf/ "r®onf q&mr&Sdawmhacs/

igwdkYrSm q&m r&Sdawmhacs/ odkYwap tmeE´m? oifwdkYonf xdkodkY

rpOf;pm;oifh/ igbk&m;a[mMum;onhf "r®ESihf 0de,onf igbk&m;

y&dedAÁmefpHNyD;aemuf oifwdkY\ q&mjzpfvdrfhrnf

1

/ ,if;odkYjzihf Ak'¨

y&dedAÁmefpHvGefNyD;aemuf oHCmawmfonf "r®udk ,if;q&mtjzpf

owfrSwfNyD; wpfoD;yk*¾v taejzihf r&SdcJhacs/

Ak'¨y&dedAÁmefpHvGefNyD;aemuf vtenf;i,ftMumwGif t&Sif

tmeE´mESifh r*"EdkifiH 0efBuD;csKyf 0óum&wdkY ajymMum;cJhonhf

ynmom;ygNyD; oHCmtzGJUtpnf;ESihf oHCmhtkyfcsKyfa&;ESihf ywf

oufí t&Sdeft0g&Sdonhf Ak'¨0g'oabmxm;udk &Sif;vif;azmfjy

onfh aqG;aEG;ajymqdkrIwpf&yfudk awGU&onf/

0óum&onf t&SiftmeE´mtm; Ak'¨onf rnfonhf &

[ef;tm; udk;uG,f&m (y#do&P)tjzpf cefYtyfxm;cJhovm;? Ak'¨

y&dedAÁmefpHvGefNyD;aemuf oHCmonf rnfolYtm; ,cktcg aemuf

qkH; taejzihf pOf;pm;oenf; ({w&[d y#d"ma0,smx)[k pkHprf;

ar;jref;onf/ t&SiftmeE´mu ]xdkodkY vkyfjcif;r&Sdyg}[k ajzonf/

xdktcg 0óum&trwfu oHCmawmfonf rnfonhf &[ef;

1

od,m acg yemeE´ wkrSmuH {0H tó ]twDwow¬KuH yg0peH? ew¬d

aem ow¬m}wd/ e acg yaewH emeE´ {0H '|AÁH/ a,m acg tmeE´ r,m

"ar®m p 0dea,m a'odawm ynawåm? aom a0g rrpöa,e ow¬m ('D

2? 128)/



onhf &[ef;tm; udk;uG,f&m (y#do&P)tjzpf cefYtyfxm;cJh

oenf;} ar;jref;aomtcg t&Sifbk&m;u ]xdkodkY vkyfjcif;r&Sdyg}[k

ajzyg\/ ,ckwpfzef wynhfawmfu ]t&Sifbk&m; ½dkaoaom?

ylaZmfaom? MunfnKdaom? av;pm;aom? NyD;vQif t&Sifbk&m;

rSDckdtm;xm;aom &[ef;awmfwpfyg; &Sdygovm;}[k ar;jref;aom

tcg t&Sifbk&m;u ]&Sdygonf}[k ajz\/ wynhfawmf t&Sif

bk&m; ajzMum;onfudk rnfodkY em;vnf&ygrnfenf;/

t&SiftmeE´mu &SifyifAk'¨onf ,kHMunfrIudk &&Sdaponhf

t&nftaoG;q,frsKd; ('o yom'ed,m "r®m)

1

udk a[mMum;

awmfrlcJhNyD; &[ef;awmfwpfyg;ü ,if;q,frsKd;udk awGU&Sdrl oHCm

awmfonf xdk&[ef;awmftm; ½dkao&rnf? ylaZmf&rnf? MunfnKd

&rnf? av;pm;&rnf? NyD;vQif xdk&[ef;awmftm; rSDckdtm;xm;

&rnf[k &Sif;jyawmfrlonf/

0óum&onf t&SiftmeE´m &Sif;jyonfudk ESpfoufyg

aMumif; >rufqdkonf

2

/

0óum&ar;onfudk t&SiftmeE´m\ ajzMum;csufrsm;

onf oHCmzGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHqdkif&m ckdifvkHaom &Sif;vif;csuf

jzpfonf/ eHygwfwpf? oHCm\ acgif;aqmif odkYr[kwf em,u

r&Sd/ odkYwap oHCmonf oDv ynmESihf Mum;jrifokwrsm;onhf

rnhfonhf &[ef;udkrqdk tNrJwrf; ½dkaovdkufemvdrfhrnf/ eHygwf

ESpf? vkyfydkifcGifhESifh tmPmudk A[dkrjyK/ &[ef;awmfrsm;onf

ae&ma'otoD;oD;ü tkyfpki,frsm;zGJUí pnf;vkH;rIESihf pnf;rsOf;

pnf;urf;rsm;udk xdef;odrf;Muonf/ oHCm[lonf &[ef;awmf

1

t&nftaoG; q,frsKd;rSm 1/ oDv0g = oDvESihf jynfhpkHjcif; 2/ A[kók

awm = Mum;jrifokwrsm;jcif; 3/ oEÅK|dawm = a&mihf&J vG,fjcif; 4/

psmevmbD = psmefav;yg;udk &jcif; 5/ £'¨drm = wefckd;ESihf jynhfpkHjcif;

6/ 'dAÁaomwH = 'dAÁaomw tbdnmPf&jcif; 7/ y&pdwå0dZmeem =

olwpfyg;pdwfudk odjcif; 8/ ykaAÁed0gomEkówd = a&S;b0cE¨mudk owd

&jcif; 9/ 'dAÁpu©K = 'dAÁpu©K tbdnmPfudk &jcif; 10/ &[EÅm jzpfjcif;

2

r 3? 58 (a*gyu arm*¾v’meokwf)/


rsm;\ tpktaygif;[k t"dyÜm,f&NyD; tenf;qkH; &[ef;av;yg;

tkyfpkwpfck zGJUrdvQif ,if;tkyfpkonf oHCmudk udk,fpm;jyK&ef

tcGifhtmPm&SdNyD; tjcm;tkyfpkrsm;udk trSDtcdkrjyKbJ tcsKdUaom

0denf; udpörsm;udk aqmif½GufEdkifonf

1

/

odkY&mwGif ,if;tkyfpkrsm;ü udk,fydkifoGifjyif rl0g'r&Sd/ ¤if;

wdkYaexkdif&m a'owdkif;wGif &[ef;awmfrsm;tm; vkdufemusihfokH;

onfh wlnDaom 0de,pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk vdkufemMuonf/ ae&m

a'o toD;oD;ü tkyfpktrsKd;rsKd;onf 0denf;awmfrSm vm&Sd

onhftwdkif; ¤if;wdkY\ rIcif;rsm; tjiif;yGm;rIrsm;udk Mum;emMu

onf/ Mum;jrifokw&Sd? oDvESihf jynhfpkHNyD; ynm&Sdonhf rax&f

BuD;udk xdktpnf;ta0; odkYr[kwf tkyfpk odkYr[kwf tcrf;tem;\

tBuD;tr ª;tjzpf cefYtyfonf/ tu,fí ae&ma'o toD;oD;rS

tkyfpkESpfck odkYr[kwf tkyfpktrsm;BuD; pnf;½kHMuvQifrl oHCmawmf

rsm;tm;vkH;onf xdktcrf;tem;twGuf tBuD;trª;wpfa,muf

\ (OD;aqmifrI)atmufü tvdktavsmuf pkpnf;Muonf/ rnf

onhf twif;tMuyfwkdufwGef;rIrSr&SdbJ tm;vkH;rSm rdrdqE´

tavsmufomjzpfonf/ Ak'¨"r®a&;&m tawG;tjrifESihf avhusihf

tm;xkwfrIwdkYü oHCmawmfrsm;tMum; oabmxm;uGJvGJrI ay:

aygufvmrl tvGeftqifhjrifh wefzkd;xm;onhf oHCmawmfrsm;\

nDñGwfrIudk aESmihf,SufNyD; ,if;aemufwGif *dkPf;*P trsKd;rsKd;

edum,trsKd;rsKd; ay:aygufvmrIrsm; jzpfay:vmonf/

tEk&m"yk&acwftwGif; oD[dkVf&[ef;awmfrsm;onf wpfpkH

wpf&m t"duajymif;vJrIrsm;r&SdbJ wlnDonhf tpOftvm

usihfpOfudk vdkufemusihfokH;cJhMuonfrSm xif&Sm;onf/

a&S;acwfoD[dkVfwGif A[dkXmeESpfckpDwdkYü wpfESpfvQif ESpfBudrf

0grqdkrDESihf 0gqdkNyD;aemuf oHCmpka0;rIBuD; ESpfBudrf&SdcJhonf/ A[dk

Xme ESpfckteuf wpfckrSm tEk&m"yk&NrdKUawmf&Sd r[m0d[m&

ausmif;wkdufjzpfNyD; aemufwpfckrSm a&m[Pt&yf&Sd wdór[m

1

oAÁEÅdare y&dapäa'e pwåma&m bdu©L yu#wåm (ygwdarmuf)/

0d[m& ausmif;wdkuf jzpfonf/ r[m0gvd**Fg (Mahaväli-gañga)

jrpf\ ajrmufzufü oDwif;okH;Muaom &[ef;awmfrsm;onf

r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkufü pnf;a0;MuNyD; ,if;jrpf awmifzufü

oDwif;okH;Muaom &[ef;awmfrsm;onf wdór[m0d[m&

ausmif;wkdufü pnf;a0;Muonf/ ,if;tpnf;ta0;\ &nf½G,f

csufrSm rsm;pGm&Sdonf/ 0grqdkrD pnf;a0;Mujcif;rSm apwDawmf

tm; oefY&Sif;&efESihf xkH;okwf&eftjyif ur®|mef;w&m;&,l&ef

xif&Sm;onhf rax&fBuD;rsm;tm; awGUqkH&efjzpfonf/ oDwif;

uRwfNyD;aemuf awGUqkHMujcif;rSm 0gwGif;umvtwGif; rdrdwdkY\

pdwfydkif;b0 avhusifhtm; xkwfrI tajctaeudk ajymqdk&eftjyif

¤if;wdkYoif,lxm;onfh "r®udk½Gwfqdk&efESihf jyefvnfwnf;jzwf

ñSdEIdif;&efvnf; jzpfonf/ xdktcsdefumvrsm;ü rdrdwdkY\ oHo,

rsm;udk uRrf;usifolrsm;ESihf cufcJonhf tpdwftydkif;rsm;udk aqG;

aEG;jcif;jzihf oHo,uif;&Sif;aponhf tcGifhtvrf;&&SdMujcif; jzpf

onf/ wpfESpfvQif ESpfBudrf tpnf;ta0;BuD; ESpf&yfudk usif;y

onfhtavhrSm Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf oufawmfxif&Sm; &SdpOfuyif

pwifcJhonfrSm xif&Sm;onf

1

/

1

'D-| 2? 172/

00000000



okH; (bkH) qGrf;pm;aqmifrsm; &SdMuonf/ axmifaygif; rsm;pGmaom

&[ef;awmfrsm;onf xdkae&modkYqGrf;&,l&ef oGm;a&mufMuonf/

zm[D,ef\ rsufjrifrSwfwrf;wGif þodkYazmfjyonf ]&[ef;

awmfrsm;onf ¤if;wdkY\ tpm;tpmudk trsm;okH;ae&mrsm;rS &&Sd

Mu\/ xdkYjyif bk&ifrif;w&m;onf NrdKUawmftwGif; tjcm;ae&m

rsm;wGif ig;axmifajcmufaxmifruaom &[ef;awmfrsm;twGuf

trsm;okH; qGrf;taxmuftyHhudk jyifqifxm;\/ qGrf; tvdk&Sd

aomtcg &[ef;awmfrsm;onf oydwfudk,lvsuf qGrf;avmif;

v ªonhfae&modkY oGm;NyD; o,f,lEdkifoavmuf &,lum tjyefwGif

oydwfrsm; tjynhfjzpf\}/

&mpkESpf ESpfckvGefNyD;aemuf [l,ifqefu ¤if;Mum;cJh&onhf

tcsufudk atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;onf ]bk&ifheef;awmf

ab;wGif csufjyKwfaqmifBuD;aqmufxm;NyD; ,if;taqmifrS &

[ef;&SpfaxmiftwGuf tpm;tpmudk a0iSavmif;v ª\/ qGrf;pm;

csdefa&mufvmaomtcg &[ef;awmfrsm;onf oydwfrsm;jzihf rdrd

\ qGrf;a0pkudk&,l&ef <ua&mufvmMu\/ a0pk&NyD; qGrf;bkOf;

ay;NyD;aemuf ¤if;wdkYtm;vkH; rdrdwdkY\ ae&mtoD;oD;odkY jyefoGm;

Mu\/ xdkEdkifiHodkY Ak'¨omoemawmf a&muf&SdcsdefrSpNyD; bk&ifrif;

onf ,if;odkY v ª'gef;rIudkjyKNyD; aESmif;acwf bk&ifrif;rsm;onf

vnf; igwdkYacwfwdkifatmif qufvuf aqmif½GufcJhMuonf}

2

/

&o0g[deDusrf;ü ausmif;wdkufBuD;ig;ckrS &[ef;rsm;ESihf

&[ef;rdef;rrsm;onf qGrf;twGuf r[mygVd (qGrf;pm;aqmif)ü

pka0;MuaMumif;qdkojzifh w½kwfbk&m;zl;&[ef;awmfrsm;\ tqdk

udk axmufcHonf

3

/

&[ef;awmfrsm;taejzihf qGrf;pm;aqmifodkY vrf;avQmuf&ef

ESihf qGrf;pm;aqmifrSjyef&ef? qGrf;avmif;v ªonhfae&mü rdrdwdkY

tvSnfhudk apmifhqdkif;&ef &[ef;awmfrsm; tokH;jyK&onfhtcsdefrSm

1

Fa Hien, p. 105. 2

Hiuen Tsiang Bk, XI, p. 250. 3

&o0g[deD 2? 51/

tcef; 11


vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;

t&yfa'otrsKd;rsKd;wGif jyefYusJaeonhf &nfñTef;csuf tydkif;tp

rsm;t& a&S;acwfoD[dkVfü &[ef;awmfrsm; aexdkifcJhonhf aumif;

rGefonhf b0½kyfykHvTmudk &Edkifonf/

aeYpOf vkyfief;rsm;

1

&[ef;awmfrsm;onf rsm;aomtm;jzihf eHeufapmapm aerxGuf

rDwGif tdyf&mrS xavh&SdMuonf/ ,if;aemuf pwk&m&u©[k

ac:onhf ur®|mef;av;rsKd;udk qifjcifMuonf/ ,if;wdkYrSm Ak'g

Ekówd? arwåmbm0em? tokbmEkyóemESihf r&PówdwdkYjzpf

onf/ ,if;tpOftvmonf tenf;qkH; at'D 10 &mpkxd

r[dE¦avhü vkdufemusihfokH;cJhaMumif; od&onf/ at'D 10 &mpk

rwdkifrDESihf ,if;aemufydkif; umvrsm;wGif tjcm;ae&mrsm;ü

,if;tpOftvmr&Sd[k rqdkEdkifacs/ taMumif;rl ,if;tpOftvm

onf ,aeYacwfwdkif oHCmawmfrsm;tMum; qif;oufcJhaom

aMumifh jzpfonf/

xdkodkY cyfjrefjref ur®|mef;½IrSwfrINyD;aemuf &[ef;awmfrsm;

onf oGm;wdkufrsufESmopfjcif;jyKí ¤if;wdkY\ omoema&;wm0ef

rsm;udk aqmif½GufMuonf/ tcsKdUaom t|uxm rSwfwrf;rsm;

1

r[dE¦avh&Sd pwkw¬r[dE´rif;\ ausmufpmrsm;/ tH-| 2? 86/ r-| 1?

128/



t& eHeufapmapmwGif ausmif;wdkuf0if;ESifh ywf0ef;usifwGif

wHjrufvSnf;jcif; oefY&Sif;jcif;rsm;ESihf apwd,*FP aAm"d,*FP

0wfrsm;jyKjcif;uJhodkYaom 0wå&m;rsm;udk jyKvkyfMuonf/ odkY&mwGif

pwkw¬r[dErif;vufxuf r[dE¦avh ausmufpmwGif ,if;usihf

0wfrsm;udk azmfjyjcif;r&Sd/ ,if;\ azmfjycsufrSm bmoma&;

aqmif½GufrIrsm;NyD;aemuf &[ef;awmfrsm;onf ouFef;udk aocd

,odu©myk'fESihftnD aumif;pGmjyif0wfí tcef;odkYoGm;NyD; arwåm

okwfudk ½Gwfonf

1

/ ,if;aemuf &[ef;awmfrsm;onf qGrf;pm;

aqmifodkY qif;oGm;MuNyD; ¤if;wdkY\ eHeufpmudk &,lMuonf/

tu,fí emrusef;jzpfí &[ef;awmf wpfyg;yg;onf qGrf;cH

onhf tcef;odkY roGm;EdkifcJhvQif q&m0efwdkY ñTefMum;onhftwdkif;

xdk&[ef;awmfrsm;\ tpm;tpm a0pkudk ydkYay;onf

2

/

t*Fkwå&t|uxm

3

üvmonhf aemufrSwfwrf; wpfckt&

t½kPfqGrf;taMumif;udk vkH;0 azmfjyjcif;r&Sd/ odkYwap ,if;rSm

ur®|mef;½IrSwfrIüom b0udk `rIyfESHxm;onfh &[ef;awmfrsm;udk

&nfñTef;onfrSm xif&Sm;onf/ xdk&[ef;awmfrsm;tm; qGrf;cH

xGuf&ef xonhftcsdefwdkifatmif ormywfESifhaexdkif&ef ñTef

Mum;onf/ qGrf;udpöNyD;aemuf naecsrf;tcsdef apwd,*FP0wf

ESihf tmp&d,0wfrsm;udk aqmif½Guf&rnfhtcsdefxd ur®|mef;xdkif&

onf/ xdkYaemuf aeY\yxr,Hudk ur®|mef;xdkifíukefvGef&onf/

1

0duúroaCF (yk*¾Kdvf)\ met pirit koµ [laom pum;vkH;rsm;ukd ]arwåm

pdwf"mwfudk avhusihfjcif;ESihf y&dwfawmfrsm;udk ½Gwfzwfjcif;}[k bmom

jyefjcif;onf Ak'¨0g'qdkif a0g[m&rsm;ESihf &if;ESD;uRrf;0ifrI vdktyfaom

aMumihfjzpfonfrSm xif&Sm;onf/ Met- Pirit rSm okwåedygwfvm arwå

okwå\ tjcm;trnfwpfrsKd;om jzpfonf/ ,if;okwfudk y&dwfBuD;üvnf;

xnhfoGif;xm;onf/ Met-Pirit [laom a0g[m&udk ,if;okwfudk

y&dwfBuD;ü xnhfoGif;aomtcg tokH;jyKonf/

2

þausmufpmü 'kwd,tBudrf odkYr[kwf aeYv,fpmESihf ywfoufí þ

ausmufpmü azmfjyjcif;r&Sd/

3

tH-| 2? 86/

qGrf;cHvSnfhcsdefuJhodkYaom ta&;ygonfh tcsdefpm&if;udk pnf

odkYr[kwf armif;wD;í aMunmonf/ odkYjzihf auvsmPd(Kälyāºi)

r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkufü tcsdefudk pnfwD;í aMunmonf/ odkY

&mwGif 0dZ*&*d&d (Vijagaragiri)0d[m&ürl armif;udk ½dkufcwfí

aMunmonf/ aeYtcgwGif tcsdefudk owfrSwf&ef umvxrÇ[k

ac:onhf wdkif (aeem&D ygonfhwdkif jzpfEdkifonf) wpfck&Sdonf/

odkY&mwGif tcsdefudk aumif;pGm wdkufxm;ygu ntcgrSmyif ajym

Edkifonfh ,mr,EÅ ]em&Dpuf} [kac:onfh Bud,mwefqmyvm

aemufwpfrsKd;&Sdao;onf/ ,if;pufudk em&DuJhodkY em&Dwdkif;wGif

½dkufcwf&zG,f&Sdonf (,mr,EÅH y#wd)/ tm&mrfapmifh (tm&m

rdu)rsm;udkjzpfap &[ef;awmftcsKdUudkjzpfap tcsdefpm&if;\ t

csdeftrsKd;rsKd;udk aMunm&ef wm0efay;xm;onf/ auvPd,

ausmif;wdkufwGif tm&mrfapmifhrsm;u ,if;wm0efudk aqmif½Guf

ykH&NyD; 0dZ*&*d&d0d[m&ürl umva'0[kac:onhf rax&fwpf

yg;u txl;ojzihf 0gwGif;umvrsm;ü armif;wD;&ef wm0ef,l

xm;ykH&onf/ umva'0rax&fonf tjcm;&[ef;awmfrsm;ESihf

rwlbJ t&Sifjrwfonf em&DpufudkrMunhfbJ tNrJwrf; armif;wD;

Edkifonftxd tcsdefrSefudkod&mü vdr®muRrf;usifawmfrlaMumif;

od&onf/ t&Sifjrwfonf armif;udkwD;&ef wD;wHjzihf &yfvdkuf

aomtcg odkYr[kwf armif;udk wpfcsuf odkYr[kwf ESpfcsuf rwD;rD

wGif em&Dpufvnf; wlnDpGmyif toHjrnfonf/ t&Sifjrwfonf

nOfhokH;,rfywfvkH; ,if;odkY tcsdefudk aMunmonf

1

/

tpm;tpm

&[ef;awmfwpfyg;\ aerGef;rwnhfrD tcsdeftawmfrsm;rsm;udk

enf;trsKd;rsKd;jzihf &&SdEdkifonhf qGrf;uGrf;&SmazGrIjzihf ukefvGef&

onf/ r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkuf? tb,*dausmif;wdkufESifh r[dE¦

avhuJhodkYaom ausmif;wdkufBuD;rsm;ESihf qufEG,faeonhf trsm;

1

r-| 1? 128/

&[ef;awmfrsm;\ vlrIb0 2 vIyf&Sm;rIrsm; 319

0rf;Ekwfjcif;ESihf tjcm;aq;0g;rsm;okH;aqmifjcif;jzihf rdrd\ cE¨m

udk,ftm; apmihfa&Smmuf&rnf jzpfonf/

0dok'¨dr*f

1

rS trSwfrxifawGU&onfh azmfjycsuft& tenf;

qkH; at'D 5 ig;&mpkcefYwGif &[ef;awmftcsKdUaexkdifonhf ae&m

rsm;rSm wpfcgwpf&H tvGefnpfywfaMumif; od&onf/ aumfaZm

rsm;rSm zkefrsm;jzihf jynhfESufaeNyD; ykwfoif uif;vdyfwdkY\ acs;rsm;

rusap&ef acgufxm;Muonf/ tcef;rsm;rSm vif;EdkYeHY <uufeHY

rsm; eHonf/ Murf;cif;rSm cdkiSufacs;rsm;jzifh npfywfaeonf/

jcH0if;xJwGif opf½Gufajcmufrsm; jrufajcmufrsm; avwdkufí jyefY

usJaeonf/ wpfcgwpf&HwGif ausmif;0if;onf emrusef; jzpfNyD;

tdrfoma&mufatmif roGm;Edkifonhf omraPi,frsm;\ usif

BuD;usifi,frsm;ESihf wHawG;rsm;jzifh pdk½TJaeonf/ rdk;½Gmaom aeY

rsm;wGif ausmif;0if;ü ½THrsm; AGuftkdifrsm;jzihf jynfhaeonf/

ausmif;wdkufrsm; ausmif;aqmifrsm;udk wHjrufvSJjcif; oefY

&Sif;jcif;rsm;\ aus;Zl;udk a&S;a[mif; Ak'¨bmomusrf;pmrsm;ü

txl;jyK a&;om;cJhonfrSm bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkuftcsKdUü awGU&

onhf ,if;odkYaom pdwfrcsrf;ajrUzG,f tajctaeaMumihf jzpf

zG,f&Sdonf/ Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf udk,fwdkifvnf; wHjrufvSnf;jcif;

tusKd;ig;rsKd;udk a[mawmfrlNyD;jzpfonf/ orEÅygom'dumusrf;ü

,if;udkaxmufcHNyD; 0w¬Kjzpf&yfrsm;pGmudk azmfjyonf/ tcsKdU&[ef;

awmfrsm;rSm rdrdwdkY oefY&Sif;oyf&yfpGm vSnf;usif;xm;onhf jcH0if;

udk Munhfí&&Sdonhf aysmf½TifrIjzihf edAÁmefukdyif rsufarSmufjyKEdkif

aMumif; qdkonf

2

/

onfyif rdrdaexdkifonhf tcef;udk oefY&Sif;a&; aqmif½Gufonfudk awGU&

onf/ &[ef;wpfyg;onf þt&Sifr[moHC&u©dw rax&fxH ur®|mef;

w&m; &,l&ef oGm;aomtcg rax&fBuD;tm; rdrdaexdkif&m ausmif;udk jyK

jyifNyD; oefY&Sif;a&;vkyfí tvkyf½Iyfaeonfudk awGU& onf (tH-| 1? 29)/

1

0dok'¨dr*¾ 1? 337/

2

0d-| 4? 174/

NiD;aiGUzG,f Mumjrifhrnfjzpfonf/ odkYwap &[ef;awmfrsm;onf

t&ifpvdk jyKjcif;r&SdMuacs/

trsm;okH; qGrf;pm;aqmif (bkHqGrf;) ae&modkYroGm;bJ wpf

tdrf0if wpftdrfxGuf qGrf;cH<uonfh &[ef;awmfrsm; &SdMuonf/

,if;odkY jyKjcif;rSm bkHqGrf;cH&modkY oGm;jcif;xufydkí tcsdefukef

zG,f&Sdonf/ &[ef;awmftcsKdUrSm qGrf;twGuf r[dE¦avhrS tEk

&m"yk&odkY vrf;avQmufavh&SdMuonf

1

/ &[ef;wpfyg; qGrf;cH<u

aomtcg vsifjrefjref r<ua&muf&ef ñTefMum;csuf&Sdonf

2

/

trsm;pkjzpfEdkifonfh &[ef;tcsKdUrSm eHeufapmapm wpfBudrfESihf

aerGef;rapmif;rDwpfBudrf wpfaeYESpfBudrf qGrf;cHMuonf

3

/ rMum

cPyif &[ef;awmfrsm;tm; MunfnKdol Oygoumrsm;u qGrf;

twGuf &[ef;awmfrsm;udk rdrdwdkYtdrfodkY yifhzdwfMuonfudk trsm;

odNyD;jzpfonf/ wpfcgwpf&H &[ef;awmfwpfyg;onf axmywf

odkYr[kwf qDtwGuf qGrf;cHxGufavh&SdMuNyD; ,if;odkYaom tcg

rsm;wGif xmvu(cGufi,f)udk ,laqmifoGm;avh&SdNyD; ykHrSef qGrf;cH

oydwfudk ,laqmifoGm;avhr&Sday

4

/

qGrf;ESpfxyftMum;wGif wpfcgwpf&Hü tEÅ&cZÆu[kac:

onhf oa&pmrsm;jzihf tqmajy pm;aomufrIrsm;&Sdonf/ ,if;

tqmajycJzG,frsm;wGif ysm;(r"k)ESihf wifvJ MuHoum (ou©&)uJh

odkYaom tpm;tpmrsm; yg0ifonf/ wpfcgwpf&H trJom;udk

jyifqifxm;jcif;yif yg0ifonf/ &o0g[deDusrf;vm 0w¬Kjzpf&yf

wpfckrSm olaX;wpfa,mufonf oHCmawmfrsm;tm; eHeufydkif;

wGif ,kefom;tygt0if t&om&Sdonhftpm;tpmrsm;jzihf aerGrf;

1

0dok'¨dr*¾ 1? 20/ r[mwdó[k ac:onhf rax&fwpfyg;onf apwd,

yAÁw (r[dE¦avh)rS tEk&m"yk&NrdKUodkY qGrf;cH<uavh&Sdonf/ tEk&m"yk&

NrdKUawmfonf r[dE¦avhrS tvGefra0;uGmEdkifacs/ odkYwnf;r[kwf tEk

&m"yk&NrdKUawmfonf r[dE¦avh teD; odkYwkdif us,f0ef;cJhavoavm/

2

'D-| 1? 165/ r-| 1? 259/

3

0dok'¨dr*¾ 1? 87/

4

o[ó0w¬K? oCFmrpöó 0w¬K/ &o0g[deD 2? 176/



rwnfhrD okH;Budrfwdkifwdkif tvkyftauR;jyKaMumif; azmfjyonf/

,kefom;jzihf txl;jyKjyif pDrHrIonf tEÅ&cZÆrSma&m tjcm;qGrf;

ESpfBudrfwGifyg yg0ifonf

1

/ awmPd*v (Tōºigala) ausmufpm

t& at'D 4 &mpk oD[dkVf&[ef;awmfrsm;\ "mwfpmrsm;wGif

'defcJ? ayPd? ysm;&nf? ESrf;? axmywf? qm;ESihf opfjrpfpdrf;rsm;

yg0ifonf

2

/

&[ef;awmfrsm;onf rlvu wpfaeYvQif wpfBudrfom pm;

aomufEdkifaMumif; odMuonf/ odkYjzpfí &[ef;udk {ubwådu =

wpfxyfwnf;pm;ol[k ac:jcif;jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif {ubwådu

[laom yk'f\ t|uxmtzGifhrsm;ü avsmhayghNyD; rsm;pGm &ufa&m

onf/ ,if;tzGifht& ygw&mobwå (eHeufpm)ESihf om,rm

bwå (aeYv,fpm)[k ESpfrsKd;&Sdonf/ eHeufpm[lonf aerGrf;

rwnfhrDtcsdefjzpfonf/ aemufqGrf;wpfrsKd;rSm aexGufcsdefESihf

aerGef;wnhftMum;umvwGif jzpfonf/ odkYjzpfojzihf tu,fí

&[ef;wpfyg;onf aerGef;rwnhfrD tcsdefwGif q,fBudrfru pm;

aomufaomfvnf; xdk&[ef;tm; {ubwådu wpfxyfwnf;pm;

ol[komqdkEdkifonf

3

/ aESmif;acwfrsm;wdkifatmifyif wpfaeY wpf

Budrfom pm;&rnf[laom odu©myk'fudk twdtus vdkufem usihf

okH;aeMuaom &[ef;awmftcsKdU &SdEdkifaomfvnf; &[ef;awmf t

rsm;pkrSm eHeufrwdkifrDtwGif; wpfBudrfru pm;okH;MuzG,f&Sdonf/

naecif;wGif &[ef;awmfrsm;onf azsmf&nf odkYr[kwf axmywf

odkYr[kwf xef;vsufrsm;udk tqmajy pm;aomufMuonf

4

/

wm0ef0wå&m;trsKd;rsK d;

aeYw"l0 vkyf&yfrsm;wGif &[ef;awmfrsm;onf tcrf;tem;

trsKd;rsKd;odkY wufa&mufavh&SdMuonf/ &[ef;awmfrsm;onf udk,f

ydkif ouFef;rsm; csKyfvkyf? avQmfzGwfNyD; aq;qdk;Mu&onf/ apwD

1

&o0g[deD 2? 128/ y&rw¬aZmwdum 1? 301/

2

EZ. III, p. 178.

3

'D-| 1? 75/

4

0dok'dr*¾ 1? 87/

awmf? aAm"dyifESihf Oykoftdrfrsm;odkY wufa&mufMu&onf/ wpfcg

wpf&H 0ufrSifbD;rsm;(aumpä)ESihf avSum;rsm;jzihf apwDawmftm;

xkH;okwfjcif;rsm;udkyif jyKvkyfMuonf

1

/ odkYwap &[ef;awmfrsm;

onf trIvkyfjcif;ü aysmfydkufjcif; (ur®m&mrwm) twGuf tjypf

&SdrnfjzpfaomaMumifh tcsdeftm;vkH;udk ,if;tvkyfrsm;wGifom

`rIyfESHxm;Murnf r[kwfacs/ odkYjzpfí rdrdwdkY\tcsdefudk pmayavh

vm oifMum;jcif;? ½Gwfzwfo&ZÑm,fjcif;? ur®|mef;bm0em tm;

xkwfjcif;ESifh ap,*FP0wfESifh tjcm;wm0efrsm;udk oihfwifh

avsmufywfpGm tokH;jyK&ef ñTefMum;onf

2

/

twGif;tjyif ESpfckvkH; oefY&Sif;p,fMu,frIonf Ak'¨0g'pmay

ü rsm;pGmcsD;rGrf;aom udk,fusihfw&m;jzpfonf/ okr*Fv0dvmodeD

t|uxmü aAmZÑifckepfyg;udk zGifhjy&mwGif 0w¬K0do'ud&d,m

(ypönf;ypö,rsm; oefY&Sif;rIudk aqmif½Gufjcif;) onf "r®0dp,

oarÁmZÑif ("r®udk&SmazGjcif;) udk jznhfusihf&mü vdktyfaom tajc

tae ckepfrsKd;teuf wpfckjzpfaMumif; qdkonf

3

/ ,if;azmfjycsuf

t& &[ef;wpfyg;onf rdrd\qHyifESifh ajconf;vufonf;rsm;udk

tvGef&Snfatmif rxm;&

4

/ &[ef;awmfonf rdrd\ udk,fcE¨mudk

vspfvsL½Irxm;&bJ cE¨mudk,fudk acR;ESihf jrLtnpftaMu;rsm;

rvdrf;usHaeap&ef ykHrSef a&csKd;&rnfjzpfNyD; cE¨mudk,fudk oefY&Sif;

aeap&rnf/ &[ef;onf rdrd0wf½kHonhfouFef;udk aumif;pGm csKyf

pyf? zGwfavQmf? aq;qdk;jcif;jzihf oefY&Sif;ap&rnf/ tdyf&m ae&m

rsm;udk oefY&Sif;oyf&yfpGm xm;&rnf

5

/ &[ef;onf vdktyfygu

1

tH-| 4? 246/ r-| 2? 300/

2

tH-| 3? 160/ ynma&;vkyfaqmifrIrsm;taMumif;udk ynma&; u@

(þusrf;? pm - 498)wGif ½Iyg/

3

'D-| 2? 377/

4

0denf;t& &[ef;onf rdrdqHyif ESpfvufrxuf ydkr&Snfcif odkYr[kwf

ESpfv rausmfvGefrDwGif &dwfjzwf&onf (0d-| 3? 70)/

5

þñTefMum;csufrsm;ESihf tnD ur®|mef;xdkifolrsm;tm; ur®|mef;w&m;

ay;onhf rv,0goD r[moHC&u©dw rax&fuJhodkYaom rax&fBud;rsm;



oJjzLcif;NyD; aumif;pGm vSnf;usif;xm;onhf apwDawmfwpf

ql\ y&d0kPfavmuf rnfonhft&mrQ pdwfMunfEl;onhf ae&m

r&Sdacs/ Ak'bmom bkef;BuD;ausmif;onf aus;½GmwGif toefY&Sif;

qkH;ae&mjzpfNyD; aumif;rGeffvSyonhf ae&mtm;vkH;\ A[dktcsuf

tcsmae&mjzpfonf/ odkYjzpfí &[ef;awmfrsm; udk,fwkdif rdrddwdkY\

bkef;BuD;ausmif;rsm;udk ykHpH opfaeap&efESihf vma&mufolrsm;tm;

MunfndKo'¨gyGm;ap&ef jyKvkyfMuonf/ aumif;pGm xdef;odrf;

apmihfa&Smufxm;onhf ausmif;0if;onf tZÑwåNidrf;csrf;a&;ESihf

ausmif;wdkuf\ wnfNidrfrItwGuf oauFwuJhodkY jzpfonf/

naecif; wm0efrsm;

apwD&ifjyifawmftm; aeYpOfwHjrufvSnf;jcif;rSm &[ef;awmfrsm;

\ usihf0wfwpfckjzpfNyD; apwDawmftm; ylaZmf0wfjyKNyD;aemuf

apwD&ifjyifawmfwGif twlwuG Nidrf;csrf;pGm xdkifMuNyD; jrwfAk'¨

tm; MunfnKdvsuf o'¨gw&m;xkHrTrf;aeonhf ESvkH;om;jzihf

okwåefrsm;udk ½Gwfzwfo&ZÑm,fMuonf/ bdu©KeDrsm;ESihf tjcm;

yk*¾Kdvfrsm;vnf; &[ef;awmfrsm; okwåefrsm;udk ½Gwfqdkcdkuf xdk

ae&mwGif MunfnKdzG,f ½GwfzwfoHudk em,lvsuf xdkifMuonf

1

/

okwåefrsm;udk ½GwfqdkNyD;onhftqkH;wGif rax&fBuD;rsm;u ax&f

i,frsm;tm; w&m;awmfrsm;a[mMum;vsuf "r®ESihfywfoufonhf

ar;cGef;taxGaxGudk aqG;aEG;Muonf

2

/ ,if;jzpf&yfonf rsm;

aomtm;jzihf naecif;wGif jzpfonf/

,if;pkaygif;½Gwfqdkjcif;tjyif ncsdefü &[ef;awmfrsm;onf

wpfyg;csif;vnf; okwåefrsm;udk rdrdaexdkif&m ausmif;aqmifü

½GwfqdkMuonf/ opfyifrsm;jzihf qdwfNidrfonhft&yfwGif wdwf

qdwfNidrfoufonhf ntcgü &[ef;awmfrsm;\ okwåefygVdawmf

rsm;udk oHaeoHxm;jzihf ½GwfzwfoHonf Mum;em&olwdkY\ pdwfES

vkH;udk MunfEl;aponf/ vaum#yAÁw 0d[m&&Sd em*avPESihf

1

r-| 1? 189/

2

tH-| 2? 215/

onf/ &[ef;rsm;onf rax&frsm;tm; xdcdkufrnfh oGm;vmae

xdkifrIrsm;udk rvkyf&acs/ rax&fBuD;rsm;u edrfhaomae&mü xdkif

aerl rax&fi,frsm;u jrifhaomae&mü rxdkif&acs/ rax&fBuD;

rsm; zdeyfpD;rxm;bJaepOf rdrdu zdeyfudk pD;rxm;&/ rax&fBuD;

rsm;tm; vufñId;xdk;í pum;ajymqdkjcif;rjyK&acs/ rax&fBuD;rsm;

\cGifhjyKcsufr&SdbJ rax&fBuD;rsm;\ a&SUarSmufwGif w&m;a[m

jcif;? ar;cGef;udk ajzMum;jcif; rvkyf&/ bkef;BuD;ausmif;wkduf t

wGif;? a&csKd;onhfae&m? vlola&SUarSmufponfwdkYü oihfavsmf

onhf trlt&mtjyKtrl tao;pdwfudk &Snfvsm;pGm azmfjyxm;

onf/ &[ef;wpfyg;onf q&mbkef;BuD;wpfyg;xHodkY ur®|mef;

w&m;&,l&ef oGm;a&mufaomtcg tvGef½dkusKd;onhf trlt&m

jzihf oGm;&onf/ xdk&[ef;onff uyÜd, odkYr[kwf wynhfwpf

a,mufudk rdrdESihftwl ac:aqmifroGm;&/ zdeyfpD;roGm;&/ xD;

udkyif ,laqmifroGm;&

1

/ &[ef;i,fonf rax&fBuD;cyfonhf

a&udk tokH;rjyK&/ rax&fi,fonf ajcudk a&aq;aom tcsdef

rSmyif q&mrax&f rjrifonhfae&modkY oGm;í aq;aMum&onf/

xdk&[ef;onf ur®|mef; w&m;r&rDwGif rax&f\ tvGefESdrhfcs

usKd;EGHaom tvkyftauR; wpfa,mufuJhodkY jyKrl&onf

2

/

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rapmihfa&Smufrl ,if;onf ausmif;ae &[ef;rsm;tzdkY raumif;?

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0dok'¨dr*¾ 1? 18? 98/



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2

0d 3? 57/

3

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1

'D-| 2? 288/ r-| 2? 276/

2

r-| 1? 236/ 'D-| 2? 337/ tH-| 1? 32/

3

tH-| 2? 134/



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1

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2

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1

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2

tbd-| 2? 457



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1

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remvdkonhf &[ef;rsm; &SdMuonf

2

/

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&[ef;onf rdrdtm; vltrsm;u omoemudk MunfnKdol? &[ef;

1

r-| 1? 82/

2

'D-| 3? 210/

NyD}[k &[ef;awmfrsm;u oem;u½kPmjzihf ajymvdkufMuonf

1

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ao;onf/ (r-| 3? 191/ tbd-| 2? 338 udk ½Iyg/)

2

0dok'¨r*¾ 1? 98/



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2

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3

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jzpfonf/

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zG,f&Sdonf/

2

r[m0Ho 22? 25-28/

3

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2

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bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufrsm;ü aqG;aEG;rIrsm;ESihf ao;odrfaom

tjiif;yGm;rIrsm;udk rawGU&acs/ tcsKdUaomae&mrsm;wGif ,if;

aqG;aEG;jiif;ckefrIrsm;rSm ausmif;wkdufwpfcktm; tv ªaiG ay;tyf

rIudk azmfjyonhf at'D 9 &mpkausmufpmwpfcku ]tu,fí

ausmif; wdkufwpfcktwGif; tpmtpm;rsm;udk usD;pmacG;pmtjzpf

vTifhypf &rnf}[laom tajctaewpf&yfudk csrSwfxm;onfxd

tvGef vlodrsm; xif&Sm;cJhzG,f&Sdonf

3

/

taqmufttkHrsm;ESih f jyKjyifxdef;odrf;a&;

plV0*¾ygVdawmfü aqGaEG;ajrUysufpD;aeonhf bkef;BuD;ausmif;rsm;

udk jyefvnfjyKjyif&efa&m bkef;BuD;ausmif;opfrsm; wnfaqmuf

1

'D-| 3? 210/ r-| 1? 303? tbd-| 2? 272/

2

EZ. I, p. 4-5,86. 3

aumvk'd,aygukP*l ausmufpm (Kaludiyapokuºa) EZ.III,. 258.



&efyg Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf cGifhjyKawmfrlaMumif; qdkonf

1

/ Ak'¨&Sifawmf

jrwf y&dedAÁmef pHvGefawmfrlNyD;aemuf &Sifawmfjrwf\ w&m;awmf

rsm;udk oH*g,emwif&ef &mZN*dK[fNrdKUü &[ef;awmfrsm; pnf;a0;

Muaomtcg Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf rdefYrSmawmfrlonhftwdkif;

2

yxr

wpfv tcsdeftcgudk ysufpD;aqG;ajrUaeonhf bkef;BuD;ausmif;

rsm;udkjyKjyif&ef qkH;jzwfcJhMuonf/ odkYjzihf a&S;OD; &[ef;awmfrsm;

onf rdrdwdkY oDwif;okH;&m ausmif;wdkufrsm;udk jyKjyifrIudk rdrdwdkY\

wm0ef 0wå&m;tjzpf ,lqcJhMuonf/

odkYjzpfívnf; aZw0em&mr ouúwausmufpmü &[ef;

awmfrsm;ESifh oufqdkifonhf ae&mrSeforQudk rysufpD;raqG;ajrU

atmif apmihfa&Smmuf&rnf[k csrSwfxm;onf/ bkef;BuD;ausmif;

wdkufwpfckü aexkdifonfh &[ef;awmfwpfyg;onf taqmuf

ttkHopfrsm; aqmufvkyf&ef odkYr[kwf taqmufttkHa[mif;

rsm; jyefjyif&ef tvkyfudkrvkyfcJhvQif rdrdwm0efudk Oayu©mjyKae

vQif tjcm;yk*¾Kdvfrsm;\ uJh&JUjcif;udkcH&onf

3

/ odkYjzpfí bkef;BuD;

ausmif;wdkufwpfckü oDwif;okH;aexdkifonhf &[ef;awmfwpfyg;

onf xdkae&m wdk;wufrIESihf ywfoufonfh tcsKdUaom vkyfief;

rsKd;udk ykHrSeftm;jzihf aqmif½Guf&onf/ odkY&mwGif &[ef;onf

wpfcgwpf&H ur®|mef;bm0em tm;xkwfjcif;ESifh pmayoifMum;

jcif;wdkYü tcsdefjynhf `rIyfESHxm;edkif&ef ,if;odkYaom yvdaAm"

vkyf&yfrsm;udk wm;jrpf Oyrmrsm;vnf; &SdMuonf

4

/

1

tEkZmemrd bdu©a0 e0ur®H 'gwkH? e0ur®daum bdu©a0 bdu©K OokuúH

tmyZÆdówd udEÅd Ekacg 0d[ma&m cdyÜH y&da,momeH *apä,smwd

c@zkv’H y#docF&dówd (0d 3? 308)/

2

b*0wm acg tm0kaom c@zkv’y#docF&PH 0PÖdwH/ [E´ r,H

c@zkv’H y#docF&dómr (0d 4? 482)/

3

e00d[ma& A[kH e0ur®H a[mwd/ tua&mEÅH OZÑm,EÅd (0dok'¨dr*¾ 1?

118)/ ZdPÖ0d[ma& ye A[kH y#dZ*¾wAÁH a[mwd/ tEÅraom twåaem

aoemoerwårÜd ty#dZ*¾EÅH OZÑm,EÅd (0dok'¨dr*¾ 1? 118)/

4

,if;? 118/

a,bk,stm;jzihfqdkrl &[ef;awmfrsm;tm;vkH;onf aexdkif

&mausmif;rsm;udk wnfaqmuf jyKjyifxdef;odrf;rIrsm;ESihf ywfouf

onf/ apwDawmfudk jyKjyifjcif;? aAm"daqmif odkYr[kwf Oayg

oxaqmifudk rdk;jcif;ponhf &nf½G,fcsufrsm;jzihf tcgtm;avsmf

pGm pnf(ab&D) odkYr[kwf armif;(*@d)rsm;udk wD;cwfjcif;wdkY

twGuf xkH;pHrsm;&SdcJhonf

1

/ &[ef;awmfrsm;onf tvGefa&S;us

onhfacwfrsm; tcsdefuyif tEkynmonfrsm;tjzpf jyKrlcJhMu

onf/ r[m0Hoonf udk;xyf&Sdonhf avm[ygom' (aMu;

jymo'f) tkwfjrpf (Plan)udk 'k|*grPdrif;BuD; awmif;yefcsuft&

&[EÅmrax&fBuD; &Spfyg;ua&;qGJcJhonf

2

/ ½k0ef0gvdqm, (Ru-vanvälisäya) t&yf&Sd "mwfawmfwdkuf wnfaqmufa&;vkyfief;

£E´*kwåtrnf&Sd &[EÅmrax&fBuD;\ BuD;MuyfuGyfuJrIjzihf wnf

aqmufcJhonf

3

/ &[ef;awmfrsm;onf r[mapwDawmfudk wnf

aqmuf&ef tkwfrsm; o,faqmifjcif;uJhodkYaom enf;rsm;jzihf t

vkyfMurf;rsm;udkyif aqmif½GufcJhaMumif; od&onf

4

/ rZÑdredum,f

t|uxmü &Sif;vif;csufrsm;t& r[mapwDawmfudk xkH;okwf

onfh aomwmyefjzpfoGm;onhf &[ef;awmfwpfyg; taMumif;udk

rSwfwrf;wifxm;onf

5

/

uw&*gr (at'D 1 ESihf 2 &mpk) ausmufjym;a&;pm wpfck

wGif eE´trnf&onhf rax&fwpfyg;onf xdkaus;½Gm&Sd apwDtm;

t½G,fBuD;atmif wdk;csJUrGrf;cJhNyD; 0ifaygufav;ckü em,uq&m

awmfrsm;\ oabmwlcsufjzihf ausmufjym;rsm;cscJhonf

6

/ bmom

1

tH-| 1? 397/

2

r[m0Ho 27? 9-20/

3

,if; 3? 89/

4

,if; 3? 19-41/

5

r-| 2? 300/

6

EZ. III, p. 215. eE´rax&fonf ,if;udk jyKvkyfcJhykH&onf/ o&PF&

oHC&mZm\ wynhfrsm;onf at'D 18 &mpkwGif ysufpD;,dk,Gif; aeonhf

ausmif;rsm;udk jyefvnfjyKjyif wnfaqmufouJhodkY odkYr[kwf em&ef0dw

okreom&rax&fonf at'D 19 &mpk\ aemufqkH;ESpf0ufwGif ½k0ef0gvd



wpfcgwpf&H &[ef;awmfrsm;\ pdwftm½kHonf aus;½Gm tvS

r,frsm;udkomru eef;wGif;ol tvStyrsm;odkYyif a&mufoGm;

onf/ avm[ygom'rS &[ef;ysKdwpfyg;ESihf o'¨gwdórif;\

ta>ct&H trsKd;orD; wpfa,mufonf tcspftwGuf touf

pGefYMuaMumif; od&onf

1

/ apwd,*d&dausmif;wdkufrS toufBuD;

NyD;rS &[ef;jyKvmol pdwåtrnf&onhf tjcm;&[ef;awmf wpfyg;

onf r[m'gXdu r[mem*rif; (at'D 67-79) \ acsmarmvSy

onhf wrD;vfrdzk&m;ysKdtm; cspfonhfpdwfjzihf ½l;oGyfoGm;NyD; r[dE¦

avh&Sd &[ef;i,frsm;\ ajymifavSmifp&m yk*¾KdvfjzpfoGm;onf

2

/

&[ef;awmfrsm;onf bdu©KeDrsm;ESihf cspfBudKufonhf om"u

rsm;vnf; &Sdonf/ wpfcgaomf &[ef;i,frsm;onf r[mapwD

awmfü okwåefrsm;udk ½Gwfzwf o&ZÑm,fMuonf/ naeydkif;wGif

jzpfzG,f&Sdonf/ i,f½G,fonhf bdu©KeDrrsm;onf &[ef;awmfrsm;

teD;üuyfvsuf ½GwfzwfoHudk em,l&if; xdkifMuonf/ &[ef;ysKd

wpfyg;onf rdrdvufudk aemufzufodkY qefYwef;vdkufpOf bdu©KeDr

i,f\udk,fudk xdrdonf/ bdu©KeDri,fonf &[ef;ysKd\ vufudk

udkifNyD; &ifbwfay:ü wifxm;onf/ ¤if;wdkY ESpfOD;onf t

csif;csif; arwåmydkoGm;NyD; aemifwGif vlxGufoGm;Muonf

3

/

rZÑdredum,f t|uxmü ESpfoufzG,f jzpf&yfwpfck azmfjy

onf

4

/ r&dp0¥d0d[m& (bDpD 1 &mpk) vª'gef;yGJ tcrf;tem;wGif

rsm;pGmaom bdu©K bdu©KeDrsm;onf tEk&m"yk&NrdKUawmfü pka0;Mu

1

tH-| 1? 17/

2

ynm&Sif t'du&rf u ,if;rSm oifwef;wpfck[k ,lqonf (EHBC, p. 127.)/ odkY&mwGif ,if;onf &[ef;awmfrsm; apwDawmfü &Sdcdk;0wfjyKMu

NyD;aemuf &[ef;awmfrsm;\ naeydkif;wGif okwåefrsm; ½Gwfzwfjcif;om

jzpfonf/ ,if;tavhtusihfonf ,aeYacwf Ak'¨0g'D&[ef;awmfrsm;

wkdif &Sdao;onf/ wpfcgwpf&HwGif trsKd;om; trsKd;orD;rsm;onfvnf;

"r®½GwfzwfoHudk em,l&ef xdkifMuonf/

3

r-| 1? 288/ 269/ 'D-| 1? 176/ tbd-| 2? 343/ tH-| 1? 20/

4

r-| 2? 51/

pdwåvyAÁwausmif;ae wdó&[ef;onf &[ef;b0udk pdwf

ysufNyD; vlxGuf&ef qkH;jzwfvsuf q&mrax&ftm; xdkudpöudk

avQmufxm;onf/ q&mrax&fum; t&nftcsif; jynfh0onhf

yk*¾Kdvfjzpfonf/ wdó? ,ck ig tdkrif;NyD/ ightwGuf aexdkifp&m

ausmif;wpfck wnfaqmufOD;avmh}[k wynfh&[ef;i,ftm; rdefY

Mum;onf/ &[ef;i,f xdkudpöudk csufjcif;yif oabmwlvdkuf

onf/ ,if;aemuf rax&fu ]ausmif;aqmufaepOftwGif; oif

\ ur®|mef;tm½kHudk rarhESihf/ tcgtm;avsmfpGm uodkPf;wpf

ckckudk yGm;rsm;avmh}[k qdkonf/ wdóuvnf; oabmwlonf/

&[ef;awmf wdóonf *lwpfckudk &Sif;vif;NyD; eH&Hrsm;udk wnf

aqmufonf? 0ifaygufwHcg;ESihf jywif;aygufrsm;udk wyfqif

onf? vdktyfonfrsm; tm;vkH;udk jyifqifNyD;aemuf q&mrax&f

tm; taMumif;Mum;onf/ ]wdó? oifonf þausmif;udk cuf

yifyef;pGm aqmufvkyf&onf? tb,faMumihf wpfnavmuf þ

ausmif;üraebJ aebdoenf;}[k q&mrax&fu rdefYqdkonf/

wynhf&[ef;u em;axmifonf/ &[ef;i,fonf ajcaxmufudk

aq;aMumNyD; *lxJudk0ifvsuf wifyv †ifacGxkdifum pwif w&m;

½IrSwfonf/ &[ef;i,fonf rdrdb0ESihf tvkyftaMumif;udk qif

jcifESvkH;oGif;vsuf pdwfudk 0dyóemur®|mef; tm½kHodkY pl;pdkuf

xm;vdkufojzihf &[EÅm jzpfoGm;onf/ odkYjzpfí taqmufttkH

wpfckudk aqmufvkyfjcif;jzihf tvkyfrsm;jcif;onf udavmomudk

t<uif;rJh y,f&Sm;&ef taxmuftyHhjyKaMumif; ,lqonf

1

/

udavomudk y,f&Sm;&ef enf;vrf; wpfckjzpfonhf ,if;odkY

aom wnfaqmufjyKjyif tvkyfrsKd;udk pdwfykdif;b0 avhusihfrIwGif

raysmfydkufbJ qkwfepfaeonhf &[ef;awmfrsm; twGufom azmf

jyjcif;jzpfonf/ rdrd\ pdwfydkif;b0 wdk;wufrItwGuf BudK;yrf;

tm;xkwf&ef ESpfESpfumum vdkvm;onhf yk*¾Kdvfwpfa,muf tzdkYrl

1

tH-| 1? 34/



,if;odkYaom vkyfief;rsm;udk a&Smif&Sm;&rnfh yvdaAm" (t

aESmifht,Suf) tjzpf ,lqonf

1

/

ESvkH;om;a&;&m udpörsm;

&[ef;awmfrsm;\ b0onf wif;MuyfpGm xdef;csKyfxm;aomfvnf;

tcgtm;avsmfpGm ESvkH;om;a&;&m uJhodkYaom Mum;0ifudpörsm;rS

rvGwfajrmufEdkifbJ &SdMuonf/ &[ef;i,frsm;udk apmihfa&SmufMu

onfh rax&fBuD;rsm;onf jzm;a,mif;rIESifh tEÅ&m,frsm;\

om;aumifrsm; jzpfoGm;jcif;rS rdrdwdkY\ wynfhrsm;udk umuG,f&ef

twwfEdkifqkH; BudK;pm;Muonf

2

/

umV'DC0gyd'Gg&0d[m&\ em,uq&mawmfonf ½GmwGif;

odkY t0iftxGuf rjyKrSom i,f½G,fol pmoifom; &[ef;awmf

rsm;tm; oifMum;ay;&ef oabmwlonf/ q&mrax&fonf

wynhf&[ef; taejzihf ½GmwGif;ü jzm;a,mif;rI tcsKdUudk t½IH;ay;

&rnfudk pdk;&drfaomaMumihf jzpfonf/ ,if;aus;½GmrSm raumif;

owif; xGufcJhzG,f&Sdonf/

xdk&[ef;i,fonf tb,faMumifh rdrdq&monf rdrdtm;

½GmwGif;odkY 0ifa&mufjcif;udk wm;jrpf xm;&oenf;[lonfudk od

atmif pkHprf;vdkpdwf tvdktavsmuf wdk;yGm;cJhonf/ odkYjzpfí

pmayavh vmoifMum;rINyD;aemuf rdrdae&yfodkY tjyefwGif &[ef;

i,fonf xdkaus;½Gmvrf;twdkif; jzwfavQmufonf/ t0ga&mif

t0wftpm;udk 0wfqifxm;onhf vkHrysKdwpfa,mufonf tdrfrS

1

0dok'¨r*¾ 1? 87/

2

iwfrGwfacgif;yg;pOf umvtwGif;rSmyif r[max&fwpfyg;onf pdwfxJü

oHo,jzpfaprItwGuf omraPi,f wpfyg;tm; jypf'Pf ay;awmh

rnfhqJqJ jzpfcJhonf/ aemiftcg yd#uwfokH;ykHudk uRrf;usifonhf 0wåAÁu

edaj*m"&[ef;tjzpf xif&Sm;vmonhf omraP i,fonf tm½kHrwufrD

tm&nu ("kwif)udk aqmufwnf&ef awmodkY xGufoGm;cJhonf/

odkY&mwGif q&mrax&fonf rdrdwynhfomraP rnfodkYjzpfoGm;cJhonf

udk rodacs (tbd-| 2? 432)/

xGufvmNyD; &[ef;awmf\ oydwfxJodkY ,m*kqGrf; avmif;v ª

onf/ vkHri,fonf &[ef;awmftm; jrifvQifjrifcsif; cspfBudKuf

oGm;vsuf tdrfxJjyef0ifNyD; tdyf&may:wGif vJavsmif;aeonf/

tb,faMumifh ,if;odkYjzpf&onfudk rdef;rysKd\ rdbrsm;u

pkHprf;ar;jrefaomtcg &[ef;ysKd\ arwåmudk r&vQif rdrdtouf

&Sifawmhrnf r[kwf[k ajymMum;onf/

rdbrsm;onf &[ef;awmf\ aemufodkY ajy;vdkufoGm;NyD; &Sd

cdk;OD;ñGwfNyD; &[ef;ysKdtm; qGrf;udk rdrdwdkYtdrfwGif bkOf;ay;&ef yihf

avQmufonf/ odkY&mwGif &[ef;i,fu jyefvm&ef jiif;qdkonf/

,if;aemuf rdbESpfyg;onf &[ef;i,ftm; vQKdU0Sufcsufudk zGifh

[ajymqdkonf ]t&Sifbk&m;? wynhfawmfwdkYonf jynfhpkH<u,f0NyD;

orD;unm wpfOD;om&Sdyg\/ t&Sifbk&m;onf wynhfawmfwdkY\

om;tjzpf aysmf½TifpGm aexdkifygavmh}[k avQmufMuonf/

odkYwap &[ef;i,fonf csufjcif;yif q&mt&Sif\ tMuHjyK

csufudkawG;rdNyD; ,if;onf BuD;pGmaom tEÅ&m,fjzpfaMumif; od

jrifNyD; xGufajy;cJhonf/ trsKd;orD;i,fonf tpm;tpmrpm;bJ

vGrf;aqG;NyD; aoqkH;oGm;onf/

tokbtcrf;tem;NyD;aemuf rdbrsm;onf trsKd;orD;i,f

0wfqifonhf t0ga&mift0wfudk teD;tem;&Sd ausmif;wdkufwpf

ckodkY v ª'gef;vdkufonf/ ,if;t0ga&mift0wfrS tydkif;tpwpfck

udk tv ªa0pk&&Sdonhf &[ef;awmfwpfyg;onf auvPd,odkY

bk&m;zl;c&D;oGm;pOf xdkae&mwGifaexdkifcJhol &[ef;i,ftm; ,if;

jzpf&yfukefpifudk taMumif;wdkufqdkif&if; ajymjyvdkufonf/ &

[ef;i,fonf opömwnfwHhNyD; cspfjrwfEdk;wwfonfh b0Muif

azmfudk &&Sdonhf tcGifhta&; qkH;½IH;rItwGuf rsm;pGm aemifw&

NyD; &[ef;i,fonfvnf; aomujzihf ysHvGefawmfrlonf

1

/

1

r-| 1? 288/ tH-| 1? 17/ &ufuef;onfrudk BudKufNyD; tdrfaxmif jyK

oGm;onhf omraPi,fwpfyg; taMumif;vnf; &Sdonf (tbd-| 2?

281/ r-| 3? 189)/



usihfBuHMuonhf &[ef;awmfrsm;rSm rsm;aomtm;jzihf tazmfryg

bJ wpfyg;wnf; oGm;Muonf

1

/

tEÅ&m,frsm;NyD; cufcJvSonhf tdE´d,&Sd Ak'¨*,m r[maAm"d

odkY bk&m;zl;c&D;udkrl wpfcgwpf&H Oygoum Oygodumrsm; yg

0ifNyD;ykHrSeftm;jzihf tkyfpkvdkuf oGm;Muonf/ tEk&m"yk&NrdKUrS Ak'¨

*,mtxd c&D;pOfwpfckvkH;twGuf q,fv odkYr[kwf q,fhESpfv

txd Mumonf

2

/

oD[dkVfwGif bk&m;zl;c&D;oGm;rnfh xif&Sm;onhfae&m rsm;pGm

&Sdonf/ tEk&m"yk&NrdKU&Sd r[maAm"dESihf r[mapwd, (½k0ef

a0vdqm,) t&yfwdkYrSm tvGefxif&Sm;onf

3

/ em*'Dy (,aeY

acwf *smzemuRef;qG,f)vnf; xyfwlyif vlodrsm;onf

4

/ awmif

zufwGif wdóm&mr0d[m&

5

ESihf taemufzufwGif uvsmPD

apwD

6

wdkYrSm tjcm;xif&Sm;onhf ae&mrsm;jzpfMuonf/ wpfcgwpf

&H orEÅul# (od&dyg')udkvnf; azmfjyonf

7

/ azmfjyyg xif&Sm;

onhf ae&mrsm;odkY oGm;a&mufonhf c&D;pOfwGif bk&m;zl;rsm;onf

rdrdwdkY jzwfausmf&onhf tjcm;bmoma&;qdkif&m ae&mrsm;udk

vnf; ylaZmf0wfjyKMuonf/

bk&m;zl;wpfa,muf\ xdktcsdefu tusKd;w&m;rsm;rSm rsm;

pGm&Sdonf/ ,if;onf tajccHtm;jzihf Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfudk,fwdkif

a[mMum;csufESihftnD a&S;acwf tpOftvmt& apwd,pm&d

umjzpfonf/ EdkifiHwpf0ef;vkH;odkY c&D;oGm;jcif;onf opfqef;onhf

1

tH-| 2? 279/

2

&o0g[deD 2? 124-125/ tEk&m"yk&NrdKUrS aum¥y¥e (o'¨r®mvuFm&

usrf;ü ,if;udk rm0#Ky#KH*r[kac:onf)odkY 4 vMumonf/ aum¥y¥e

rS tjcm;urf; (y&wD&)odkY yifv,fc&D;jzihf 2 vMuonf/ xdkae&mrS

Ak'¨*,m r[maAm"dodkY 4 vMumonf/

3

tbd-| 2? 332/ 0dok'¨dr*¾ 1? 139/

4

'D-| 2? 125/ r-| 2? 295/ tH-| 3? 92/

5

tH-| 1? 396/

6

&o0g[deD 2? 17/ tbd-| 2? 338/

7

&o0g[deD 2? 17/

onf/ omraPi,fwpfyg;onf ,m*k ylylaEG;aEG;ygonhf cGufudk

udkif,lvmonf/ ,m*kcGufrSm ouFef;jzihf ckudkif&onfxd ylaEG;

ojzihf aemufqkH; ajrBuD;ay: csvkduf&onf/ bdu©KeDuav;wpf

a,mufonf omraPi,fudk jrifojzihf ]þyef;uefjym;ay:

wifNyD; ,lygt&Sif} [kqdkí yef;uefjym;udk ay;vdkufonf/

ESpfumv Mumanmif;oGm;cJhNyD; oD[dkVfü tpm&Sm;yg;rIESifh

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onhf ae&mrsm;wGif aeavh&SdNyD; ur®|mefbm0em pD;jzef;tm; xkwfrIwGif

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aus;rIESihf ynma&; wdk;wufrIudk a&S;½Ionhf vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;wGif yg0ifMu

tv ªypönf;rsm;udkyif xdkufwefoljzpf&rnf[k xufoefpGm cH,lMu

onf/ odkYwap vdktyfcsdefürl rdbrsm;udk tmrdo'ge (yp önf;0w¬K

v ª'gef;rI) jzihf ulnDNyD; jyKpkapmihfa&Smihf&ef &[ef;awmfrsm;tm;

ñTefMum;onf

1

/

*k dPf;uGJ odk Yr[kwf edum,rsm;

oHCmawmfrsm;twGif; oabmxm;uGJvGJrIrsm; jzpfay:cJhykHESihf oD

[dkVfü edum,rsm; odkYr[kwf *dkPf;uGJrsm; pwifcJhykHudk a&S;tcef;

rsm;ü azmfjyNyD;jzpfonf/ ordkif;usrf;rsm;ü edum,okH;rsKd; (edum

,wå,)udk rMumcP &nfñTef;Muonf

2

/ r[mem*bk&if (at'D

556-568)onf apwDBuD;okH;ql (r[mapwd,wå,)udk jyKjyifcJh

aMumif;ESifh edum,okH;ckrS &[ef;awmfrsm;tm; ouFef;rsm; v ª

'gef;cJhaMumif;od&onf

3

/ þae&mü azmfjyonfh apwDBuD;okH;ql

[lonf tEk&m"yk&NrdKU&Sd ok0PÖrmvD (Ruvanväli-säya)? tb,

*d&dESihf aZw0eapwDwdkYjzpfonfrSm aocsmNyD; ,if;apwDBuD;

okH;qlwdkYonf t"duausmif;wdkufBuD;okH;ckudk toD;toD; udk,f

pm;jyKonf/ a,bk,stm;jzihf edum,wpfckonf ausmif;wdkuf

BuD;wpfck\ trnfemrjzihf xif&Sm;onf/ odkYjzpfí r[m0HoygVd

ordkif;ü azmfjyonfh edum,okH;ck[lonf r[m0d[m&? tb,

*d&dESihf aZw0ewdkYjzpfaMumif; oHo,jzpf&ef taMumif;r&Sdacs/

"r®½kpdESihf om*vd,[kac:onhf tjcm;*kdPf;uGJESpfck &Sdao;

onf/ odkY&mwGif txufwGif awGU&NyD;onfhtwdkif; wpfcgwpf&H

,if;wdkYudk ,cifemrnfa[mif;rsm;jzihf &nfñTef;aomfvnf; ,if;

wdkYudk tb,*d&dESifh aZw0ewdkYü toD;oD; xnhfoGif;onf

4

/

1

0d-| 2? 68/

2

r[m0Ho 41? 97/ 44? 131/ 45? 16/ 48? 73/ ponf/

3

,if; 41? 95? 97/

4

r[m0Ho 5? 13/ 39? 41/ 42? 43/ 47? 1-2/ 52? 17/



1/ t&Sifr[mAk'¨aCmo (at'D ig;&mpk) onf

rdrda&;om;aom 0dok'¨dr*¾t|uxmusrf;udk

tEk&m"yk&NrdKU? r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkuf oHCmawmftm; tyfESif;pOf

(auvPd0d[m& ausmif;wdkufrS yef;csDum;)

5/ tEk&m"yk&NrdKU? a'0geHyd,wdórif; (bDpD 3 &mpk) pdkufysKd;cJhaom

Ak'¨*,m r[maAm"d yifyGm;awmf

ur Çmay:wGif oufwrf; t&SnfqkH; aAm"danmifyif jzpfonf/

2/ uE´DNrdKU? jrwfAk'¨ pG,fawmfwdkuf

(at'D 4 &mpkwGif tdE´d,awmifykdif;rS yifhaqmifcJhonf)

3/ bDpD 3 &mpkwGif t&Sifr[dE´ESihf tdE´d,oHCmig;yg;

yxqkH; <ua&mufoDwif;okH;cJhonhf rdóuawmif (,ck r[DE ¦avh)

4/ tEk&m"yk&NrdKU? r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkufteD; a'0geHyd,wdórif;BuD;

wnf;cJhaom xlyg&mrapwD (bDpD 3 &mpk)

6/ tEk&m"yk&NrdKU? r[mapwD (bDpD 1 &mpk)

7/ tEk&m"yk&NrdKU? r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkufteD;

emrnfausmf avm[ygom' (aMu;jymo'f) ausmif;awmf&m

12/ a0ó*d&d,rS &[E Åm*lrsm;

13/ a&S;acwf bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkuf

9/ r[dE ¦avhrS a&S;acwf qGrf;pm;ausmif;

8/ r&Dpd0#³d,apwDawmf (bDpD 1 &mpk) 10/ tb,*d&dapwD (bdpD 1 &mpk)

11/ aZw0eapwD (at'D 4 &mpk)

edum,okH;ckwdkYESihf ,SOfvsuf &nfñTef;cH&onfh tjcm;edum

,ESpfckvnf; &Sdonf/ r[m0Housrf;

1

ü pwkw¬t*¾aAm"drif;

(at'D 658-674)onf ,if;edum,ESpfckrS ausmif;wkdufrsm;tm;

xdef;odrf;&ef aus;½Gmrsm;pGm v ª'gef;NyD; tjcm;edum,okH;cktm;

aus;½Gmwpfaxmif v ª'gef;aMumif; jyqdkonf

2

/ ,if;edum,ESpfck

rSm edum,BuD;okH;ckwGif ygryg odkYr[kwf "r®½kpdESihf om*vd,

odkYr[kwf tjcm;edum,ESpfrsKd;avm[lonfudkrl &Sif;vif;pGm rod

&acs/ 0DvsH *dkif*g u þae&mü xlyg&mrESihf r&Dp0¥d0d[m&

rsm;udk qdkvdkzG,f&SdaMumif; ,lqonf

3

/ odkY&mwGif ,if;wdkYudk

oD;jcm;edum,ESpfcktjzpf &nfñTef;xm;onfrSm rxif&Sm;ay/

,if;odkYaom edum, odkYr[kwf *dkPf;uGJrsm;taMumif;udk

rMum;&rDwGif bDpD wpf&mpk aemufqkH; ESpf0ufcefY rSwfwrf;rsm;

wGif "r®uxduESihf yHokulvdu[k oHCmtkyfpk ESpfckudk awGU&

onf

4

/ ,if; wdkYonf oD;jcm;*dkPf;uGJrsm;r[kwfbJ aexdkifenf;

ESpfrsKd;jzihf aexdkifMuonfh tkyfpkESpfckom jzpfonf/ "r®uxdu[l

1

,if; 45? 15-16/ wxm 'GdEéH edum,meH? 0d[ma& rE´ypöa,/

'doGm 0gydp okwGm 0g? abm**gar A[l t'g/

A[kem udEÅK 0kawåe? eduma,okyd wDokyd/

t'g *gro[óH aom? o[kyÜg'H e&mukvH/

2

plV0Ho? t*Fvdyfbmomjyef 1? pm – 99? rSwfcsuf 2/

3

tu,fí txufwGif udk;um;azmfjyxm;onhf r[m0Ho (tcef; 45?

15-16) *gxmESpfyk'fudk wpfqufwnf;,lvQif ]A[kem udEÅK 0kawåe =

rsm;rsm;qdkí tb,ftusKd;&SdtHhenf;}[laom pmaMumif;rSm pOf;pm;zG,f

jzpfvmonf/ ,if;onf *gxmtrSwf 5 wGif azmfjyNyD; edum,ESpfckonf

*gxmtrSwf 16 ü azmfjyonhf edum,ESpfckwGif yg0ifonf/

0d-| 1? 266 ü ausmif;wdkufBuD; ig;wkduf (yÍör[m0d[m&) udk

azmfjyonf/ &o0g[deD 2? pm – 51 üvnf; ausmif;wdkufBuD; ig;wdkuf

(yÍör[m0go) taMumif;udk qdkonf/ ,if;wdkYrSm rnfonfht&mrsm; jzpf

onfudk twdtus rqdkEdkifacs/ odkY&mwGif edum, odkYr[kwf *dkPf;uGJrsm;

r[kwfonfrSm aocsmonf/

4

tH-| 1? 71/

onf pmaya0g[m&tm;jzihf w&m;a[mq&m[k t"dyÜm,f&

onf/ ,if;tkyfpkü pmaywwfuRrf;onhf q&mrax&frsm; yg0if

Mujcif;rSm xif&Sm;onf/ yHokulvdu[lonf yHoulouFef;rsm;

udkom 0wf½kHonfh tkyfpkjzpfonf/ xdkrax&frsm;ü tqihf okH;rsKd;

&Sdonf/ yxrtqihfrSm xdkokomefrsm;wGif pGefYypfxm;onhf ydwf

prsm;udk aumuf,lNyD; csKyfpyfxm;onhf ouFef;rsm;udkom 0wf

½kHMujcif;jzpfonf/ 'kwd,tqihfrSm &[ef;awmfrsm; tokH;jyK&ef

Oygoumrsm;u [dkae&m onfae&mwGif pGefYypfxm;onhf ydwfp

rsKd;pkHudk aumuf,lNyD; ouFef;csKyfjcif;jzpfonf/ wwd, tqihf

rSm &[ef;awmfrsm;\ ajc&if;wGif Oygoumrsm; ypfcsxm;onhf

ouFef;udkyif vufcHMujcif;jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif ,if;wdkY tm;vkH;

onf rdrdwdkY\qE´ESihf ESpfoufrIrsm;t& OygoumwdkY v ª'gef;

onhf ouFef;udk vufcH,ljcif; r&SdMuacs

1

/ r[m0HorSwfwrf;

tcsKdUt& at'D 8 &mpkESihf 10 &mpkrsm;ü bk&ifrif;rsm; v ª'gef;

onhf ouFef;udk vufcHonhf yHoulaqmifrax&frsm;rSm wwd,

qifh yk*¾Kdvfrsm;jzpfonf

2

/

odkYwap *dkPf;uGJtrsKd;rsKd; ay:aygufvmaomtcg xdk*kdPf;

uGJrsm; twGif;rSmyif yHhoulaqmifrsm; &SdvmMuonf/ odkYjzpfí

r[m0d[m&*dkPf;0if yHhoulaqmif rax&frsm;ESihf&SdouJhodkY tb

,*d&d*dkPf;0if rsm;vnf;&SdMuonf

3

/ odkYwap 'kwd,aoerif;

(at'D 851-885)eef;pH 22 ESpfajrmufwGif tb,*d&d*dkPf;0if

yHhoulaqmif rax&frsm;onf uGJJjym;oGm;NyD; oD;jcm;*dkPf;tjzpf

wnfaxmifMuonf

4

/ ,if;tkyfpkonf oD;jcm;*dkPf;tjzpf quf

1

0dok'¨dr*¾ 1? 61/

2

r[m0Ho 48? 16/ 52? 27/ 53? 48/ 54? 25/

*dkif*gonf tcef; 52? *gxmtrSwf 27 \ 'kwd,pmaMumif;udk ]yHok

ulvdurmwleH}[k zwfonf/ udkvrÁKdrlü ]yHokulvdubdu©LeH} [k qdkonf/

þae&mü ]rmwleH}[k zwfNyD; ]bdu©LeH}[k rzwf&ef taMumif;r&Sdacs/

3

tH-| 2? 279/ r[m0Ho 47? 66/ 50? 52/

4

r[m0Ho 51? 52/



yHokulvduESihf tm&nuwdkYrSm "kwif 13 yg;teuf ESpfrsKd;

omjzpfonf/ yd@ygwduuJhodkYaom tjcm;"kwifrsm;udk aqmuf

wnfonhf &[ef;awmfrsm;vnf; &SdMuonf/ odkYwap ,if;wdkYudk

oD;jcm;*dkPf;rsm;tjzpf r,lqMuacs/ yHokulvduESihf tm&nu

rsm;udkomvQif oD;jcm;*dkPf;tjzpf ,lqjcif;ESihf ywfoufí pkHprf;

zG,f&SdNyD; ,if;udpötwGuf ESpfoufavmufonhf &Sif;vif;csuf&

&ef rjzpfEdkifacs/

bdu©KeDrsm;

bdu©KeDrsm;\ vIyf&Sm;rItaMumif;udk tenf;i,frQom od&onf/

at'D 10 &mpkwGif a&;xdk;onhf ukuk½kr[E´reausmufpmwGif

(tEk&m"yk&) NrdKUawmf twGif;&Sd Hight Street ay:&Sd r[dE´m&mr

[kxif&Sm;onhf bdu©KeDausmif;wdkuf\ a&SUwGif aq;½kHwpfck&SdcJh

aMumif; jyqdkonf

1

/ bdu©KeDrsm;onf aq;½kHrsm;wGif olemjyKrsm;

uJhodkY tvkyftauR;jyKEdkifoavm [lonfudk ar;jref;vdkayonf/

onf/ aESmif;acwfrsm;wGif tm&nursm;vnf; *gr0goDrsm;uJhodkY tod

ynmqdkif&m &,lvdkrIwGif rsm;pGmpdwf0ifpm;NyD; bmomw&m;ESihf rywf

oufavmufaom usrf;pmrsm;a&;om;rIudkyif aqmif½GufMuonf/ tm

&nu0goD 'drÁKvm*v r[muóyrax&f a&;om;onhf Amvm0

aAm"e ouúwo'´gusrf;rSm erlemaumif;wpfck jzpfonf/ xdktcsdefrSpí

t&n0goDESihf *gr0goDwdkYtMum; jcm;em;csufrSm trnfemrrQom &SdykH

&NyD; avhusihftm;xkwfrItaejzihf jcm;em;csuf &SdykHr&acs/ t&nursm;

vnf; *gr0goDrsm;\ b0aeenf;udk ESpfoufykH&onf/ ,if;ESpfrsKd;vkH;udk

aemifwGif *gr0goD t&n0goDESpfrsKd;vkH;aeonhf Ob,0goDrsm;[k ac:

Muonf (edum,o*F[? pm – 20? 22? 24)/ uEdNrdKU&Sd ,aeYacwf rv

0wåESihf tó*d&d,[laom t"duausmif;wdkufESpfckrSm ,cifu *gr

0goDESihf t&n0goD jzpfcJhonhf Ob,0goDrsm;rS qif;oufcJhykH&onf/

vmb0goD[k xif&Sm;aom aemuf&[ef;tkyfpkwpfpkudk at'D 10

&mpkESihf aESmif;ydkif;wGif jzpfonf (r[m0Ho 54? 27/ 60? 68? 72)/

odkY&mwGif ,if;taMumif; tenf;i,frQom od&onf/

1

EZ. II, p. 22.


om"ursm;pGmonf jynhfpkH<u,f0onhf bdu©KeDausmif;wdkufrsm;udk

bk&ifrif;rsm;ESihf rdzk&m;rsm;u wnfaqmufcJhMuonf

1

/ 'Dy0Ho

usrf;ü xif&Sm;onhf bdu©KeDrsm;pm&if;udk azmfjyaomfvnf;

0denf;udk oifMum;ay;Muonf[laom tcsufrSwpfyg; ¤if;wdkY\

tvkyftudkif taMumif;udk wpfpGef;wpfprQ rod&acs/ bdu©KeDr

rsm;vnf; &[ef;awmfrsm;uJhodkY wlnDaom b0wpfckudkyif ae

xdkifcJhrnfrSm oHo,jzpfzG,f taMumif;r&Sdacs/

1

r[m0Ho 39? 43/ 66? 27/

00000000


pm;csufrsKd; &rdonf

1

/

bDpD 1 &mpk 'k|*grPdrif;ESihf ¤if;\nDawmf o'¨gwdórif;

vufxufwGif &[EÅmrax&frsm;pGmwdkY &SdcJhaMumif;qdkonf

2

/ odkY&m

wGif tvGefxl;jcm;pGmyif o'¨gwdórif;u &[ef;awmfrsm;tm;

rdrd\ av;pm;rIudk xdkufwefonhf yk*¾Kdvfrsm;udkomvQif t,s

(t&Sif)[k ac:rnfjzpfaMumif; awmif;yefrIudk awGU&onf

3

/ ,if;

awmif;yefrIonf bDpDwpf&mpk oHCmawmfrsm;tay: a&mifjyef

[yfcsufwpf&yf jzpfonfrSm oHo,jzpfzG,frvdkacs/ o'¨gwdó

rif;onf rdrdvufxufü &[ef;ta&twGuf rsm;jcif;udk ESpfouf

ykHr&bJ rdrdtaejzihf rwkefvIyfaom o'¨gw&m;jzifh MunfndKEdkif

rnfholudk rawGUEdkifbJ jzpfaeykH&onf

4

/

azmfjyyg rsufarSmufypöu© vlYtzGJUtpnf;tay: a,bk,s

tm;jzihf rESpfoufbJ twdwfudk csD;rGrf;jcif;rsKd;udk Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf

vufxufawmftxd jyefí ajc&mcHEdkifonf/

wpfaeYwGif t&Sifr[muóyonf &mZN*dK[fNrdKU a0VK0ef

ausmif;awmfü oDwif;okH;aeaom Ak'¨&Sifjrwftm; <ua&mufzl;

ajrmfonf/ wpfudk,fwpfum,wnf; oDwif;okH;&mwGif NydKifzuf

uif;atmif ausmfapmvSonhf t&Sifjrwfonf vloluif;qdwf

&mü taersm;NyD; tcgtm;avsmfpGmomvQif Ak'¨xHodkY tzl;tajrmf

<ua&mufonf/ Ak'¨udk,fwkdif t&Sifjrwftm; rsm;pGm av;pm;

awmfrlNyD; &[ef;awmfrsm;tm; tav;teuf wdkufwGef;vsuf

t&Sifjrwftm; rdrdudk,fwdkifESihf xyfwljyKawmfrlonf/ odkYjzpfí

1

rdrdwdkYwynfhrsm;udk pGJvrf;NyD; tjcm;yk*¾Kdvfrsm;tm; tvkyftauR; jyKcGifh

ray;onhf &[ef;rsm;taMumif; ,cifu azmfjycJhonfudk owd&oifh

onf (þusrf;? pm – 333)/

2

oD[dkVf &[EÅmrsm;taMumif;udk a&SUtcef;wGif ½Iyg/

3

baEÅ r,H 0E´dwAÁ,kwåuH {uH t,sH tmpdu©dóx (tH-| 2/ 132)/

4

o'¨gwdórif;onf rdrd\eef;wGif;ol trsKd;orD;wpfa,mufESihf arwåmrQ

onhf avm[ygom'ausmif;wdkufrS &[ef;ysKd wpfyg;aMumifh ,if;odkY BudK

wifqkH;jzwfcJhjcif;jzpfzG,f&Sdoavm/ þusrf;? pm – 338 udk½Iyg/

tcef; 12


NcKd;NcHpGm usihfokH;jcif;

txufrSm azmfjycJhonhf ,ciftcef;ESpfckwGif &[ef;awmfrsm;

onf ,if;wdkY\ xdef;csKyfrI tvGef&Sd tajctae rsm;pGmwdkYaMumihf

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jyKrdaomfvnf; a&SmifvTJr&onhf wdk;wufrI? jzpfNrJobm0ESihf

ykHrSeftjzpf todtrSwf rjyKcJhacs/ xdkoHCmawmfrsm;onf ,if;

tajymif;tvJudk ysufpD;,kd,Gif;rIwpf&yftjzpf pdk;&drfBuD;pGm ½Ijrif

cJhMuonf/ &[ef;awmfrsm;\ omoemawmf oefY&Sif; pifMu,f&ef

pdwftm;txufoefqkH;ESihf xyfjyefwvJvJ BudK;yrf;rItpm; ,if;

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em;vnfcJhMuonfrSm xif&Sm;onf/ odkYjzpfí acwfNydKif udpö&yf

rsm;\ tajctaeudk pdwfroufrom jzpfMuojzifh xdkoHCm

awmfrsm;onf jynhfpkHaumif;rGefNyD; pHjytjzpf ,lqcJhonhf twdwf

udk vrf;ñTef ajymjyp&mtjzpf jyefvnf ½IjrifcJhMuonf/

twdwfjzpf&yfrsm;u tm;vkH;wGif taumif;qkH;jzpfNyD; ypöu©

jzpf&yfrsm;rSm qdk;½Gm;vsuf tem*wfjzpf&yfrsm;um; ydkrdkqdk;vdrfh

rnf[k tNrJvdkvdkyif vlom;wdkY ,kHMunfjcif;rSm qifjcifzG,f jzpf

ouJhodkY trsm;jzpfcsifonhf oabmxm;vnf; jzpfonf/ &[EÅm

olawmfpifrsm;tjzpf ,lqxm;onhf aumif;rGef jrifhjrwfaom

yk*¾Kdvftm;vkH;onf twdwfumvwGif &SdcJhonf/ ,aeYacwf

yk*¾Kdvfrsm;um; pm&dwåysufjym;NyD; edrfYusonf/ uREkffyfwdkY NyD;aemuf

tem*wfonf ydkrdk qdk;½Gm;oGm;rnf/ trSefpifppf wpfcsdefu vkH;0

r&SdcJhaom ,if;pHjy twdwfumvonf teD;odkY a&mufoGm;aom


tcg a0;ía0;í vGifharsmoGm;aom wHvQyfuJhodkY jzpfonf/

tu,fí pHjytwdwfumvudk eufeuf½Idif;½Idif; oGm;MunhfNyD;

,if;umvwGif &SdcJhonhf yk*¾Kdvfrsm;\ tawGUtBuKHrsm;udk avh

vmppfaq;MunhfvQif ypöKyÜeftajctaersm;uJhodkYyif ESpfoufzG,f

r&SdEdkifonfudk awGU&rnfjzpfvsuf twdwfuyk*¾Kdvfrsm; udk,fwdkif

vnf; pHjytwdwfumv wpf&yftay: jyefvnfpOf;pm;rIudk tNrJ

wrf; tm½kHpdkufxm;Muonf/

odkYjzpfí ygVdt|uxmusrf;rsm;ü twdwfwGif &SdcJhMuonhf

rax&fausmfrsm;udk csD;rGrf;NyD; ypöu© &[ef;avmu tenf;qkH;

at'D 5 &mpkacwftcsdef\ rESpfoufzG,f obm0tay: oG,f

0dkufNyD; rSwfcsufjyKMuonfudk awGU&onf

1

/

ykHpHtm;jzihf rdrd\ wynhfjzpfol wdyd#uplVem*rax&f\

w&m;yGJodkY wufa&mufonhf wdyd#u plVmb,rax&ftaMumif;

jzpf&yfwGif t|uxmusrf;rsm;ü a&S;acwfax&frsm;onf "r®udk

Mum;emjcif;udk ESpfoufMuaMumif;ESihf (w&m;yGJudk) aMunmarmif;

cwfonfudk Mum;od&onfESihf tNydKiftqdkif w&m;emoGm;a&muf

MuaMumif; azmfjyonf

2

/ ,if;t|uxmpum;&yftm; tqdkyg

azmfjycsufudk a&;om;csdefu &[ef;tcsKdUonf "r®Mum;emrIudk

aumif;pGm *½kpdkufrIr&SdaMumif; oG,f0dkufazmfjyonhf t&dyft>ruf

tjzpf ,lqEdkifonf/

euf½Idif;onhf "r®a&;&m t"dutcsufrsm;ESihf ywfoufí

q&mESihfwynhftMum; jcm;em;onhf ,lqcsufrsm;&SdNyD; aemufqkH;

1

þae&mü ,aeYacwf t|uxmusrf;rsm;ü awGU&onhf azmfjycsufrsm;

rSm ,cif &mpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGm uwnf;u a&;om;xm;cJhonhf rl&if; oD

[dkVfbmom t|uxmusrf;rsm;udk ygVdbmomjyefqdkxm;jcif;jzpfaMumif;

owd&oihfonf/ odkYjzpfí ,if;azmfjycsufrsm;onf at'D 5 &mpkrwdkif

rDuyif wnf&SdcJhonhf &[ef;oHCmrsm;udk &nfñTef;onf/

2

ayg&mPuaw¬&m ud& yd,"r®ó0em a[mEÅd/ o'H okwGm0 t[H

yXrH t[H yXrEÅd {uyÜ[ma&ae0 Moo&EÅd ('D-| 2? 337/ r-| 1?

236/

wGif q&monf rdrdwynhf\ t,ltqudk yGifhvif;pGm vufcH

aMumif; od&onf/ þae&mwGif wpfzef t|uxmü plVokre

rax&f\ pdwfxm;BuD;jrwfrIudk csD;usL;vsuf ]a&S;acwf rax&f

rsm;onf remvdk0efwdkjcif; r&SdMu/ xdkt&SifwdkYonf MuHyif\

tpnf;uJhodkY rdrdESpfoufonfudkom r,lMu/ xdkt&SifwdkYonf

aMumif;usKd; qDavsmfonfudkom vufcHNyD; rnDñGwfonfudk

vufrcHMu}[k azmfjyonf

1

/ þazmfjycsufonf a,bk,stm;jzihf

xdkacwfu &[ef;rsm;onf taMumif;,kwådudk vufcHvdkpdwf r&Sd

MubJ rSm;onfjzpfap rSefonfjzpfap rdrdwdkY\ ,lqcsufrsm;udk

wif;Muyf acgif;rmpGm pGJudkifcJhMuaMumif; vSpfjyjcif;jzpfonf

2

/

rax&fBuD;rsm;tm; jyKpkvkyfauR;jcif;ESihf ywfoufí azmfjy

&mwGif t|uxmusrf;rsm;ü ],cktcgwGif a&S;acwf &[ef;

awmfrsm;onf þum; ig\OyZÑm,fq&mwnf;? "r®mp&d,q&m

wnf;[k pOf;pm; qifjcifvsuf rsufESmvdkufNyD; ½dkaorIudk rjyMu/

xdk&[ef;rsm;onf a&mufvmonhf ({nfhonfrsm;) uJhodkY jyKpkMu

\}[k qdkonf

3

/ þpmydk'fudk zwf&aomtcg ,if;udk a&;om;

pOfu &[ef;awmfrsm;onf rdrdwdkY\ q&m? OyZÑm,fq&mESihf

,if;odkYaom yk*¾Kdvfrsm;udkom 0wfBuD;0wfi,fjyKNyD; rdrdwdkY&if;ESD;

uRrf;0ifjcif; r&Sdonhf tjcm; rax&frsm;tay: rjyKMu[laom cH

1

ayg&mPduaw¬&m [d tEkok,sum a[mEÅd/ e twåaem ½kpð {0 OpäK

bm&H 0d, Ou©dydwGm 0dp&EÅd/ um&PH {0 *PSEÅd? tum&PH 0dóaZÆEÅd

('D-| 2? 337/ r-| 1? 236)/

2

odkY&mwGif a&S;acwf&[ef;vnf; ydkrdk aumif;rGefMuonfr[kwfacs/ aum

orÁDrS tjiif;oefonhf &[ef;rsm;onf Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf\ qkH;r Mo0g'

udkyif vufrcHbJ rajymyavmufonfh udpötay: rdrdwdkY\ tkyfpkuGJ

tjrifrsm;udk acgif;rmcH,lNyD; aMumif;usKd;rJhpGm pGJudkifcJhMuojzihf Ak'¨&Sif

awmfjrwfudk,fwdkif ausmif;wdkufrS xGufcGmNyD; awmxJwGif oDwif;okH;cJh

&ykHudk uREkfyfwdkY odMuonf/

3

ayg&mPubdu©L ud& e trSmuH OyZÑma,m trSm tmp&da,mwd rkcH

MoavmauwGm 0wåH ua&mEÅd/ orÜwåy&dapäa'ae0 ua&mEÅd ('D-| 1?

168/ oH-| 3? 220/ r-| 1? 260/ tbd-| 2? 334)/


&[ef;awmfrsm;\vlrIb0 3 NcKd;NcHpGmusihfokH;jcif; 359

azmfjyNyD;om"ursm;onf Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf vufxufawmf

ESihf Ak'ÿ&dedAÁmefpHvGefNyD;aemuf rsm;rMumrDtcsdefuyif vlaumif;

rsm;onf twdwfwGif&SdNyD; ypöu©vltrsm;rSm ESpfoufavmuf

zG,fr&SdbJ tem*wfrsKd;qufrsm;rSm arQmfvihfzG,f vkH;0raumif;

avmufatmif tusihfodu©m ysuf,Gif;rnf[laom tawG;tjrif

\ jyif;jyonhf tajccHwpfck&SdcJhaMumif; &Sif;vif;pGm azmfjyonf/

Ak'üdk,fwdkifvnf; rsufarSmufacwfxd qif;oufcJhaom ,if;

tawG;tjrifudk ay;cJhaMumif; od&onf/

,if;t,ltq vTrf;rdk;cH&onhf a&S;acwf oD[dkVf&[ef;awmf

rsm;onfvnf; obm0tm;jzihf ypöu©tajctaersm;udk rauseyf

rESpfoufbJ &SdMuonf/ xdk&[ef;awmfrsm; taejzihf ajymif;vJrI

rsm;[lonf ra&SmifvTJEdkifbJ ordkif; jzpf&yfrSefrsm; jzpfaMumif;

oabmrwlMuacs/ ,if;wdkY\ tjrift& ajymif;vJrIrsm;onf

qkwf,kwfrI\ vu©Pmrsm; jzpfonf/

odkYjzpfí ydkrdkí avmukwå&m w&m;zufudk pdwfoefonhf

&[ef;awmfrsm;onf xkH;pHtwdkif; pHjyjrifhjrwfonfh b0ESifh ywf

oufí twdwfudk jyefajymif; ajymjyMuonf/ ,if;odkYjyKjcif;jzihf

&[ef;awmfrsm;onf Ak'¨"r®\ tESpfom&udk em;vnfjcif;r&SdbJ

pmom;rQudk twdtus vdkufemcJhykH&vsuf tusKd;rSm arQmfvihf

xm;onhf twdkif;yif jzpfonf/

cdkifvkHonhf om"ursm;t& Ak'¨vufxufawmfu &[ef;

awmfrsm;onf a,bk,stm;jzihf aysmf½TifNyD; a&mifh&JMuaMumif;

od&onf/ wpfaeYwGif aumovbk&if yaoe'Donf ousEdkifiH

twGif;&Sd NrdKUwpfNrdKUü oDwif;okH;aeaom Ak'üdk oGm;a&mufzl;

ajrmfNyD; rdrdtaejzihf Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwftm; MunfnKd&jcif;\ t

aMumif;rsm;udk avQmufxm;onf/ aumov avQmufxm;onhf

taMumif;w&m;rsm;teuf wpfckrSm rif;BuD;onf tjcm;ausmif;

rsm;rS orPjA[®Prsm;rSm ydefvSD? Murf;MuKwf? ½kyfqdk;NyD; jzLyyfjzL

a&mf&SdMuvsuf cE¨mwpfudk,fvkH; taMumNydKif;NydKif; xaeMuonf

udk awGU&jcif;jzpfonf/

Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfonf t&Sifr[muóytm; &[ef;awmf

rsm;udk tMuHÓPf ay;&efESihf xdkudpöESihf ywfoufí w&m;a[m

Mum;&ef wdkufwGef;awmfrlonf/

odkYwap t&Sifr[muóyonf ,if;odkYjyK&ef rsm;pGm pdwf

xufoefjcif;r&Sdojzihf Ak'tm; þodkY jyefavQmuf\ ]t&Sifjrwf

bk&m;? ,cktcgü &[ef;awmfrsm;onf ajymvG,fqdkvG,f r&Sdyg

ukef/ emcHvdkpdwf r&Sdygukef/ tMuH ÓPfay;onfudk vufcHvdk

jcif; r&Sdygukef/ tmeE´m\ teD;aewynhf b@KESihf tEk½k'¨g\

teD;aewynhf tmbdÍÆduwdkYonf ]]vmprf;? rnfol ydk½GwfEdkifrnf

enf;? rnfol ydkNyD;aumif;aumif; ½GwfEdkifrnfenf;? rnfol ydkNyD;

MumMum ½GwfEdkifrnfenf;}}[k rdrd\todynmESihf ywfoufí

tcsif;csif; ESdrfhcs ajymqdkaeMuonfudk wynhfawmf awGUrdyg\}

1

/

xdktwl om0w¬dNrdKU&Sd aemufjzpf&yfESpfckwGif Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf

u t&Sifr[muóytm; &[ef;awmfrsm;tm; Mo0g'ay;&ef

rdefYMum;aomtcg t&Sifjrwfu &[ef;awmfrsm;onf qdk;½Gm;onf

[laom taMumif;jycsufjzihf aemufqHwif;aeNyD; jA[®p&d,udk

usihfokH;olwpfa,muftzdkY vdktyfonhf t&nftcsif;r&SdaMumif;

oG,f0dkufí avQmufxm;onf

2

/

1

oH 2? 204/

2

oH 2? 204/ tcgwpfyg;ü t&Sifr[muóy\ wynhfwpfyg;u

&mZN*dK[fteD;u t&SifjrwfoDwif;okH;onhf ausmif;ocFrf;udk rD;½IdUcJhonf

udk tu,fí owd&cJhygu t&Sifjrwf\ pdwfraumif;jzpfrIudk ydkí ESpf

oufEdkifrnfjzpfonf/ xdktcsdefu t&SifjrwfESihftwl wynhfESpfyg; oDwif;

okH;vsuf&SdNyD; wpfyg;rSm pdwfxm;aumif;rGefNyD; usefwpfyg;rSm qdk;onf/

tcgaygif;rsm;pGmyif t&Sifjrwfonf xdkwynhfqdk;tm; rdrd\ tjyKtrlrsm;

udk jyKjyif&ef Mo0g'ay;ojzihf ,if;&[ef;i,fonf rax&fjrwftay:

qefYusifonhf a'gocHpm;rIudk wnf;xm;onf/ wpfaeY t&Sifjrwf tjyif

odkY<uoGm;pOf aumufuspfol &[ef;i,fonf rax&f\ tokH;taqmif

ypönf;rsm;udk zsufqD;NyD; ocFrf;ausmif;udk rD;½IdUNyD; xGufajy;onf/ odkYjzpfí

t&Sifr[muóy rax&fBuD; &[ef;awmfrsm;tm; Mo0g'ray;vdkonfudk

tHhMozG,fr&Sdacs ("r®y'-| 1? 293)/ uk#d'loeZmwfawmfudkvnf; ½Iyg/



]uóy? xdktwdkif;yif jzpfay\} Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf oabmwl

awmfrlNyD; vuf&Sdypöu©tajctaeudk þodkY&Sif;jyonf ]a&S;tcg

wkef;u &[ef;awmfrsm;onf awmawmifrsm;ü aexdkifMu\/

qGrf;cHí toufarG; 0rf;ausmif;jyKMu\/ yHhoulouFef;rsm;udk

okH;aqmifMu\/ ouFef;okH;xnfom &SdMu\/ rnfonfht&mudkrQ

rwyfrufMuacs/ a&mifh&JvG,fMu\/ vltrsm;ESihf a&maESm,Suf

wif r&SdMubJ wpfudk,fwnf; aexdkifMu\/ vkHYv0D&d, &SdMu\/

odu©mokH;&yfudk jrwffEdk;Mu\}/ ,if;a[mawmfrlcsufonf odu©m

okH;&yfudk vdkufemusihfokH;&ef &[ef;i,frsm;tzdkY pdwf"mwfcGeftm;

udk `rSihfwifay;onf/

odkYwap ,cktcgü &[ef;awmfrsm;onf odu©mokH;&yfudk r

avhusihfMuacs/ ,cktcgü &[ef;wpfyg;onf tu,fí atmif

jrifausmfMum; vlodrsm;vmvQif? tu,fí ypönf;av;yg;udk

aygrsm;pGm &&SdvQif t&Sifjrwfrsm;onf ¤if;tm; vufcH½dkaoMu

vdrfhrnf/ &[ef;i,frsm;onfvnf; xdk&[ef;awmfrsm;\ pHerludk

vdkufemMuonf/ xif&Sm;ausmfMum;olrsm;onf jA[®p&d,tusihf

jrwf\ tEÅ&m,frsm; vTrf;rdk;cH&onf[k ajymEdkifMuonf

1

/

aemufwpfBudrfwGif r[muóyrax&fonf jrwfAk'¨tm;

tb,faMumihf a&S;tcgwkef;u oDv odu©myk'fenf;NyD; &[EÅm

rsm; ydkrdkrsm;jym;NyD; ,cktcgü oDvodu©myk'frsm;NyD; &[EÅmyk*¾Kdvf

tenf;i,f om&SdMuygoenf;[k avQmufxm;onf/

Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfu ]uóy? xdktwdkif; rSefay\/ vltrsm;

tusihfysufjym;NyD; "r®aumif;rsm; aysmufuG,foGm;aomtcg

oDvodu©myk'frsm; rsm;jym;vmNyD; &[ef;tenf;i,fom &[EÅm

tjzpfudk &&SdMu\} a[mawmfrlonf

2

/

1

oH 1? 205/

2

,if;? 205/ b'´gvd&[ef;u Ak'&Sifawmfjrwftm; tvm;wl ar;cGef;

rsKd; ar;avQmufcJhNyD; tvm;wl tajzay;cJhonf/ Ak'¨&Sifawmf jrwfu

odu©myk'fynwf&ef taMumif;w&m; rjzpfay:rcsif; ynwfawmfrrl

aMumif; rdefYMum;awmfrlonf (r 2? 101)/

Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf y&dedAÁmefpHvGefawmfrlNyD;aemuf tcgwpfyg;

ü t&Sifr[muóyrax&fu t&SiftmeE´mtm; vlxGufNyD;

rdrdudk,fudk rapmihfpnf;Muaom &[ef;i,frsm;ESihftwl oGm;vm

aejcif;ESihf ywfoufí jypfwif ½Iwfcsawmfrlonf/ t&Sifr[m

uóyonf t&SiftmeE´mtm; twdkif;twm yrmPudk rod

onhf uav; (ukrm&u) [k ac:awmfrlonf/

t&SiftmeE´monf rdrdOD;acgif;ay:ü qHjzLrsm;&Sdaom tcsddef

rSmyif t&Sifr[muóyrax&fu rdrdtm; ukrm&u (uav;

i,f) [k ac:yg[k awmif;yefonf/ t&Sifr[muóyrax&fu

,if;odkY jzpfjcif;rSm pdwfudk rxdef;csKyfbJ wm0efrodwwfaom

&[ef;i,frsm;aMumifh jzpfaMumif; qufvufrdefY Mum;onf

1

/

Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf y&dedAÁmefpHvGefNyD;aemuf yg&my&d,trnf&Sd

onhf rax&fwpfyg;onf &[ef;awmfrsm;\ *kPfodu©m edrfhus

rIESihf ukd,fusihfw&m; ysuf,Gif;rIESihf ywfoufNyD; &Snfvsm;pGm

awG;onf/ xdk&[ef;u Ak'&Sifawmfjrwf oufawmfxif&Sm;&SdpOf

u &[ef; awmfrsm;onf jA[®p&d,udk usifhMuHcJhMuaomfvnf;

,cktcgürl pdwfrcsrf;ajrUzG,f&m udk,fusihfodu©medrfhus ysuf

,Gif;aeMuNyD; raumif;rIrsm;ESifh jynfhESufaeMuonf/ xdkBuD;jrwf

onhf &[EÅmBuD;rsm;onf ,cktcgü y&dedAÁmefpHvGefawmfrlMuNyD/

,if;odkYaom yk*¾Kdvfrsm;um; ,cktcg &Sm;yg;vSay\}[k pdwfr

csrf;omjzpfonf

2

/

zkótrnf&onhf aemufrax&fwpfyg;u tem*wfwpfcsdef

ü &[ef;awmfrsm;onf pdwfysufzG,f tusihfysufNyD; udk,fusihf

w&m;edrhfusrnfjzpfNyD; Ak'¨bk&m;&Sif wm;jrpfonhf tvkyfrsm;

aMumihf tjypf&SdMuvsuf avmuDvlom;wdkY\ b0aeenf;jzihf ae

xdkifMuvdrfhrnf

3

/

1

oH 1? 418/

2

ax&*gxm? 254/

3

,if;? 340/



odkYwap þae&mü rax&fonf rSm;,Gif;pGm em;vnf

odkYr[kwf oHo,vGefuJjcif; jzpfonf/ 0denf;odu©myk'frsm;t&

aqGrsKd;rawmfonhf bdu©KeDrxHrS qGrf;udkvufcHrIudkom wm;jrpf

onf/ tu,fí &[ef;onf aqGrsKd;awmfpyfonhf bdu©KeDrxHrS

qGrf;udk tv ªcH,lvQif 0dodu©myk'ft& tjypf r&Sdacs

1

/

odkY&mwGif em*rax&fonf pdk;&drfvGefuJNyD; ]aqGrsKd;rawmf

onhf bdu©KeDrxHrS qGrf;udkyif vufrcH&vQif udk,fhESrt&if;jzpf

onhf bdu©KeDryifjzpfap bdu©KeDrtm;vkH;xHrS qGrf;udk tb,f

aMumihf vufcHrnfenf;/ odkYjzpfrl tjypf&Sd&ef tcGifhtvrf;

tenf;i,frQyif &Sdawmhrnfr[kwf}[k pOf;pm;cJhonf/

o'¨gw&m;aumif;onhf &[ef;awmfrsm;onf pdwfydkif;b0

wdk;wufrIESihf todÓPfxl;udk &&Sdjcif;twGuf 0de,odu©myk'frsm;

udkom ,EÅ&m;qefpGm wnfrSDcJhMuykHudk azmfusL;&ef pHjyykHpHtjzpf

udk;um;Edkifonhf pdwf0ifpm;zG,f jzpf&yfwpfckudk 0dok'dr*f ü

azmfjyonf/

pdwå*kwårax&fonf a&m[Pe,f? r[m*gr½GmteD;

uk&@u r[mavPtwGif; ESpf 60 xufrenf; oDwif;okH;cJh

onf/ ,if;vkdPf*lxJwGif bk&m;&SifckepfqlwdkY\ awmxGufcef;

o½kyfazmf vSyonhf yef;csDaq;a&;rsm; &Sdonf/ ,if;vkdPf*lodkY

tvnftywf <ua&mufvmMuonfh &[ef;awmfrsm;onf Xmae

rax&fBuD;tm; xkdyef;csDum;wdkY\ tvSudk ESpfoufaMumif;

avQmufxm;Muonf/ ]t&Sifbk&m;wdkY? wynhfawmfonf þvkdPf

*lü tESpf 60 ausmfaexdkifcJhyg\/ odkY&mwGif wynhfawmfonf

yef;csDaq;a&;rsm; &Sdonfudkyif rod&SdcJhyg/ ,aeYwGifusrSomvQif

rsufvkH;&SdMuonhf þ&[ef;awmfrsm;aMumihf xdkyef;csDaq;a&;rsm;

udk wynhfawmf od&ygonf}/

1

0d 2? 222/

2

0dok'¨dr*¾ 1? 38/ þjzpf&yfudk tjcm;t"dyÜm,fjzihf a&SUydkif;wGif azmfjycJhNyD;

jzpfonf/

]odkY&mwGif t&Sifbk&m;\ ausmif;wkdufü &[ef;awmfrsm;onf

aysmf½Tifvef;qef;vsuf? pdwf"mwf wuf<uvsuf? arGUavsmfvsuf?

½kyf£a`E´ Munfvifvsuf? aomuuif;a0;NyD; wnfNidrf at;csrf;

vsuf ayghyg;aom ESvkH;om;jzihf aexdkifvsuf &Sdygukef\/ þ

&[ef;awmfrsm;onf t&Sifbk&m; a[mMum;onfh w&m;awmf rsm;

BuD;jrwfjynhf0onhf crf;em;rIudk trSefyif oabmaygufMu

onf[k xifyg onfbk&m;}[k avQmufxm;onf/

rif;BuD;xGufcGmoGm;NyD;aemuf Ak'¨u &[ef;awmfrsm;tm;

aumovrif;BuD;\ avQmufxm;csufrsm;udk em;vnf&efwdkuf

wGef;NyD; ,if;odkYjzihf aumovrif; azmfjyonfh cHpm;csufudk rSef

uefaMumif; rdefYawmfrlonf

1

/

,if;azmfjycsufonf a&S;acwfrsm;ü b0tay: &[ef;awmf

rsm;\ oabmxm;rSm aysmf½Tif aumif;rGefaMumif; azmfjyonfrSm

aocsmonf/ &[ef;rsm;onf twGif;oEÅmefü okefokefrIefrIef

wtkH aEG;aEG;pOf;pmNyD; raumif;jrifavh&SdcJhykHr&acs/

wpfaeYvQif wpfxyfompm;NyD; ½dk;om;at;csrf;onhf b0jzihf

&[ef;awmfrsm;\ ½kyfoGifonf ,if;okdY tvGefMunfvif&ykH ar;

cGef;udk Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfu ]&[ef;rsm;onf twdwfudk ylyefrae?

tem*wf udkvnf; wrf;wrae? ypöKyÜefrSm aexdkifMu\/ odkYjzpfí

&[ef;awmfrsm;\ cE¨mudk,f Munfvif 0if;y\/ tem*wfudk

wtkHaEG;aEG; pOf;pm;jcif; twdwfudk ylyefjcif;jzihf vlrdkufrsm;onf

atmufodkY a<uusonhf opf½Gufpdrf;uJhodkY ajcmufaoGUoGm;&\}[k

ajzMum;awmfrlonf

2

/

,if;aumif;rGefonhf oabmxm;onf tcsdefumv\ jzpf

pOfwGif ajymif;vJrIrsm;udk jzpfay:apcJhykH&vsuf ]&[ef;aumif;

rsm;}onf b0tay: ted|m½kHoabmxm;udk vufcHcJhonf[kqdk

EdkifzG,f &Sdonf/ orEÅygom'dumESihf r[m0Ho ESpfusrf;vkH;rSmyif

1

r 2? 320 ("r®apwd,okwf)/

2

oH 1? 5/



o½kyfazmf udk;um;Edkifonhf jzpf&yf0w¬K wpfckudk azmfjyMuonf

1

/

wpfaeYoü rif;om; (wdó) onf trJvdkufpOf om;orif

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2

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at'D 5 &mpkwGif oD[dkVfü ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm aexdkifcJhol

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3

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at'D 7 &mpk oD[dkVf&[ef;awmfrsm;\ bmoma&;b0

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pGrf;&nfrsm;aMumif; xif&Sm;Mu\/ ¤if;wdkY\ rSefuefonhf udk,f

usihfw&m;onf aemifvmaemifom;rsm;twGuf pHerljzpf\/ ¤if;

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4

/

1

tH-| 2? 132/

2

0dok'¨dr*¾ 1? 305/

3

Fa Hien, p. 107. 4

Hiuen Tsiang, Bk. XI, P. 247.

00000000


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2

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1

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2

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rawGU&acs/



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1

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1

r 3? 234/

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1

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2

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3

/ jAm[®Pwpfa,muf

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4

ojzifh

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jiif;qdkMuonf/

1

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2

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(twGif;pdwfu) ZmwfcGJjcm;rIrsm;udk awGUjrif&onf/

3

tao;pdwfrsm;udk Manu. iv 80, 81; viii 413, 414, xi 73087, xii, 43 wGif

½Iyg/

4

'D 3? 68 (t*¾nokwf)? r 2? 355 (tóvm,eokwf)/



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1

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1

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2

/

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1

okwåed? 298 (0ovokwf)/

2

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&Sdacs/ o'¨gwdóuJhodkYaom rif;aumif;wpfyg;onfyif rk@*kwå

trnf&Sdol qif;&Jom; wpfa,mufydkifonhf EGm;rudk EdkYxGuf

tvGefaumif;onf[k owif;Mum;aomaMumihf t"r®&,l&ef ESpf

oufcJhaMumif; od&onf/ qif;&Jom;a,musfm;u a'ocHtmPm

&Sdol\ rdom;pkudk EdkYcsOfykHrSef tcrJh ay;&ef ysufuGufaomaMumihf

xdkqif;&Jom;tm; pdwfqdk;a'goxGufNyD; ,if;a'ocH tmPmydkif

u bk&ifrif;tm; em;0ifatmif ajymqdkcJhaomaMumihfjzpfonf

2

/

o'¨gwdóuJhodkYaom bmomw&m;MunfnKdonf[k xif&Sm;aom

bk&ifwpfyg;\ ,if;odkYaom a&Smifwcifjzpf&yfudk jzefYjzL;ay;&ef

tu,fí usrf;pmrsm;u wGefYqkwfjcif;r&SdvQif xdkqif;&Jom;

awmom;wpfa,muf\ uHMur®monf tMuifemrJhonhf tpdk;&

t&m&Sdrsm;\ vufü rnfodkY&Sdrnfudk pOf;pm;Munhf&ef rcufacs/

xif&Sm;pGm a½G;cs,fxm;onhf ygvDref\ vkyfaqmifrI\

rnfonhf ysufuGufrIwGifrqdk jynfolvlxkrSm EdkifiHa&; tajct

aeodkY vlxktcGifhta&; oabmw&m;wpfck wdk;wuf&ef tcGihf

tvrf;rsKd; r&Sdacs/

vlxk\ oufarG;0rf;ausmif; vkyfudkifaqmif½GufrIrsm;wGif

tcef; 2 wGif awGUjrifcJhMu&onftwdkif; pdkufysKd;a&;onf yxr

jzpfonf/ ta&;ay:umvrsm;wGif tpm;tpm xkwfvkyf&ef

tm;ay;onhf taejzihf a&ajrUt&Sif bk&ifrif;udk,fwkdif v,fajr

odkY uGif;qif;NyD; tjcm;olrsm;ESihftwl yg0ifaqmif½Gufonftxd

*kPfjyK ta&;ygaom vkyfief;tjzpf pdkufysKd;a&;vkyfief;udk ,lqcJh

1

See Badulla Pilla Inscription. 2

&o0g[deD 2? 33/

(1) Ak'¨0g'onf ZmwfcGJjcm;rI pepfudk w&m;rQw odkYr[kwf

aumif;onf[k vufrcHacs

(2) odkY wap ZmwfcGJjcm;rIonf vltzGJUtpnf;wGif tppftrSef

w&m;wpf cktjzpf wnf&SdNyD;jzpfaomaMumihf ,if;pepfudk ur®

oDtkd&Djzihf &Sif;vif;cJhonf

(3) odkYwap udk,fusihfw&m; pdwfydkif;b0 tm;xkwfrI\ &

vm'frSm rnfonhf trsKd;Zmwfxufrqdk tqihfydkjrihfonf/

tcsKdUaom vlYtzGJUtpnf;rsKd;wGif tawG;tjriftcsKdUrSm t

jcm;wpfrsKd;xuf ydkrdkvlodrsm;vmonfrSm obm0w&m;jzpfonf/

odkYjzpfí ya'o&mZfpepf vlYtzGJUtpnf;wGif 'kwd,t&mudk yx

rt&mxuf ydkí vufcHEdkifonf/ wwd,t,ltqtm; t,lpGJ

oefol jA[®PrSwpfyg; tjcm;rnfonhf aMumif;usKd; qDavsmf

olrS ry,fpGefYEdkifacs/ odkYjzpfí yk*¾Kdvfwpfa,muf\ twdwfuH

t& Zmwfedrfh ZmwfjrihfwGif arG;zGm;onf[laom plVur®0db*F

okwfawmfwGif >rufqdkonhf ,lqcsufonf ya'o&mZfacwf oD

[dkVfwGif vlom;rsKd;EG,frsm;tMum; tppftrSeftm;jzihf arG;&myg

jcm;em;csufr&Sd[laom 0gao|okwfvm tawG;tjrifxuf ydkí

vlBudKufESpfoufoGm;ykH&onf

1

/

a&S;acwfoD[dkVfEdkifiHwGif oD[dkVfAk'¨0g'Drsm;tm; xdktawG;t

jrifrsm; vTrf;rdk;cJhonfrSm xif&Sm;onf/ odkY&mwGif tdEd,rSmuJhodkY

wif;usyfaom Zmwfpepfr[kwfacs

2

/ ,if;onf vlUavmutvTm

wGifomjzpfNyD; jA[®P0g' ZmwfpepfuJhodkY bmoma&;t& r[kwf

acs/ vlwpfa,muf\ Zmwfonf edrfhusaomfvnf; avmukwå&m

1

vlom;tm;vkH; arG;&mygtm;jzihf wlnDonf[laom yxr,lqcsufonf

acwfopf vlrI pD;yGm;ESihf EdkifiHa&; wdk;wufrIrsm;atmufwGif acwfopf 'Drdk

u&ufwpf oD[dkVfEdkifiHwGif ydkí vlBudKufrsm;aeonf/

2

odkY&mwGif cwåd,ESihf jA[®PwdkYrS wpfyg; Zmwfrwlolrsm;ESihf tdrfaxmifjyK

jcif;udpör&Sd[k qdkonf/ uk@em*rif; (248-249 at'D)onf jA[®P t

rsKd;orD;jzpfonf (r[m0Ho 36? 23/ &o0g[ddeD 2? 7)/ oD[dkVfESifh wrd;vf

rsm; vufxyfjcif; &SdaMumif;vnf; od&onf/ r[m'gXdu r[mem*rif;



pdwfydkif;b0 xdk;xGif;odjrifrI tcGifhta&;½IaxmihfrSrl rnfolYudkrQ

cGJjcm;rIr&Sdacs

1

/ Oyrmqdkrl qif;&Jom;tm; qif;&Jjcif;[laom t

aMumif;aMumihf tqdkyg tcGifhta&;rSm jcm;em;jcif; r&Sd/ Zmwfedrfh

olonf qif;&Jom;uJhodkYyif twdwfb0 tukodkvfuHaMumihfom

jzpfonf/ ,if;onf Ak'¨0g'½Iaxmifht& u½kPma&SUxm;í Muif

empGm qufqH&efom jzpfonf/ ,if;trsKd;Zmwf trsKd;rsKd;onf

rcsKd;azmuf odkYr[kwf rvGefusL;ap&aom 'kr*Fv okr*Fvudpö

rsm;ESihfywfoufonhf "avhxkH;pHtcsKdUudk vdkufem&onf

2

/

bk&ifonf EdkifiHawmfwpfckvkH;\ tcsKyftjcm tmPmydkifpdk;

oljzpfaomfvnf; a'ocHvlxk\ axmufcHrIjzihf bk&ifht&m&Sdrsm;

tkyfcsKyfonhf a'oqdkif&m udpö&yfrsm;wGif vlxkonf tawmf

twef 'Drdkua&pDenf;us vGwfvyfcGifh&SdykH&onf

3

/ oD[dkVfuRef;

udk e,fy,f odkYr[kwf &| rsm; ydkif;jcm;xm;NyD; ,if;&|rsm;udk

wpfzef tkyfcsKyfa&;vG,fulap&ef aus;½Gmq,fckygonhf tkyfpk

rsm; cGJjcm;xm;jyefonf/

Vevalkariy ausmufpmt& ,if;aus;½Gmtkyfpkrsm;twGif;

]rIcif;a&;&m tqkH;tjzwfrsm;udk bk&ifhaumifpD t&m&Sdrsm;\

vufatmufcH aus;½Gmacgif;aqmifrsm;ESihf wm0ef&Sd tdrfaxmifOD;

(at'D 67-79) wGif 'rdVa'0Dtrnf&Sdonhf rdzk&m;wpfyg;&Sdonf (tH-| 1?

13)/ pE´rkcod0rif; (at'D 103-112)\ rdzk&m;onfvnf; wrD;vf

trsKd;orD;jzpfonf ('Dy0Ho 21? 45)/

1

odkY&mwGif trÁ*rk0 ausmufpm (E.Z. II, p. 210 ff. lines 34-35) wGif yxr

0dZ,Am[k (at'D 1059-1114)onf od&dyg' (Ak'ajcawmf&m) wnf&Sd

onhf txufqihf oraemvawmif (Adam's Peak) \ atmufwGif

Zmwfedrfholrsm; xdkapwDudk zl;ajrmfEdkif&ef apmif;wef;wpfck wnfaqmuf

aMumif; qdkonf/ Ak'bmom 0wfjyKqkawmif;jcif;ü ,if;cGJjcm;rIonf xkH;

pH r[kwfbJ awGUawmihfawGUcJ aqmif½ GufrIom jzpfonf/

2

E.Z. I, p. 246 or 247; Vevalkariya Inscription, lones 32-34. 3

a'ocHvlxk[lonf ,aeYacwf oD&dvuFmEdkifiH&Sd aus;½GmaumfrwD\ a&SU

ajy;ykHpHjzpfonf/

pD;rsm;jzihf zGJUpnf;xm;onhf a'oqdkif&m w&m;½kH;u qkH;jzwf

onf/ ,if;aus;½Gm w&m;½kH;udk bk&ihfaumifpDESihf trwfrsm;u

csrSwfxm;onhf Oya'rsm; oufa&mufap&ef tqdkyg aus;½Gm w

&m;½kH;udk trdefYtmPm ay;xm;onf/ ykHpHtm;jzihf ,if;aus;½Gm

½kH;awmfonf Oay'csKd;azmufolrsm;xHrS &&Sdonhf owfrSwf 'Pf

aiG rsm;rSwpfyg; vlowfrIESifh vk,ufrIrsm;udk ppfaq;EdkifNyD;

tcsKdUtrIrsm;wGif ao'Pfudkyif ay;Edkifonf}

1

/

xdktwlyif ]a'oqdkif&m ukefoG,frIESihf tjcm; aumfydka&;

&Sif;rsm;tm; 'PfaiGrsm;pnf;MuyfaumufcH&ef? vlolowf&mZ0wf

om;rsm;tm; zrf;qD;&efESihf w&m;Oya'a&;&m pDrHaqmif½GufrI

wGif bk&ihft&m&Sdrsm;tm; ulnD&ef vkyfydkifcGifh ay;xm;onf

2

/

uefYowftcsdefwpfcktwGif; ¤if;wdkY\ ydkifeuftwGif; ½Gmom;wdkY

udk zrf;csKyfjcif; &mZ0wfrIusL;vGefolrsm;tm; jypf'Pfay;jcif;rsm;

twGufrSm pkaygif;tkyfcsKyfolrsm;\ wm0efjzpfNyD; wm0efudk csKd;

azmufolrsm;&SdcJhvQif vlxkudk jypf'Pfrsm;udk csrSwfonf

3

/

jypfrItrsKd;rsKd;twGuf jypf'Pfrsm;rSm tvGefyif &ufpuf

Murf;MuKwfonf/ ao'Pf? udk,fcEmtpdwftydkif;rsm;udk jzwf

awmufjcif;? oHyluyfí udk,fcEmrSm trSwfwHqdyfjyKjcif;? jypf

'PfusL;vGefolrsm;tm; &J&JeDatmif zkwfxm;onhf oHylay:wGif

zdeyfrygonhf ajcjzihf twif;tMuyf jzwfavQmufckdif;jcif;ponf

wdkYrSm ,if;jypf'Pfrsm;rS tcsKdUjzpfonf/

vltcsKdUrSm a'oqdkif&m tmPm&Sdolrsm;\ tEdkifusihfjcif;

vkyfMuHjcif; cHMu&onf/ xdkodkYaom tajctaersm;wGif ½Gmol½Gm

om;rsm;onf wpfcgwpf&H bk&ifrif; Xmersm;pGmodkY tcgtm;

avsmfpGm wdkif;cef;vSnfhvnfpOf wifjyMuvsuf bk&ifu ,if;odkY

aom w&m;Oya'ESihf rnDnGwf w&m;rrQwaom tjyKtrlrsm;udk

1

W Wickremasinghe : E.Z. I, p. 244. 2

Paranavitana : E.Z. III, p. 74. 3

Vevalkariya Inscription, E.Z. III, p. 245.



½GufvTifhvsuf ukefonfrsm; c&D;oGm;MuNyD; tcsKdUrSm ,if;wdkif;

jynfrsm;ü ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm Mumonf

1

/ at'D 7 &mpk\ aemufqkH;

ESpf0uf odkYr[kwf 8 &mpk tpydkif; ouúwbmoma&; wd&d,m,

ausmufpm (Tiriyāy Rock Inscription)wGif

2

]a&mif;0,frIudk aqmif

½GufNyD; oabFmay:wGif wifaqmifxm;onhf ukefypönf; trsKd;rsKd;

udk jyoonfh yifv,fa&aMumif; uRrf;usifol ukefonf tkyfpk

rsm;taMumif;} azmfjyxm;onf/ ,if;ukrÜPDrsm;udk Ak'¨&Sifawmf

jrwf aAm"dÓPfudk &NyD;aemuf yxrqkH; qGrf;qufuyfNyD; urÇm

ay:wGif yxrqkH;aom Ak'¨0g'D Oygoumrsm;tjzpf ,lqcH&

onhf xif&Sm;onhf Ak'¨0g'D wykóESihf bv †du emrnfrsm;jzihf

rSnfhac:Muonf

3

/

1

&o0g[deD 2? 139/ 171/ 192/ ok0PÖblrdEdkifiHonf ,if;wdkYteuf

wpfEdkifiHjzpfaMumif; azmfjyonf/

2

E. Z. IV, p. 158 and 314. 3

þausmufpmonf at'D 7 odkYr[kwf 8 &mpkwGif wnf&SdcJhonfh ukef

onftkyfpkrsm;udk &nfñTef;oavm? odkYwnf;r[kwf ausmufpmyg Trapus-sakairv Vallikakairv Vanigganaih ]MwykóuESihf bv’duu trnf&onhf

ukefonftkyfpk}[laom pum;vkH;rsm;rSm rnfonfudk twdtus t"dyÜm,f

qdkvdkonfESihf ywfoufí t,ltq jcm;em;csufrsm; &SdcJhykH&onf/ y&e0d

weyk*¾Kdvfu ,if;pum;vkH;rsm;rSm Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf aAm"dÓPfudk &NyD;

aemuf rsm;rMumrD Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwftm; qGrf;qufuyfcJhonhf wykó

bv’duESihf ¤if;wdkY\ aemufvdkufaemufyg ukefonfrsm;udk &nfñTef;onf

[k ,lqcJhonf/ Rao Bahadur K.N. Dikshit yk*¾Kdvfu ,if;onf ]wykó

ESihf bv’duwdkY\ wynhfaemufygrsm; jzpfonf}[k ,lqonf/ B. Ch.

Chhabra url wykóESihf bv’dutrnf&Sd ukefonftkyfpkESpfckrSm Ak'¨&Sif

awmfjrwftm; yxrqkH; qGrf;udk qufuyfcJhMuonhf wykó bv’duESifh

¤if;wdkY\ aemufygrsm;udk &nf½G,faomfvnf; þausmufpmudk ra&;xkd;rD

wd&d,m, t&yfü bk&m;ausmif; wnfaqmufcJhMuonhf ukefonfrsm;

tjzpf ,l&rnf[k wdkufwGef;xm;onf/ pD;yGm;a&; tajccHwpfckudk enf;

vrf; trsKd;rsKd;jzihf rSnhfac:Edkifonf/ ,if;trnfudk ydkifqdkifol\ trnf

odkYr[kwf xif&Sm;ausmfMum;ol wpfa,muf\ trnfrsm;jzihf rSnfhac:Edkif

onf/ 'k|*grPDonf {Vm&aus;rif;udk wdkufckdufrnfh ppfqif

a&;rpwifrDwGif 'DC0gydt&yf (r[m0gvd**Fgjrpf awmifzuf&Sd

ta&SUzsm; a'o)&Sd us,fajymonhf e,fajrrsm;ü xGef,ufpdkufysKd;

a&;aqmif½Guf&ef nDawmfwdótm; vTJtyfcJhaMumif; qdkonf

2

/

csrf;omonhf v,form;rsm;onf vl&maygif;rsm;pGmudk zdwf

Mum;auR;arG;vsuf pyg;pdkufysKd;jcif;ESihfqdkifonhf crf;em;aom

v,fxGefr*Fvmudk usif;yMuonf

3

/ tjcm;olrsm;\ v,fajr

rsm;wGif pyg;vSnfhctaejzihf rdrd&&Sdonfh pyg;tenf;i,fudk

tjrwfjzihfacs;iSm;&mrS csrf;omoGm;aom tvGefYtvGef qif;&Jol

wpfa,muftaMumif; Mum;&avmufatmifyif pyg;rSm tusKd;jzpf

xGef;onhf ukefoG,fpD;yGm;jzpfonf

4

/

awmPd*vausmufpmt& pyg;omru tjcm;pdkufysKd;oD;ESH

rsm;udkvnf; tjrwftpGrf;rsm;ay;aMumif;ESihf trSefaomf oD;ESH

rsKd;pkHudk tjrwf aumif;aumif;jzihf tyfESHEdkifrnfjzpfaom oD;ESHodk

avSmifbPfrsm;yif&SdaMumif; od&onf/ ,if;ausmufpmt&yif

pyg;tjyif tjcm;oD;ESHrsm;udkvnf; us,fjyefYpGm pdkufysKd;aMumif;

em;vnf&onf/ a,bk,stm;jzihf vlcsrf;omwpfa,muf[lonf

udk pyg;? yJESihf tjcm;oD;ESHrsm;ydkifqdkifoltjzpf azmfjyonf

5

/

r[m0Housrf;ü emrnfausmf a*gXdrÁ&wdkY nDtpfudk pdkufysKd;onhf

yJcif;taMumif;udk azmfjyxm;onf

6

/

þacwftydkif;tjcm;wGif tkef;yifpdkufysKd;jcif; taMumif;ESihf

tvkHtavmuf rMum;&jcif;rSm qef;aomfvnf; tkef;yifpdkufysKd;

jcif;rSm tvGef xif&Sm;onf/ &o0g[deDusrf;

7

ü a&m[P t&yf

1

&o0g[deD 2? 113/

2

,if;? 69/

3

,if;? 116/

4

,if;? 125/

5

&o0g[deD 2? 131/

6

r[m0Ho 28? 51/

7

&o0g[deD 2? 94/



&Sd uyÜuE´&0d[m&wGif BuD;rm;onhf tkef;cif;&SdaMumif; azmfjy

onf/ r[m0Housrf;

1

üvnf; yxrt*¾aAm"drif; (at'D 568-

601) wnfaqmufonhf uk½kE´ausmif;wdkuftm; okH;,lZem us,f

0ef;onhf tkef;jcH (emvdau&m&mrH wda,mZeH) wpfck taMumif;

azmfjyonf/ BuHpdkufysKd;a&;rSmvnf; xif&Sm;NyD; oMum;puf½kH t

aMumif;udkyif od&onf

2

/

at'D 7 &mpkwGif [l,ifqefu oD[dkVfEdkifiH\ pdkufysKd;a&;

csrf;om<u,f0ykHtaMumif;udk þodkYa&;cJhonf ]ajronf csrf;om

NyD; ajrMoZmaumif;\/ &moDOwkrSm yl\/ ajrudk ykHrSef xGef,uf

pdkufysKd;Mu\/ yef;refopfoD;rsm; aygrsm;\}

3

/

uJREGm;arG;jrLa&;rSmvnf; pdkufysKd;a&;uJhodkYyif tusKd;jzpf

xGef;onf/ EdkYxGufEGm;rwpfaumif\ wefzdk;rSm 8 u[myPESihf

12 u[myPtMum; wefzdk;&Sdonf

4

/ ykHrSeftm;jzihf EGm;r

wpfaumifudk eHeufwpfBudrf naewpfBudrf EdkYñSpfonf

5

/ csrf;

omonhf v,form;wpfa,mufonf uRJEGm;rsm;pGmESihf v,fajr

rsm;udk ydkifqkdif&ef arQmfvifhonf/ taMumif;rSm ,if;wd&dpämefrsm;

rSm pdkufysKd;a&;twGuf r&Sdrjzpf vdktyfaomaMumifh jzpfonf/

EGm;tkyfrsm;ESihf oD;jcm;aus;½Gmrsm;ESihf tcef;ESpfwGif azmfjyNyD;

onhftwdkif; eHeufwGif uRJEGm;ausmif;&ef xGufoGm;NyD; naewGif

6

tdrfjyefonfh uRJEGm;ausmif;olrsm; Mum;od&onftxd us,fjyefY

aomtwdkif;twmjzihf a&S;acwf oD[dkVfwGif uRJEGm;arG;jrLa&;vkyf

1

r[m0Ho 42? 16/

2

tH-| 1? 395/ &o0g[deD 2? 143/ (&o0g[deDü ,EÅbwð [laom

a0g[m&udk okH;xm; NyD; ,if;udk o'¨r®mvuFm&usrf;ü oMum;puf½kHwGif

tvkyfvkyfjcif;[k t"dyÜm,fjyefxm;onf/

3

Hiuen Tsiang : Bk. XI, p. 235.

4

&o0g[deD 2? 32/ tH-| 1? 277/ 5

tH-| 1? 395/

6

&o0g[deD 2? 22/

ief;rsm;udk aqmif½GufMuonf/ a&SUtcef;rsm;wGif awGUcJh&onhf

twdkif; EGm;om;udk pm;okH;jcif;rSm vlrIa&;t& a&SmifMuOfrIwpf&yf

jzpfojzihf uRJEGm;rsm;udk EdkYESihf pdkufysKd;a&;twGuf trsm;qkH; arG;

jrLNyD; tom;twGuf r[kwfonfrSm aocsmonf/

jynfwGif; jynfyukefoG,frIrSm BuD;rm;onhf vkyfief;jzpf

onf/ ukefonfrsm;onf pD;yGm;a&;tvkyfjzihf EdkifiHwpf0ef;vkH;odkY

vSnfhvnf oGm;vmMuaMumif;

1

od&NyD; tcsKdUrSm *sif;uJhodkYaom

ukefypönf;rsm;udk pkaqmif;vsuf rv,uJhodkYaom ae&mrsm;odkY

vSnf;rsm;jzihf oGm;Muonf

2

/ A'kv †ausmufpmwGif r[d,*FPt

eD;&Sd a[m#dyd*grü 10 &mpk aps;ae&mwpfck\ ½kyfykHvTmudk &Sif;

vif;pGm azmfjyxm;onf

3

/

xdkae&mwGif qdkifae&mrsm;udk tcGefaqmif&rnfh ukefypönf;

trsKd;rsKd;udk a&mif;csjcif;ESihf oD;jcm;cGJxm;onf/ i½kyfaumif;ESihf

ZmwdyæKdvfoD;rsm;udkyif ,if;udk 0,f&efvmolrsm;tm; xkdqdkifrsm;

ü a&mif;cs&NyD; tu,fí ,if;wdkYudk tjcm;ae&mrsm;ü a&mif;cs

vQif aps;wm0efcH tmPmydkifrsm;u a&mif;csolrsm;tm; z,f&Sm;

Edkifonf/ cGifhjyKtav;csdefESihf twdkif;twmtm;vkH;udk tpdk;&wH

qdyf ½dkufESdyfxm;onf/ ]arSmifckdaps;}udk awGU&NyD; ,if;rSm w&m;

r0ifacs/ ukefypönf;tm;vkH;udk aMunm&rnfjzpfNyD; raMunm

onhf ukefypönf;udk awGU&vQif xdkukefypönf;rsm;rS tcGefESpfqudk

aumufcHonf/ a&mif;cs&ef r&nf½G,fonhf ae&mrsm;ü ukef

ypönf;rsm;udk csdefwG,f wdkif;wmrnfr[kwfacs/ ukefoG,frItm;vkH;

udk OykofaeYrsm;ü &yfqdkif;xm;&rnfjzpfonf/

EdkifiHjcm;wdkif;jynfrsm;ESihf ukefa&mif;ukef0,frI trsm;tjym;

&SdcJhonf/ pD;yGm;a&;udpöjzihf EdkifiHjcm; wkdif;jynfrsm;odkY oabFmrsm;

1

,if;? 136/

2

r[m0Ho 38? 21/

3

E. Z. III, p. 74.



tcsKdUrSm tjcm;yk*¾Kdvfrsm;\ v,fwGif pyg;tiSm;&dwfjcif;

1

?

vlcsrf;omtdrfrsm;ü tvkyfvkyfjcif;

2

uJhodkYaom qef;jym;onhf t

vkyfrsm;ESihf pyg;vSnhfjcif;ESihf csrf;omonhf v,form;rsm; pGefY

ypfNyD;jzpfonfh weif;e,fonhfuGif;rS aumuf½dk;rsm;udk cg,lvsuf

&onhf pyg;tenf;i,fudk pkaqmif;íyif toufarG;Muonf

3

/

tvkyftudkif &SmazGMuonhf qif;&Jom;rsm;udk awGU&aomf

vnf; rnfonhfacwfwGifrS ppfrSefonhf tvkyfvufrJhjyóem &SdcJh

ykHr&acs/ ajr&Sifya'o&mZfpepfwGif tvkyfvufrJhjyóem vkH;0

r&Sdacs/

tjcm;wpfbufwGif csrf;om<u,f0rIudk ajr&Sifrsm;ESihf ukef

onfrsm;u csKyfudkifxm;NyD; tjcm;wpfbufwGifrl qif;&JpkwfcsmrI

onf qif;&Jom;rsm;tm; tBuD;tus,f ysufpD;apykH&onf/ qif;

&Jom;vlwef;pm;rsm;ü qif;&JrGJawrIonf wpfcgwpf&HwGif rdb

rsm;tm; rdrdwdkY\ om;orD;rsm;udk u[myPtenf;i,frQjzihf

aus;uReftjzpf a&mif;cs&ef odkYr[kwf aygifESH&ef wGef;ydkY ay;onf

txdyif vGefuJcJhonf/ ,if;odkYaom qif;&Jom;wpfa,muf

onf rdrd\ orD;tm; 12 u[myPjzihfcsrf;omonhf rdom;

pkwpfpkodkY aygifESHcJhNyD; om;wpfa,mufrSmrl 8 u[myPjzihf

vlcsrf;omtdrfodkY rdbrsm;\ aygifESHjcif;udk cHcJh&onf

4

/ tcsKdU

rdbrsm;rSm ¤if;wdkY\ om;orD;rsm;udk ta&;ay: aiGaMu;vdktyfyg

u &Edkifonhf ukefypönf;tjzpfyif ,lqcJhykH&onf/ txufwGif

azmfjycJhonhf taygifcH trsKd;orD;i,f\ rdcifonf cifyGef;onf

tm; ]om;orD;&Sdolrsm;onf qif;&Jygrnfavm? oif\ orD;&Sdyg

1

o[ó0w¬K? t&d,*gv r[mwdóó 0w¬K/

2

&o0g[deD 2? 125/

3

,if;? 125? 149/

4

tH-| 1? 395/ &o0g[deD 2? 143/

tEk&m"yk&NrdKUonf ukefonftkyfpk trsKd;rsKd;wdkY\ A[dkXme jzpf

cJhonf/ vdvm0wDrdzk&m;a&;xdk;aom ausmufpmwpfckt& at'D

onf/ ,aeYacwf oD[dkVfwGif Ak'¨acwfu xif&Sm;ausmfMum;onhf ZD0u

aq;q&mBuD;\ trnfudk,lNyD; rSnfhac:xm;aom ZD0uMoo"mv,

(ZD0uaq;ay;cef;)rsm;udk awGUEdkifonf/ xdktwlyif tqdkyg ukefonf

tkyfpkrsm;onf tvGefoihfawmf aumif;rGefonhf trnfjzpfonfh Ak'&Sif

awmfjrwftm; yxrqkH; qGrf;uyfvªNyD; urÇmay:wGif yxrqkH; Ak'¨bmom

Oyoumrsm; jzpfvmMuonhf wykóESihf bv’duwdkY\ emrnfudk,lí rSnhf

ac:cJhzG,f&Sdonf/

wykóESihf bv’duemrnfwdkY\a&SUwGif awGU&onhf utu©&m tydk

rSm trsm; ,lqxm;Muonhftwdkif; jyóemwpfck r[kwfacs/ þusrf;jyK

ol (0gvfydkvm &m[kvm)taejzihfrl ,if; utu©&mudk ykHrSeftm;jzihf

tjcm;trnfrsm;uJhodkYyif yk*¾Kdvfa&;trnfudk tzGJU odkYr[kwf tkyfpktrnf

jzihf okH;onhftcg wGJpyfonhf aemufqufyk'ftjzpf ,lqonf/ awmPd

*Vausmufpm (E.Z. II,p. 177) yg uV[kreu (ka¼ahumanaka) ed,r

we[d [laom pum;&yfudk y&e0dweyk*¾Kdvfu ]uVm[kret&yfü pD;yGm;

a&;tkyfpkwpfck\ nDvmcH}[k bmomjyefonf/ odkY&mwGif uV[kre (um

Vokre)[lonf ,if;pD;yGm;a&; tkyfpku emrnfay;xm;onhf vlwpf

a,muf\ emrnfjzpfojzihf ,if;udk ]uVm[kre trnf&Sdonhf pD;yGm;a&;

tkyfpk\ nDvmcH}bmomjyefvQif ydkí oihfjrwfonf/ r[mwkAu e,

rwe[d [lonfvnf; twlwljzpfonf/ ,if;onf ]r[wkAu (r[m

xly)[kac:onhf pD;yGm;a&;tkyfpk}udk qdkvdkonf/ xl;jcm;onhf oD[dkVf

tokH;tEIef;ESifhtnD ,if;odkYaom yk*¾Kdvfa&; trnfrsm;wGif qufxm;

onhf ,if;utu©&mudk ouúwbmomjzihf a&;xm;aomfvnf; wykó

bv’du trnfrsm;ü xnfhoGif; okH;EIef;xm;jcif;jzpfonf/ ,if;wdkYtm;

vkH;rSm yk*¾vduemrfyk'frsm; jzpfMuonf/ a'oqdkif&m ygVdESihf ouúw

ta&;tom;rsm;wGif rMumcP oD[dkVfbmompum; vTrf;rdk;rIudk awGU&

onf/ Oyrmtm;jzihf txufwGif azmfjyxm;onhf aZw0em&mr ausmuf

pm (E.Z. I, p. 4) udk Munhfyg/ ouúwbmompum;wGifvnf; aemuf

quf utu©&mudk &nf½G,fcsuf trsKd;rsKd;jzihf okH;EIef;onfrSm xif&Sm;

onf/ a&S;acwf oD[dkVfü ,if; aemufquf utu©&m tokH;jyKrI ,u©

'ka0 od&dynm&mrrax&f a&;om;onhf rZÑdredum,f\ oD[dkVfbmom

ed'gef;ü a0zefcsufudk avhvmzwf½Iyg/



12 &mpkrSmyif ,if;NrdKUü EdkifiHaygif;pkHrS pD;yGm;a&;tkyfpkrsm; (em

ema'oD Asmyg&,H) &SdcJhaMumif;ESihf a'otoD;oD;rS NrdKUawmf odkY

vmMuonhf qif;&Jom;rsm; tokH;jyK&ef tcrJhwnf;cdkaqmifudk

wnfaqmuf xdef;odrf;a&;twGuf taxmuftyHhudk &&SdaMumif;

od&onf

1

/ w½kwfbk&m;zl;&[ef;awmf zm[D,efu at'D ig;&m

pktcsdefu taMumif;t&mudk ]NrdKUawmfü a0ó (ukefonf)rsm;

ESihf wdkif;wpfyg; ukefonfrsm; &SdMuNyD; ¤if;wdkY\ tdrfrsm;rSm

crf;em; vSyMu\/ vlaevrf;rsm;ESihf vrf;usOf;rsm;udk pepfwus

xdef;odrf;xm;\}

2

/

pD;yGm;a&; vTJajymif;rIESifh oabmwlnDrIrsm;udk ykHrSeftm;jzihf

a&;rSwfxm;NyD; oabmwlnDcsuf NyD;qkH;aomtcg ,if;pm½Gufpm

wrf;rsm;udk zsufqD;ypfMuonf

3

/

tcef; 2 wGif Ak'¨0g' rwdkifrD oD[dkVfü trJvdkufjcif;rSm

xif&Sm;aMumif; od&onf/ toufudk owfjzwfjcif;rSm Ak'¨"r®ESihf

qefYusifaomfvnf; Ak'0g'xGef;um;NyD;aeufrSmyif ydkrdk qif;&J

onhf vltcsKdUonf trJvdkufjcif;ESifh ig;rQm;jcif;udk toufarG;

0rf;ausmif;rItjzpf rjzpfrae vkyfMu&onf/ ,if;wdkYteuf t

csKdUrSm trJvdkuf&ef trJvdkufacG;rsm;&SdMuonf

4

/ wpfcgwpf&HwGif

rkqdk;rsm;onf oD;jcm;aexkdkifMuonf (aeom'*gr)

5

/ ¤if;wdkYonf

teD;tem;&Sd aps;ae&mrsm;wGif tom;rsm;udk a&mif;csNyD; 0ifaiG&

&SdMuonfrSm xif&Sm;onf

6

/

wpfcgwpf&HwGif rkqdk; wpfa,mufonf ausmfMum;onhf "r®

uxduq&mawmf t&SifaomPuJhodkYaom rax&fBuD;rsm;\zcif

1

E.Z. I, p. 179. 2

Fa Hien, p. 104. 3

&o0g[deD 2? 18/ 187/

4

r-| 4? 87/ tH-| 1? 364/ tbd-| 2? 420/ r[m0Ho 38? 9/

5

&o0g[deD 2? 147/

&o0g[deD 2? 132/ rHao 0duúdPdwGm ykwå'ga& aygaoaEÅm ]tom;wdkY

udk a&mif;csvsuf ZeD;r,m;ESihf om;orD;wdkYudk arG;jrLvsuf}/

cif jzpfaewwfonf/ aemufqkH;ü aomPrax&fonf zcif

rkqdk;rSm omoemhabmifodkY 0ifa&mufvdkonhf qE´r&SdbJvsuf

&[ef;jyKay;vdkufonf

1

/ usrf;*efpmayü azmfjyonfh rkqdk;trsm;

pkrSm aemufqkH;wGif &[ef;jyKvmNyD; tcsKdUrSm &[EÅmtjzpfudkyif

&&SdoGm;aMumif; jyqdkMuonf

2

/ rkqdk;wpfa,muf\ ZeD;onf

vnf; ¤if;\ cif;yGef;rkqdk; &[ef;rjyKcifrSmyif omoemhabmifodkY

0if a&mufcJhaMumif; od&onf

3

/

wHigonftvkyfjzihf ig;udk a&mif;í oufarG;0rf;ausmif;jyK

olrsm;

4

vnf; &SdMuNyD; wHigonf ½Gmrsm;udk azmfjyonf

5

/ w½kwf

&[ef;awmf [l,ifqefu at'D 7 &mpk oD[dkVfwGif ykvJikyf vkyf

ief;taMumif;udk azmfjyonf

6

/ Muufwdkufjcif;

7

&Sdaomfvnf; ,if;

onf avmif;upm;rI [kwfr[kwf[lonfudkrl rod&acs/

oMum;puf½kH (OpäK,EÅ)uJhodkYaom ae&mrsm;ü tvkyform;

rsm;onf tvkyftudkif &&SdEdkifMuonf/ qif;&Jom;wpfa,muf

onf oMum;puf½kHwGif ajcmufvMum tvkyfvkyfNyD;aemuf 12

u[myPpkrdaMumif; od&onf

8

/ tqdkygqif;&Jom;onf oMum;

puf½kHwGif tvkyfr&rDu r[m*grü xif;a&mif;NyD; toufarG;

0rf;ausmif; jyKcJhonf/

1

r-| 4? 87/ tH-| 1? 364/ tbd-| 2? 420/

2

tH-| 1? 27/ &o0g[deD 2? 132/ 147/

3

&o0g[deD 2? 147/

4

tH-| 2? 107/ r-| 4? 229/

5

&o0g[deD 2? 147/

6

Hiuen Tsiang : Bk. XI, p. 251. 7

tbd-| 2? 425/ ukuúKa# ,kZÑmayod//

8

tH-| 1? 395/ &o0g[deD 2? 143/

wpfcgwpf&H oMum;cJrsm;udk vkyftm;ctjzpf ay;onf/ oMum;puf

½kHwGif [efaqmif tvkyfvkyfcJhaom r[mpkvd r[mwdó rif;onf

oMum;cJrsm;udk vkyfctjzpf &&SdcJhaMumif; od&onf (r[m0Ho 34? 4)/



ewforD; (a'0unm) rsm;uJhodkY 0wfpm;xm;onf[laom

tcsufrSvGJí trsKd;orD;rsm; 0wfpm;qif,ifrItaMumif;udk t

enf;i,frQom od&onf

1

/ trsKd;orD;rsm; 0wfpm;qif,ifrIESihf

ywfoufí qD*d&d, (S²griya)ESihf tjcm;ae&mrsm;&Sd trsKd;orD;

rsm;\ ykHoP²mefrsm;rSm tppftrSefudk udk,fpm;jyKjcif;xuf ydkrdk

í xkH;wrf;pOfvmtwdkif; 0wfpm;qif,ifrI jzpfojzihf ,if; ½kyfykH

rsm;rS rnfodkY aumufcsufqGJrnfudk qkH;jzwf&ef cufonf/ rnfodkY

jzpfap a,musfm; rdef;rrsm;onf wwfEdkiforQ yef;csDaq;&kyfrsm;

uJhodkY vSypGm 0wfqifvsuf yGJawmfBuD;rsm;odkY vma&mufMu

aMumif;od&ojzihf vltrsm;onf tcgtm;avsmfpGm tEkynm

ajrmufpGm 0wfpm;qif,ifMuonf

2

/

vltrsm;rSm rdrdudk,fudk tvGefvSyonf[k txif&SdcJhMu[ef

&Sdonf/ (,if;odkY xifrSwf&mü) &[ef;awmfrsm;yif >cif;csufr&Sd

acs// wpfcgaomf tEk&m"yk&NrdKUawmfü &[ef;awmfwpfyg;ESihf

trwfwpfa,muf\om;wdkY tvSNydKifyGJESihf qifonhf jzpf&yfwpfck

&SdykH&onf/ tb,rax&fESifh trwf\om;onf wlnDpGmyif vSy

Muojzihf NrdKUxJwGif rnfoluydk vSoenf;[k ajymqdkMuonf/

¤if;wdkY ESpfa,mufvkH;udk jrifawGU&ef trwf\aqGrsKd;rsm;onf

vli,ftm; vSypGm 0wfqifvsuf r[mapwDudk zl;ajrmf&ef

,laqmifvmMuonf/ rax&f\ rdcifonfvnf; om;awmfxH

ouFef;topf wpfpkHydkYvsuf OD;acgif;rS qHyifudk &dwfjzwfNyD;

ouFef;opfudk 0wf½kHvsuf aemufyg &[ef;awmfrsm;ESihf twl

r[mapwDodkY <uvm&ef rSmMum;vdkufonf/ trwf\ om;a&m

tb,rax&fyg ESpfOD;vkH;onf r[mapwDawmf&ifjyifü qkHawGU

1

0dok'¨dr*¾ 1? 20/

2

'D-| ? 166/ r-| 1? 269/ ]yef;csDaq;½kyfrsm;uJodkY (pdwåur®½lyged

0d,)[laom pum;vkH;rSm yef;csDaq;½kyfrsm;[efjzihf 0wfqifxm;Muonf

[k rqdkvdkacs/ ,if;odkY qdkjcif;rSm Oyrmpum;rQom jzpfNyD; ¤if;wdkYrSm ]t

vGef vSyonf}[k qdkvdkjcif;jzpfonf/

\? olYudk tdrfwpftdrfrSm xm;NyD; 12 u[myP ,lNyD; EdkYpm;EGm;r

wpfaumif 0,fyg}[k qdkonf

1

/

wpfpkHwpfa,mufonf aiGudk acs;iSm;NyD; wpfpkHwpfckaom

uefYowftcsdeftwGif; ta<u;jyefqyfrItaejzihf a<u;&Sif\

tvkyform; jzpfvmonhf pepfwpf&yf &SdcJhonf/ em*'DyrS trsKd;

orD;wpfa,mufonf u[myP 60 acs;iSm;NyD; csrf;omonhf

tdrfwpftdrfü aeYtvkyform; jzpfoGm;onf/ aemiftcgwGif xdk

trsKd;orD;onf ntvkyform;(&wåd'goD) jzpf&ef oabmwlnD

csufjzihf aemufxyf u[myP 60 udkyg xyfacs;onf

2

/ txuf

wGif azmfjycJhonhftwdkif; trsKd;om;wpfa,mufESifh ¤if;\ZeD;

onf olaX;tdrfü tvkyfvkyfvkyfvsuf ¤if;wdkY acs;iSm;xm;onhf

ta<u; u[myP 60 udk ay;qyfonhftaejzihf rdrdwdkY\om;udk

8 u[myPjzihf aygifESHcJhaMumif; od&onf

3

/

zm[D,ef rSwfwrf;t& at'D 5 &mpkwGif NrdKUawmf&Sd ukef

onfrsm;\ tdrfrsm;rSm crf;em;vSyaMumif; apmapmu odcJhMu&

aomfvnf; ¤if;wdkYtaejzihf rnfodkY tdrfaxmify&dabm* jyifqif

xm;onfudk rod&acs/ odkY&mwGif rZÑdredum,ft|uxm azmf

ñTef;csufwpfckt& rlvkyÜv0gydaus;½Gm&Sd trwfwpfa,muf\

tdrfwGif xkdifckHwpfckrSm ajrxdkifckH (w@dvyDXu)jzpfaMumif; od&

onf

4

/ ,if;onf &Snfvsm;NyD; wpfa,mufru xdkifEdkifonf

5

/

1

oykwåum 'k*¾wm emr ew¬d? t,H aw "Dwm? £rH {uo®ð ukav

XaywGm 'Gg'o u[myaP *PSdwGm {uH cD&a"EkH tm[& (tH-| 1?

395)/

2

&o0g[deD 2? 17-18/

3

,if;? 31/

4

r-| 2? 284/

5

xdkif&eftwGufa&m tdyf&eftwGufyg eH&Hudkxdvsuf ajrukvm;xdkif&Snf jyK

vkyfjcif;rSm oD[dkVfaus;½Gmrsm;&Sd qif;&Jom;rsm;\ tdrfüvnf;awGU&onf/



0dok'¨dr*¾t|uxm

1

ü vmonhf aMumif;usKd;qDavsmfonhf

taxmuftxm;wpfckt& aus;½Gmrsm;wGif tdrfrsm;ESihf ,if;wdkY

\ ywf0ef;usifrsm;ESihf ,if;tdrfrsm;odkY oGm;aom vrf;rsm;rSm r

oefY&Sif;aMumif; od&onf/ rdk;&moDwGif aus;½Gmvrf;rsm;onf rdk;

&moDtwGif; ½THUñGefxlxyfNyD; AGuftdkifrsm; jynhfaevsuf ajcmuf

aoGU&moDwGif vrf;rsm;onf jrLzkefrsm;&SdNyD; avwdkufojzihf c&D;

oGm;rsm;\ udk,fcE¨mwGif jrLzkefrsm; vdrf;usHukefonf/ tdrfrsm;t

eD;wGif ,ifaumifrsm; 0dkif;tkHaeonhf trIdufo½dkufESihf pGefYypf

ypönf;rsm; tykHvdkuf&SdNyD; a&aotdkifrsm;rSm wDaumif ydk;aumif

rsm;jzihf jynhfaeonf/ ywf0ef;usifrsm;wGif acR;ovdyfrsm;ESihf acG;

0ufwdkY\ rpifrsm;jzihf npfnrf;aeonf/

vltrsm; 0wfpm;qif,ifrIrSm ½dk;&Sif;ykH&onf/ a,bk,s

tm;jzihf cE¨mudk,ftay:ydkif;rSm zkH;vTrf;xm;jcif;r&Sd/ trsKd;om;

rsm;onf cg;atmufydkif;ü t0wftpm;udk 0wfqifavh&SdNyD;

aemuf ydwfpwpfckudk yckH;ay:wGif wifxm;Muonf/ a&S;OD;bk&if

rif;rsm;onfyif omreftcrf;tem;rsm;ü ,if;0wf½kHxufydkí

rnfonhft0wftpm;udkrQ 0wfpm;qif,ifykHr&acs/ &o0g[deD

usrf;ü tcgwpfyg;wGif umu0PÖwdórif;tm; wdór[m0d

[m&ausmif;wdkufü azmjfyyg t0wftpm;jzihf awGU&onf[k jyqdk

onf

2

/ rif;BuD;onf xdkausmif;wdkufü &[ef;awmfwpfyg;tm;

tay:½kHt0wf (Owå&mo*F)udk v ª'gef;rnfMuHaomfvnf; xdkt

ckdufü rdrdrSm xdk0wf½kHwpfckrQom ygvmaomaMumihf ({uom#u

bma0e em'god) rv ª'gef;EdkifcJhacs/ þazmfjycsufrS rif;BuD;onf

EdkifiHawmftcrf;tem;rsm;üvnf; xdkt0wftpm;udkyif 0wfonf

[k t"dyÜm,faumuf,lcGifh r&Sdacs/ Oygoumrsm;onf bk&m;

ausmif;uefrsm;odkY oGm;a&mufaomtcg ½dk;&Sif;pGm 0wfpm;qif

1

0dok'¨dr*¾ 1? 337/

2

&o0g[deD 2? 63/

,ifavh&SdMuonf/ ydwfpESpfckrSm trsKd;om;wpfa,muf\ ykHrSef

0wfpkH jzpfonf/

trsKd;om;rsm;onf aemufxyf em;pGyfrsm;ESihf vnfqGJ&wem

rsm; 0wfqifMuonf/ r[m0HoHusrf;

1

ü tu©cg,du iwfrGwf

acgif;yg;ab;twGif; tcgwpfyg;ü 'k|*grPDrif;onf ¤if;\ em;

pGyfudka&mif;csNyD; &[ef;awmfrsm;tm; qGrf;vª'gef;aMumif; azmfjy

onf/ tcgwpfyg;ü oCFmrpötrnf&onhf Oygoumonf

ta&;ay:tcsdefwpfckü &[ef;awmfwpfyg;tm; qGrf;v ª'gef;&ef

wpf u[myPwefonhf qGrf;qeftwGuf u[myPwpfaxmif

wefonhf vnfqGJ&wemudk aygifESHcJhonf

2

/

rkwfqdwfarG; &dwfjcif;rSm vkyfavhvkyfx&Sdonhftvkyf [kwf

ykHr&acs/ r[m'gXdu r[mem*rif; (at'D 67-79)onf qwåm

onfrsm;tm; *d&db@ylZmumvtwGif; (NrdKUawmf) *dwfav;ckü

tqufrjywftvkyfvkyf&ef trdefYay;aMumif; od&onf

3

/ qHrkwf

qdwfudk &dwfy,frIrSm tdrf&maxmifonhf vlUtvkyf r[kwfaom

aMumihf bk&m;zl;trsm;pkonf acgif;r&dwfbJ vmMuaomaMumihf

,if;trdefYonf vdktyfykH&onf/ xdkacwftcsdefu oifwkef;"m;

rsm;udk vG,fvG,fulul r&EdkifonfrSm xif&Sm;onf/ odkYwap

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4

/

1

r[m0Ho 34? 84/

2

&o0g[deD 2? 175/

3

r[m0Ho 34? 84/

4

o[ó0w¬K? oCFmrpöó 0w¬K/



0obrif;\ om;awmftm; 0uFemoduwdó (at'D 171-

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1

¤if;

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2

/ xdktrwf\

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ac:aMumif; jyqdkonf

3

/

1

E.Z. I, p. 221, III, p, 116 udk½Iyg

2

r[m0Ho 33? 70-71/

3

&00g[deD 2? 170/

MuaMumif; od&aomfvnf; tqkH;tjzwfudk rod&onfrSm pdk;

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aomaMumihf jzpfonf

1

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3

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aom [if;rsm;tjzpf ,lqykH&onf

4

/ &[ef;awmfrsm;tm; azmfjy

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5

/ rk

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6

/ odkY&mwGif

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1

0d-| 4? 174/ twdwfb0wpfckwGif tb,rax&fonf apwDwpfql\

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2

o[ó0w¬K? ol&edr®v0w¬K/

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&o0g[deD 2? 24? 180?/

4

&o0g[deD 2? 10? 91? 128? 181?/

5

,if;? 180/

6

,if;? 147/



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2

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3

ü 'k|*grPD

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4

/

w&m;0ifudpöjzihf aus;½Gmom;rsm; vma&mufvnfywfaom

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5

/

1

,if;? 45/

2

,if;? 32? 34/

3

,if;? 84/

4

,if;? 89/

5

,if;? 181/ E.Z. III, p. 76.

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1

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1

r[m0Ho 44? 3/

2

,if; 35? 61? 63/

3

E.Z. III, p. 77. 4

,if;tajccHudk ,aeYacwf aus;vufae oD[dkVfvltrsm;rSmyif awGUEkdif

onf/



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2

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1

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2

&o0g[deD 2? 163? 189/

3

r 3? 295/

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xufwGif rax&fwpfyg;tm; a*g"*wåwdó

1

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2

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1

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1

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1

/

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2

/ &Sifbk

&iftm; tBuD;us,fqkH;olESihf vltm;vkH;wkdY\ tay:wGif xm;

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3

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vdkPf*l[laom trnfyif OykofaeYwGif þvkdPf*lü rif;BuD;

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onf

4

/ ,if;tcrf;tem;rsm;teuf wpfckrSm o'¨gwdórif;onf

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1

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2

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aemV (t'rf awmifxGwf)wGif Zmwfedrfhrsm;twGuf wef;vsm; aqmifwpf

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3

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4

OykofoDvaqmufwnfolrsm;onf ,aeYwkdifyif wpfaeukef bkef;BuD;

ausmif;rsm;ü aexdkifavh&SdMuonf/



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1

rwfwwf&yfNyD; wpfnvkH; em,lonf[kqdkonf

2

/

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3

/

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a[m Mum;onf[k qdkonf

4

/

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a,mufomomyif jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufrSm

yif wdkif;jynftkyfcsKyfoljzpfaomaMumihf av;pm;rI avsmhroGm;

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r[mwdórif;uJhodkYaom rif;taMumif;udk pOf;pm;Munhfygu Ak'¨

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cJhaMumif; cefYrSef;Ekdifonf/

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xl;jcm;qkH; oGifjyifrSm oHCmawmfrsm;tm; tvGefYtvGef MunfnKd

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1

y&dowfudk raESmihf,SufvdkaomaMumifh jzpfEdkifonf/

2

r-| 2? 469? 470/

3

r[m0Ho 45? 25/

4

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vkH;wGif tBuHÓPfESihf vrf;ñTefrI &,l&ef &[ef;awmfrsm;xHodkY

oGm;MuNyD; ,kHMunfcsufBuD;pGmjzihf wdkifyifMuonf/ 'kwd, &[ef;

onf aemifb0twGuf ¤if;wdkYtm; ydkíyif tm;xm;&mjzpfonf/

a,bk,stm;jzihf a,musfm;rdef;rrsm;onf þb0xuf aemifb

0 csrf;omrIudk ydkrdk pdk;&dfrfMuonf/ aemifb0twGuf ulnDay;Edkif

olrSm &[ef;awmfrsm;rSwpfyg; tjcm;ol r&Sdacs/

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t&if;tESD;jzpfonf/ oHCmawmftm; aumif;rIrsKd;aphudk BuJcsNyD;

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yknacwå [k ac:onf/ v,fajrraumif;vQif toD;tESH enf;

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rcsrf;romjzpf&onf/ tu,fí oHCmrpifMu,fvQif `rIyfESHonfh

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jynfom;rsm; tb,faMumihf tjypfuif;NyD; pifMu,fonhf oHCm

ESihf ywfoufí pdk;&drf&jcif;\ taMumif;jzpfonf/ rSefonf? ,if;

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csuf &Sdao;onf/ &[ef;awmfrsm;onf EdkifiHawmf\ q&mESihf

vrf;ñTefoljzpfMuNyD; tu,fí ¤if;wdkY ukd,fusihfw&m; raumif;

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awmfrsm;qdk;oGrf;aevQif &[ef;awmfrsm;udk,fwdkifrSm tEÅ&m,f&Sd

onfomru wpfEdkifiHvkH; þb0wGifa&m aemifb0wGifyg ab;

'ku©BuKH&vdrfhjzpfonf/

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avhusihftm;xkwfjcif;twGuf vdktyfaom pdwftm;xufoefrI

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a&;ygrIudk em;vnfEdkifonhf todÓPfvnf; r&SdcJhMuacs/ odkY&m

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ao av;pm;jcif;ESihf ESpfoufjcif; &SdcJhMuonf/ bmomw&m;\



rusef;jzpfojzihf rif;BuD;onf idka<u;½dIufzdkvsuf rax&ftm; jyKpk

apmihfa&SmufcJhonf

1

/

r[mcD&*grt&yfrS rxif&Sm;onhf OygodumrwpfOD;onf

avP*d&dt&yfrS rax&fwpfyg;tm; cifrifonf/ xdkOygodumr

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xrif;udk ravmif;v ªbJ aeonf/ aemufqkH; rax&fjrwf tdrfodkY

<uvmrSomvQif wdórax&ftm; avmif;vªvdkufonf

2

/ jAm[®

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uif;&mt&yfodkY oGm;MupOf ¤if;wdkYrdom;pk\ rdwfaqGjzpfonhf plV

em*rax&ftm; rdrdwdkYESihftwl yifhoGm;NyD; rax&ftm; apmihf

a&Smufxm;Muonf

3

/

crf;em;onhf yGJawmfrsm;odkY oGm;a&mufjcif;ESihf bk&m;zl;c&D;

oGm;jcif;rsm;rSm bmoma&;wnfwHhrIESifh qufEG,faeonhf oGif

jyifESpfrsKd;jzpfonf/ vltrsm;onf yGJawmfrsm;udk yg0ifqifETJ&ef

tvGef a0;uGmaomt&yfrsm;odkY wwfpGrf;orQ vSypGm 0wfpm;

qif,ifvsuf c&D;oGm;cJhMuonf[k qdkonf

4

/ tcsKdUrSm oD[dkVf&Sd

bk&m;zl;ae&mrsm;udkomru tdE´d,&Sd ae&mrsm;odkYyg bk&m;zl;

oGm;Muonf

5

/ wpfcgwpf&H bk&m;zl;c&D;tm; eef;awmfrS BuD;Muyf

ay;rIudkyif&&Sdonf

6

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toD;oD;rS a&muf&&SdvmMuonhf qif;&Jom;rsm; v ª'gef;&ef

vdvm0wD rdzk&m; wnfaqmufcJhonhf tcrJh tvªay;Z&yfwpfck

&SdcJhonf

7

/ qif;&Jolrsm;tm; ay;urf;vª'gef;&ef tNrJwrf;ae&m

1

tbd-| 2? 433/

2

r-| 2? 295? tH-| 3? 92/

3

&o0g[deD 2? 178/

4

'D-| 1? 166/ r-| 1? 269/

5

&o0g[deD 2? 30/

6

,if; 2? 38/

7

E,Z. I, p. 179.

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MunfhcJhonhf &u©owpfa,mufu xdka&Smifwcifjzpf&yftaMumif;

udk twGif;0efcsKyftm; ajymjycJhojzihf 0d'k&def'kem½dkonf tvGeft

rif; a'goxGufNyD; &u©otm; jypfwifa0zefonf/ aemufqkH;

wGif twGif;0ef\ rsufvkH;rsm;onf tHhMozG,f e*dkrlvtwdkif; jyef

jzpfoGm;aMumif; 0w¬KaMumif;u qufíqdkonf

1

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aMumif; rdefYqdkzl;onf

2

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udk wnfaMumif; tqdk&Sdonf

3

/

Ak'¨'gorif;\om; wpfvwGif av;Budrf t|oDv apmihf

okH;onhf tvGefYtvGef bmomw&m; udkif;½dIif;ol yxrOywdó

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awmftm; MunfnKdav;pm;ykHudk þodkY >rufqdkonf ]'k|*grPDrif;

ESihf rwlbJ toufxufqkH; xdkrif;onf oHCmtrsm;\ qGrf;

1

"r®jy'Dydum? 322/

2

tH-| 2? 105/

3

r[m0Ho 26? 16-17/



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1

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rsm;ESihf 0efBuD;rsm;\ MunfndKrIxuf ESpfoufzG,fjzpfonf/ csrf;

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cuftcJr&SdbJ xdkudpötwGuf wpfpkHwpf&m pGefYvTwf&ef rvdkacs/

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eufwGif xdkom;trdESpfa,muf ajymqdkaeoHudk trSwfrxif

Mum;rdojzihf tvGef MunfEl;oGm;vsuf xdkeHeufrSmyif tzGm;tdkudk

oem;u½kPmjzpfojzihf &[EÅmjzpfoGm;onf

2

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&ef EGm;wpfaumif0,f,l&ef &Spfu[myPjzihf rdrd\om;udk aygif

ESHcJhonf

3

/ r[m*grt&yfrS 'g½kb@u r[mwdóonf 12

1

,m0ZD0Íö aom bkÍÆd? r[mygVdrSd abmZeH/ r[m0Ho 37? 202-2-3/

2

'D-| 3? 380/ r-| 1? 298/ tH-| 1? 393/ tbd-| 2? 266/

3

&o0g[deD 2? 33/

u[myPjzihf orD;udk aygifESHNyD; oHCmjyKpk&ef &nf½G,fcsufjzihf

yif EGm;wpfaumif 0,fonf

1

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jyKcJhao;onf/ orD;tm; a½G;&efarQmfvihfí oMum;puf½kHwGif

tvkyfvkyfí &onfh 12 u[myPjzihf aeYqGrf; vGwfawmhrnfh

&[ef;awmftwGuf qGrf;wpfeyfpm 0,fvkdufonf

2

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vª'gef;onhf udÍödoHCmESihf o'¨gokrem[laom trsKd;orD; ESpf

a,muftaMumif; azmfjyonf

3

/

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yk*¾Kdvfa&;t& tjcm;&[ef;awmfrsm;xuf ydkrdk pGJvef;rI&Sdvsuf

rdrdwdkYESihf &if;ESD;eD;pyfNyD; MunfnKdESpfoufonhf &[ef;awmfrsm;&Sd

Muonf/ Oyrmtm;jzihf uk#uPÖwdórif; (at'D 16-38) wGif

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1

tH-| 1? 395/

2

,if;? 395/

3

&o0g[deD 2? 47-50/



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1

[k qdkonf/ "r®udk em,l&ef a&mufMuolrsm;

wGif vltrsm;pkrSm &Spfyg;oDvudk aqmufwnfxm;MuonfrSm t

awmf jzpfEdkifzG,f&Sdonf/

bmomw&m;vdkufpm;onhf EdkifiHtjzpf oD[kdVf\ ausmfMum;

rIonf uRef;\urf;ajcrS tjyifzufodkYwkdif ysHUESHYoGm;NyD; ,if;o

wif;udk Mum;odcJhol [l,ifqefu ]oD[kdVfvlrsKd;rsm;onf ynm

oifMum;rIudk cspfjrwfEkd;NyD; udk,fusifhw&m;udk tav;*½kjyKMu\/

bmomw&m;qdkif&m xl;cRefrIudk tvGef av;pm;MuNyD; bmom

w&m;ESihfqdkifonhf ukodkvf&&Sda&;twGuf tvkyfvkyfMu\}

2

[k

rSwfwrf;a&;cJhonf/

1

Fa Hien, p. 104. 2

Hiuen 'Tsiang : Bk. XI, p. 235.

00000000

Xmewpfck zGihfvSpfjcif;rSm ykHrSef r[kwfacs/ ,if;Z&yfudk jrihfjrwf

onhf NrdKUawmfodkY vnfywfvmMuonhf qif;&Jom; bk&m;zll;rsm;

tm; jyKpkapmuf&ef wnfaqmufcJhonfrSm tvGef jzpfEdkifonf/

Ak'¨0g'rwdkifrD oD[kdVfü ewfa'0gwdkYtm; ylaZmfrIrSm xif&Sm;

onhf t,lonf;rIrsm;teuf wpfckjzpfaMumif;udk a&SUtcef;

(þusrf;? pm 34 udk ½Iyg)wGif odcJh&NyD;jzpfonf/ Ak'¨0g'a&muf&Sd

vmjcif;u ,if;,kHMunfcsuftay: tvGefYtvGef 0ifa&mufpGuf

zufjcif; rjyKcJhacs/ trSefpifppf a&S;OD; Ak'¨0g' usrf;pmrsm;ü yef;

NcH O,smOfrsm;? opfawmrsm;ESihf opfyiftrsKd;rsKd;ü aexdkifMuonhf

ewfa'0gwdkYtm; &nfñTef;csuf rsm;pGm &SdMuonf

1

/ odkYjzpfí Ak'¨

0g'ESihf Ak'¨0g'rwdkifrD tMum; ewfa'0gylaZmfrIudk taMumif;jyKí

y#d yu© &ifqdkifawGUrIrsm; r&SdcJhacs/ Ak'¨0g'jyefYyGm;NyD;aemuf oD

[dkVfwGif ,if;ewfrsm;tm;vkH;udk Ak'¨0g'Drsm;tjzpfodkY oGwfoGif;

ay;vdkufjcif;omvQif jcm;em;onf/ ,if;ewfa'0grsm;rSm vlxk

tMum; tvGef xif&Sm;NyD; Ak'¨0g'Drsm;onf ,if;ewfa'0gwdkYudk

ae&mwdkif;eD;yg;wGif xm;Muonf/

ewfa'0grsm;wGif vlrsm;rSmuJhodkYyif csrf;omolESihf qif;&Jol

rsm;&SdMuonf

2

/ tcsKdUewfrsm;rSm jAm[®Pwdóolykefab;twGif;

ewfwpfa,mufonf rax&fwpfyg;xHrS tpm;tpmudk vufcH &

,l&onftxdyif qif;&Jonf

3

/

Ak'¨0g'Drsm;onf oem;MuifemwwfNyD; bmomw&m;udkif;½dIif;

olrsm;tm; tvGefulnDapmifronhf ewfa'0gwdkY &SdaMumif; ,kH

MunfMuonf

4

/ xdkYtwlyif ¤if;wdkYonf ,kwfrmonfh ewfrsm;udk

1

r 1? 375/ tm&mra'0wm 0ea'0wm ½ku©a'0wm Moo"dwdP

0eyÜwDok t"d0w¬m a'0wm/

2

&o0g[deD 2? 11/

3

,if; 2? 151/

4

xif&Sm;onhf ewfa'0g ,kHMunfrIrsm;taMumif;udk &o0g[deD 2? pm 11?

14? 24? 51? 151ESihf 185 wdkYwGif ½Iyg/



vnf; ,kHMunfMuNyD; rEÅ&m;rsm;\ pGrf;tm;jzihf ewfa'0gwdkYukd

xdef;csKyftokH;csolrsm;taMumif;udk azmfjycsufawGU&onf

1

/

Ak'¨bmomEdkifiHwpfckonf Ak'¨0g'qdkif&m trnfemrsm;udk

rdrdwdkY\ trnfemrrsm;tjzpf arG;pm;jcif;rSm obm0omvQifjzpf

onf/ odkYjzpfí Ak'¨'go? oHCwdó? oHC'wå

2

? arm*¾v ’me?

uóyESihf r[dE´uJhodkYaom trnfemrrsm;udk awGU&onf/ Ak'¨'g

orif;onf rdrd\om;awmfrsm;tm; Ak'¨\ r[mom0ursm;\ t

rnfudk ay;cJhonf[k qdkonf/ Ak'¨0g'emrnfrsm;udk arG;pm; rSnhf

ac:jcif;rSm aemiftcgwGif wpfpkHwpfckaomtaMumif;aMumihf a&

yef;pm;vmcJhykH&onf/ taMumif;rl a&S;OD;Ak'¨bmom bk&ifrsm;

wGif Ak'¨bmomqdkif&m trnfemrrsm; r&SdaomaMumihf jzpfonf/

þ udpöESihf ywfoufí yk*¾Kdvfa&; trnfemrrsm;&SdMuonhf Ak'¨

"mwfawmf trsKd;rsKd;jzihf tokH;jyKcH&onhf MoZmvTrf;rdk;rIudk avh

vmMunhfygu pdwf0ifpm;zG,f jzpfonf/ ESpfckvkH; tdE´d,rS yifh

aqmifvmcJhonhf tEk&m"yk&NrdKU&Sd r[maAm"dyif\ yifyGm;ESihf Ak'¨

\ pG,fawmf"mwfwdkYrSm Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf\ ta&;tygqkH; "mwf

awmf ESpfqljzpfonf/ pG,fawmf"mwfrSm ydkíta&;ygNyD; tNrJwrf;

bk&ifrif;wdkYom ydkifqdkifcJhonf/ bk&ifrif;rsm;pGmwdkYonf rdrdwdkY\

trnfa&SUwGif 'gXm (pG,fawmf"mwf)[laom pum;vkH;udk aygif;

xnhfí trnfay;cJhMuonf/ Oyrmtm;jzihf 'gXmybkwd? 'gaXmy

wdóESihf [|'gXwdkYjzpfonf/ yxrt*¾aAm"drif;\ orD;awmf\

trnfrSm 'gXm[laom pum;vkH;rQom jzpfonf

3

/

1

&o0g[deD 2? 142/

2

&o0g[deD 2? 181/

3

r[m0Ho 42? 10/ þae&mwGif tdE´d,wGif Ak'¨\ "mwfawmfudk 'EÅ[k

ac:qdkaMumif; rSwfom;&onfrSm pdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;onf/ Oyrm 'EÅ

yk& (pG,fawmf"mwfudk xdef;odrf;xm;onhfNrdKU) ESihf 'EÅukrm& (pG,fawmf

"mwfudk oD[dkVfodkY o,f,lvmonhf rif;om;)wdkY jzpfonf/ odkYwap

oD[dkVfwGif ,if;udk 'gXm (oD[dkVfbmom 'V)[k ac:onf/

xdkenf;wlpGmyif aAm"d[laom yk'fudkvnf; yk*¾Kdvfa&; t

rnfemrrsm;wGif xnfhoGif; okH;EIef;cJhonf/ Oyrmtm;jzihf oHC

aAm"dESihf t*¾aAm"dwdkYjzpfonf/ aAm"drmwk r[mwdó[laom

rax&fwpfyg;&SdcJhonf

1

/ rax&f\ rdcifemrnfudk aAm"drmwm

(aAm"d\ r,fawmf)[k rSnfhac:cJhzG,f&Sdonf/ yxruóyrif;\

orD;awmfESpfyg;teuf wpfyg;udk aAm"d[líom rSnhfac:cJh

onf

2

/ at'D 11 &mpkwGif auo"mwkuóy (qHawmf"mwf

uóy) trnf&onhf ppfolBuD;wpfa,muf &SdcJhonf

3

/ "mwk

aoeuJhodkYaom tcsKdUrSm wpfpkHwpf&m txl;jyKjcif;r&SdbJ "mwk

[laom pum;vkH;udk xnhfMuonf/ yk*¾Kdvfa&; trnfemrwpfck

wGif xnfhoGif;xm;onhf "mwfawmfwpfql\ emrnfonf ,if;

emrnf&&Sdoltm; aumif;csD;r*FvmESihf aysmf½TifrIrsm;udk aqmif,l

vmonf[laom ,kHMunfcsufrsKd; &SdcJhykH&onf/

a&S;acwf Ak'¨bmom oD[dkVfEdkifiHwGif OykofaeYonf jynhfolY

tm;vyf&ufjzpfonf/ A'kv †ausmufpmwGif OykofaeYrsm;ü pD;yGm;

a&;vkyfief;rsm;tm;vkH; &yfpJ (tem;,l)MuaMumif; a&SUtcef;rsm;

ü odcJhMu&NyD;jzpfonf/ t|r t*¾aAm"drif; (at'D 801-812)

onf OykofaeYrsm;ü NrdKUawmftwGif;odkY ig;? tom;ESihf t&ufudk

,laqmifvmrIudk wm;jrpfcJhonf

4

/ OykofaeY[lonf &Spfyg;oDv

ESihf bmoma&; vkyfief;rsm;aqmif½GufrItwGuf &nf½G,faom

aeYjzpfonf/ ,if;odkYaom OykofaeY wpfvwGif av;&uf&Sdonf/

,if;wdkYrSm vjynhfaeY? vqef;wpf&ufaeYESihf vv,fESpf&ufwdkYjzpf

onf/ ,if;av;&ufvkH; jynfolY tm;vyf&ufjzpfonf/

zm[D,efrSwfwrf;t&vnf; at'D 5 &mpkwGif &Spf&uf

ajrmufaeY? q,fhav;&ufajrmufaeYESihf q,fhig;&ufaeYrsm;udk &uf

1

tH-| 2? 107/

2

r[m0Ho 39? 11/

3

,if; 52? 65? 67? 69? 74? 75/

4

r[m0Ho 49? 48/



,if;yGJawmfrsm;rSm bmomw&m;ESihf qdkifaomfvnf; qdk;½Gm;

rIefrdIif;aom t&mr[kwfacs/ yGJawmfrsm;ü touf0ifrI? ta&mif

tqif;ESihf rsKd;pkHrIrsm; &SdMuonf/ bmoma&;ESihfqdkifaom tcrf;

tem;rsm;ESihf yGJawmfrsm;tm;vkH;rSm *DwESihf tqdktursm; yg0if

Muonf/ bk&ifrif;rsm;onf bmoma&; vkyfief;rsm;twGuf

uacsonfrsm;ESihf *Dwynm&Sifrsm;udk axmufyHhay;aMumif; od&

onf

1

/ tvGefa0;uGmonhf t&yfrS vltrsm;onf ,if;yGJawmf

rsm;udk Munhf½I&ef pk½kH;a&mufvmMuonftxd ,if;yGJawmfrsm;rSm

qGJaqmifEkdifonf/

jynfolYvIyf&Sm;rI tm;vkH;eD;yg;rSm bmomw&m;ESihf ywfouf

onf/ avmuDa&;&m aqmif½GufrIrsm;onfyif bmoma&;qdkif&m

tpDt&ifwpfrsKd;yg&Sdonf

3

/

,aeYacwfESihf rwlonfrSm a&S;acwfwGif jynfolY azsmfajz

a&; tcGifhtvrf; enf;yg;jcif;jzpfonf/ bmoma&;yGJawmfrsm;

onf azsmfajza&;udka&m bmoma&;pdwftm½kH jyif;jyrItwGuf

ESpfrIudkygay;onf/ odkYjzpfí ,if;odkYaom yGJawmfrsm; ta&t

wGuf rsm;jym;vmjcif;ESihf ESpfumvrsm; Mumanmif;onhfwdkif jyefY

yGm;vmcJhjcif;twGuf tHhMozG,frvdkacs/ vmrnfh pmrsufESmrsm;

wGif ta&;ygonfh bmoma&;tpDtrHrsm;? tcrf;tem;rsm;ESihf

yGJawmfrsm;taMumif;udk tusOf;rQ aqG;aEG;rnfjzpfonf/

w&m;yGJ

w&m;a[mjcif;rSm tajccHtm;jzihf em,lolrsm; em;vnfatmif

"r®udk &Sif;jyjcif;jzpfaomfvnf; aESmif;acwfrsm;wGif ,if;ukd

yGJvrf;obifykHpHjzihf ,lqcJhonf/ wpfcgwpf&HwGif vltrsm;onf

1

Oyrm yxr bmwd,rif; (at'D 38-66)/ 'Dy0Ho 21? 26? 27/

2

'D-| 1? 166/ r-| 1? 279/ tbd-| 2? 333/ 0d-| 1? 166/

3

odkYjzpfí [l,ifqefu bk&ifrif;w&m;udk,fwkdif wpfaeYwGif ykvJikyf

tcrf;tem;ü bmoma&; tpDtrHrsm;udk aqmif½Guf&ef oGm;aMumif;

qdkonf (Hiuen 'Tsiang, Bk. XI, p. 251.)


tcef; 16

tcrf;tem;rsm;ESih f yG Jawmfrsm;

vl0wfaMumif trsm;pkonf Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf\ ta&;ygonhf w

&m;"r®udk em;vnf&ef odkYr[kwf avhusihftm;xkwf&ef tcGifht

vrf;r&SdcJhaMumif; a&S;tcef;wGif odcJh&NyD;jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif ¤if;

wdkYonf ¤if;wdkY\ bmomw&m;udkrl tjrihfjrwfqkH;tjzpf ,lqNyD;

teuf½Idif;qkH; MunfndKMuvsuf ¤if;wdkYonf rdrdwdkY\ bmoma&;

ESihf qdkifonhf pdwftm½kHjyif;jyrIudk xkwfazmfjyornfh enf;vrf;udk

vnf; vdktyfcJhonf/ pdwfydkif;b0a&;&m udk,fusihfw&m; wdk;

wufrIrSm ¤if;wdkYtzdkY tvGefYtvGef odrfarGUNyD; &&Sda&;twGuf

uGmvSrf; vSonf/ ¤if;wdkYtzdkY ydkrdk xdawGUEdkif jrifpGrf;Edkifaom od

jrif em;vnfEdkifonhft&mwpfck vdktyfcJhNyD; ½Gwfzwfo&ZÑm,f

jcif;? tcrf;tem;ESihf yGJvrf;obifrsm;rSm ,if;pdwftm½kH cHpm;rI

vdktyfcsufudk a&SUtcef;wGif aqG;aEG;cJhonfh usihfBuHrIrsm;ESihf

twl aqmvsifpGm jznfhqnf;ay;onf/ vlwpfa,muftzdkY

bmom w&m;[lonf tjcm;wpfa,muftzdkY apmfum;rIwpf&yf

jzpfEdkifonf/ ,if;onf yk*¾KdvfwpfOD;wpfa,mufpD\ pdwfydkif;

b0ESihf todynmqdkif&m tqifhtwef; ajymif;vJrItay:wGif

wnfrSDonf/ bmoma&;tpDt&if? tcrf;tem;rsm;ESihf yGJvrf;

obifrsm;rSm Ak'¨0g'tESpfom&ESihf nDñGwfrIr&Sdaomfvnf; Ak'¨

0g'onf xif&Sm;onhf EdkifiHawmfbmomw&m; jzpfvmaomtcg

,if;wdkYrSm jzpfay:vm&ef OD;oGm;onhf xkH;pHESihf a&SmifvTJr&

Edkifonhf wdk;wufrIrsm; jzpfMuonf/

onhf t&d,0Hookwf w&m;udk em,l&ef om;i,fudk EdkYwkdufvsuf

ig;,lZemc&D;rS vmcJhonhf trsKd;orD;wpfa,muftm; erlemay;

xm;onf/ xdkt|uxm

1

rSmyif *0&0gvt*FPt&yfwGif 0gqdk0g

uyfawmfrlMuaom &[ef;awmfokH;usdyfonf q,fav;&uf Oykof

aeYrsm;ü r[mt&d,0Houdk a[mMum;MuaMumif; zwf&onf/

&o0g[deDusrf;

2

ü t&d,0Hookwfudk &nfñTef;onhf jzpf&yf

okH;ckudk rSwfwrf;wifxm;onf/ yxrjzpf&yfrSm xdktcsdefu xdk

t&yfü ESpfywfvnfusif;yNrJjzpfonfh t&d,0Hookwf a[mMum;

rIudk emMum;&ef uk@&ZÆt&yfrS r[m*gr

3

t&yf&Sd r[m0gyd

0d[m&ausmif;wdkufodkY <ua&mufaom rax&fwpfyg; jzpfonf/

xdkYjyif ,if;0w¬Kü vltrsm;onf ,if;w&m;udk em,l&ef tvGef

a0;onhft&yfrS vma&muf pka0;MuaMumif;vnf; qdkonf/ 'kwd

1

,if; 2? 105//

2

&o0g[deD 2? 4? 183? 190/

3

tqdkyg em*r[m0d[m&onf wdór[m&mr ud&dE´vrf;ay:rS a,m'

0g0 (Gaint's Tank) a&uefabmifwGif wnf&Sdonf/ ,aeYacwf wdó

r[m&mrausmif;wdkuf\ ausmif;xdkifq&mawmf *aP*r £E´om&

rax&fu ,aeYacwf em*r[m0d[m&onf rSm;,Gif;aom trnfjzpf

aMumif;ESihf ,if;onf &o0g[deDusrf;üvmonhf r[m0gyd0d[m&ausmif;

wdkuf ae&ma[mif;jzpfaMumif; uREkfyf (&m[kvm) tm; ajymjyonf/ uG,f

vGefol rm*rf ywåK trsKd;om;tzGJU t&m&Sd (Mudaliyar of the Māgam Pattu)tdyfcsf tD; tr&aqu&yk*¾Kdvfu em*r[m0d[m&ausmif;a[mif;\

ae&mjzpfaMumif; rSm;,Gif;onhf azmfjycsufjzihf ,if;ausmif;wdkuftm;

,ckac:aeonhf trnfudk ay;cJhjcif;jzpfonf/ ,dk" (ygVd a,m") [laom

a0g[m&udk oD[dkVfbmomjzihf (1) ppfolBuD; (2) BuD;aom [lí

t"dyÜm,f ESpfrsKd;jzihf tokH;jyKonf/ BuD;aom t"dyÜm,fjzihf tokH;&mwGif

,if; ,dk" [laom pum;vkH;rSm ygVda0g[m& r[mESihf t"dyÜm,fwlonf/

odkYjzpfí ,ckazmfjyonhf ,dk"0g0onf a&S;acwf r[m0gyd odkYr[kwf r[m

0g0 jzpfEdkifNyD; ,if;udk tpGJjyKí xdkausmif;wdkufudk trnfay;xm;jcif;

jzpfonf/

aus;½Gmwpfckü BuD;rm;onhf r@yfodkYr[kwf cef;rwpfck aqmuf

vkyfNyD; nvkH;ayguf w&m;em,lyGJ (oAÁ&wåð "r®ó0eH)udk aqmf

MoMuonf/ ,if;odkYaom tcgrsm;wGif trsKd;om; trsKd;orD;rsm;

ESihf uav;rsm;onf &yfa0;rS vma&mufíyif vlrsm;pGm pk½kH;Mu

NyD; ntcsdefwGif a0;uGmonhf awmpGefe,fzsm;&Sd tdrfrsm;odkY jyef

oGm;&ef cufcJaomaMumihf xdknudk w&m;a[m r@yfrSmyif ukef

vGefMu&vsuf w&m;yGJrSmvnf; wpfnvkH; Mumjrihf&onf

1

/ "r®m

oeyv †ifudk a½Tyef;ukH;uJhodkYaom tqifwefqmrsm;jzihf vSypGm

jyifqifxm;onf

2

/

a,bk,stm;jzihf bkef;BuD;ausmif;rsm;ü ae0ifNyD;rS w&m;

yGJudk pwifvsuf armif;xkNyD; aMunmonf

3

/ "r®uxduyk*¾KdvfrSm

,aeYacwfrSmuJhodkYyif ,yfawmif (ADZeD)udk tokH;jyKonf

4

/

aeYa&mnyg a[mMum;ykH&onhf jynhfpkHonhf w&m;yGJBuD;wpfck

wGif oD;jcm;pifjrihfrsm;ü "r®uxduyk*¾Kdvf okH;yg;yg0ifonf

5

/

yxr 'd0guxdu ]aeYa[myk*¾Kdvf} jzpfonf/ trnfuazmfjyonhf

twdkif; xdkyk*¾Kdvfonf rdrd\ wm0efudk aeYtcsdeftwGif; aqmif

½Gufonf/ þt&Sif\ tpdwftydkif;rSm ygVdawmfudk ½Gwfzwfo

&ZÑm,fjcif;om trsm;qkH;jzpfEdkifonf/ taMumif;rl ,if;aemuf

y'bmPu ]pum;vkH;udk ½Gwfzwfol} vmaomaMumifhjzpfonf/

þt&Sif\ tydkif;onf tao;pdwf&Sif;vif;csufrsm; rvkyfbJ

okwåefudk pum;vkH;wpfvkH;pD oD[dkVfbmomjzihf teufedó,

jyefqdkjcif;jzpfonfrSm xif&Sm;onf/ yxryk*¾KdvfrSm rsm;pGm oif

,l&ef rvdkaomfvnf; 'kwd,yk*¾KdvfrSm tawmftoihf ynmwwf

&rnfjzpfonf/ aemufqkH;rS vmonhf wwd, yk*¾KdvfrSm okH;yg;t

1

'D-| 1? 166/ tbd-| 2? 333/ r-| 1? 269/

2

0d-| 2? 130/

3

r-| 4? 246/ &o0g[deD 2? 1/

4

'D-| 2? 337/ r-| 1? 236/

5

tH-| 1? 30/ tH 2? 105/


tcrf;tem;rsm;ESihf yGJawmfrsm; 465

euf ynmtwwfqkH;ESihf ta&;tygqkH; yk*¾Kdvfjzpfonf/ trSefpif

ppf nOfh\ tydkif;BuD;wpfckvkH;twGif; tao;pdwfrsm; &Sif;vif;

csufrsm;ESihf w&m;udk a[mMum;oljzpfonf/ þtpDtpOfonf

ysif;&dNiD;aiGUzG,fr[kwfbJ vltrsm;tm; aeYa&mnyg ukefvGef

apEdkifvsuf tusKd;&SdcJhaMumif; azmfjyonf

1

/

NyD;cJhonhf tcef;wGif tEk&m"yk&NrdKUawmfü t"duvrf;rBuD;

av;ckxdyfrsm;wGif w&m;a[m cef;rrsm;aqmufvkyfxm;aMumif;

ESihf wpfvvQif av;Budrf ,if;cef;rrsm;ü w&m;a[maMumif;

awGUcJhMuNyD;jzpfonf/

t&d,0HoyGJawmf

t|uxmusrf;rsm;ESihf ausmufpmrsm;pGmwdkYü a&S;acwfoD[dkVfwGif

tvGefxif&Sm;NyD; BuD;us,fcrf;em;onhf yGJawmfwpf&yfudk t&d,

0Ho okwfa[mMum;&ef usif;ycJhaMumif; azmfjyonf

2

/ at'D

ig;&mpk rwdkifrDESihf ig;&mpkNyD;aemuf &mpkESpfaygif; rsm;pGmtwGif;

t&d,0Hookwfonf xif&Sm;onhf okwåefwpfckjzpfcJh½kHru xkd

tcsdefu bk&ifrsm;? rª;rwfrsm;ESihf csrf;om<u,f0olrsm; vª'gef;

onhf axmufyHhaiGrsm; wnfNrJa&;twGuf rsm;pGm tav;*½kjyK

usif;ycJhonhf ta&;ygaom taqmufttkHwpfckvnf;jzpfonf/

r[m0Hoü 0obwdórif; (at'D 269-291)onf wpf

uRef;vkH;wGif t&d,0Hookwfudk a[mMum;onhf ae&mwdkif;wGif ykH

rSef qGrf;vª'gef;rI wpf&yfudk wnfaxmifcJhaMumif; azmfjyonf

3

/

1

aeY&uftwefMum aeYa&mnyg w&m;a[mjcif;tpOftvmrSm rMumrD

tcsdefuxd oD[dkVfEdkifiH tcsKdUa'orsm;ü awGU&onf/ ,if;odkYaom w&m;

yGJykHpHrSm ]o*Ðwd odkYr[kwf edum,w&m;yGJ}[k xif&Sm;onf/

2

t&d,0HoyGJawmfESifh ywfoufonhf em;vnfvG,fonhf aqG;aEG;csufudk

uREkfyf (0gvfydkvm &m[k[m) the UCR. Vol. I, No. I, p. 59 wGif a&;onfh

The Significance of Ariyavamsa aqmif;yg;udk zwf½Iyg/

3

r[m0Ho 36? 38/ ,if;*gxmudk bmomjyef&mü *dkif*gonf t&d,0Ho

[laom pum;vkH;u rnfodkYqdkonf[laomtcsufudk aocsma&&mrI r&SdcJh

at'D 4 &mpkwGif a&;xdk;onhf awmPd*vausmufpmt&

0efBuD;rsm;tzGJU0if od0trnf&Sdol\om; a'0ac:aomyk*¾Kdvfu

pyg;? OE´KESihf yJwdkYudk &ufa&mpGm axmufyHhrIwpf&yf jyKvkyfcJh

aMumif; od&onf/ t&if;udk rokH;&bJ twdk;aiGudkom t&d,

0Hookwfudk ½Gwfzwf&ef &nf½G,fcsufjzihf ,[doy0wausmif;

wdkuf (00ked, t&yfteD;&Sd ,aeYacwf awmPd*vae&ma[mif;

wGif trsm;qkH; wnf&SdEdkifzG,f&Sdonf) ae &[ef;awmfrsm;tm;

qGrf;uGrf;twGuf okH;pGJ&rnf[laom oabmwlnDcsufjzihf (,if;

axmufyhHaiGudk v ª'gef;cJhjcif;jzpfonf)

1

/

ajrmufzuf tv,fydkif;a'orS vAktm#Amn'd*v (Labuä-

ìabäňdigala)2

ausmufpm (at'D 5 &mpk) ESpfckwGif t&d,0HoyGJ

awmfudk aqmif½Guf&ef a'0d*d&d[k xif&Sm;aom ausmif;wkdufBuD;

wpfckodkY od&deu [kac:wGifonhf trsKd;om;wpfOD;onf u[m

yP 100 ESihf e#v0d#d,od0[kac:onhf aemufwpfOD;rSm

u[myP 20 udk tyfESHaMumif; rSwfwrf;wifxm;onf

3

/

þyGJawmf\ ausmfMum;xif&Sm;rIudk pmaywGif ,if;yGJawmf

tm; rsm;pGm &nfñTef;xm;csuft& em;vnfEdkifonf/ t*Fkwå&ed

um,ft|uxmü

4

'DCbmPu r[mtb,rax&f a[mMum;

bJ wdkufqdkifrIwpf&yf ay;xm;onf ]pmayenf;t& jrihfjrwfolwdkY\ usrf;

pm [kqdkvdk\/ Ak'¨omoemwGif xif&Sm;cJhMuonhf yk*¾Kdvfrsm;\ taMumif;

t&mrsm; jzpfzG,f&Sd\/ xdkyk*¾Kdvfrsm;taMumif; odatmif xkwfazmf

zwfMum;jcif; jzpfzG,f&Sd\} (r[m0Ho? t*Fvdyfjyef? pm? 268)/ odkYwap

,cktcgü ,if;rSm t&d,0HookwfjzpfaMumif; oHo,jzpfzG,f rvdkacs/

1

E.Z. III, p, 177.

2

,if; III, p. 250.

4

,if;ausmufpm tm;vkH;ü okH;EIef;cJhonhf a0g[m&rSm t&d,0Hojzpfonf/

y&e0dweyk*¾Kdvfu ,if;a0g[m&udk ]jrifhjrwfaom 0g}[k bmomjyefonf/

,if;rSm rSm;,Gif;rIwpf&yfjzpfonf/ uREfkyf\ txufwGif ñTef;cJonhf . The Significance of Ariyavamsa aqmif;yg;udk zwf½Iyg/

1

tH-| 2? 105/



Budrf t&d,0Hookwfudk a[mMum;avh&SdMuonf

1

/

,aeYwdkifatmifyif 0gwGif;umvü xkH;wrf;pOfvmt&

&[ef;awmfrsm;onf ydkrdkbmomw&m; vdkufpm;Mu? ykHrSef Oykof

tcrf;tem; aqmif½GufMu? rMumcP Oygoumrsm;tm; w&m;

a[mMum;Muonfudk pOf;pm;Munhfygu t&d,0HoyGJawmfudk

0gwGif;umvü ykHrSefusif;yMuonf[k aumufcsufcsygu rSm;Edkif

rnfr[kwfacs/ ,if;yJGawmfudk aqmif½Gufvdkonhf yk*¾Kdvfrsm;\

qEÉSihftnD ESpfwpfESpf\ tjcm;&moDumrsm;üvnf; usif;yEdkif

onf[kqdkygu rjiif;omacs/

bk&ifrif;rsm;? 0efBuD;rsm;ESihf tjcm;aumif;usKd;vdkvm;olrsm;

onf t&d,0HoyGJawmf usif;ya&;twGuf &ufa&mpGm vª'gef;Mu

onfh tcsufu ,if;onf tawmftwef aiGukefaMu;usrsm;

onhf yGJwpfckaMumif; qdkEkdifonf/ a0;uGmonhf t&yfa'orS

vmMuNyD; w&m;yGJae&mwGif &uftwefMum oDwif;okH;aexdkifMu

onhf &[ef;awmfrsm;tm; qGrf;uGrf;ESihf ae&mxkdifcif;rsm; ay;&ef

ESihf w&m;em,l&ef vmMuolrsm;twGuf ,m,Daexdkifp&mrsm;

aqmufvkyfay;&efwdkYtwGuf jzpfEdkifzG,f&Sdonf/

oD[dkVftpOftvmonf taomuacwftwGif; xif&Sm;cJh

onhf tdE´d,tpOftvm tqufjzpfonf[laom tcsufudk

axmufcH&ef taMumif;tcsuftcsKdU &Sdonf/ þpum;&yfESihf ywf

oufí taomurif; a&;xdk;cJhonhf bMbK (Babru) ausmufpm

wGif tvd,0Homed [kazmfjyxm;jcif;rSm pdwf0ifpm;zG,f jzpf

onf/ oHCmawmfrsm;tm; &nfñTef;xm;onfh ,if;ausmufpmü

taomurif;w&m;u bdu©K bdu©KeD a,musfm; rdef;rwdkYtm; a½G;

cs,fxm;onhf okwåef ckepfckudk rMumcP em,l qifjcif&ef

wdkufwGef;xm;&mü tvd,0Hookwf yg0ifonf/ rnfonfrSm

1

tH-| 2? 105/ omuD0ifrif;om; emrnfBuD; ta,mifaqmifwwfol

omuD0ifrif;om; OyeE´ &[ef;awmfonfyif 0gwGif;umvü t&d,0Ho

okwfudk a[mMum;vsuf oGm;vmonfrSm xif&Sm;onf (Zm-| 2? 370)/

,rSm 'kAÁd|dr[m&mZrif;

1

vufxufü t&d,0Hookwfudk O'krÁ&

r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkuf ('drÁKvm*v)ü

2

ajcmufvwpfBudrf ½Gwf

zwfNyD; av;,lZemta0;rS vltrsm;onf vma&mufpk½kH;Mu

vsuf yGJawmftwGuf tao;pdwf jyifqifrIrsm; (r[EÅH ylZm

0d"meH) jyKMuonf/ wwd, om"urSm ukrÁvwdóyAÁwt&yf&Sd

t&d,mu&0d[m&[kac:onhf ausmif;wdkufü t&d,0Hookwfudk

yGJawmfusif;yí ½Gwfzwfjcif;jzpfonf/

t&d,0Ho[lonf ½Gwfzwf&ef okwfawmfwpfck jzpfaomf

vnf; t|uxmq&mBuD; t&Sifr[mAk'äCmo t&Sifjrwfu

0dok'¨dr*fusrf;ü pmzwfoltaejzihf ,if;rSm okwfawmfwpfckudk

qdkvdkonf[k tawmftwef &Sif;vif;pGm ,kHMunfvsuf t&d,

0Ho[k yk*¾vemrfpm;rQokH;í ac:a0:cJh&onftxdyif ausmfMum;

onf/ ,if;udk azmfjyonhf pum;pyfonf okwåefwpfck\ erl

emudk tvdk&Sdaomtcg t&Sifr[mAk'äCmo\ pdwfxJü tqif

oihftjzpfqkH; ay:vmonfrSm t&d,0HookwfjzpfaMumif; vnf;

ñTefjyykH&onf

3

/ xdkYjyif t&d,0Hookwfudk a[mMum;&mü xif&Sm;

onhf t&d,0HobmPu[k xif&Sm;aom rax&ftcsKdU &Sdonf

[laomtcsufESihf ,if;rax&frsm;tm; wpfcgwpf&Hü "r®a&;&m

wGif t&Sdeft0g &Sdolrsm;tjzpf azmfjycH&onf [laom tcsufrsm;

aMumifh ,if;,lqcsufudk xkwfazmfjcif; jzpfonf

4

/

a&S;acwf oD[dkVfwGif ,if;odkY ta&;yg xif&Sm;cJhonhf t&d

,0Hookwf[lonf tb,fenf;/

1

r[m'gXdu r[m&mZrif; (at'D 67-79)udk qdkvdkonf/ ,if;odkY xyfwl

jyKjcif;ESifh ywfoufí uREfkyf (&m[kvm)\ Dubbiììhi Mahārāja (UCR. Vo.. I, No. 2. p. 82)aqmif;yg; rSwfcsufudk Munhfyg/

2

,aeYwdkifatmifyif 'drÁKvm*vt&yfü 0gwGif;umvwGif a&S;tpOftvm

a[mif; wnf&SdrItwGuf ta&;ygonhf t&d,0Hookwfudk ½Gwfzwfonf/

3

0dok'¨dr*¾ 1? 64/

4

oH-| 3? 167/



t&d,0Hookwfyg tcsuftvufrsm;udk zGifhqdk &Sif;jyonhf

t|uxm &nfñTef;csuf rsm;pGmwdkYt& t*Fkwåedum,f? pwkuúed

ygwf? O½ka0v0*fwGif awGU&onhf xif&Sm;onfh okwåefwpfck

1

t

jzpf qufpyf,l&ef OD;wnfaponf/ ,if;onf t&d,0How&m;

av;yg;ESihf ywfoufNyD; t&d,0Ho? r[mt&d,0Ho? 0Hookwf

[laom trnfrsm;jzihf xif&Sm;ykH&onf/

,if;okwfyg w&m;av;rsKd;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfonf –

1/ &[ef;wpfyg;onf &&orQaom ouFef;y&du©&mjzihf auseyf

ESpfouf\? &&SdorQaom ouFef;y&du©&mjzihf auseyfrI\ wef

zdk;udk csD;rGrf;pum;qdk\? ouFef;y&du©&mtm; odkrDS;odrf;qnf;

&ef rnfonhf rpifMu,frIudkrQ rusL;vGef? rdrdrSm a&mifh&J ESpf

oufrI pGrf;&nf&SdrIESihf ywfoufí rdrdudk,fudk rcsD;rGrf; odkY

r[kwf olwpfyg;udkvnf; txiftjrifao;rI rjyK? &[ef;onf

xdkYtwlyif

2/ &&orQaom tpm;tpmESihf

3/ &&orQaom aexdkifp&m wdkYü txufygtwdkif; jyKrl\

2

/

4/ &[ef;onf ur®|mef;pD;jzef;rIwGif ESpfoufaysmfarGU\? odkYwap

rdrd\ &SdNyD;t&nftcsif;ESihf ywfoufírl udk,fhudk,fudk csD;rGrf;p

um;rqdk? tjcm;yk*¾Kdvfrsm;tm;vnf; txiftjrifao;jcif;r&Sd/

txufyg tcsufrsm;onf t&d,0Hookwf\ t"dyÜm,f t

>rufjzpfNyD; Ak'ömoemawmf wnfwHhjcif;\ taMumif;jzpfaom

&[ef;awmfwpfyg;\ b0tESpfom&rsm; yg0ifonf/ odkYjzpfojzihf

t|uxmusrf;rsm;ü ta&;wBuD;zGifhjyrIESihf oHCmawmfrsm;a&m

vlOygoumrsm;yg tvGefav;pm;onfrSm qdkzG,f&mr&Sdawmhacs/

t&Sifr[mAk'äCmo\ ,if;okwftzGifh t|uxmwGif

yxr t&d,0How&m; okH;yg;jzihf 0de,yd#u wpfckvkH;udk azmfjy

1

tH 1? 204/

2

t|uxmtvdkt& *dvmeypö, (aq;0g;vdktyfcsuf)udk yd@ygwrSmyif

xnfhoGif;&rnf (tH-| 2? 284)/

NyD; av;ckajrmuf t&d,0How&m;jzihf usefyd#uwfESpfckudk azmfjy

aMumif; qdkonf/ odkYjzpfí þt&d,0Hookwfawmfudk a[mMum;

ol "r®uxduonf rdrdw&m;ü yd#uwfokH;ykHvkH;udk arTaESmufí

a[mMum;Edkifonf/ t|uxmwGif qufvufí aemufqkH;ESihf t

a&;tBuD;qkH;jzpfonhf bm0em&mr t&d,0How&m;udk rnfodkY

tao;pdwf a[mMum;&rnf qdkonfESihfywfoufí "r®uxdu

yk*¾Kdvftm; ñTefMum;csufrsm; ay;xm;onf/ t|uxmq&mu

],if;okwåefudk y#dorÇd'gr*¾ygVdawmfvm aeu©r®ygVd? 'DCedum,f

vm 'okwåokwf? rZÑdredum,fvm owdy|meokwf? tbd"r®

yd#um eda'órsm;ESihftnD a[majym&rnf[k ñTefMum;onf

1

/

"r®uxdu yk*¾Kdvfrsm;tm; ,if;tao;pdwf ñTefMum;csufrsm;rSm

,if;okwåef xif&Sm;rIESihf ta&;ygrIESihf ywfoufNyD; aemufxyf

azmfjycsufwpf&yf jzpfonf/

txufwGif azmfjyNyD;onftwdkif; ,if;okwåeftm; a[m

Mum;csufukd yGJawmfwpfckESihf twl usif;yaomfvnf; ,if;yGJawmf

twGuf wpfESpfwmwGif owfrSwfumv &SdcJhovm;? tu,fí &Sd

cJhvQif ,if;onf rnfonhftcsdefumv jzpfonf[laom tcsuf

ESihf ywfoufírl &Sif;vif;pGm rod&acs/ &o0g[deDusrf;ü

r[m*grt&yf&Sd r[m0gyd0d[m&ausmif;wdkufwGif t&d,0Ho

okwfudk ESpfpOf½GwfqkdNyD; 'drÁKvm*v (ausmif;wdkuf)ürl ajcmufv

wpfBudrf usif;yaMumif; jyqdkonf

2

/ a'0*d&d0d[m&ausmif;wdkuf

üvnf; rnfonhftcsdef[k rod&aomfvnf; wpfESpf wpfBudrf

usif;yonf/ odkYwap awmPd*v ausmufpmu ]rdk;umvwkdif;

wGif edudedvqef; 12 &uf}ü ,if; (t&d,0HoyGJ)udk jyK&rnf[k

csrSwfxm;onf/ *0&0gv t*FPausmif;ü 0gwGif;okH;v 0guyf

Muaom &[ef;okH;usdyfonf OykofaeYrsm;ü q,hfav;&ufwpf

1

tH-| 2? 284/

2

&o0g[deD 2? 4? 183/



yGJawmfrsm;ukd usif;ycJhJjcif;jzpfonf/ a0g[m&wdórif; (at'D

269-291)

1

? a*gXmb, (at'D 309-322)

2

? aZ|wdó (at'D

323-333)

3

? 'v †arm*v †me (at'D 611-617)

4

? 'kwd,aoe

(at'D 851-885)

5

rif;tm;vkH;udk 0dqufyJGawmfBuD;rsm; usif;ycJh

onfh bk&ifrif;rsm;tjzpf azmfjycH&onf/ aemufqkH;rif;rSm qif;

&Jom;rsm;tm; tpm;taomufESihf t0wftpm;rsm;udk ¤if;wdkY

tvdk&Sdygu ay;urf;vsuf usif;ycJhaMumif; xif&Sm;onf/

,aeYwdkifatmifyif oD[dkVfü 0dqufyJGawmfudk ESpfpOf yGJawmf

BuD;wpfckjzihf crf;em;pGm usif;yNyD; Ak'¨bmomtzGJUtpnf;rsm; ESihf

yk*¾vdu aqmufvkyfonhftcef;? tyef;ajzcef;rrsm;rSm xdkaeY

wGif jrifhjrwfaom ae&mawmfrsm;odkY vma&mufMuonfh bk&m;zl;

rsm;tm; wpfuRef;vkH;wGif aqmif½Gufay;onf/

*d&db@ylZm

ausmfMum;vSonhf *db@ylZmyJGawmfonf r[m'gXdu r[mem*

rif; (at' 67-79)wGif pwifcJhykH&onf/ r[dEÅavht&yfü cufcJ

onhf vkyfief;BuD;jzpfonfh r[mxlyudk wnfaqmufrIvkyfief;

tvkH;pkHNyD;qkH;NyD;aemuf ordkif;0iftcgor,udk txdrf;trSwfjyK

aysmfyGJ½TifyJGwpfckESifhwlonfh ,if;BuD;us,fonhf yGJawmfudk pwif

usif;ycJhonf/ r[dE¦avht&yfrS wpf,lZem0ef;usiftwGif; ae&m

wpfckvkH;udk crf;em;BuD;us,fpGm wefqmqifxm;onf/ awmifudk

ywfoGm;onhf vrf;wpfvrf;udk azmufvkyfxm;NyD; *dwfayguf

av;ck&Sdonf/ vrf;ab; wpfbufwpfcsufwGif aps;qdkif ukefpkH

qdkifrsm; zGifhvSpfxm;onf/ wpfvrf;vkH;udk tvHrsm;? rkcfrsm;ESihf

1

,if; 36? 40/

2

,if; 36? 109/ 'Dy0Ho 22? 59/

3

r[m0Ho 36? 130/

4

,if; 44? 46/

5

,if; 50? 84/

tvd,0How&m;rsm; tppftrSefjzpfonf [laomtcsufESihf ywf

oufírl t,ltq jcm;em;onf

1

/ þusrf;jyKyk*¾Kdvf taejzihf

aumorÁD? vefrefESihf A½l;0g;wdkYESifh oabmwlNyD; ,if;onf t

xufwGif azmfjyonhf t&d,0HookwfESihf twlwljzpfonf

2

/ odkY

jzpfí t&d,0Hookwf ½GwfzwfrI tcrf;tem;onf tdE´d,Ekdif

iHrS oD[dkVfodkY a&mufvmNyD; ,if;tpOftvmonf &mpkESpfaygif;

rsm;pGm xGef;awmufcJhykH&onf/

rnfonfhtcsdefupNyD; rnfonhftaMumif;aMumihf t&d,0H

oyGJawmfudk vlBuKdufrsm;vmoenf;[lonfudk rod&ao;acs/

udwådod&d&mZoD[rif; (at'D 1747-1780) vufxuf uE´DNrdKU

wGif oDwif;okH;cJhonfh t,dwåmvd,a'´rk[E´d&r a&;om;cJhaom

oHC&mZom"k p&d,m0usrf;

3

ü o&PuF& oHC&mZrax&f\

wynhf AmrdPd0awå OEémeao a&;om;onhf t&d,0Hookwf

oD[dkVfedó,usrf;wpfapmifudk azmfjyxm;onf

4

/

1

rlum*sD (yk*¾Kdvf)\ taomu (pmtkyf) pm? 118? rSwfcsuf 4/ a&;pf a';

Apfu ,if;onf 'DCedum,f o*ÐwdokwfwGif yg&SdaMumif; ,lqonf/

"r®m eE´aumorÁDESifh vefref (Lanman)wdkYu ,if;udk tH 2? 28 [k

qdkonf/ [wfZwf (Hultzach) u ,if;a0g[m&udk t&d,0Homedudk qdkvdk

aMumif; xkwfazmfonf/ A½l;0g; (Barua)url "r®meE´aumorÁD\ tqdkudk

oabmwlonf (Inscriptions of Asoka II, . 203, n. 6)/ 2

pwåma&m t&d,0Hom[k ykv’difjzihfawGU&NrJ jzpfaomfvnf; wpfcgwpf&H

pwåm&d t&d,0Homed[k eykv’dif (y#dorÇd'gr*¾? 84) jzifhvnf; awGU&onf/

xdktwl ,if;ausmufpmü tvd,0Homed [k eykv’difjzihf awGU&onf/

3

,if;usrf;? pm -34/

4

1898 ckESpf? udkvHAdkwGif ykHESdyfxkwfa0cJhonhf oD[dkVfbmom edó,

a[mif;ESihftwl t&d,0HookwfESihf ygVdbmom tzGifhusrf;wpfapmif&Sd

onf/ ,if;onf bmompum;t& qkH;jzwf&rl AmrdPd0awå OEémeao

a&;aom usrf;jzpfEdkifonf/ ,if;usrf; ausmzufüygonhf rSwfcsufrSm

]a*gavNrdKU? 0dZ,meE´ y&da0Pausmif;tkyfq&mawmf t&Sifay,m*v

od&dokre wdórax&fonf wynhfrsm;tm; oifMum;NyD; ,if;okwfudk

wynhfrsm;tm; aeYpOf a[mMum;&ef wdkufwGef;onf}[k azmfjyonf/

476 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif; tcrf;tem;rsm;ESihf yGJawmfrsm; 473

,aeYwdkifatmifyif t&d,0HoyGJawmfudk oD[dkVfü vkH;0 arhoGm;

jcif; r&Sdao;acs/ rMumrDu oD[dkVfEdkifiH yqf'kef udk&aV (Pasdun

Kōra¼ē)NrdKU *k½kVAm'´ t&yfteD; &SmazGawGU&Sdcgp *lbk&m;ausmif;

wpfckwGif yGJawmftwGif; t&d,0Hookwfudk aeYaygif;rsm;pGm ½Gwf

zwfcJhonf/ 'drÁKvm*vt&yfwGif 0gwGif;umvü ,if;okwfudk

,aeYwdkif a[mMum;qJjzpfaMumif; tpwGif azmfjyNyD;jzpfonf/

a0omcyJGawmf

Ak'¨arG;aeY tcrf;tem;twGuf 0dquf (ar)vwGif usif;yonhf

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1

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aqmufvkyf\ ... a½TaiGwdkYjzihf ewf½kyfrsm;vkyfvsuf ...

av;bufwGif uvdkifav;aygufygNyD; taygufwdkif;wGif Ak'¨qif;

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vsuf Ak'¨qif;wkawmfrsm;tm; cpm;ae\/ &xm;tpD; ESpfq,f

cefY&SdEdkifNyD; tm;vkH;rSm cefYnm;x,f0gMu\/ odkY&mwGif &xm;wkdif;

rSm wpfckESihf wpfck rwlMuacs}

2

/

þae&mü taomu\aumufpmtrSwf 4 wGif rif;BuD;

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pDwef;vSnfhvnfyJGrsm; usif;yaMumif; azmfjyonfudk owd&&efvdk

1

'Dy0Ho 21? 28/ a0omcrmao ykPÖrm,H? orÁKa'¨f OyÜZÆx? £rH rmoH

ylZew¬m,/

2

Fa Hien, p. 79.

onf/ at'D 5 &mpkü w½kwf&[ef;awmf zm[D,efjrifawGUcJhonf

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usif;yMujcif;jzpfzG,f&Sdonf/ t&Sifr[dE´onf rdrd\zcif OD;pD;

usif;yonhf ,if;jyyGJESpf pDwef;vSnfhvnfrIrsm; awGUjrifcJh&vsuf

,if;yJGawmf\ vlxkpdwftay: oufa&mufrIudk oabmaygufcJh

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tdE´d,jyu©'deft& ESpfwpfESpf\ 'kwd,v[lonf a0omc

(uqkef) v jzpfojzihf tdE´d,ü zm[D,efjrifcJhonfrSm yGJawmf

trnfudk razmfjyaomfvnf; 0dqufyGJawmf jzpfEdkifonf/

oD[dkVf 0dqufyJGawmftaMumif; r[m0Housrf;ü yxrqkH;

aom ½nfñTef;csufrSm 0dqufyGJawmf ESpfq,fhav;ckudk usif;ycJh

aMumif; jyqdkaom 'k|*grPdrif; (bDpD 101-77) vufxufwGif

jzpfonf

1

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a&S;acwf Ak'¨bmom oD[dkVfEdkifiH\ ol&Jaumif;jzpfojzihf rif;BuD;

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pGmwdkYonf ,if; (0dquf)yGJawmfudk ykHrSef usif;ycJhaMumif; od&

onf/ bmwd,rif;(at'D 38-67)onf 0dqufyGJawmf ESpfq,hf

&Spfck

2

? 0obrif;(at'D 127-171)rif;onf 0dqufyJGawmf av;

q,fhav;ck

3

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1

r[m0Ho 32? 35/

2

r[m0Ho 34? 59/

3

,if; 35? 100/



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1

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vrf;rsm;wpfavQmufwGif vSnfhvnfcJhonf/

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1

r[m0Ho 37? 189-198/ tdEd,wGif ywår[[kac:aom yGJawmfwpfck

vnf; usif;yaMumif; qdkonf/ ,if;yGJawmfüvnf; Ak'<\ ausmufoydwf

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2

r[m0Ho 40? 80-81/

3

r[m0Ho 40? 79/

4

,if; 41? 80/

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1

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2

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1

r[m0Ho 34? 68-84/

2

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[k t"dyÜm,fjyefEdkif ('Dy0Ho 21? 32) NyD; *d&db@0g[eylZm ] awmifay:

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wGif taumif;qkH; ouFef;wpfpkHudk &&Sdol avP*d&dt&yfae wdó r[m

ax&fESihf qufpuf ywfoufí &nfñTef;azmjyxm;onf ('D-| 2? 124/

r-| 2/ 296/ tH-| 3? 92)/


rsm;pGmjyKonfrSm xif&Sm;NyD; taxmuftxm;rsm; tm;vkH;u

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1

/

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&mpkESpf &SpfckvGefNyD;aemuf 'kwd,O',rif; (at'D 885-896)

onf *d&db@trnf&onhf ausmif;wdkufwpfckudk jyefvnfjyKjyif

cJhaMumif; od&onf

2

/ odkYwap ,if;ausmif;wdkufonf r[m

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[l onfudk uREkfyfwdkY twdtus rod&acs/

**Fga&m[PyGJawmf

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wGif iwfrGwfacgif;yg;ab;ESifh a&m*gab;qdk;ESihf BuKHBudKufonf/

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vGwfajrmufap&ef ,if;odkYaomtajctaewGif Ak' <&Sifawmfjrwf

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1

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&mZrif; vufxufwGif pwifcJhaMumif; qdkonf/ odkywap ,if;rif;onf

r[m'gXdu r[mem*ESihf twlwljzpfaMumif; oHo,jzpfzG,f rvdkacs/

,if; rif;ESpfyg; wlnDaMumif;tqdkESihf ywfoufí rSwfcsufudk UCR. Vol. I, No. 2. p. 82. wGif uREkfyfa&;om; aom Dubbììhi Mahārāja udk ½ Iyg/

2

r[m0Ho 49? 29/

3

r[m0Hoü ,if;udk **Fga&[Pokwf[kvnf; ac:xm;onf/

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1

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wifvsuf ,if;qif;wkawmfudk &xm;ay:wGif wifonf/ ,if;

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udk,fwdkifvnf; oDvudk aqmufwnfonf/

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nvkH; NrdKUawmfvrf;rsm;wGif vSnfhvnfvrf;avQmufvsuf Ak'<qif;

wkawmf wifaqmifxm;onfh &xm;aemufrS vdkufMuonf/

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1

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267-268/ om&w¬orkpö,? 97)/

2

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pG,fawmf

1

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2

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4

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onf

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6

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onf/ zm[D,ef\ azmfjycsuf

8

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1

'gXm"mwk0Ho? 340/ r[m0Ho 37? 92/

2

"mwk0Housrf; pm 6 wGif oD[dkVfü pG,fawmf"mwf ESpfql&SdaMumif;qdk

onf/

3

'gXm"mwk0Ho? 284? 286? 289? 295? 296/

4

þusrf;? pm 194-5 udk½Iyg/

5

'gXm"mwk0Ho? 408/

6

Fa Hien, p. 104. 7

Hiuen Tsiang Bk. XI, p. 248. 8

Fa Hien, p. 105-107.

Ak' <qif;wkawmf odkYr[kwf t&SiftmeEmqif;wk odkYr[kwf Ak' <oydwfawmf qdkonfudk azmfjyxm;jcif;r&Sd/ ,if;yJGawmftcrf;tem;

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2

r[m0Ho 46? 5/

3

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4

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okwf? opö0db*Fokwfrsm;jzpfMuonf/



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1

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1

'D-| 3? 150/

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1

/

pG,fawmfbk&m;yGJawmf

r[maoerif;\ om;awmf od&darC0PÖrif; (at'D 371)

2

rif;

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1

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2

'gXm"mwk0Ho? 114-119/



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r&Sd (oufa&mufrI&Sd) ap&ef oHjym;ay:wGif &HykHaiGrsm;udk a&;

xGif;vsuf ay;tyfonf}

1

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Ak' <qif;wkawmf taeuZmwifyG J

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2

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3

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wGif ,if;tcrf;tem;udk ta&;BuD;t&mwpfcktjzpf usif;ycJh

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arQmfvihfcJhonfh Ak' <gbdaour*Fvmqif,ifusif;y&ef cGifhawmif;

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onf rdrd\ qEudk arm*¾v†merif; a&mufvmonhfwkdif rsKdodyfí

apmihfqdkif;aecJhonf

4

/ aemuf q,hf&SpfESpfcefYtMum arm*¾v †merif; xD;eef;&aomtcg rd*g&ppfolBuD;onf rdrd qE&SdcJhonhf

twdkif; Ak' <gbdaou r*Fvmudk usif;ycJhonf

5

/ ppfolBuD;\ ,if;

1

Fa Hien, P. 108-109.

2

þusrf;? pm 120 wGif ½Iyg/

3

r[m0Ho 38? 66/

4

r[m0Ho 39? 6-7/

5

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rsm;udk aqmif½GufMuonf/


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1

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wdkufodkY ,laqmifvsuf r[maAm"dyif0if; twGif; okH;vwdkifwdkif

1

Hiuen Tsiang Bk. XI, p. 248.

ylaZmfcHxm;onf/ aemufqkH;wGif ,if;qif;wkudk eef;awmfteD;

ta&SUawmifzufwGif txl;wnfaqmufxm;onhf taqmuf

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13 &mpkwdkifatmif qufvufusif;ycJhMuonf[k qdkonf

1

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2

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1

r[m0Ho 37? 66-89/

2

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wGif oD[dkVfü ESpfpOf jyefvnf usif;yonf/


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1

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2

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,if;wGif Ak' <&Sifawmfjrwf\ udk,fcE <m tpdwftydkif;jzpfonfh

"mwfawmfrsm; udef;0yfaomaMumihfjzpfonf/ Ak' <0g'D Oyoum

onf apwDawmftm; okH;Budrf vufsm&pf vSnhfvnf&onf/ apwD

1

'Dy0Ho 11? 11? 15/

2

r-| 4? 88/ tH-| 2? 377/ ,if; t|uxmrsm;ü xvoE¦&ylZm

trnf&Sd ylaZmfyGJ wpfcktaMumif;udkvnf; azmfjyao;onf/ ,if;onf

apwD (ausmif;wdkuf) 0if;udk yef;rsm;jzihf jzefYusufNyD; tcrf;tem; usif;y

jcif; jzpfEdkifrnfvm; rodyg/ r"kb@ylZmrSm aemufyGJawmf wpfck jzpfNyD;

,if;\ tao;pdwfudk rod&acs ('Dy0Ho 19? 10)/



awmfrSm BuD;vQif &yfem;NyD; ae&mav;ckwdkYü &Sdcdk;0wfjyK&onf/

apwDawmfrSm i,fvQif &yfem;NyD; ae&m&SpfckwdkYü &Sdckd;0wfjyK&

onf

1

/ a&S;acwfu Oygoumrsm;onf a0'dumblrd (apmif;

wef;)rsm;odkY wufa&mufMuNyD; yef;rsm;udk ylaZmfMuvsuf tpydkif;

wGif awGU&onhftwdkif; apwDawmfudk vusfm&pf vSnhfvnfaepOf

wGif yef;rsm;udk ylaZmfMuonf

2

/ apwDawmftm; ylaZmfNyD;aemuf

Ak' <0g'Donf aAm"dyifudk &Sdcdk;0wfjyKonf

3

/ ,aeYacwfwGif aemuf

xyf &Sdckd;ylaZmfzG,fwpfckrSm Ak' <qif;wkawmf jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif

a&S;OD; Ak'<bmomusrf;pmrsm;wGif Ak' <qif;wkawmftm; ylaZmfp&m

t&mwpfcktaejzihf txl;wvnf azmfjyjcif;r&Sday/

apwDawmftm; oufawmfxif&Sm; bk&m;&SifuJhodkY owffrSwf

xm;&onf/ Ak' <bk&m;&Siftm; ay;tyfonhf ½dkaoylaZmfjcif; tm;

vkH;udk apwDawmftm;vnf; xyfwlxyfrQ ay;&onf/ tu,fí

&[ef;awmfwpfyg;onf apwDawmftm; ylaZmf0wfjyK&ef roGm;yg

vQif ,if;udk Ak'<&Sifawmf&Sifawmfjrwftm; zl;ajrmfcpm;jcif; r&Sd

ouJhodkY owfrSwfonf/ &[ef;awmfonf apwDawmfwpfql\

jrifuGif;twGif;ü yckH;ESpfzufvkH;udk rzkH;vTrf;&? zdeyfrpD;&? xD;

raqmif;&? a&rcsKd;&? obm0\ac:oHrsm;udk rajzMum;&acs

4

/

0gqdkESif h uxdefyG J

&[ef;awmfrsm; ae&mwpfckwGif 0gqdk0guyfrIudk apmihfokH;onhf

tMurf;zsif;tm;jzihf ZlvdkifvrS atmufwdkbmvtxd rdk;&moDt

csdefonf wpfEdkifiHvkH; bmomw&m;qdkif&m pdwf"mwf&Sdvmonfh

1

odkY&mwGif tcsKdU t|uxmusrf;rsm;ü Oyoumonf &yfem;NyD; ae&m

q,fhajcmufckwdkYü ylaZmf0wfjyK&rnfjzpfaMumif; azmfjyonf/ tao;pdwf

udk þusrf; pmrsufESm 227? atmufajcrSwfcsuf 4 wGif ½Iyg/

2

þusrf;? pmrsufESm 227 udk ½Iyg/

4

'D-| 1? 107/ r-| 1? 260/ tbd-| 2? 332/

4

'D-| 3? 217/ tbd-| 2? 487/

tcsdefumvjzpfonf/ þtcef;tpydkif;wGif awGU&NyD;onfhtwkdif;

t&d,0HoyGJawmfuJhodkYaom yGJawmfrsm;udk þ&moDwGif usif;yMu

onf/ þ&moDwGif &[ef;awmfrsm;tm; ulnDapmihfa&Smuf&ef

ykHrSefjyifqifrIrsm; &SdMuonf

1

/ uxdefyGJrSm rdk;&moD 0gqdk0guyfjyK

jcif;\ atmifjrifNyD;ajrmufrI jzpfonf/ okH;vukefqkH;csdefwGif u

xdef[k trnf&onfh txl;ouFef;udk 0gqdk0guyfonhf ausmif;

wdkufrS &[ef;awmfrsm;tm; vSL'gef;Muonf/ ,if;vSL'gef; jcif;udk

txl;ukodkvf &onf[k ,lqMuonf/ 'v†arm*¾vmerif; (wwd

, arm*¾v †merif;)onf oD[dkVfwpfuRef;vkH;&Sd bkef;BuD;ausmif;

wdkufrsm;wGif oDwif;okH;Muonfh &[ef;awmfrsm;tm; uxdef

ouFef; vSL'gef;aMumif; od&onf

2

/ ,aeYwdkifatmifyif uxdef

ouFef;vSLtcrf;tem;rSm oD[dkVfAk' <bmom0ifrsm;\ bmoma&;

b0wGif txl; tcsdeftcgwpf&yfjzpfonf

3

/

tokbtcrf;tem;

zm[D,ef

4

onf at'Dig;&mpk oD[dkVf&[ef;awmfrsm; aqmif½Guf

&onhf tokbqdkif&m tcrf;tem;rsm;ESihf ywfoufí tzdk;wef

owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk ay;xm;onf/ ,if;azmfjycsufrSm xdk

tcsdefu &[EÅmtjzpf owfrSwfcH&onfh &[ef;awmfwpfyg;tm;

oN*ØK[fonhf tcrf;tem;taMumif;udk &nfñTef;xm;onf/

]ausmif;wdkuf\ ta&SUzuf av;ig;vD cefYtuGmwGif tvH

av;q,f pwk&ef;us,fxufyif us,f0ef;EdkifNyD; tjrihf,if;

yrmP&Sdonhf {&mr opfom; xif;rD;ykHBuD;wpfckudk ykHxm;\/

xif;rD;ykH xdyfteD;wGif pE ´ul;? u&ruf (aole)ESihf tjcm; tarT;

eHYom opfom;rsKd;rsm;udk wifxm;\/

1

'Dy0Ho 19? 25/

2

r[m0Ho 44? 48/

3

0gqdkjcif;ESihf uxdeftaMumif;ESihf ywfoufí tao;pdwfudk 0denf;r[m

0gygVdawmf pmrsufESm 163? 304 wdkYwGif ½Iyg/

4

Fa Hien, P. 107-108.



'DCedum,fvm od*Fgvokwfawmf

1

wGif vlOygoumrsm;tm;

todynmay;jcif;ESihf vrf;ñTefay;jcif;wdkYrSm &[ef;oHCmawmf

rsm; aqmif½Guf&rnfh wm0efwpfckjzpfaMumif; azmfjyonf/ oD

[dkVf&[ef;awmfrsm;onf EdkifiHawmfwpfckvkH;\ ynma&;udk rdrd

wdkY\ vufwGif &,lvsuf ,if;wm0efudk aqmif½GufMuonf/

wdkif;jynftkyfcsKyfolrsm;ESihf acgif;aqmifrsm;a&m wdkif;oljynfom;

rsm;udkyg &[ef;awmfrsm;u ynmoifMum;ay;NyD; avhusihfjyKpkysKd;

axmifay;Muonf

2

/

,aeYtac:ta0:t& ynm&Sdwpfa,muf[lonfudk pmzwf

rsm;oltjzpf &nfñTef;Muonf/ taMumif;rl todynm[lonf

udk pmzwfjcif;jzihfomvQif t"dutm;jzihf &&SdEdkifaomaMumihf jzpf

onf/ odkYwap a&S;acwfwGif ynm&Sdyk*¾Kdvf[lonfudk A[kokw

rsm;pGm Mum;emNyD;olwpfa,muf[k &nfñTef;Muonf/ taMumif;

rl xdktcsdefu todynmudk t"dutm;jzihf Mum;emrSwfom;jcif;

jzihfomvQif &&SdMuaomaMumihfjzpfonf/ Ak'<vufxufawmftcg

u tdEd,wGif usrf;pmtkyfrsm; r&Sdao;[k ,kHMunf&onf

3

/

bDpDyxr&mpk a&mufrSom ygVdbmom yd#uwfokH;ykHudk ay

ay:wGif tu ©&mwifí a&;om;cJhaomfvnf; bDpDokH;&mpk Ak'¨0g'

oD[dkVfodkY pwifa&muf&SdNyD;aemuf rsm;rMumrD tcsdefuyif oD[dkVf

bmomjzihf yd#uwfokH;ykH tzGihfusrf;pmtkyfrsm; oD[dkVfwGif tokH;

jyKaeMuNyD; jzpfykH&onf/

1

'D 3? 146/

2

od&doCFaAm"d (at'D 307-309)? aZ|wdóESihf r[maoerif; nDtpf

udk (at'D 406-4789)? t|r t*¾aAm"d (at'D 801-812)uJhodkYaom

bk&ifrif;rsm;ESihf aESmif;acwf bk&ifrif;rsm;pGmwdkYonf &[ef;awmfrsm;xHrS

ynmoif,l&jcif;twGuf xif&Sm;Muonf/ a&S;a[mif; &mZ0ifusrf;rsm;ü

omrefvlwdkYtm; ynmoifMum;a&;taMumif;rsm;taMumif; wdkuf½kduf &nf

ñTef;rIrsm;udk rarQmfvihfEdkifacs/ taMumif;rl ,if;odkYaom udpörsm;udk rSwf

wrf;wifavhr&SdaomaMumifhjzpfonf/

3

Rhys Davids \ Buddhist India, p. 107udk½Iyg/

aumif;rGefonhf vlrIa&; wef;wlnDrQrIudk xdef;odrf;&ef vdktyfrI

wpf&yftjzpfjzihfyif ,lqEdkifonf/

00000000



tcef; 17

ynma&;

]Ak' <0g'ynmoifMum;ykH enf;pepfqdkif&m ordkif;onf t"dutm;

jzihf oHCmhtzGJUtpnf;\ ordkif;pOfyifjzpfonf/ a0',Ofaus;rI

onf wd&dp ämef,ZfylaZmfrIwGif tajccHouJhodkY Ak'<0g'qdkif&m

ynma&;ESihf oifMum;a&;onf bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufBuD;rsm;ü t

ajcjyKMuonf/ Ak'<bmomavmuonf bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufrsm;

rsm;rSwpfyg; odkYr[kwf trDStcdkrjyKbJ rnfonhfynma&;tcGifh

tvrf;rsm;udkrS ay;tyfjcif;r&Sdacs/ avmuD avmukw å&m ynm

a&;tm;vkH;onf &[ef;awmfrsm;\ vufwGif&Sdonf/ &[ef;awmf

rsm;onf pmayoifMum;jcif;udk csKyfudkifxm;NyD; ,if;twGuf

tcsdefydkrsm;&SdMuonf/ &[ef;awmfrsm;onfomvQif Ak' <,Ofaus;

rIudk xdef;odrf;olESihf o,faqmifolrsm;jzpfMuonf}/

a&S;acwf tdEd, Ak' <bmom ynmoifMum;a&;taMumif;udk

&nfñTef;xm;onhf &m"ukrk'rlum*sD\ ,if;azmfjycsuftm; a&S;

acwfoD[dkVf ynma&;ESihf udkufnDpGm xyfwljyKEdkifonf/

a&S;tcef;rsm;wGif &[ef;awmfrsm;onf EdkifiH\ ynma&;ESihf

,Ofaus;rIa&;&mrsm; vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;wGif wuf<upGm pdwf0ifpm;rI

&SdvmcJhykHESihf avmuDa&m avmukw å&myg ynmoifMum;a&;

pepfwpfckvkH; oHCmawmfrsm;\ vufwGif&SdvmykH taMumif;udk

awGUcJh &NyD;jzpfonf/

1

&m" ukrk' rlum**sD (Radha Kumud Mookerji) Ancient Indian Education p. 394.

&[ef;awmfwpfyg; taMumif;udk rSwfwrf;wifxm;onf/ Oyg

oum ykeAÁok\ om;jzpfol wdótrnf&Sd xdk&[ef;awmfonf

oD[dkVfwGif ynmoifNyD;aemuf xif&Sm;ausmfMum;onhf a,meu

r[m"r®&u ©dw rax&fxH aemufxyf ynmoifMum;&ef tdEd,odkY

<ua&mufcJhonf/ tdE ´ d,ü ynmoifMum;rI NyD;qkH;aemuf oD[dkVf

odkY tjyefwGif oabFmay:odkY wufcgeD;wGif taMumif;t&m

wpfckESihf ywfoufí pdwfxJwGif oHo,0ifvmonf/ t&Sif

wdóonf csufjcif;yif c&D;pOfudk jyefa½TUvdkufNyD; ,lZem wpf&m

wGif &Sdonhf q&m"r®&u ©dwrax&fxH aemufwpfacguf jyefoGm;

NyD; rdrd\oHo,udk &Sif;atmif vkyfcJhonf

1

/

ynmoifMum;rI\ &nf½G,fcsufrSm udk,fusihfw&m;ESihf pdwf

ydkif;b0 tusifhpm&dwåwdk;wufa&; jzpfonf/ ,if;&nf½G,fcsuf

rygonhf pmayoifMum;rIonf tusKd;r&Sd[k ,lqonf/ t

u,fí yk*¾Kdvfwpfa,mufonf ½kyfydkif;b0 tusKd;tjrwf &&Sda&;

twGuf &nf½G,fcsufjzihf bmomw&m;udk avhvmNyD; udk,fusihf

w&m;ESihf pdwfydkif;b0 tusihfpm&dw å wdk;wufrItwGuf &nf½G,f

csufrygvQif pmayoifMum;NyD; tcsdefjzKef;aejcif;xuf tdyfae

jcif;u ydkaumif;onf[k ,lqonf

2

/

q&mt&Sifrsm;onf rdrdwdkY\ wynfhrsm;pdwfwGif ,if;t

awG;tac:rsKd;udk pdk;&drfwBuD;jyKí tNrJwrf; ñTefjyavh&SdMuonf/

q&mwpfa,muf\ wm0efrSm pmay oifMum;ay;&efomru rdrd

wynhf\ oDvESihfpdwfydkif;b0 aumif;rGefrItwGuf apmihfa&Smuf

ay;&efvnf;jzpfonf/ odkYjzihf umv'DC0gyd'Gg& 0d[m&ausmif;

wdkuf em,urax&f (txufwGif azmfjyNyD;) onf pmoifom;

xHrS ½GmwGif;odkY roGm;yg[laom uwdudkr&rcsif; rdrd\ pmoif

1

,if;jzpf&yfonfvnf; tqdkyg pmoifom;rsm;onf rdrdwdkY pmayoifMum;

rIwGif tb,frQ ½dk;om;? jzLpifNyD; tyifyef;cHcJhMuaMumif; xif&Sm;onhf

pHerlwpf&yf jzpfonf/

2

r-| 2? 13/

ay½Gufrsm;

1

ay:wGif vufjzihf a&;xm;jcif;jzpfzG,f trsm;qkH;

&Sdojzihf ,if;usrf;pmtkyfrsm;rSm ,aeYacwf ykHESdyfpmtkyfrsm;uJhodkY

&Sm;yg;NyD; us,fus,fjyefYjyefY tokH;rjyKcJhEdkifacs/ odkYjzpfí usrf;pm

tkyfrsm;wGif wnf&Sdjcif;tpm; todynmudk em;rSwpfqihf t"du

&&SdMujcif;jzpfojzihf xdkacwftcsdefrsm;u ynm&Sdyk*¾Kdvftm; A[k

okw[laom a&S;a0g[m&jzihf tokH;jyKjcif;jzpfonf/ wynhfonf

q&mu EIwfjzihf oifMum;ydkYcsay;onfudk em,lNyD; EIwfwuf

tm*kHaqmif&onf/ ,if;q&mjzpfoludk,fwdkifvnf; rdrdq&mxHrS

tm*kHEIwf& aqmif,lcJholjzpfonf/

rSwfÓPfonf a&S;acwf ynmoifMum;a&;pepfwGif ,aeY

acwfxuf ydkrdkta&;ygonf u@wGif &SdcJhonf/ ygVdawmfusrf;

rsm;ü ,aeYacwf pmzwfoltm; NiD;aiGUaponhf xyfcgxyfcg

jyefqdkjcif;rsm;onf &Snfvsm;aom ygVdawmfrsm;udk tm*kHEIwfwuf

aqmifMu&onfh a&S;acwf pmoifom;rsm;tm; vG,fulaponf/

ynm&Sifrax&fBuD;rsm;rSm ¤if;wdkY\ rSwfÓPfaumif;rItwGuf

xif&Sm;Muonf/ rZösdredum,fü txl;uRrf;usifawmfrlonhf rZösdr

edum,faqmif a'0rax&fonf ESpf&Snfur®|mef;w&m; tm;xkwf

&eftwGuf 19 ESpfwdkifwdkif yd#uwfavhvmrIudk vspfvsL½Ixm;cJh

aomfvnf; xdkrQ&Snfvsm;onhf 0dyóem"k&umv tNyD;wGif

trSm;t,Gif; tustaygufvkH;0r&SdbJ edum,fwpfckvkH;udk tm*kH

½GwfqdkEdkifNyD; ydkYcsay;Edkifonf/ um&vd,*d&dausmif;wdkufae t

&Sifemrrax&fonf 18 ESpfwdkifwdkif pmayydkYcsrIudk pGefYvTwfxm;

1

oD[dkVfbmomjzihf ykqaumv (Pusko¼a)[kac:onhf ay½Gufonf jyKjyif

NyD; a&;om;&ef tqifoifhjzpfaomtcg ,if;onf tvGefa&S;usonhf

tcsdefrsm;ü usrf;pmtkyfrsm;udk a&;om;&ef taumif;qkH;aom ukefypönf;

jzpfonf/ ,if;t½Gufudk&&Sdonhf ay odkYr[kwf xef; (wmv)yiftm;

tenf;qkH; at'D 10 &mpktcsdefu ,if; (ay) yifonf pmay oifMum;rI

ESihf pmayjyefYyGm;&ef r&Sdrjzpf vdktyfaomaMumifh ,if;tyifudk ckwfvSJ

jcif;udk wm;jrpfxm;onftxd wefzdk;xm;aom opfyiftjzpf ,lqcH&

onf (E.Z. I, p. 87 or 93; p. 185 or 187 line 28)/


ynma&; 497

cJhaomfvnf; "mwkuxmusrf;udk vkH;0trSm;t,Gif;r&SdbJ ydkYcsEdkif

onf/ a&m[Pt&yf wkvm"m&yA Áwawmifae t&Sif"r®&u © dw

rax&fonf ESpfaygif; 30 Mum tcsKdUaom ygVdawmfrsm;udk rydkY

rcsbJ jywfawmufaecJhaomfvnf; yd#uwfokH;ykHvkH;udk qkwfqdkif;

jcif;r&SdbJ oifMum;ay;Edkifonf

1

/

'DCedum,ft|uxmü rax&fESpfyg;taMumif;udk rSwfwrf;

wifxm;onf/ r[m*wdrÁ tb,rax&fonf ig;&ufom; t

½G,fESifh 'DCbmPu tb,rax&fonf udk;&ufom;t½G,fü

b0wGif BuKHawGUcJh&onhf a&Smifwcifjzpf&yftcsKdUudk trSwf&ae

ao;aMumif;qdkonf/ wdyd#uplVmb,rax&fonf tEk&m"yk&

NrdKUom;tm;vkH;\ trnfrsm;udk rSwfrdonfhjyif ¤if;wdkYtaejzihf

rax&fjrwfxH aemufxyf wpfBudrfa&muf&Sdygu rSwfrdonf

2

/

,aeYacwf pmzwfolwpfa,muftzdkY tHMozG,f&Sdonhf ,if;

odkYaom xl;jcm;pGm rSwfÓPfaumif;rIudk ynmESihf pifMu,f usef;

rmonhf pdwftajctae\ oauFwtjzpf ,lqEdkifonf/ rufcf

pf rlvm (Max Muller)yk*¾Kdvfu ]tdEd, EIwfikHaqmif ynmoif

Mum;rIonf uREkfyfwdkY\ wu úodkvfrsm;ESihf jcm;em;ouJhodkY uREkfyf

wdkYESifh tvGefjcm;em;onhf vlYtzGJUtpnf;tajctae wpf&yf&Sd

rSwfÓPfpGrf;&nfESihf ywfoufonfh tawG;tjrifudk razmfjyEkdif

yg/ uREfkyfwdkY rMumcPawGU&onhf xl;jcm;onfh rSwfÓPf&Sdol

rsm;u ,if;£a`EuefYowfcsufESihf ywfoufonfh uREfkyfwdkY\

rSwfom;csufrsm;rSm tawmftwef wpfzufowfqef\/ uREkfyfwdkY

\ udk,fydkifrSwfÓPfrSm rsKd;qufaygif;rsm;pGm pepfwus zsufqD;

xm;NyD;jzpf\/ tjcm;bmudkrQ rajymbJ eHeufwdkif; wdkif;rfpf

owif;pm wpfrsufESm tusef;rmqkH;aom rSwfÓPfudk zsufqD;

NyD; tm;enf;oGm;apEdkif\}

3

[k qdkonf/ edum,fwpfckvkH;udk EIwf

1

0dok'<dr*¾ 1? 92/

2

'D-| 2? 120/

3

Mookerji \ Ancient Indian Education, p. 212 wGif udk;um;csufudk

azmfjyonf/

ikHaqmifEdkifonhf &[ef;awmfta&twGufonf xdkaeYtcsdefu

EIwfikHaqmifjcif;rSm xif&Sm;aomt&m jzpfaMumif; azmfjyonf

1

/

odkYwap ]tm*kHEIwfvGwfaqmifrI vTrf;rdk;onhf umvwGif em;

vnfrIpGrf;&nf usqif;oGm;onf}[k xifjrif&ef rvdkacs/

ynmoifMum;a&;udk rSwfÓPf odkYr[kwf tm*kHEIwfvGwf

aqmifjcif;? tMum;temrsm;jcif;jzihf t"du jzefYjzL;ay;aomfvnf;

usrf;pmjzihf a&;om;rIrsm;udk vkH;0tokH;rjyKcJh[k aumufcsufqGJyg

u rSefuefrnf r[kwfacs/ usrf;pmtkyfrsm;udk trSefyif tokH;jyK

cJhaomfvnf; tokH;rrsm;ao;jcif;omjzpfonf/ pmoifom;wdkif;

ygVdawmf zwfpmtkyfudk ydkifqdkif&ef rjzpfEdkifacs/ aypmrlwpfckudk

jyKvkyf&efrSm tvGefyif yifyef;onf/ tjzpfqkH;rSm aypmrlawmf

rsm;udk yifrausmif;wdkfufBuD;rsm;ü ½nfñTef;usrf;rsm;tjzpfom

&&Sd EdkifzG,f&Sdonf/ wpfcgwpf&HwGif usrf;pmtkyfrsm;udk zwf½I&ef

&nfñTef;azmfjycsufrsm;udk awGU&onf/ orE Åygom'dum t|

uxmü azmfjycsufwpfckt& qDrD;wdkif tvif;a&mifjzihf ntcg

üvnf; usrf;pmrsm;udk zwf½IMuaMumif; awGU&onf

2

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usrf;ü at'D ig;&mpkwGif "mwkaoerif;om;i,fonf opfyif

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'D-| 2? 337/ r-| 1? 236-2377/

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,if;? pm-311/

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0d-| 2? 168/

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r[m0Ho 44;108-117/

2

txufwGif azmfjycJhonhf ,if;uAsm 12 yk'fteuf 'VAdaom (Da¼a-bisô) ac:wGifolonf trsKd;orD;wpfa,muf\ emrnf jzpfEdkifrnf

avm/

a&;rSwfolrsm;\ trnfemrESihf ae&yfrsm;udk ¤if;wdkY\ rSwf

wrf;rsm;ESihf twl a&;rSwfavh&SdMuonf/ ¤if;wdkYrSm bk&ihfrdom;

pkrsm;rSonf omref aus;½Gmvlxktxd pkHvifonf/ bk&ifrif;rsm;?

rif;nDrif;om;rsm;? 0efBuD;rsm;? &[ef;awmfrsm;? tpdk;& t&m&Sd

rsm;ESihf omref trsKd;om; trsKd;orD;rsm; jzpfMuonf/ ¤if;wdkY

onf oD[dkVfuRef; ae&mtESHUrS vma&mufMuonf/ ]a&;om;csuf

rsm;ü awGU&onhf trnfemr trsm;pkrSm ordkif;wGif ae&m&Edkif

avmufatmif ta&;ygolrsm; r[kwfMuacs}

1

/ xD;eef;ESihf ywf

oufolrsm;udkyif rsm;pGm rawGU&acs/

,if;a&;om;csufonf a&S;acwftcsdefrsm;u qd*d&d,odkY

tvnftywfvmol trsm;pkonf ,aeY tvnftywfvmol

trsm;pkxuf ydkrdk ynmwwfNyD; ,Ofaus;MuaMumif; &Sif;vif;pGm

azmfjyonf/ acwfopf tvnftywfvma&mufolrsm;onf

awmufajymifacsmrGwfonhf rsufESmjyifay:wGif qdk;½Gm;pGm a&;jcpf

rIrsm;? ½dkif;pdkif;pGm a&;xGif;xm;onhf emrnf\ tppmvkH;BuD;rsm;

ESihf wpfcgwpf&H wefzdk;BuD;rm;onhf ,if;a&S;a[mif; rSwfwrf;rsm;

udk ysufpD;apjcif;rsm;aMumifh azmfjyyg orkdif;0if wHwkdif; aysmuf

uG,f&ykHudk awGUjrifEdkifonf/ odkYwap a&S;acwf vma&mufvnf

ywfolrsm; jyKvkyfonhf ,if;odkYaom ½dkif;ysrIoauFw wpfckw

avrQudk rawGU&acs/ ,if;wHwdkif;eH&Hrsm;wGif a&;om;&efrSm

oifhavsmf avsmufywfykHr&aomfvnf; a&S;acwfu qd*d&d,odkY

vma&mufcJhMuolrsm;onf BuD;pGm *½kpkdufvsuf {nhfrSwfwrf; pm

tkyfuJhodkY ,if;rSefwHwdkif;udk tokH;jyKcJhMuykH&onf/

]t*FawtwGif;odkY BuD;rm;onhf tu ©&mrsm;jzihf rdrdwdkY\

emrnfrsm;udk euf½Idif;pGm a&;jcpfMuonhf ,aeYacwf tvSzsuf

qD;olrsm;ESihf rwlbJ tv,facwfffu vma&muf vnfywfMuol

rsm;onf ¤if;wdkY\ *gxmrsm;udk rsm;aomtm;jzihf aypmrsm;wGif

1

Sigiriya Graffiti by Paranavitana JRAS. (CB), Vol. XXXIV, (No. 92, 1939), p. 338.


y&e0dwe (yk*¾Kdvf)u þodkYokH;oyfonf ]ykHrSeftm;jzihf ,if;

ykHpHjzihf rSwfwrf;wifrIrsm;ü pmaya&;&m xl;jcm;ajymifajrmufrI

wpfpkHwpf&mudkrQ rarQmfvihfEdkifaomfvnf; taumif;qkH;wpfckudk

a½G;cs,f&ef BudK;pm;jcif;rjyKbJ txufwGif azmfjycJhonhf tcsKdU

aom *gxmrsm;rSm pmaytaiGUtouf ruif;Muojzihf uAsm[k

ac:Edkifonf[k uREkfyfxif\}

1

/ ]vlom;wdkY\ tvSycHpm;rIudk qGJ

aqmifEdkifpGrf;&SdrItwGuf xl;jcm;onhf ae&mwGif wnf&Sdvsuf pif

Mu,f ,Ofaus;onhf vlrsm;udk udk,fpm;jyKjcif;jzifh ,if;odkYaom

rdrdwdkY\ vwfwavm tm½ kHcHpm;csufrsm;udk xkwfazmfjcif;rsm;rSm

rMumcP o'g? ta&;tzGJUESihf um&efrsm;aMumihf yifyef;pGm avh

usuf&rIrsm;jzihf t&nftaoG; usqif;aponhf aESmif;acwf oD

[dkVfuAsmykHpHwGif rsm;pGmrawGU&onhf &nfñTef;csufwpf&yf&Sd\

2

/

vlwef;pm;tvTmaygif;pkHrS qd*d&d,odkY vma&mufvnfywf

ol &maygif;rsm;pGmonf ¤if;wdkY\ pdwftm½kHcHpm;rIESihf tawG;

tjrifrsm;udk awmufajymifNyD; pifMu,faumif;rGefonhf uAsm

rsm;jzihf xkwfazmfEdkifonhf tcsufonf xdkacwfu ynma&;onf

us,fjyefYNyD; tcGifhxl;cHvlwef;pm;twGufom uefYowfrxm;

aMumif; oufaojyvsuf&Sdonf/

ynmoifMum;&m e,fajrtjzpf oD[dkVf\ xifay:ausmf

Mum;rIonf a0;uGmus,fjyefYonfh t&yfrsm;odkY ysHUESHYoGm;onf/

[l,ifqefonf ]ork'&mtv,fwGif oD[V [kac:onfh EdkifiH

wpfEdkifiH&Sd\/ ,if;EdkifiHum; ox0d& (Sthavira School) *dkPf;

0ifynm&Sif yg&*lrsm;aMumifh xif&Sm;NyD; a,m*oQwå&udk &Sif;jy

EdkifpGrf;&Sdolrsm;aMumihfvnf; ausmfMum;\}[k Mum;zl;cJhonf

3

/

aemiftcg ,if; w½kwf&[ef;awmfonf tdEd,awmifydkif;

uÍödyl&NrdKUwGif aAm"darCqGm&ESihf tb,'HoQwå& trnf&onhf

1

,if;? pm-339/

2

,if;? pm-340/

3

Beal : The Life of Hiuen Tsiang, p. 133.

ynma&; 517

xif&Sm;onfh "r®uxdurax&fESpfyg; OD;aqmifonhf oD[dkVf

&[ef;awmf tyg; 300 cefYESihf qkHawGUcGifh&cJhonf

1

/ [l,ifqef

onf xdk&[ef;awmfrsm;ESihf awGUqkHar;jref;cGifh&jcif;ü ]t&Sif

bk&m;wdkY EdkifiHrS oHCmhtBuD;tuJrsm;onf ox0d&*dkPf;om;

wdkY\ wdyd#uESihf a,m*oQw å&usrf;rsm;udk &Sif;jyEdkifonf[k

qdkyg\/ uREkfyftaejzihf xdkEdkifiHodkY oGm;a&mufNyD; ,if;usrf;

rsm;udk oif,l&ef qEjyif;jyaeyg\/ þae&modkY tb,faMumifh

vma&mufMuoenf;[k t&Sifbk&m;wdkYtm; wynhfawmf ar;

avQmufEdkifygoavm} [k ar;jref;onf/

,if;tar;udk ajzqdk&mü oD[dkVf&[ef;awmfrsm;u xkdtcsdef

u oD[dkVfwGif uyfab;qdkufa&mufaeNyD; Zr ÁK'Dy (tdEd,)rSm

&SifawmfAk'¨\ arG;zGm;&majrjzpfaomaMumihf vmcJh&aMumif; ajym

Mum;Muonf/ oD[dkVf&[ef;awmfrsm;u ]"r®udkodMuonhf wynfh

awmfwdkY *dkPf;0if &[ef;awmfrsm;wGif touft½G,fESihf odu ©m0g

t& wynhfawmfwdkYudk ausmfvGefolrsm; r&SdMuawmhyg/ odkYjzpfí

t&Sifbk&m;taejzihf tu,fí t&Sifbk&m;rSm wpfpkHwpf&m

oHo,rsm;ygu t&Sifbk&m;\ qEtwdkif; ,if;oHo,rsm;ESihf

ywfoufonfwdkYudk twlwuG aqG;aEG;Mu&atmif} qufí ajym

qdkvdkufMuonf

2

/

1

,if;trnfemrrsm;rSm ykHrSef r[kwfacs/ Beal onf ,if; ouúwa0g[m&

rsm;udk w½kwfemrnfrsm;udk bmomjyef&mü toHzvS,fcJhjcif;jzpfonfrSm

xif&Sm;onf/

2

Beal : op.cit, p. 133.

00000000

2008 {NyD 9 &uf/


aemufqufwGJ 1

r[m0d[m&[lonf

r[m0d[m&[laom a0g[m&onf tb,fudk &nfñTef;yg

oenf;/ ,if;onf yx0Dtaetxm;t& xif&Sm;&Sdaom ae&m

odkYr[kwf wu úodkvfwpfck jzpfoavm/ ,if;a0g[m&udk yxr

qkH; tokH;jyKcJhonfhtwdkif; r[m0d[m&[laom a0g[m&tm;

tEk&m"yk&NrdKUwGif a'0geHyd,wdórif;BuD; wnfaqmufcJhaom

yxrqkH;aom ausmif;wdkufBuD;udk ac:a0:aMumif; oHo,jzpf

zG,f rvdkacs/ r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkufü oDwif;okH;aexkdifMu

aom &[ef;awmfrsm;tm; obm0tm;jzihf r[m0d[m&0goD

r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkufae&[ef;rsm; [k ac:a0:onf/ rlvu

oD[dkVf&Sd &[ef;awmfrsm; tm;vkH;rSm rnfonhft&yfwGif aeonf

jzpfap tEk&m"yk&NrdKU r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkuf tEG,frsm;jzpfMu

ojzifh tjcm;ausmif;wdkuftm;vkH;rSm tenf;ESihftrsm; t"du

tm;jzihf r[m0d[m&tquftEG,frsm; jzpfMuonf/ bDpD wpf&m

pkwGif tb,*d&dausmif;wdkufESihf at'Dav;&mpkwGif aZw

0eausmif;wdkufrsm; ay:aygufvmNyD;aemuf oHCmhnDñGwfrI ysuf

jym;oGm;NyD; tjcm;*dkPf;uGJrsm; ay:aygufvmonf/ r[m0d[m&

[laom a0g[m&\ crf;em;rIrSm ydkrdk toD;tjcm; jzpfoGm;onf/

at'D ig;&mpkü t&Sifr[mAk'¨aCmorax&fu ygVdawmftzGifh

t|uxmusrf;rsm;ü r[m0d[m&[laoma0g[m&udk okH;EIef;

aomtcg tEk&m"yk&NrdKU&Sd tb,*d&dESihf aZw0eausmif;wdkuf

wdkYudk qefYusifonhftaejzihf r[m0d[m&[laom trnfudk &nf

½G,fcJhykH&vsuf r[m0d[m&0goD[laom a0g[m&udk tEk&m"yk&

NrdKU&Sd r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkufü oDwif;okH;Muonfh &[ef;awmf

aemufqufwGJ 2

acwftvdkuf ordkif;jzpfpOfrsm;

bDpD

3 &mpk

247-207 a'0geHyd,wdórif; eef;pdkufjcif;?

Ak'¨0g' a&muf&Sdjcif;?

aAm"dyif yihfaqmifjcif;?

r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkufudk wnfaxmifjcif;?

oD[dkVfbmom t|uxmusrf;rsm; ay:vmjcif;?

2 &mpk

129 t&Sifr[dErax&f y&dedAÁmefpHjcif;?

128 t&SifroHCrdwå y&dedAÁmefpHjcif;?

101-77 'k|*grPd eef;pdkufjcif;?

bmoma&;tajcjyK trsKd;om;a&;0g' jzpfay:vmjcif;?

&[ef;rsm; vlrIESihf EdkifiHa&;rsm;wGif yg0ifvmjcif;?

uqkefvjynhf Ak'¨aeYyGJawmf pwifusif;y?

avm[ygom'? r[mapwD? pdw åvyA Áw0d[m& ESifh

wdór[m0d[m&rsm; wnfaqmuf?

1 &mpk

43-29 jA[®Pwdóolykefab; ay:aygufjcif;?

ayxuftu©&mwifjcif;?

y&d,wåd (oifMum;rI) onf y#dyw å d (usihfBuHrI) ESihf

y#da0" (xdk;xGif; odjrifrI) wdkYxuf ydkrdk ta&;BuD;

aMumif; ,lqvmonf - *E¦"k&ESihf 0dóem"k& t,l

tq jzpfvmjcif;?

yHokulaqmif rax&frsm;ESihf "r®uxdurax&frsm;?

wdkufwpfcktm; ay;tyfonhf tvSLaiGwpf&yftaMumif; azmfjy

onf

1

/ uk½kem*v (Kurunagala) c½dkif? a'0rm'd aum&avh

(Devamadi Korale)NrdKU a*gPÖ0 a'0gav (Gonnava Devale)

t&yf&Sd at'D udk;&mpka&;xdk;onhf aemufxyf ausmufpm wpfck

wGif ]r[m0d[m&ausmif;wkduf\ twGif;ausmif;} wpfck twGuf

0w åuajr ay;tyfrItaMumif;udk rSwfwrf;wif xm;onf

2

/

,if;ausmufpmrsm;ü ygonfh r[m0d[m&[laom a0g[m&

onf tEk&m"yk&NrdKU r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkufudk &nfñTef;

oavm? tEk&m"yk&NrdKU&Sd XmecsKyf0if a'oqdkif&m ausmif;rsm;udk

&nfñTef;oavm? odkYr[kwf a'ocHwdkYu r[m0d[m&[k em;

vnfonhf tjcm;ausmif;wdkufwpfckudk &nfñTef;oavmqdkonf

udkrl uREkfyfwdkYtaejzihf taotcsm rqdkEdkifacs/ xif&Sm;cJhonhf

r[m0d[m&[laomtrnfudk a'oqdkif&m ausmif;wdkufrsm;tm;

trnfemray;&mü tokH;jyKcJhMuzG,f&Sdonf/

odkY&mwGif at'Dig;&mpkwGif a&;om;onhf t|uxmusrf;

rsm;ü r[m0d[m&[laomtrnfudk tEk&m"yk&NrdKU&Sd r[m0d[m&

ausmif;wdkufrSwpfyg; tjcm; rnfonhf ausmif;wdkufudkrQ tokH;

rjyKcJhacs/ 'DCedum,ft|uxm

3

ü txufwGif azmfjycJhonhf

twkdif; &[ef;awmfrsm; wpfESpfvQif ykHrSef ESpfBudrf pnf;a0;avh&Sd

onfh oD[dkVfü ta&;ygaom ausmif;wdkufBuD;ESpfckudk &nfñTef;

xm;onf/ jrpf (Mahāvāliganga) wpfzufurf;ü oDwif;okH;Mu

onfh &[ef;rsm;onf r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkufü pnf;a0;MuNyD;

þzufurf;ü oDwif;okH;Muaom &[ef;awmfrsm;onf wdó

r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkufü pnf;a0;Muonf/ xdktcsdefrSmyif a&m

[Pt&yf&Sd ausmif;wdkufBuD;tm; wdó[laom a&SUqufpum;

rygbJ r[m0d[m&[laom trnfudk rac:a0:cJhacs/

1

EZ. III, p, 103. 2

EZ. IV, pp. 188-189. 3

'D-| 2? 172/ þusrf;? pm- 315 udkvnf; ½Iyg/

rsm;udkomvQif &nf½G,fcJhonf

1

/ odkY&mwGif 'kwd,t"dyÜm,fyGm;rSm

rnfonfhae&mwGif oDwif;okH;aexkdifonfjzpfap r[m0d[m&

ausmif;wdkufESihf qufEG,frI&Sdonhf &[ef;awmfrsm;tm;vkH;udk t

usKH;0ifonfxd us,fjyefYonf

2

/

r[m0d[m&[laom a0g[m&onf tEk&m"yk&NrdKU&Sd r[m0d

[m&ausmif;wkduftwGufom tokH;jyKonfr[kwfacs/ tenf;qkH;

tEk&m"yk& NrdKUawmfü Ak'¨0g'\ A[dkXmeNydKuGJcJhonhf at'D 12

&mpk tcsdefxd oD[dkVfuRef;\ tjcm;tpdwftydkif;rsm;ü ,if;

trnfjzihf xif&Sm;cJhaom tjcm; ausmif;wdkfufBuD; rsm;pGmwdkY &SdcJhykH

&onf/ yÍör 'r ÁKvrif; (at'D 923-934) eef;pH ajcmufESpf

ajrmufwGif a&;xkd;onhf uw&*grausmufpmü wdór[m0d[m

&udk twdtus &nfñTef;NyD; r[m0d[m&[laom a0g[m&udk okH;

EIef;xm;onf

3

/ &o0g[deDusrf;

4

t& t&d,*gvwdótrnf&Sd

trsKd;om;wpfa,mufonf &[ef;awmfrsm;tm; yihfzdwf&ef a&m

[Pt&yf&Sd r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkufodkY oGm;a&mufonf/ ,if;

onf wdór[m0d[m&udk &nfñTef;onfrSm xif&Sm;onf

5

/ rEé&

uaqa[&d (Mannar Kacheheri)t&yf&Sd at'Dudk;&mpkcefY a&;xdk;

onhf ausmufpmwpfckwGif r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkuf\ A['k½k

aoe yd,*Fv (Bahadurusen Piyangala) [kac:onhf ausmif;

1

,if;t"dyÜm,fonf r[m0Housrf;ü azmfjyonhf t"dyÜm,fjzpfonfrSm

xif&Sm;onf/

2

,aeYwdkifyif a,bk,stm;jzihf *dkPf;toD;oD;rS &[ef;awmfrsm;udk ¤if;

wdkY\XmecsKyf trnfrsm;jzihf todrsm;Muonf/ ykHpHtm;jzihf uE ´ Drmv0w å

ausmif;wdkufü OyorÜ'gtjzpfudk &&SdcJhMuolrsm;tm; uEDrSm aeonfjzpf

ap rw&rSm aeonfjzpfap rmv0wå &[ef;rsm;[laom trnfudk &Mu

onf/ odkYjzpfí tajccHtm;jzihf bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufwpfckjzpfonfh

rmv0wåonf ajymif;vJonfh tjrifjzihf *dkPf;wpfckudk &nfñTef;onf/

3

EZ. III, pp. 222-223.

4

&o0g[deD 2? 36/

5

wpfcgwpf&H ,if;ausmif;wdkufudk AmVr[m0d[m&[k ac:onf (&o

0g[deD 2? 8)/


aemufqufwGJ 1 r[m0d[m&[lonf 523

crf;em;rI tawG;tjrifESihf ywfoufMuonf/

29-17 0¥*grPd eef;pdkufjcif;?

yxrqkH; tBudrf oHCmuGJjym;jcif;?

r[m0d[m&rS tb,*d&d cGJxGuf?

"r®½kpd*dkPf; jzpfay:vmjcif;?

at'D

1&mpk

67-79 r[mbmwdu r[mem*rif; *d&db@ylZmyGJ usif;y?

79-89 tmr@*grPdrif;\ rmCmw(toufrowf&) trdefY?

89-92 uPd&ZmEk wdórif;u rdrdudk vkyfBuHcJhMuonfh

&[ef;tyg; 80 udk uGyfrsuf?

3 &mpk

248-249 {uemVdu iwfrGwfacgif;yg;ab;?

269-291 a0g[m&wdórif; eef;pdkuf?

a0wkv †0g'udk ESdyfeif;?

oHCm oefY&Sif;a&;?

yxrqkH;tBudrf t&d,0HoyGJawmf usif;y?

4 &mpk

309-322 a*gXmb,rif; eef;pdkuf?

a0wkv †0g'udk ESdrfeif;jcif;? a0wkv †0g'D &[ef;rsm;

udk wdkif;jynfrS ESifxkwf?

'u ©dP*d&dt&yfü om*vd,*dkPf; ay:aygufjcif;?

334-381 r[maoerif; eef;pdkuf?

r[maoerif; r[m,me0g'udk axmufyHhjcif;?

r[maoerif; r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkufudk zsufqD;?

apwd,yA Áw (r[dE¦avh) udk "r®½kpduwdkY odrf;ydkuf?

aZw0e0d[m&ausmif;wdkufudk wnfaqmufNyD;

om*vd, *dkPf;tm; v ª'gef;?

'kwd,tBudrf r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkuf pGefYypfcH&jcif;?

aAm"dow å½kyfudk yxrqkH;tBudrf azmfjy?

aemufqufwGJ 3

rif;qufrsm;

(0DvsH*dkif*g\ plV0Ho t*Fvdyfbmomjyef? wGJ 2 twdkif;)

trnf eef;pd kufNrdKU ou ú&mZf

1/ 0dZ, wr ÁyPÖde*& 483-445 bDpD

Mum;umv

(Oywdó &ifcGif Oywdó*gr 445-444

ydkuftkyfcsKyf)

2/ y@K0goka'0 / 444-414

3/ tb, / 414-394

Mum;umv

(tb,\nD wdó

&ifcGifydkuf tkyfcsKyf) / 394-377

4/ y@Kumb, tEk&m"yk& 377-307

5/ rk#od0 / 307-247

6/ a'0geHyd,wdó / 247-207

7/ Ow åd, / 207-197

8/ r[mod0 / 197-187

9/ ol&wdó / 187-177

10/ aoe (wrD;vf) / 177-155

11/ *kw ådv (wrD;vf) / 177-155

12/ taov / 155-154

13/ {Vm& (apmV) / 154-101

14/ 'k|*grPd / 101-77

15/ o'¨gwdó / 77-59

16/ xkv †xe / 59-

17/ vZÆdwdó / 59-50

18/ cv †#em* / 50-43

aemufqufwGJ 2 acwftvdkuf ordkif;jzpfpOfrsm; 525

362-409 od&darC0PÖrif;u r[dEyGJawmfusif;y?

þrif;vufxuftwGif; pG,fawmf"mwfudk oD[dkVfodkY

yihfaqmifvmjcif;?

w½kwf&[ef;awmf zm[D,ef oD[dkVfodkY a&mufvm?

r[m"r®uxD rax&f ygVdawmfudk oD[dkVfbmomjyef?

5 &mpk

409-431 r[memrrif; tkyfcsKyfjcif;?

t&Sifr[mAk'¨aCmo oD[dkVft|uxmrsm;udk ygVd

bmomodkY jyefqdk?

6 &mpk

496-513 yxr arm*¾v †merif; eef;pdkuf?

auo"mwk (Ak'¨qHawmf"mwf) udk oD[dkVfodkY yifhvm?

tod*¾g[bGJU ay;tyf?

omoemoefY&Sif; pifMu,fa&;aqmif½Guf?

524-537 odvmumvrif; eef;pdkuf?

t&SifaZmwdygv rax&fu jynfolYa&SUarSmufwGif

a0wkv †0g'Drsm;udk ESdrfeif;?

uvd*Fbk&if? rdzk&m;ESihf ,if;wdkY\ 0efBuD;rsm; oD[dkVf

odkY a&mufvmNyD; &[ef;jyKMuonf?

536- "r®"mwkudk umod (Am&mPoD) rS oD[dkVfodkY yifh?

7 &mpk

611-617 wwd, arm*¾v †merif; eef;pdkuf?

yd#uwfokH;ykHudk ½Gwfqdkjcif;? omoemoefY&Sif;apjcif;?

617-828 odvmarC0PÖrif; eef;pdkuf?

tb,*d&ausmif;wdkuf jyóem?

omoemudk okwfoif&Sif;vif;jcif;?

tbd"r®mudk txl;pdwf0ifpm;vm?

626-641 bkef;BuD;ausmif;rsm; vk,ufcH&?

630-658 'kwd,'gaXmywdórif;ESihf r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkuf

tMum; rajyrvnfjzpfjcif;?

658-674 y&dwf½GwfyGJawmf pwifusif;y?

678-711 yHokulvdurax&frsm; xif&Sm;vm?

8 &mpk

766-722 pwkw¬t*¾aAm"drif; omoemudk okwfoifjcif;?

Ak'¨0g'usihfpOfrsm;ü [dEL t,ltqrsm; vTrf;rdk;jcif;?

8 &mpk

831-851 yxraoerif; eef;pdkuf?

0gZd&d,0g' oD[dkVfodkY a&mufvmjcif;?

y@,vlrsKd;wdkY oD[dkVfudk usL;ausmfwdkufcdkufjcif;?

851-885 'kwd,aoerif; eef;pdkuf?

'kwd,aoerif; y@,EdkifiHudk odrf;ydkuf?

omoemudk okwfoifjcif;?

871- yHokulvdu*dkPf;0ifrsm; tb,*d&drS oD;jcm;cGJxGuf?

00000000

526 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif; aemufqufwGJ 2 acwftvdkuf ordkif;jzpfpOfrsm; 527


100/ uóy 3 tEk&m"yk& 717-724

101/ r[dE 1 / 724-727

102/ t*¾aAm"d 6 / 727-766

103/ t*¾aAm"d 7 ayvkEé½k0 766-772

104/ r[dE 2 tEk&m"yk& 772-792

105/ O', 1 ('y ÜKv 2) aygvkEé½k0 (?) 7982-797

106/ r[dE 3 tEk&m"yk& (?) 797-801

107/ t*¾aAm"d 8 / 801-812

108/ 'y ÜKv 2 (3) / 812-828

109/ t*¾aAm"d 9 / 828-852

110/ aoe 1 aygvkEé½k0 831-852

111/ aoe 2 / 851-886

112/ O', 2 (1) tEk&m"yk& 885-896

113/ uóy 4 aygvkEé½k0 896-913

114/ uóy 5 / 913-923

00000000


19/ 0¥*grPdtb, tEk&m"yk& 43-

20/ ykv[w¬ /

21/ Am[d, /

22/ ye,rm& /

23/ ydV,rm& /

24/ 'gXdu / 43-29

(0¥*grPdtb, wdkif;jynfrS xGufajy;ae&pOf

tkyfcsKyfonhf wrD;vf usL;ausmfbk&if 5 a,muf)

19/ 0¥*grPdtb, / 29-17

(jyefvnf eef;pdkuf)

25/ r[mplVdu r[mwdó / 17-3

26/ apm&em* / 3 bDpD 9 at'D

27/ wdó / 9-12 at'D

28/ tEkvm / 12-16

29/ uk#uPÖwdó / 16-38

30/ bmwd, 1 (bmwdumb,) / 38-66

31/ r[m'gXdu r[mem* / 67-73

32/ tmr@*grPd tb, / 79-89

33/ uPd&zmPk wdó / 89-92

34/ plVmb, / 92-93

35/ oD0vd / 93-

36/ £vem* / 93-102

37/ pErkcod0 / 1-3-112

38/ ,ovmvu wdó / 112-120

39/ okb / 120-126

40/ 0ob / 127-171

41/ 0uFemodu wdó / 171-174

42/ *ZAm[k 1 (*ZAm[k *grPd) / 174-196


aemufqufwGJ 3 oD[dkVfrif;qufrsm; 529


43/ r[v †uem* tEk&m"yk& 196-202

44/ bmwd, wdó 2 (bmwdu wdó) / 203-227

45/ ued|wdó / 227-246

46/ ckZÆem* / 246-248

47/ ½k'em* / 248-249

48/ od&dem* 1 / 249-268

49/ a0g[m&duó / 269-291

50/ tb,em* / 291-299

51/ od&dem* 2 / 300-302

52/ 0dZ,ukrm& / 302-303

53/ oCFwdó 1 / 303-307

54/ od&doHCaAm"d / 307-309

55/ a*gXmb, / 309-322

56/ aZXwdó 1 / 323-333

57/ r[maoe / 334-362

58/ od&darC0PÖ / 362-409

59/ aZXwdó 2 / /

60/ Ak'¨'go / /

61/ Ouwdó / /

62/ r[memr / 409-431

63/ aomwxdaoe / 431-

64/ qw å*gru / 431-432

65/ rdw åaoe / 432-433

66/ y@K (wrDvfrsm;) / 433-480

67/ yg&dE / / /

68/ ck'yg&dE ´ / / /

69/ yd&dw& / / /

70/ 'gXd, / / /

71/ ydXd, / / /


72/ "mwkaoe tEk&m"yk& 460-478

73/ uóy 1 tEk&m"yk&ESihf od*d&d, 478-496

74/ arm&½v †me 1 tEk&m"yk& 496-513

75/ ukrm&'go (ukrm&"mwkaoe) / 513-522

76/ udw ådaoe / 522-

77/ od01 / 522

78/ Oywdó 2 / 522-524

79/ odvmumv / 524-537

80/ 'gXmybkwd / 537-

81/ arm*¾v †me 2 / 537-556

82/ udw ådod&darC / 556-

83/ r[mem* / 556- 559 (558 ?)

84/ t*¾aAm"d 1 / 589-601

85/ t*¾aAm"d 2 / 601-611

86/ oHCwdó 2 / 611-

87/ arm*¾v †me 3 ('v † arm*¾v †me) / 611-617

88/ odvmarC0PÖ / 617-626

89/ t*¾aAm"d 3 / 626-641

90/ aZ|wdó 3 / /

91/ 'gaXmywdó 1 ('gXmod0) / /

92/ uóy 2 / 641-650

93/ 'y ÜKv 1 / 650-

94/ 'gaXmywdó 2 ([|'gX 1) / 650-658

95/ t*¾aAm"d 4 tEk&m"yk&ESihf aygvkEé½k0 658-674

96/ 'w å tEk&m"yk& 674-676

97/ [w å'gX 2 / 676-

98/ rme0r® / 676-711

99/ t*¾aAm"d 5 / 711-717


aemufqufwGJ 3 oD[dkVfrif;qufrsm; 531

history buddhism in Ceylon

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